Su n h i ld Klei ngärtner . U lrich Mu I ler . Jonathan Schesch kewitz (H rsg.

Ku lturwandel im Span n u ngsfeld

von Tradition und lnnovation

Festschrift fii r Michael Mtil ler-Wi I le

@ Rösta

* Uppsala
$s Kaupang'
@ brrKa
* Novgorod

* Lindisfarne

* Balladoole

pi6s6 Roskilde* eUppåkra

e Gudme
Hedeby o; Thu mbY-Bienebek Gnözdovo*
Kosel -
a5tanqard
Alt LLibeck c a Reric *s Wolin
Bardowick a

Wach holtz
*s Ouentovic
c Nivelle

I neltes
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* Kiev
T-

Kulturwandel im Spannungsfeld
von Tradition und Innovation

Festschrift fi.ir Michael Mriller-Wille

2013

WACHHOLTZ VERLAG NEUMUNSTF,R

 A new method to determine the provenance of pottery
ICP analyses of pottery from Viking age öettlements in
-
Northern Europe

Von Torbjörn Brorsson, Landskrona

Throughout the development of archaeology, the

provenance of artefacts has been of major inierest
for anyone dealing with archaeological material and
ceramic vessels are no exception. The first question
asked about pottery finds normally concerns their
dating; their provenance is almost aiwuys the second
question. the study of the function of pottery
Tduf
vessels has become increasingly important. W^hat can
the results tell us about socilty? Lärge quantities of
locally made pottery used as storagä containers or
cooking vessels may indicate that a iillage produced
cereals and perhaps even sold them to a äentral
place
nearby. The vessels found at the central place should
therefore be of the same t)?e as those in the village,
lgt_wrth two important excåptions: there would mäst
likely also be a rather large ämount of fine wares as
well as some imported vessels.
The shape of a Viking Age vessel is its most im_
portant feature, although it also yields information
about the ware (clay anä temper), abo.rt decoration,
dlfterent measurements (height, sherd thickness etc.) Fig. 1. Viking Age pottery from five sites in northern Europe was
and even information abouiits context. However,
it
rsthe shape that reveals the cultural origin of the
ves_
sel, origin of the people "who lived on
and thus the
the site. Of course, there is a probiem if pots were
who lived at the trading centre for a considerable pe_
transported from one cultural ärea to another. Why
riod. of time (BnonssoN 2010b,222).
were they transported? people of the same origin
ai The results of the pottery analyses, for example
the pots may have travelled with them: on the"other
those for GroB Strömkendoif and Åh,rs, we.e based
hand, persons of some other origin may have bought
on thin-section analysis. This is a method of analys_
the_ pots or received them as gifrs, or
tirey may hive ing clay and temper, which tells us about the mineral
stolen them and taken them häme. The våsselscould composition of the ware. A problem with this meth_
also be local copies: people tried to make new pots of od is that it cannot be useå on its own to indicate
the.same-type as the imported originals. Nor can
we the provenance ofa vessel. The result has to be inter_
exclude the.possibility that pots weie made by foreign
preted in conjunction with the shape of the vessel, its
craftsmgl living at a site in another cultural area, e. g.
decoration and the context.
at a trading centre or market place. Analyses of
Vi_ Several different methods of studying the prov_
king Age portery from GroB Sirömkendorf near
the enance of pottery are used: for the'lasi few years
Baltic Sea showed that the Scandinavian pottery was
these have included ICp analysis. This is a method
most likely produced on Slavic territory?BnonssoN
of.chemica-l analysis that is primarily used to deter_
2010a, 88). A similar result was obtained in analv_
mine whether different warås have ih" su-" chem_
ses of Slavic pottery from the former Scandinavijn
ical composition. A total of 45 elements and trace
trading centre at Ahus in southern Sweden: the Slav_
elements are measured and compared. The radioac_
ic pots seem to have been made by Slavic craftsmen
tiye elements, in particular, are ,ritutty important in

59
ICP analyses. Since such analyses also yield infor-
mation about the amounts of copper, tin, zinc, silver
and gold present, they have also been used to identi-
fy worked metal.
ICP analyses were carried out on 21 Viking Age
sherds from five sites in northern Europe. The sherds
The Viking Age settlements
Pottery from a total of five Viking Age settlements
was studied. The geographical range stretched from
Norway in the north to Wolin in Poland in the south
(Fig. 1).
Five sherds of Scandinavian type from the for-
mer trading centre at Kaupang in Norway were ana-
Iysed. Kaupang was founded in the latter part of the
8th century and became the most important trading
centre in Norway during the Viking Age. The pottery
from this site consists of a spectrum ofvessels from
different parts ofEurope, e. g. Scandinavia, the Slavic
area and the Frankish region (HoucEN 1993).
Three sherds of Scandinavian type from Ribe on
]utland in Denmark were analysed. Ribe was found-
ed in the first decade of the 8th century and became
one of the most important trading centres in Scandi-
navia (FrvurE/JENsrN 2000). The pottery found at
Ribe has been dated to the 8th and 9th centuries.
About 150km to the southeast of Ribe, not far
from the former trading centre of Hedeby, is a large
Viking Age settlement at Kosel in the District of
Rendsburg-Eckernförde, which was excavated in the
1990s (Muen 1994). Kosel was probably an ordi-
nary settlement that existed in the shadow of Hede-
by and one could assume that only everyday house-
hold vessels were used in the settlement. However,
The pottery
Slavic: Early Slavic Sukow sherds from Åhus, Wo-
lin and Kosel were analysed (Fig. 2). Sukow vessels
are undecorated, with a bi-conical profile and an
everted rim. Most can be dated to the Bth century
but some finds have been dated to the early part of
the 9th century.
Two Feldberg sherds from Wolin and a single
sherd from Kosel were also analysed. Feldberg ves-
sels are also have a bi-conical shape with an everted
rim but are normally richly decorated with various
kinds of plastic ornamentation and comb impres-
sions or short lines. This tlpe of pottery is mainly
dated to the 9th century, but it came into use already
in the middle of the Sth century.
S candinavian: Scandinavian sherds from Kaupang,
Ribe, Kosel, Åhus and Wolin were analysea. fypicät
Viking Age Scandinavian vessels are shaped like a
60
had been classified as Slavic and Scandinavian and
dated to the Sth and 9th centuries. The Slavic materi-
al consisted ofearly Slavic types, such as Sukow and
Feldberg, while the Scandinavian sherds were clas-
sified as anonymous Scandinavian, western Danish
and eastern Danish.
Tating jugs from western Europe and Muschelgrus
ware from the North Sea coast have been found at the
site, although most of the pottery at Kosel is evident-
ly of Scandinavian and Slavic origin. The settlement
at Kosel has been dated to between the 9th and the
1Oth century. The pottery analysed here consisted of
two sherds of Scandinavian origin and two sherds of
Slavic origin (one Sukow and one Feldberg).
Three Scandinavian sherds from the former trad-
ing centre at Åhus in southern Sweden were ana-
lysed. This site has been dated to the end of the 8th
century and the early part of the 9th century (Cerr-
npn 1991, 34tr.). The pottery from the site consists
mainly of locally produced Scandinavian vessels but
there is also a large amount of foreign material, e.g.
Slavic and Frankish vessels (Canunn 1988, 661; En-
rcsoN-BonccnBN 1993).
A total of six Slavic and Scandinavian type sherds
from Wolin in Poland were analysed. Wolin was
founded in the second halfofthe 8th centurv and be-
came one of the most important trading siies in the
Baltic region. The pottery from Wolin consists main-
ly of Slavic types, but a rather large number of Scan-
dinavian and western-European types have also been
found.
Fig. 2. Viking Age Slavonic pottery. Sukow pottery lrom the Sca-
nian trading centre at Åhus.
Fig. 3. Scandinavian Viking Age pot from Kaupang in Norway
 barrel with an inverted rim (Fig. 3). They are undec-
orated and the ware is normally rather coarse. This
tlpe of pottery is dated from the Sth century to the
middle ofthe llth century. The vessels from eastern
Denmark and Scania are flat-based while those from
western Denmark, and especially those from /ut-
land, have a more rounded base. Analyses of pottery
ICP analyses of Viking Age pottery
The provenance of pottery has previously been
studied by means of many different methods and
many of the results are actually rather poor. Thin-
section analysis has been used as one method since
the middle of the 20th century: its main aim has been
to identify the different minerals in the clay and re-
late them to the soil and geology in various areas. The
results of thin-section analyses can be very good, for
example in Great Britain, but the method is not very
useful for pottery from northern Europe because
clays from northern Germany and Poland are similar
to those from Scandinavia. The reason for this is that
during the last Ice Age the movement of the ice inter-
mingled the soils in the Baltic area. This has conse-
quently affected the analysis ofpottery sherds.
Other methods used to analyse pottery include
neutron activation and magnetic susceptibility, but
the results of these analyses are also very uncertain
(BnonssoN 2010a,22).
Over the last few years, ICP (Inductively Cou-
pled Plasma) analysis has been used, especially on
The analvses
Ribe - Åhus
Three sherds of local, Scandinavian, origin from
Ribe and two local sherds from Ahus were compared.
The sherd from Ähus that was classified as being
from a Sukow pot was also considered in this study.
It could have originated in the Slavic area, but thin-
section analyses have shown that Slavic vessels were
also locally made at Ähus (BnonssoN 2003b, 23I).
The cultural attribution of the pot cannot determine
where it was produced.
The dendrogram - a method of visualizing the re-
sults of the ICP analysis and the cluster analysis -
shows no similarities between the pots from Ribe and
Åhus (Fig. 4): the two major groups are first connect-
ed to each other at 25 in the upper part ofthe dendro-
gram. The Ribe sherds are connected to each other
between 2 and 8 in the upper part of the dendrogram.
It appears that the material from Ahus is slightly more
scattered, but there are no similarities to the Ribe ma-
terial. The dendrogram can be interpreted as showing
from Gro13 Strömkendorf in Germany showed that
both the clay and temper were different from those
used for the pottery from futland and Scania (Bnons-
soN 2010a, 92). This result was used to discuss con-
tacts between Grol3 Strömkendorf and Scandinavia:
it seems likely that contact with Jutland was well es-
tablished by the time interaction with Scania began.
late medieval pottery (VrNcB 2008; BnonssoN 2009).
This is a chemical analysis that determines the chem-
ical identity of the sherds. The result shows the fre-
quency of 45 elements and trace elements in the
sherd, but it must be mentioned that it refers to the
whole fabric, i. e. both the raw clay and the temper.
ICP analysis produces a large amount of data and sta-
tistical methods have to be used to process it, e.g. fac-
tor analysis and cluster analysis. The aim of these sta-
tistical methods is to link samples of the same origin.
Cluster analysis links samples with the same chemi-
cal composition, and thus maybe of the same origin.
The present analysis of Viking Age pottery was
broken down into several steps. Each step has to be
examined, discussed and interpreted. Material that is
probably of local origin should be examined, which
is why sherds from Ribe and Åhus were chosen in
the first step. The material from Kaupang is the most
uncertain due to ongoing discussions about whether
the pottery was made on the site or not: all the pots
from Kaupang could be of foreign origin.
Ribe 3-1
Ribe 2-2
Ribe 1-3
Åhus P23-1
Åhus P21-5
Åhus P2O-6
Fig. 4. Dendrogram of the cluster analysis based on the chemical
identity of the sherds. It shows that the samples are from two dif-
ferent production areas. The two major groups are connected to
each other at 25 in the upper part of the dendrogram. The Ribe
samples are in one group, the Åhus sherds in the other.
61

Ribe 2 AIV 2
Ribe 3 AIV 3
Ribe 1 AIV
1
Wolin 2 AIV 5
Wolin 4
Feldberg 7
Wolin 5
Feldberg B
Wolin 6
Sukow 9
Wolin 1AlV4
Wolin 3 AIV 6
Fig. 5. Dendrogram of the cluster analysis based on the chemi-
cal identity ofthe sherds. It shows that the samples are lrom sev
eral production areas. One Scandinavian pot from Wolin may
have been produced in Ribe, while the other Scandinavian pots
in Wolin seem to have been imported from other Scandinavi-
that Ribe 2 and 3 are from the same production while
Ribe I is from another. The sherds from Ahus are not
from the same production, but are most likely from
the same region. The Sukow sherd, No. Åhus FZt, ls
similar to the other samples from Åhus: it may have
been produced in eastern Scania.
Ribe - Wolin
The three Scandinavian sherds from Ribe men-
tioned above were also compared with six sherds
from Wolin. Three of the sherds from Wolin are of
Scandinavian type, one is classified as Sukow and two
are ofthe Feldberg type.
The results of the analyses shown in Figure 5 are
very interesting (Fig. 5). The cluster diagram indi-
cates major similarities between four samples in the
upper part of the dendrogram. These are the sherds
from Ribe and a Scandinavian sherd from Wolin. It
thus seems very likely that the latter pot was made in
or near Ribe in Denmark.
The three Slavic sherds from Wolin constitute a
separate group, which can be called the'Wolin Groupi
These sherds are most likely from the local ware.
In the lower part of the dendrogram, it can be seen
that two Scandinavian sherds from Wolin have no
connection with each other or with the rest of the an-
alysed material from Wolin and Ribe. Perhaps one of
the pots was from Scania. The other may have been
transported from much further away, and one cannot
62
10 15 25
Ribe 2 AIV 7
Ribe 3 AIV B
Kaupang 5 AIV 5
Kaupang 3 AIV 3
Ribe 1 AIV 6
Kaupang 2 AIV 2
Kaupang 4 AIV 4
Kaupang 1 AIV 1
Fig. 6. Dendrogram of the cluster analysis based on the chemical
identity of the sherds. It shows that the samples are from sever
al dillerent production areas. It seems likely that Kaupang Nos. 3
and 5 belong with the Ribe material.
exclude the possibility that it was made in or near the
Swedish trading centre of Birka, or perhaps in west-
ern Sweden.
Ribe - Kaupang
The same three sherds of Scandinavian origin
from Ribe were also compared with the Scandinavi-
an sherds from Kaupang. The results are quite inter-
esting and show that samples 5 and 3 from Kaupang
are probably from the area close to Ribe (Fig. 6). The
Ribe sherds are slightly more scattered in the dendro-
gram but this could be the result of minor differenc-
es between the Kaupang sherds and the Ribe sherds
compared to the differences between those from Wo-
lin and Ribe. Samples 1, 2 and 4 from Kaupang are
probably not from Ribe since they make up two sepa-
rate groups, in which 2 and 4 are from the same area.
Perhaps these pots were made in what is now Sweden
or in other parts of Denmark. One cannot exclude
a local Norwegian origin: sometime in the future,
these results should be compared with local clays.
However, thin-section analyses of Scandinavian
pots from Kaupang show major similarities between
Jutlandic pottery and the Kaupang material, but the
analyses could not determine whether any of the pot-
tery was produced in Kaupang or its vicinity (Bnons-
sorv 2003a).
Kaupang - Åhus
To permit a comparison with the above analysis of
the sherds from Kaupang and Ribe, the Kaupang ma-
terial was compared with the pottery from Ahus. It is
 Åhus P2O 6
Kaupang 4 AIV 4
Åhus P23 8 Kosel 3 AIV 9
Kosel 1 1
Åhus P21 7 Sukow 6

Kaupang 5 AIV 5 Kosel 2 AIV B

Kaupang 2 AIV 2
Kaupaag2 A,lV 2
Kaupang 3 AIV 3
Kaupang 4 AIV 4
Kaupang 5 AIV 5
Kaupang 3 AIV 3 Kosel I7
Feldberg 7
Kaupang 1 AIV 1
Kaupang 1 AIV 1

Fig. 7. Dendrogram of the cluster analysis based on the chemi_ Fig. 8. Dendrogram of the cluster analysis based on the
cal identity of the sherds. It shows that the samples are from chemical
two identity ofthe sherds. It shows that the samples are from several
or three dillerent production areas. The Kaupang material
has no dilTerent production areas. Two ofthe sherås from Kaupang
connection with Åhus at all. are
similar to several from Kosel.

obvious that none of the Kaupang vessels was made The dendrogram shows similarities between three
at Åhus. The breakdown is intb tuio or three separate of the samples from Kosel and two from Kaupang
groups, whereby all the Åhus sherds lie close tågeth_ (Fig. B). The two sherds from Kaupanq are Nos.
er in a single group (Fig. 7) . The trading routes "from 2
and 4, i. e. those which, according to the"comparison
Kaupang seem not to have reached eastärn Scania,
or with Ribe, were made in the reg'ion but not actual_
may have remained unrecognized in the archaeolog_ ly in Ribe. These vessels could häve been made near
ical material.
Kosel and Hedeby. The analysis also shows that Kau_
pang Nos. 3 and 5 have no clear connection with Ko_

Kaupang
sel, while Kaupang No. I is from a completelv dif_
- Kosel I-erent region and may be oI Swedish or irrorwegian
proyenance.
Since Kosel is located in the same region as Ribe
One of the Slavic (Feldberg) sherds from Ko_
and Hedeby, a.compa-rison with Kauparig is of great
sel, No. 17, has a chemical coÄposition that is dif_
interest. The sherds from Kosel consistäd of i-hree
ferent from the other Kosel sheids: this sherd may
Scandinavian and two Slavic sherds. It is important
to bearin mind that both the Scandinavian ur,d Slu,r_ lu""^? different provenance and was perhaps madå
in a Slavic settlement further to the east. Thä Sukow
from Kosel may be of local provenance be_
ic vessels
sherd, No. 11, is similar to the Scandinavian No. 2,
cause Kosel was situated near the border between
r.t seems likely that the Sukow pot was made
Slavic and Scandinavian areas. 3_"d in
Kosel.

ICP analysis as a method for understanding and interpreting contacts

ICP analysis involves a number of different steps,

The analyses also show that two of the five Scan_
and severai diferent dendrograms are generatåd.
dinavian vessels from Kaupang may have been pro_
This is necessary because ceitain indiviäual sam_
duced in Ribe and anotherilvo-rv"r.-ost likely from
ples may significantly affect the overall results.
It is the area around Hedeby. The fifth sherd from Kau_
especially the case here as we are dealing with pot_
pang points to some other origin and the vessel prob_
nil floT a large area in northern Europeiometimes ably came from a Norwegian"or Swedish settlement.
with different geological conditions.
This thread running through the hisrory of Kaupang
. The analyses show that it is possible to differentiate
between pottery from Ribe at d Åhus, the reason for
and its conlacts with other sites in norihern Euiopä
should be followed up in future: a suqgestion would
this is most likely the large distance between the
two be to sludy the local raw clay from Kir- ans.
settiements. The same islrue of Kaupang and Åhus:
When involving Kosel in the analysis of'the Kau_
these settlements do not seem to have bäen in
con_ pang material we realised that very minor varia_
tact, or at least any contact was of minor importance.
tions in the chemical composition can affect the re_
 sults conside1"bll Iljr.,lerefore important
to analyse several
many more sherds in fytyrg.
Uo*"i..,-tt* ICp anal_ - in Wolin,
workshoos existed simultaneouslv
ysis of the Kosel material and rhar each wårksh"t;;;;;;
sel may have been produc"å
shows ,fr"i" eåfaUerg ves_
own way, bul rhe raw marerial
å#"oj,,.ry in irs
east of Kosel.
; ;;h;rite, to the (BnonssoN/SraNrsrawsxr ;;;;i,nt"rt rhe same
1999). This result has
One of the most now been confirmed
lmqo{an-t results in connection
with the Åhus marerturi" trr. ä.;;h",h; !rko*u.r_
fr tt " rci,;"iör. The resujts
o[ the analvsis of the.scu"ainu"iun'r'd".ä,
lin show thar rwo ortr-r" ,n"rå, fro_ Wo- Bro
sel can be attributed t"
rh";;;;;ö;;;.
alysed Scandinavian vessels two an_ igin. The ICp analvse, urro ö å;;;i_edish or. I
from the site, which con_ ,r,o"iihä; ä;rr" studies t
firms the rhin-section analyses should include the portery
(BnonssoN 2003b, .;i;;;;;previously
"'- vu( from Birka.
rne results of ,h".,t^a..f, analyses
d
nl). ,

pothesis suggesting inlensive ,rppo.t the hy- I,

The analysis of the Wo1i"
material shows that all
the Slavic sherds were^made
in the area around Wo_
lin and that one of the.scandi";;i;;;äJt,
been produced at _uynu,,.
Rö" lil;:;;:;,;;:;iysis
Feldberg sherd from Ribe, of a
dateå to zä,isiåwed that
it was probably not ua-,,
- niÄ; ;; ääave been
made somewhere near G_roB
ssoN 2010a, Fis. 5t; p. s!,
Sr-_d;å;.r 1n*o*_
o.z). Thl;;ä" anaty_
ses of Slavic potiery from
Wolin have also shown that
contacts across rhe Bal Brq
tic Sea. The anatysäs have shown;il;;;.;;tike
Ribe
and Wolin
-"r" in direct contact with,each other
rhar mosr of rhe vessel, and
*"iJilua. in Jrr
"fn;,f;;ö
land. An imporlant result,
which-can be used in lhe
discussion and internretation
of such contacts across
rhe Baltic Sea, is rhe facr
confirmed the existenc.
thal the ICp analyses have
or.orrå.tl bäi'#een Ähus
and Wolin.

Suammary
Employing ICP-analyses' of
Viking Age ceramics of
It was possible to identifv Kaupang were likely to have
rr," o.itin'"oriå,,.ry originalry
sels in Northern Europe'
Fot
ä,d"15
""r: D;"-u;k";;ä'ä.ååtyrrcoser income from
"";;pl;'åä nråtvr., T]l;-.å;,lr,g-o: i-p*t";; contributions cermanv
to the
:!u,1'i'::ljåT[T;*ili"i;H"*jli'"",:fffi j,'ilT':*" interregionar'traJe una contact,,, xå.i'r,
the ceram-ics fäund trr" x"t*"giä'iilai,rg rit. peduring"th"viki"jug".
"t

Zusammenfassung
Durch den Einsatz induktiv
gekuppelter plasma_
analysen war es möglich,
den produktionsort
kingerzeitlicher Kerinikg"ås;
;iä;ä"., opa zu
wi_ ,#:*
fl':lffi"T11j:l:111" I",pang gefunden wurde, al
identifizieren. Die Ard#;;;l; f :l li1il5.,l I "".hT.3;ffi ää-#:.i,il:
slawisches GefäB t'fi s;k;;,i,s;;ä, dass ein
,l'f*"0,r.r,..,
ffi tr""fl ii-#-"t^" t *?, * ;; ;ff:ilåö.h1äi ö::
Handelsplatz Åhus""-
hergestellt wurde. Daniber g_e
öv frir:;,:
I:nrqr urL i:i:,?::,u'*G:;;;'äil
die urbKusslon
Diskussion"zu
zu uberregionalem
riber
;"# T.:,f;
Händel und
aus war ersichtli ch, dass- hin_ Kontakten in Nordeuropa
Keramik, ;;i.h"-;_ norwe _
zeit.
während
rend der Wikinger.
Wikino.,.

64
_7
i
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Torbjörn Brorsson
Ibntoret för Keramiska Studier
Vadensjövägen 150,
SE-261 91 Landskrona
to rbj o r n.b r o r s s o n @ ker ami ska s t u di er. s e
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