Steel structure

• Crystalline structure (BCC, FCC, HCP)

• Crystalline structure in steels (ferrite, austenite, martensite)
• Phase diagram Fe-C
• Micrographs of steel (effects of alloy in structure and mechanical
properties)
• Cast iron and its type
• Stainless steel and its type
• Aluminium and its type
Crystalline structure

Video of unit cell and lattice

structure
Metallic bonding – lattice structure
e.q. Body centered cubic
 Metallic bonding

Video metallic bonding

Structure crystalline in steel

Ferrite Austenite Martensite

Phase diagram
Fe-C
Manakah
• Ferrite?
• Cementite?
• Pearlite?
• Austenite?
• Pearlite
• Cementite
Practice - Micrography
Specimen Procedure
• Low carbon steel
• Medium carbon steel
Pay attention to instructors

Tools
• Sandpaper grit 60
• Sandpaper grit 240
• Sandpaper grit 800
• Sandpaper grit 1500
• Polisher alumina (can be
replaced with autosol)
• Nital 3%
Steel’s micrographs

Carbon 0,10% Carbon 0,40% Carbon 0,95%

Martensite structure
Classification of steel

• Carbon steel
• Alloy steel
 Cast Irons
Nodular Iron
• 3.5%C, 2.5%Si and Mg, Na, Ce, Ca, Li
• give the nodular (spherical) graphite
• good toughness for crankshaft, rocker
arm and piston

Gray Iron
• C in the form of graphite
• used in the engine block

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White Iron
If the cast iron has been quenched,
the white cast iron occurs which has
high compressive strength and
corrosion resistance

Malleable Iron
because white cast iron is too
hard  will be annealed 
Malleable cast iron
Stainless Steels
 Stainless Steels
 Ferritic
14-27%Cr and very low C (<0.12%C)
soft, good machinability, magnetic
 no hardenability, poor weldability
 Austenitic
Cr, Ni added
good for forming, not magnetic
Group 2xx, 3xx. E.q. 304, 316
 Martensitic
2-18%Cr and high C (up to 1.2%C)
good hardenability, magnetic, poor weldability
Duplex
 have mixed crystal structure of ferrite and austenite, magnetic
contain less nickel than the austenitic alloys and have very low
carbon contents

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 Aluminium
Aluminium Main Alloying Characteristic
Series Element
1xxx 99.0% Aluminium Non-heat treatable, have excellent corrosion resistance, workability, high thermal and
electrical conductivity but bad mechanical property
Used for power transmission, electrical application, food packaging
2xxx Copper Heat treatable, high strength and toughness, but not corrosion resistance
used for aerospace and aircraft applications. Difficult to weld
3xxx Manganese Non-heat treatable, have moderate strength, good corrosion resistance, good
formability and are suited for use at elevated temperatures. One of their first uses
was pots and pans, and today for heat exchangers and general purpose
4xxx Silicon Have low melting point and excellence fluidity in welding. Used as filler material for
welding and brazing
5xxx Magnesium non-heat treatable, have moderate to high strength characteristics, as well as good
weldablility and resistance to corrosion. Used in building and construction, storage
tanks, pressure vessels, shipbuilding, transportation.
6xxx Magnesium & heat treatable, highly formable, weldable and have high strength also excellent
Silicon corrosion resistance. Used for general purpose, transportation, structure, marine
7xxx Zinc Heat treatable, difficult to weld, have high strength. Used in the aircraft industry
8xxx Other