Homo Soloensis were discovered by Ter Haar, Oppenoorth , and von

Konigwald in Ngandong at 1936-1941.

During the Mesolithic era, there were three kinds of culture that are
different from each other, there are (1) Bascon-Hoabin, (2) Toale, and
(3) Sampung . The cultures are expected to come to Indonesia almost at
the same time.

Bascon-Hoabin culture found in the caves and hills shells in

Indo China, Siam, Malacca, East Sumatra. These areas are mutually
related to each other. This culture is generally around a stone tool. Is
Often referred to as 'stone terraces' because it is only done on one side,
while the other side is left to remain slippery.

Sumateralith is one kind of human pre-literacy in Indonesia

equipment that serves as chops tool, breaking, cutting, thrower, diggers,
and others. This tool was found in Sumatra in very large quantities. This
discovery is an interesting phenomenon because of it relates to people at
that time. At least, the discovery is proof that people's lives have
progressed with increasing needs. The cultural results of the Toale and
allied ones are in the form of 'flake' culture and 'blade'. This culture has
a strong influence from the element 'microlith' so it can produce tools
that are small and made of stone that is similar to 'fire stones' in Europe.
In addition, a tool made of bone and shellfish was found. These tools are
mostly used as hunting tools or used by fishermen.
Cultures similar to Toale culture found in Java (highlands of
Bandung, Tuban, and Besuki); in Sumatra (around Kerinci lake and
caves in Jambi); on Flores, on Timor, and on Sulawesi. Below is one the
results of Toale's culture from South Sulawesi is smaller but looks
sharper than the ax
handheld, impact ax, or other types of ax.
Beside the tools made of stone, also found tools made of bones and
horns. Both types of tools are included in the results of the Toale culture
.
Meanwhile, Sampung culture is a culture of bones and horns
found in the village of Sampung, Ponorogo. Items found are in the form
of needles, knives and spatula. In the other layers ' eyes have been found
arrows' made of petrified lime. In addition, some human skeletons and
bones of wild animals were drilled (perhaps as jewelry or amulets).
The cultural distribution of Toale is unknown. However, several
studies have proven that this culture has developed in Sulawesi and
Flores.
About 1000 years BC, new nations have arrived that have a
more advanced and high-level culture. They are known as the nation of
Malay and Deutro Malays. Some of their most important cultures are
already familiar with agriculture, hunting, fishing, maintaining benign
livestock (dogs, pigs, and chickens).
The farming system is simple. They planted crops several times
and after that
abandoned. They move to another place and carry out the same farming
system to then move again. The agricultural system is very
uneconomical, but better than the previous life. They began to settle
down, even for a short time. They had built a cottage with a rectangular
shape, erected on wooden pillars, with walls decorated with beautiful
decorations.
 While the equipment they use is still made of stone, bones and
horns. Nonetheless, the equipment that has been worked on is smoother
and sharper. The general pattern of culture from the Neolithic period is a
rectangular chisel . The most beautiful tools of this culture are found in
West Java and South Sumatra because they are made of permat stone a.
In addition, there are several types of axes (square and oval) found in
large numbers and arrowheads.

Picture 2.12 Picture 2.13 Picture 2.14

The various types of axes found have functions that are almost. In
the neolithic period, the development of oval axes and square pickaxes
was very prominent. It is said that these two types of equipment
originated from the mainland of Southeast Asia that entered Indonesia
through the west and east roads. Distribution of oval and square
pickaxes can be seen on the map below.
Based on the results of the study, ancient human equipment was
found in various regions, such as Jampang Kulon (Sukabumi), Gombong
(Central Java), Perigi and Tambang Sawah (Beng-kulu), Lahat and
Kalianda (South Sumatra), Sembiran Trunyan (Bali) areas. , Wangka and
Maumere (Flores), East Timor, Awang Bangkal (East Kalimantan), and
Cabbenge (Sulawesi
South). Some important and many found equipment,
including:
Perimbas Ax. The perimbas ax does not have a handle and is used
by grasping. This ax is found almost in the area mentioned above and is
thought to originate from the same layer as the life of Pithecanthropus.
Ax types are also found in several Asian countries, such as Myanmar,
Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines so they are often grouped
in the Bascon-Hoabin culture.
Penetak ax. The ax has a shape similar to the ax ax, but bigger and
coarser. This ax is used to cut wood, trees, and bamboo. This ax is found
in almost all parts of Indonesia.
Genggam ax. The hand ax has a shape similar to the ax, but
smaller and has not been sharpened. This ax is also found in almost all
parts of Indonesia. The way to use this ax is to hold a small part.
Pahat tool. The handheld tool has a smaller shape than the hand
ax. According to experts, this chisel is used to loosen the soil. This tool
is used to find edible yams.
Serpih tool. This tool has a simple shape and is based on the shape
of the tool allegedly as a knife, knife, and piercing device. This tool is
found in many caves in an intact state. In addition, this tool is also found
Sangiran (Central Java), Cabbenge (South Sulawesi), Maumere (Flores),
and Timor.
Tools of bone. Apparently, the bones of hunted animals have been
used to make tools such as knives, daggers, spear eyes, arrowheads, and
others. Many of these tools are found in Ngandong and Sampung
(Ponorogo). Therefore, making these tools is often called the Sampung
culture.
Blade, flake and microlith . Many of these tools are found in Java
(the highlands of Bandung, Tuban, and Besuki); in Sumatra (around
Kerinci lake and caves in Jambi); on Flores, on Timor, and on Sulawesi.
All of these tools are often referred to as Toale cultures or cognate
cultures.
Besides material culture, pre-literate societies have had or
produced spiritual culture. Spiritual culture began to emerge in human
life when they began to recognize the belief system. The belief system
has emerged since the life of hunting and collecting
food. The grave is one proof that the community has certain assumptions
and respects people who have died. People believe that the person who
dies, his spirit will stay alive and go to a high place. In fact, if the person
is knowledgeable or influential can provide protection or advice to those
who have difficulty.

The society trust the system continues to grow. Respect for the
spirits of ancestors can be seen in the remains of tugu batu such as in
the megalithic era. More megalithic remains are found in high places.
This is consistent with the belief that the spirits of ancestors lived in
higher places.

Based on the results of the study it can be seen that humans began
to realize their lives were in the midst of the universe. Humans realize
and feel the power
the most awesome outside of himself. That strength is then known
to come from God Almighty. God who creates, revives, nurtures, and
destroys the universe. From that belief, then developed animistic beliefs
, dynamism and monoism . Animism is the belief that every object has
a spirit or soul. Dynamism is the belief that every object has
supernatural powers. Whereas monoism is a belief in God Almighty.

Actually, megalithic times were not a continuation of the previous

stone age. Megaliths appear together with mesolotic and neolithic times.
In the stone age in general, large stone cultures (megaliths) emerged
such as menhir, batu berundak, dolmen , and so on.

Meanwhile, the metal age is divided into 3 (three) times, namely: (1)
zaman tembaga, (2) zaman perunggu, and (3) zaman besi . However,
the Copper Age never developed in Indonesia. Thus, the metal age in
Indonesia began in the Bronze Age. Some relics from the metal age,
among them are nekara,