3.

Agriculture of Hungary

Agricultural production is important to Hungary's economy although its role in the

economy has steadily declined. In 1999 agriculture provided 5 percent of the GDP
and 8 percent of employment, roughly similar to proportions
observable in West European countries. As a share of exports, agricultural and food
products constituted 10.5 percent of Hungary's exports in 1998. Hungary has 93,000
square kilometers (35,900 square miles) of cultivated land, covering 52 percent of
Hungary's total area.
Following the introduction of the multiparty system and the transition to a free market
economy in 1990, the new government began returning farms to private hands, also
introducing forms of compensation for lands that had been seized. The result is that
currently about 90 percent of cultivated land in Hungary is privately owned. Severe
droughts following privatization, combined with sharp drops in
government subsidies for farming, caused a 30 percent drop in agricultural
production during the past 10 years. Animal breeding has fallen by 50 percent in
comparison with 1990. State subsidies for agriculture in Hungary tend to be
comparatively low, an average of 5 to 7 times less per capita in Hungary than in the
average European Union country.

Hungary's leading agricultural products are a combination of staple crops,

famous specialty items such as wine and livestock products, and basic
livestock. Hungary's most important crops include corn, wheat, sugar beets,
barley, potatoes, and sunflower seeds. It also produces grapes and wine,
including several famous wines such as those from the Tokaj region. Other
well-known specialty items include salami, goose liver, and paprika. Livestock
production is also important in Hungary, including cattle, pigs, sheep, horses,
and poultry. Important livestock products include milk, meat, butter, eggs, and
wool. Finally, Hungary has some important freshwater fisheries, mostly located
on the Danube and Tisza rivers, and on Lake Balaton. The commercial fish
catch consists mainly of carp, pike, perch, sheatfish, and shad.

Hungary also has important forestry resources, although poor forestry management
reduced Hungary's forestry resources under communism. The expansion of
agriculture, a high rate of exploitation, and inadequate re-planting of trees contributed
to a significant decline in the period following World War II. In response, the
government reduced timber cutting and launched an extensive reforestation program
in the 1960s. The timber cut in 1998 was 3.88 million cubic meters (137 million cubic
feet).
4. The agriculture of the World
In recent years the growth rates of world agricultural production and crop yields have slowed.
This has raised fears that the world may not be able to grow enough food and other
commodities to ensure that future populations are adequately fed.

Crop production

The annual growth rate of world demand for cereals has declined from 2.5 percent a year in
the 1970s and 1.9 percent a year in the 1980s to only 1 percent a year in the 1990s. Annual
cereal use per person (including animal feeds) peaked in the mid-1980s at 334 kg and has
since fallen to 317 kg.

The decline is not cause for alarm: it was above all the natural result of slower population
growth and shifts in human diets and animal feeds. However, in the 1990s it was accentuated
by a number of temporary factors, including serious recessions in the transition countries and
some East and Southeast Asian countries.

New technology is needed for areas with shortages of land or water, or with particular
problems of soil or climate. These are frequently areas with a high concentration of poor
peDuring the 1990s the world's total forest area shrank by 9.4 million ha - about three times
the size of Belgium - each year. However, the rate of deforestation was slower in the 1990s
than in the 1980s. Industrial and transition countries expanded their forest areas, and many
developing countries - including Bangladesh, China, India, Turkey and Viet Nam - are now
planting more forest area than they cut.ople, where such technology could play a key role in
improving food security
Fisheries

World fisheries production has kept ahead of population growth over the past three decades.
Total fish production almost doubled, from 65 million tonnes in 1970 to 125 million tonnes in
1999, when world average intake of fish, crustaceans and molluscs reached 16.3 kg per
person. By 2030, annual fish consumption is likely to rise to some 150 to160 million tonnes, or
between 19 and 20 kg per person.

Environment and climate

Over the next 30 years, many of the environmental problems associated with agriculture will
remain serious. Loss of biodiversity caused by the expansion and intensification of production
often continues unabated even in the developed countries, where nature is highly valued and,

supposedly, protected.
5. Livestock (animal husbandry – állattenyésztés)

Livestock are domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to

produce commodities such as food,fiber and labor. This article does not discuss poultry or
farmed fish, although these, especially poultry, are commonly included within the meaning of
"livestock".

Meat
the production of a useful form of dietary protein and energy
Dairy Products
Mammalian livestock can be used as a source of milk, which can in turn easily be
processed into other dairy products, such as yogurt, cheese, butter, ice cream,kefir,
and kumis. Using livestock for this purpose can often yield several times thefood
energy of slaughtering the animal outright.
Fiber
Livestock produce a range of fiber/textiles. For example, sheep and goats produce wool
and mohair; cows, deer, and sheep skins can be made into leather;
andbones, hooves and horns of livestock can be used.
Fertilizer
Manure (szerves trágya) can be spread on fields to increase crop yields. This is an
important reason why historically, plant and animal domestication have been intimately
linked. Manure is also used to make plaster for walls and floors, and can be used as a
fuel for fires. The blood and bone of animals are also used as fertilizer.
Labor
Animals such as horses, donkey, and yaks can be used for mechanical energy. Prior
to steam power, livestock were the only available source of non-human labor. They are
still used for this purpose in many places of the world, includingploughing fields,
transporting goods, and military functions.
Land management
The grazing (legeltetés) of livestock is sometimes used as a way to control weeds and
undergrowth. For example, in areas prone to wild fires, goats and sheep are set to graze
on dry scrub which removes combustible material and reduces the risk of fires.

6. Agriculture, horticulture (kertészet)

Field farming
In agriculture, a field is an area of land, enclosed or otherwise, used for agricultural purposes
such as cultivating crops or as a paddock or other enclosure for livestock.
Farming is growing crops or keeping animals by people for food and raw materials. Farming is a
part of agriculture.

The major crops produced in the world in 2002, are maize (corn), wheat, rice, and cotton.

 Maize (kukorica) 624 millions of metric tons

 Wheat 8búza) 570 millions of metric tons
 Rice 381.1 millions of metric tons
 Cotton (gyapot) 96.5 millions of metric tons

Horticulture (kertész

et)

is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology,
and business of vegetable garden plant growing. It includes the cultivation of medicinal
plants, fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae,flowers, seaweeds and
non-food crops such as grass and ornamental trees and plants. It also includes plant
conservation, landscape restoration, landscape and garden design, construction, and
maintenance, and arboriculture. Inside agriculture, horticulture contrasts with
extensive field farming as well as .

7. Food industry

The food industry is a complex, global collective of diverse businesses that supply most
of the food consumed by tFood processing is the transformation of raw ingredients, by
physical or chemical means into food, or of food into other forms. Food processing
combines raw food ingredients to produce marketable food products that can be easily
prepared and served by the consumer. Food processing typically involves activities such
as mincing and macerating, liquefaction,emulsification, and cooking (such as boiling, broiling,
frying, or grilling);pickling, pasteurization, and many other kinds of preservation; and canning or
other packaging. (Primary-processing such as dicing or slicing, freezing or drying when leading to
secondary products.

Benefits of food processing include toxin removal, preservation, easing marketing and distribution
tasks, and increasing food consistency.ducts are also included.)[1][2]he world population.

Mass production of food is much cheaper overall than individual production of meals from raw
ingredients. Therefore, a large profit potential exists for the manufacturers and suppliers of
processed food products. Individuals may see a benefit in convenience, but rarely see any direct
financial cost benefit in using processed food as compared to home preparation.
Disadvantages
Any processing of food can affect its nutritional density (tápérték) . The amount of nutrients lost
depends on the food and processing method. For example, the heat destroys thevitamin C.
Therefore, canned fruits possess less vitamin C than their fresh alternatives.

Using food additives (adalékanyagok) represents another safety concern. The health risks of any
given additive vary greatly from person to person; for example using sugar as an additive
endangers diabetics.

8. Environmental issues in agriculture

 1.1Climate change

 Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes, both of which take place on a
worldwide scale. Global warmingis projected to have significant impacts on conditions
affecting agriculture, mainly temperature,
 1.2Deforestation

Deforestation is clearing the Earth's forests on a large scale worldwide and resulting in many land
damages. One of the causes of deforestation is to clear land for pasture (legelő) or crops
(termények) . Deforestation causes the loss of habitat (élőhely) for millions of species, and is also
a driver of climate change.

 1.3Genetic engineeringGenetically engineered (génmódosított) crops are herbicide-tolerant,

(gyomirtó-rezisztensek) and their overuse )has created herbicide resistant "super
weeds"(szuper-gyomok) ,[citation needed] which may ultimately increase the use of herbicides
(gyomirtó) . Seed contamination (magfertőzés – keveredés) is another problem of genetic
engineering;

 1.4Irrigation (öntözés)

Soil can be over-irrigated because of poor distribution uniformity (egyenletes vízelosztás)

or management wastes water, chemicals, and may lead to water pollution.

 1.5Pollutants
 Synthetic pesticides (szintetikus rovarölők) are the most widespread method of controlling
pests in agriculture.
9. Rural (vidéki, falusi) tourism

Rural tourism focuses on actively participating in a rural lifestyle. It can be a variant

of ecotourism. Many rural villages can facilitate tourism because many villagers are hospitable
and eager to welcome (and sometime even host) visitors.

Country and village homes, vacation cottages with

accommodation capacity up to 20 bedplaces. Number of extra
Accommodation bedplaces up to 50% of the number of permanent bedplaces.
Catering for parties and mass tourism events is not the main focus
of the accommodation establishment.
Food service, sauna, excursions, country meals from local
products, nature trails, holiday activities, etc.:
Additional services/facilities

Location
Rural areas and settlements with up to 5000 inhabitants.
Rural environment with a caharacteristic agrarian landscape
Area or natural values. Tourism is not the only or dominant
economic activity in the area.

Resources
Rural tourism establishments are owned by local entrepreneurs
Social resources
which provides for income and jobs for the local population.
Traditions and customs reflecting cultural identity and values –
traditional festivities, food recipes, music, traditional crafts
Cultural resouces
(e.g., pottery, beer brewing, etc.). Traditional architecture, private
collections, etc.
Waters, forests, meadows, bogs, rural landscape, flora and fauna.
Natural resources The environment is not industrialised/urbanised. Biological diversity
is mainatined in surrounding areas.
Sustainable development
Development of rural tourism in particular area does not threaten the above described natural, cultural
and social resources, at the same time stimulating economical development and increasing the quality of
living space of the local population.