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PostharvestBiocharStrainsBiomassGrainsRiceRice StrawCellulose

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Utilization of rice hull and straw

Yu-Fong Huang, Shang-Lien Lo, in Rice (Fourth Edition), 2019

Abstract

Rice hull and rice straw are abundant lignocellulosic biomass. They are carbon-neutral renewable
resources that can be converted into various value-added and environmentally friendly products, such as
adsorbents, biofuels, and soil amendments. Biofuels, including bio-oil, bioethanol, syngas, and biogas,
can be efficiently produced from rice hull and rice straw by using thermochemical and biochemical
technologies, and the unreacted solid residues, the biochar, can be used for organic and inorganic
contaminants adsorption, soil amendment, and carbon sequestration. Rice hull and rice straw are also
used in various industrial applications, such as building materials, particle boards, insulation boards,
human food and animal feed, cosmetics, medicines, biopolymers, and fine chemicals. The coproduction
of biofuels and high-value biobased products is promising, because the latter will enhance the economy
of lignocellulosic biorefineries.

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Nutrient-focused Processing of Rice

Nadina Müller-Fischer, in Agricultural Sustainability, 2013

2.1 Macronutrients
The rice hull represents about 20% of the rough rice grain and is not edible. Its major components are
non-starch carbohydrates, and it contains about 20% of silica, 9–20% lignin as well as 2–6% cutin. The
main constituent of white rice is starch (~78%, see Figure 10.3), followed by protein (5–11%). Fat, fiber,
and ash content are low at 0.3–0.5%, 0.7–2.3%, and 0.3–0.8%, respectively. In contrast, bran as one of
the co-products of milling is nutritionally valuable and contains significant amounts of fat (15–20%),
neutral detergent fiber (24–29%), and ash (7–10%), as well as slightly elevated amounts of protein (11–
15%). The starch content of rice bran is about 14% only, with some variation depending on the degree of
milling (Champagne et al., 2004). Fat from rice bran is nutritionally valuable since it contains high
fractions of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (38.4% oleic acid C18:1, 34.4% linoleic acid C18:2,
2.2% α-linolenic acid C18:3) and only about 25% saturated fatty acids consisting of myristic acid C14:0,
palmitic acid C16:0, and stearic acid C18:0 (Orthoefer and Eastman, 2004). γ-oryzanol, a unique mixture
of triterpene alcohols and sterol ferulates present in rice bran oil, has been reported to have
hypocholesterolemic activity in various animal and human studies (Patel and Naik, 2004).

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Figure 10.3. Low and high values of macronutrients found in different edible fractions of the rice kernel.

Data source: Champagne et al. (2004).

Rice is an important source of protein in Asia, especially in tropical Asia, where it accounts for 35–40% of
the dietary protein (Juliano, 1993). The protein content in rice is relatively low, but its quality and
bioavailability are nevertheless good (Bhattacharya, 2011). However, similar to other cereals, rice protein
is deficient in the essential amino acid lysine but contains the essential sulfur-containing amino acids
cysteine and methionine in abundance. A diet combining rice and legumes balances out amino acid
composition quite well (Rand et al. 1984, Eggum et al., 1987) because pulses are rich in lysine but poor in
sulfur amino acids.

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Rice

Elke K. Arendt, Emanuele Zannini, in Cereal Grains for the Food and Beverage Industries, 2013

3.4.2 Rice milling

The objective of milling is to remove the rice hull, bran and germ, with minimum endosperm breakage
(Owens, 2001). Each milling step is briefly described below.

Precleaning/destoning

Preliminary cleaning is the first step in advance of milling rice, and it is carried out to eliminate immature
rough rice and unfilled grains from paddy, foreign grains as well as vegetable (weed seeds, straw, chaff),
animal (rodent, excreta and hairs, insects and insect frass, mites) and mineral (mud, dust, stones, sand,
metal objects, nails, nuts) impurities. The large light and large heavy impurities are removed by a
rotating screen, while the smaller ones are removed by an oscillating sieve. The small stones are
removed by a destoner or gravity separator, in conjunction with air current aspiration, using the
difference in density weight of rough rice and stones as the mechanism of separation. A permanent
rotating and self-cleaning electromagnet is normally installed to trap iron or steel particles from the
paddy (Bond, 2004).

Husking/husking aspiration

Husk is not edible and therefore must be removed from paddy. The husk is not tightly bound to the
kernel and so it is easily removed. Generally, rubber-roll hullers are used to dehull rough rice. This
machine consists of two rubber-rolls of identical diameter, one rotating clockwise and the second
counter clockwise. One roll moves about 25%faster than the other. The difference in peripheral speeds
subjects the paddy grains, which fall between the rolls, to a shearing action that strips off the husk
(Wimberly, 1983). The clearance between the two rolls is based on the length of the grain (Bond, 2004).
Payman et al. (2007) studied the factors that affect the operation of a rubber-roll hulling machine in an
effort to decrease the amount of rice breakage. They found that linear speed differences of rollers of
229.3 m min− 1 ensure the least rice breakage. However, other factors such as the rice variety and grain
humidity influence the efficiency of the husking process. After the husking, the detached husk is
removed using a double air-trap aspiration system, in which the hull is in part removed by aspiration as
the grain passes over the coarse bran sieve and the remaining hull is aspirated upwards by an air-trap
system positioned above the rough rice separator (Bond, 2004).

Paddy separation

The paddy must be separated before the brown rice goes to the bran removal stage (Wimberly, 1983).
The separating machine separates the product of the husking operation into three parts – brown rice,
paddy and a mixture of the two. Brown rice is fed to the whitening machine, paddy is sent back for
husking and the mixture is returned to the separator (Fouda, 2011). Natural differences between the
paddy and brown rice aid the paddy separation process, such as (i) the average weight of paddy by
volume is less than that of brown rice; and (ii) the paddy grains are longer, wider and thicker than those
of brown rice. The paddy separator commonly used today is the tray type. It consists of several indented
trays mounted one above the other about 5 cm apart, clamped together and attached to an oscillating
frame. The assembly of trays has a double inclination. The table inclination is adjustable to meet
different paddy varieties and conditions and to achieve maximum separation capacity. The tray section
moves up and forward, making a slight jumping movement. Paddy moves onto each tray from the
highest corner of the double-inclined tray. As it moves across the tray downward towards the end of the
tray opposite the feeding end, the brown rice separates from the paddy. The brown rice has a smoother
surface and a greater bulk density and moves to the top of the tray (highest corner) where it is conveyed
to the polishers. The paddy moves to the lower part of the tray (lowest corner) where it is conveyed back
to the husker. Some of the unseparated paddy moves to the centre of the tray where it is returned to the
inlet of the separator.

Whitening (bran removal)

In this process, bran – which is tightly attached to brown rice – is removed from the rice kernel.
Therefore, during this process rice kernels are subject to intensive mechanical and thermal stress which
causes some rice kernel damage and breakage. The most common whitening machines, the abrasive-
type whitener and the friction-type whitener, use the abrasive and friction process for bran removal, as
the equipment names suggest. The abrasion process uses a coarse surface to break and peel the bran off
the rice grain. The friction process uses the friction between the grains themselves to break and peel off
the bran (Wimberly, 1983).

Polishing

The aim of the polishing step is to remove the loose bran which, even after the whitening process, still
adheres to the surface of the milled rice. There is a rubber polisher that polishes the whitened rice using
a rubber brush; however, the friction-type whitener is sometimes used as a polisher. Generally, the
polishing machine has a cone shape that is covered with leather strips, which gently brush the grain as it
passes through the machine which operates at a lower rpm. The leather strips roll the whitened rice over
and over against the screen. Under slight pressure, the remaining bran is removed from the milled rice
passing through these screens and the rice becomes shinier and glossier (Wimberly, 1983; Bond, 2004).

Grading

After the whitening operation, the unbroken rice is still mixed with different sized broken rice pieces,
bran and dust. Bran and dust particles are separated by air aspiration, while the small broken rice and
germs are separated by a vibrating sieve or rotary cylinders called trieurs. The latter is mainly composed
of a slowly indented rotating cylinder that is installed at a slight incline. Each indent has the ability to
catch grains or grain particles, which are then lifted from the grain mass and discharged by gravity when
the indent cannot hold the grain any longer (Wimberly, 1983; Bond, 2004).

Milling

Three methods, namely wet, dry and semi-dry milling, have been used to grind polished rice kernels or
brokens into flour (Chiang and Yeh, 2002). Wet grinding is a traditional process used to prepare rice flour
and includes five successive steps: soaking, adding excess water during grinding, filtering, drying and
sieving. This process comprises the use of several machines and much manpower. Additionally, this
process is known to have significant flour loss and high energy consumption (Yeh, 2004). Dry grinding
does not use water (no waste water generation) and is characterized by its limited consumption of
energy. Herein, the rice kernel is ground with dry grinding machinery such as a hammer mill, pin mill,
roller mill or disc mill, etc. Nevertheless, many food items made of dry ground flour (for instance,
noodles) have inadequate rheological properties for many consumer uses (Yeh, 2004).

In the semi-dry grinding methods, the properties of flour are intermediate to those of both dry and wet
ground flour from the perspectives of particle size, viscosity, damaged starch, etc. (Ngamnikom and
Songsermpong, 2011). The semi-dry grinding process is characterized by three consecutive steps:
soaking, drying to remove excess water (15–17%wet basis) and grinding with dry grinding machinery
(Yeh, 2004). Nevertheless, the semi-dry method has some disadvantages, such as the longer time
required to adjust the rice kernel moisture content, the high energy consumption needed for the drying
step, the excessive consumption of water and the generation of waste water. Generally, wet-milled flour
is superior to dry-milled flour for making traditional baked products (Bean et al., 1983) and Thai rice-
based snack food (Jomduang and Mohamed, 1994). The superior quality of wet-milled flour is mainly
due to its low proportion of damaged starch and finest relative particle size (Chen et al., 1999).

Ngamnikom and Songsermpong (2011) investigated the performance of a new grinding process, which
includes freezing rice with liquid nitrogen prior to dry grinding. In terms of damaged starch content,
average particle size, particle size distribution, microscopic structures and energy consumption, they
found that the freeze grinding resulted in (i) reduced particle size and damaged starch content due to the
extremely low temperature of the sample prior to grinding, and (ii) a smaller flour particle size than from
dry grinding resulting in a greater yield after sieving. Moreover, freeze grinding produced a higher flour
yield after sieving in comparison with dry grinding using an identical grinder. Finally, the energy
consumption of freeze grinding was similar to dry grinding and much lower than that detected for the
wet grinding process. Consequently, the authors conclude that the freeze grinding process was a viable
alternative to the traditional wet grinding process.
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Sprouted grains-based fermented products

Fengfeng Wu, Xueming Xu, in Sprouted Grains, 2019

7.2.1 Germinated brown rice

Brown rice is a kind of whole grain rice, in which the rice hull is removed and the germ, bran layer, and
endosperm are retained. White rice is obtained through further processing to remove the germ and bran
layer. Studies have shown that 60%–70% of the important nutrients in rice, including vitamins, minerals,
amino acids and dietary fiber, are concentrated in the outer layer (Lamberts et al., 2007; Zhou et al.,
2002). The endosperm, namely the white rice, is mainly composed of starch and some protein. It can be
seen that brown rice has relatively complete nutrient components and has much higher nutritional value
than white rice, which mainly provides energy.

Although brown rice has richer components than white rice from a nutritional point of view, brown rice
is rarely consumed as a staple food due to its dark appearance and hard texture. This is because the
outer cortical layer of brown rice is composed of crude fiber tissue of extremely high density, and it is
difficult for the human body to digest and absorb (Ohtsubo et al., 2005). Under general cooking
conditions, it is not easy to boil away cellulose and hemicellulose. The cortical layer of brown rice keeps
water molecules from the starch granules, so that the brown rice does not perform well in terms of
expansibility and water absorption, which further delays starch gelatinization, requiring a higher
gelatinization temperature and longer gelatinization time. Furthermore, as it does not have a popular
taste, brown rice is not accepted by most consumers. Therefore, although brown rice is nutritious, it is
not accepted by most consumers due to its unpopular taste and taste.

Germinated brown rice is produced by soaking the brown rice grain in water to induce a slight
germination. In a previous review (Wu et al., 2013b), we showed that basic physiological and
biochemical changes during brown rice germination are quite well known and documented (Table 7.1).
The studies of germinated brown rice cover a wide range of topics: influence of processing on the
primary enzymatic activities (especially amylolytic, proteolytic, and lipolytic activities), starch
degradation, modification of amino acid content, fat content and composition, the amount of bioactive
and antinutritive compounds, and flavor formation. The essence of germination is the enzymatic
process, in which a large amount of enzymes contained in the brown rice are activated and released and
converted from the bound state to a free state (Chavan et al., 1989a). The bran layer fiber in germinated
brown rice is softened, thereby improving the cooking, absorption, and texture of the rice (Wu et al.,
2013b). Germinated brown rice improves the quality of the food, and further strengthens the
physiological functions, due to the rich bioactive substances that are produced. A significant increase in
the content of phenolic acid compounds, tocopherols, and γ-oryzanol during germination of brown rice
was observed (Miller and Engel, 2006; Ng et al., 2013; Tian et al., 2004; Wu et al., 2013a). Numerous
reports have shown a remarkable increase in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration by the
soaking and germination of brown rice (Jannoey et al., 2010; Karladee and Suriyong, 2012; Komatsuzaki
et al., 2007; Ohtsubo et al., 2005; Saikusa et al., 1994).

Table 7.1. Effect of germination on nutritional components of brown rice (μg/g)

Component Change trend during brown rice germination and related references

Phenolic acid compounds The content of ferulic acid, sinapinic acid and total insoluble phenolic
compounds increased from 0.32 mg/100 g, 0.32 mg/100 g and 18.47 mg/100 g of flour in brown rice to
0.48 mg/100 g, 0.21 mg/100 g and 24.78 mg/100 g of flour in germinated brown rice, respectively (Tian
et al., 2010).

Tocopherol and tocotrienol The tocopherol and tocotrienol content increased from 6.67 mg/100 g
and 34.21 mg/100 g to 7.15 mg/100 g and 40.12 mg/100 g after 3 days of germination, respectively (Wu
et al., 2013a).

γ-Oryzanol Germinated brown rice contains a slightly higher amount of oryzanol (105%) than brown
rice (Ohtsubo et al., 2005); germination process could enhance γ-oryzanol content in certain rice
cultivars (Sie-Cheong et al., 2009).

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) GABA concentrations significantly increase by soaking brown rice in
chitosan or glutamic acid solutions (Oh et al., 2003, 2005); the GABA concentrations in brown rice
germinated with the chitosan/glutamic acid solution were 13 times higher than the GABA concentrations
in nongerminated brown rice (Oh et al., 2003).

Moreover, germinated brown rice has been reported to exhibit many physiological effects (Table 7.2).
Significant scientific research shows that consumption of germinated brown rice can reduce the
occurrence of modern diseases such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, heart disease, cancer, etc. and
helps control diabetes, constipation, hemorrhoids, and stomach troubles (Ho et al., 2012; Hsu et al.,
2008; Imam et al., 2012, 2014; Ito et al., 2005; Mamiya et al., 2007; Oh et al., 2003; Wu et al., 2013b;
Zhang et al., 2010). Therefore, because of its special nutritional value and pharmacological effects,
germinated brown rice has become a kind of functional staple food that may be integrated into nutrition
and health care.
Table 7.2. Health benefits of germinated brown rice

Physiological functions Important research results and related literature

Antihyperlipidemic effect Healthy female university students given a germinated brown rice diet
for 10 weeks showed decreased total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (Kawana-Ebizuka et
al., 2005); the changes in blood cholesterol could be modulated using germinated brown rice rather than
nongerminated brown rice (Roohinejad et al., 2010); germinated brown rice suppressed
hypercholesterolemia induced by hepatoma growth, by means of upregulating cholesterol catabolism
(Miller and Engel, 2006).

Antihypertensive effect Germinated brown rice can be used as part of a complementary therapeutic diet
for hypertension; 40% germinated brown rice diet had a significant and strong antihypertensive effect in
spontaneously hypertensive rats (Ebizuka et al., 2009); Mitsuo and Aya (2004) reviewed the effects of a
germinated brown rice diet on the prevention of blood pressure increase in hypertensive rats and
patients and suggested that germinated brown rice can be used as part of a complementary therapeutic
diet for hypertension.

Reducing the risk of cancer Germinated brown rice extracts with enhanced levels of GABA inhibited
leukemia cell proliferation and stimulated cancer cell apoptosis (Oh et al., 2003); germinated brown rice
diet with high levels of GABA might prevent pulmonary adenocarcinoma in smokers (Shu et al., 2008);
germinated brown rice as a staple food may be beneficial with respect to cancer prevention (Tian et al.,
2004).

Reducing the risk of diabetes Patients with uncontrolled diabetes who ate diets supplemented with
germinated brown rice had lower postprandial blood glucose levels than those who ate white rice–
supplemented diets (Ito et al., 2005); consumption of germinated brown rice as a staple food in patients
with type 2 diabetes was useful in improving blood glucose and lipid levels (Hsu et al., 2008); germinated
brown rice ameliorated the blood glucose, type-1 plasminogen-activator, and lipid peroxide
concentrations in diabetic rats (Hagiwara et al., 2004).

Reducing the risk of Alzheimer’s disease Germinated brown rice might prevent Alzheimer’s disease
associated with peptide-Aβ (Mamiya et al., 2007).

Japan was the first country to commercialize brown rice. As the world’s major rice-producing and
consuming country, Japan has long attached importance to the development of highly processed rice
products and technology. Commercialization techniques for germinated brown rice have been developed
jointly by the Japan’s agricultural experimental field and Food Research Institute, beginning in 1997. At
present, there are many enterprises in Japan involved in the industrial production of germinated brown
rice products, such as vacuum packed germinated brown rice and a variety of fast foods, beverages, and
nutritional supplements that use germinated brown rice as raw materials. In addition to Japan,
germinated brown rice and its products have gradually become popular in South Korea, Singapore,
Malaysia, China Taiwan, Hong Kong and other Asian countries. In recent years, a variety of germinated
brown rice foods rich in γ-aminobutyric acid have been introduced to the market, such as germinated
brown rice wines, germinated brown rice beverages, brown rice bud vinegars, brown rice bud sauces,
germinated brown rice medicated diets, germinated brown rice convenience foods, baby weaning foods,
rice bud bean milk beverages, and germinated brown rice breads. Those products are widely enjoyed by
consumers.

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Quality control of feed ingredients for aquaculture

B. Tangendjaja, in Feed and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture, 2015

6.5.6 Rice bran

Rice bran can be extremely variable in composition, and this is due almost entirely to the rice hulls
included with the rice bran at the time of milling. This is from contamination, deliberate or otherwise, in
the polishing of rice. This is especially so with the use of smaller rice polishing mills, where quality of the
rice bran is of secondary importance to production of milled rice for human consumption.

A rapid method is needed for assessing hull content. Although hull content can be estimated from
laboratory analysis (due to the higher ash and fiber content of the hulls), such assays are time-
consuming and are certainly not available to the individual buyer and user of rice bran. Phloroglucinol, a
classic reagent for staining lignified tissues in plant microscopy, is a candidate for the development of a
rapid field test. This discussion describes the phloroglucinol-based method developed at the Indonesian
Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, Indonesia, which was published in an Indonesian
journal (Tangendjaja and Lowry, 1985).

Several other adulterations have been found in the field. Generally, adulterants will be materials that
cost less but have similar appearance to rice bran such as limestone, sand or zeolite, and cassava waste.
Attempts have been made by rice bran suppliers to add limestone as an adulterant. A carbonate test
should be done to detect limestone contamination in rice bran. Reagents containing hydrochloric
acid:water mixture (1:1) or other acids can be used to test a rice bran sample in a petri dish;
development of effervescence when the acids is dropped in a rice bran sample indicates the presence of
limestone. Several heavy materials costing much less than rice bran may be added as adulterants. For
example, a white sand or zeolite has been used to mix with rice bran; an experienced quality controller
should be able to detect the presence of “grittiness” in rice bran as an indication of sand or zeolite. The
content of such adulterants can also be measured using a floatation technique. Ten grams of rice bran
are placed in a glass jar or tall beaker (100 ml) and 90 ml of carbon tetrachloride or chloroform is poured
and mixed with the rice bran and allowed to settle. Floating material and solvent are decanted carefully
so as not to disturb the settled materials. The settled materials can be dried in filter paper and identified
as zeolite or sand. If there is limestone in the settled materials, a carbonate test can also be done. When
rice bran is adulterated with cassava waste, density measurement can be performed as cassava waste
has a much lower density than rice bran. In addition, fiber measurement can also be performed as
cassava waste contains higher fiber levels than rice bran.

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Discovery of the Vitamins

Gerald F. CombsJr. Ph.D., James P. McClung Ph.D., in The Vitamins (Fifth Edition), 2017

Antiberiberi Factor Is Announced

Eijkman used this animal model in a series of investigations in 1890–1897 and found that the
antipolyneuritis factor could be extracted from rice hulls with water or alcohol, that it was dialyzable, but
that it was rather easily destroyed with moist heat. He concluded that the water-soluble factor was a
“pharmacological antidote” to the “beriberi microbe,” which, although still not identified, he thought to
be present in the rice kernel proper. Apparently, Gerrit Grijns,17 who continued that work after Eijkman
returned to Holland, came to interpret these findings somewhat differently. Grijns went on to show that
polyneuritis could be prevented by including mung bean (Vigna radiata) in the diet; this led to mung
beans being found effective in treating beriberi. In 1901, Grijns suggested, for the first time, that
beriberi-producing diets “lacked a certain substance of importance in the metabolism of the central
nervous system.” Subsequently, Eijkman came to share Grijn’s view; in 1906, the two investigators
published a now-classic paper in which they wrote, “There is present in rice polishings a substance
different from protein, and salts, which is indispensable to health and the lack of which causes
nutritional polyneuritis.”

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Organic Soilless Media Components

W.R. Carlile, ... M. Prasad, in Soilless Culture (Second Edition), 2019

8.6 Rice Hulls

The hull (or husk) is the outermost layer of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain and acts as a protective cover
to the grain. Rice hulls are separated from the rice grains by milling following parboiling (soaking,
steaming, and drying the grain). Worldwide, rice hulls are available in large volumes as waste from rice
processing operations: rice production in Asia produces about 770 Mt of hulls annually (IRRI, 2017).
Much of this is burnt as a fuel, and the ash used in construction materials. In the United States, rice
processing may lead to as much as 1.9 Mt of hulls annually (Sambo et al., 2008), and here rice hulls are
incorporated by several manufacturers into growing media (Anon, 2014a). About 12,000 m3 of rice hulls
were used by professional growers in the Netherlands in 2013 (Schmilewski, 2017). Aged, composted, or
charred (carbonized) rice hulls have been considered for use in growing media (Einert, 1972; Kämpf and
Jung, 1991)Biochar produced from rice hulls has been considered for use in growing media (Kim et al.,
2017).

Rice hulls have an elongated convex shape with typical dimensions of 3–4 by 5–7 mm (Evans, 2008), and
dry bulk densities of uncompressed, non-ground material at around 100 g/L (Mansaray and Ghaly, 1997;
Gómez and Robbins, 2011), rising to 400 g/L depending on the extent of milling/grinding/sieving (Sambo
et al., 2008; Buck and Evans, 2010). Organic constituents include cellulose (30%–40% by weight),
hemicelluloses (15%–25%), and lignin (15%–25%), but hulls also contain about 15% by weight of silica
(López et al., 2010; Kumar et al., 2010): the latter two components confer a high degree of stability to
rice hulls, which degrade only slowly (Evans and Gachukia, 2004).

Evans and Gachukia (2007) reported that the large particles of parboiled rice hulls incorporated at up to
50% (v/v) enhanced drainage and aeration in peat-based substrates. Hanan (1998) and Gómez and
Robbins (2011) report water-holding capacities for fresh parboiled rice hulls respectively of 20% and 23%
(v/v), total pore space of 89% and 93% (v/v), and an air-filled pore space of 69% and 70% (Table 8.16).
Gómez and Robbins (2011) also showed that only small decreases in total porosity occurred in media
containing pine bark and parboiled rice hulls after more than a year in storage: air space declined in all
mixtures of rice hulls and peat, whilst water-holding capacities correspondingly rose. Sambo et al. (2008)
and Buck and Evans (2010) using milled or ground rice hulls produced a range of particle sizes: all ground
products had higher bulk densities than fresh hulls. As particle size decreased, total pore space
decreased and water-holding capacity generally increased (Table 8.16). Rice hulls are reported to have a
low CEC (Evans, 2008).

Table 8.16. Physical Properties of Rice Hulls

Origin, Treatment, Particle Size (Where Noted) Dry Bulk Density (kg/m3) Total Pore Space (% By
Volume) Air Content (% By Volume) Available Water: 1–10 kPa suction† (% By Volume)
Source

Ground rice hulls, 2 mm screened, Italy 390 77.7 31.3 30.6 Sambo et al. (2008)

Ground rice hulls, 6 mm screened, Italy 280 83.9 47.0 22.1 Sambo et al. (2008)

Parboiled fresh rice hulls, milled once. Arkansas, United States 200 86.9 39.6 25.8 Buck
and Evans (2010)

Parboiled fresh rice hulls, ground and screened to 0−18 –1.8 mm. Arkansas, United States 300
74.9 16.2 31.6 Buck and Evans (2010)

Fresh parboiled rice hulls, Arkansas, United States 100 93.7 70.6 nd Gomez and
Robbins (2011)

Determinations of total pore space, air content, and available water were carried out using suction
funnels with a porous plate as described by De Boodt et al. (1974). nd, Not determined.

pH values of fresh rice hulls are reported as 4.6–4.8 by Evans (2011) rising to 6.5–7.0 in storage, values
also reported by Zanin et al. (2011). Both authors reported moderate EC values (Table 8.17). Whereas
Evans (2011) and Zanin et al. (2011) both reported relatively high concentrations of K in rice hulls, Evans
(2011), using ground rice hulls, found relatively high concentrations of P (Table 8.17), being considered
sufficiently high to cause adverse effects on plant growth if ground hulls were used as the sole
component of growing media. The water extraction procedure used by Zanin et al. (2011) may have
resulted in their much lower P concentration. Evans and Gachukia (2004) found little immobilization of N
in media containing rice hulls and attributed this to the stability of the substrate.

Table 8.17. pH, EC, and Extractable Inorganic Nutrients (mg.L−1) in Parboiled Rice Hulls

Rice Hulls and Origin (Where Stated) pH EC (dS/m) NH4N NO3N P K

Arkansas, United States. Ground screened 1–2 mm 4.6 0.7 12 0.5 130 375
Evans (2011)
Arkansas, United States. Ground screened 0.5–1 mm 4.8 1.2 10 0.5 60 300
Evans (2011)

Rice hulls (origin not stated). Ground to 2 mm 6.8 0.4 nd 0.47 7.7 146 Zanin
et al. (2011)

Zanin et al. (2011) used water extraction: Evans (2011) used a saturated paste extract.

Rice hulls are rarely used as the sole component of growing media. Evans and Gachukia (2004)
demonstrated growth of a range of bedding plants including impatiens (Impatiens walleriana Hook, f)
and pansy (Viola × wittrockiana Gams) in peat-based media containing up to 40% (v/v) parboiled rice
hulls without adverse effect on root or shoot development compared to growth in a pure peat medium.
Evans (2011) further demonstrated equivalent growth of bedding plants such as vinca (Catharanthus
roseus L.G. Don), impatiens (I. walleriana), and geranium (Pelargonium×hortorum L.H. Bailey) in peat
media, and media amended with up to 30% rice hulls. As a component of container media, Gómez and
Robbins (2011) found that amending pine bark with up to 40% (v/v) parboiled rice hulls did not result in
a significant decrease in plant growth or increase the volume or frequency of irrigation for container-
grown spirea (Spiraea×bumalda L.) and that the physical properties of media did not deteriorate
markedly over two growing seasons.

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Adsorbents

Dennis Taylor, in Bleaching and Purifying Fats and Oils (Second Edition), 2009

AgriTecSorbents, LLC

AgriTecSorbents, LLC (Stuttgart, Arkansas, USA) (www.agritecsorbents.com), which began commercial

production in 2008, uses a patented process to convert rice hulls into rich-hull ash. The resulting rice-hull
ash is rich in high-purity silicas and PACs, which are further processed into commercial products. Typical
properties for this product are listed in Table 3.7.

AgriTecSorbents' Activated Carbon

AgriCarb DC-600 is recommended for processing fats and oils; it is considered an ideal choice for the
removal of chlorophyll from rapeseed oil (canola), as well as general-color removal. It also removes PAHs
and color bodies from fish and vegetable oils.

Read full chapter

Analytical Methods Used With Soilless Substrates

Chris Blok, ... Dieter Lohr, in Soilless Culture (Second Edition), 2019

11.1 Introduction

Growing media constituents include processed raw materials (e.g., peat, pumice, tuff); waste products
from agricultural, forest, and food industries (e.g., bark, rice hulls, coir); recycled materials (e.g., from
mattresses, tires, paper waste); processed materials (e.g., poly phenol foam, urea formaldehyde foam,
stone wool); or composted materials (Urrestarazu Gavilán, 2004; Zaccheo and Cattivello, 2009). A nearly
unlimited number of possible growing media are obtained by mixing these diverse materials. Ideally
each potential growing medium should be tested under commercial growing conditions in field trials in
order to verify its suitability for crop production. However, besides the costs and duration of these
“biotests,” even these tests cannot give a complete guarantee, since commercial growing conditions such
as temperature or fertigation are never identical with the experimental conditions. Moreover, the
performance of a product may be crop specific, which would considerably increase the number of
required field trials. While manufacturers of new growing media test their products in plant production
under commercial conditions, laboratory tests of the growing media are also used since these provide a
reliable indication of the performance of the medium with respect to water, nutrient, and oxygen
availabilities in both the short and long term. Such laboratory tests are normally more cost effective and
can be performed under standardized conditions with reference samples.

The analytical methods for such tests—mostly adopted from soil science—target four areas of
application: growing media selection, quality control, fertilization advice, and growing media
usage/management recommendations (Table 11.1).

Table 11.1. Overview of Parameters From Physical, Chemical, and Biological Analyses Used for Growing
Media and Their Relevance and Use for the Applications
Application of Growing Medium Analysis

Parameters Selection Quality Control Fertilization Advice Recommendation

Remarks

Physical analysis

Bulk density + ++ −/+ ++

Porosity ++ ++ − ++

Water retention including rewetting +++ ++ − +++

Particle size + + − +

Shrinkage ++ + − ++

Hardness, stickiness + − − +

Penetrability + − − +

Hydrophobicity + − − +

Hydraulic conductivity + − − + Little experience

Oxygen diffusion + − − + Little experience

Chemical analysis

Direct available elements in the rhizosphere + +++ +++ ++

Potentially available elements, EC ++ ++ ++ ++

Exchangeable ions, CEC, AEC ++ ++ ++ +

Total analysis + + + + Depending on growing medium

N fixation/P fixation ++ ++ ++ ++ Depending on growing medium

CaCO3 −/++ − + + Depending on growing medium

pH ++ ++ ++ +

Biological analysis

Stability++ −/+ − ++ Depending on growing medium

Phytotoxicity +++ −/+ − ++ May depend on crop

The columns show applications for selection of growing media, routine quality control, routine
fertilization advice, and growing media usage/management recommendations. Note: Scale increases
from −=parameter not relevant, to +++=very relevant. AEC, Anion exchange capacity; CEC, cation
exchange capacity.

11.1.1 Growing Media Selection

Selecting soilless growing media for particular applications is one of the extensive uses of these
analytical methods. In particular, it allows for benchmarking growing media against each other and for
recommending ranges for acceptable values for particular applications.

11.1.2 Quality Control

Another reason for the use of reliable analytical methods is that producers of growing media and/or
laboratories should be able to use these methods for quality control by themselves or by independent
standardization organizations for production of described quality in order to provide growers or retailers
with media with prescribed physical and/or chemical characteristics. Among the most prominent of
these organizations are ISO (International Organization for Standardization), ASTM (American Society for
Testing and Materials, www.astm.org), CEN (European Committee for Standardization, www.cenorm.eu),
DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V., www.din.de), VDLUFA (Verband Deutscher
Landwirtschaftlicher Untersuchungs- und Forschungsanstalten www.vdlufa.de), AFNOR (Association
Française de normalization, www.afnor.org), and RHP (Regeling Handelspotgronden, www.rhp.nl).

11.1.3 Fertilization Advice

The analysis of growing media is done routinely for advice on fertilization of the plants being grown.
Systems for fertilization advice based on various nutrient analysis techniques have been used for many
years in many countries and are indispensable in hydroponics. Frequent (weekly) sampling with analysis
and advice within 2 days has become a standard procedure.

11.1.4 Growing Media Usage/Management Recommendation

Analytical methods are used extensively by end-users such as growers to decide on how to use particular
growing media based on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the media, in
combination with the plant or crop requirements. These requirements will vary according to the crop,
the growing system (slabs, containers), the water supply system (e.g., ebb-flood, overhead irrigation,
drippers), water quality, and the growing period. Each combination of crop, growing system, and water
supply system thus may require specific characteristics of a growing medium. Attempts to systemize the
recommendation of particular growing media based on crop parameters (such as the fertilization advice
systems mentioned) are not yet generally accepted (e.g., Kipp et al., 2000).

Obviously, not all parameters which are determined by means of physical, chemical, and biological
methods are equally important for the abovementioned applications of the analysis methods. The
overview table (Table 11.1) shows that some of the parameters such as directly available nutrients and
electrical conductivity (EC) are rather important and frequently used for all applications. For physical
analysis, water retention characteristics including rewetting are essential for screening, quality control,
irrigation management, container volume, and container height recommendations. This does not mean
that other analysis methods are less relevant. For example, the CaCO3 content can be very important in
screening rooting media such as composts. Hydraulic conductivity has been argued to be an essential
tool for assessing water availability for plants (Raviv et al., 1999; Wallach and Raviv, 2008). However, a
routine method for (unsaturated) hydraulic conductivity is not yet used due to technical difficulties
(Wever et al., 2004). For an updated discussion of this subject see Chapter 3, Physical Characteristics of
Soilless Media. Measurement of some parameters suffer from large variation (e.g., oxygen diffusion),
and/or the high costs involved, which makes it less suitable to use it as a method for routine
measurements. Table 11.1 gives an overview of the physical, chemical, and biological parameters that
are measured in growing media and the relevance of their use in specific stages along the decision-
making process.

11.1.5 Variation

Since there is a large variety of physical and chemical analytical methods used by laboratories, efforts
have been made to compare and standardize the laboratory methods. As an example, for physical
analysis not all laboratories use the same sample preparation procedures. In the method used in service
labs for physical parameter determination in the Netherlands, the potting mix sample is pressed and not
moistened, whereas in the European Norm (CEN method), the sample is not pressed and is moistened.
In the 1:1.5 vol. extract method (Sonneveld et al., 1974; Australian Standard, 2003a,b), the sample is
moistened until pF 1.5 and pressed. Analysis reports can bring confusion to users familiar with their own
analytical methods. Naturally, labs and countries are reluctant to change their analytical methods. The
ISHS “working group on substrates in horticulture other than soils in situ” of the ISHS Commission of
plant substrates should be mentioned for their efforts to encourage standardization (e.g., Gabriëls et al.,
1991; Gabriëls, 1995). Research has shown that in many cases analysis results can be converted from
one method into another (e.g., Sonneveld and van Elderen, 1994; De Kreij et al., 2001; Wever et al.,
2005). Moreover, the variation among labs using the same methods on the same samples, both for
physical (Gabriëls et al., 1991; Wever and Van Winkel, 2004), and chemical analyses (Baumgarten, 2004;
De Kreij and Wever, 2005), should be improved in order to increase the reliability (Baumgarten, 2013).
11.1.6 Interrelationships

To assess the suitability of a growing medium for a well-defined purpose, usually several interrelated
measurements are interpreted. A common example is the relationship between stability on the one
hand and water and air transport on the other. The underlying mutual cause is the breakdown of
structural elements which results in a loss of pore volume. Another example is the relationship between
loss of stability and the fixation of nitrogen and phosphorous. Microbiological activity is the mutual
cause underlying both. Both examples show the importance of interpretation and the available room for
new, more direct measurements.

In this chapter, the physical, chemical, and biological parameters as listed in Table 11.1 are described
including the units used. Special cases, common values, and relation to crop growth are given too. In
case a standardized European method is used (a so-called CEN method), more information can be found
at www.cenorm.eu and this is referenced with the method.

11.1.7 Trends in Methods

Most laboratory methods are designed to deliver answers under static conditions, that is, time
independent. The most striking example is the water retention curve which by definition shows the
relation between water tension and water content at equilibrium, even if it takes 48 hours to reach that
equilibrium. As the plant uptake of water, nutrients, and oxygen can be highly variable over the course of
minutes to hours, such equilibria are in practice not often reached. For this reason there is a growing
interest in methods which are more dynamic (Fonteno et al., 2013; Giuffrida and Consoli, 2016).
Examples are improved hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity methods and the water uptake rate.

A second development is the supply of materials from other industries, such as composts, digestates,
biochars, and spent mushroom casing which come with quality parameters used in those supplying
industries. It is often remarkably difficult to agree on the use (and interpretation) of methods developed
for growing media. Well-known sources of confusion are the choice of extraction methods, the
expression of water content in % V/V and the expression of organic matter in % V/V: (1) Extraction
methods must be well defined to allow recalculation to EC, pH, and nutrient contents per unit growing
medium volume. Plant roots and microbes will both react predictably to the amounts per unit volume
but not at all to amounts per unit weight. Values derived from different extraction methods may be
compared using a conversion factor. The conversion factor can be found by comparing two extraction
method values which share the same nutrient content per unit growing medium volume. (2) The
expression of water content in % V/V instead of % W/W is needed to assess the air content in % V/V in
the various materials at various dry bulk densities. Air content is a factor which is often very critical for
plant growth in the growing media mentioned. (3) The organic matter conversion into % V/V is needed to
assess its importance to plant roots and microbes which both react to the amount in % V/V and not to
the amount in % W/W.

Examples of misinterpretations by using weight instead of volume are to be found in Tables 11.3 and
11.4. Using the correct reference to units per volume of growing medium is especially important when
comparisons are made between potting soil components with different dry bulk densities.

A third development is the interest in the evolution of growing media properties during cultivation. Over
time, properties may change due to the actions of root growth and bacterial activity but also a large
number of other physical, chemical, and biological processes (Caron et al., 2015; Judd et al., 2015;
Kerloch and Michel, 2015).

Read full chapter

Tortoises, Freshwater Turtles, and Terrapins

Thomas H. Boyer, Donal M. Boyer, in Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery (Third
Edition), 2019

Substrates

Tortoises vary in environmental requirements from desert to tropical forest. More xeric-adapted tortoise
species can be maintained indoors on alfalfa pellets or newspaper. As they graduate to larger cages, a
mixture of medium to large rice hulls, newspaper, indoor-outdoor carpeting (be sure to avoid frayed
edges), or corrugated cardboard can be used. Forest tortoises and box turtles will fair better on humid
substrates such as a mixture of conifer bark nuggets and peat moss, coconut coir, or soil (which is a good
source of cellulolytic bacteria). Remove fecal material from the enclosure several times per week and
replace the substrate several times per year. Avoid sand, gravel, cat litter, crushed corncob, or walnut
shells.

Read full chapter

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RICE HUSK RESEARCH

Article by Adam Thomas Photo by Wenbo Fan June 06, 2016

Scientists look at use of rice husk to reduce arsenic levels in vital grain

A team of researchers at the University of Delaware has found that incorporating rice husk to soil can
decrease toxic inorganic arsenic levels in rice grain by 25 to 50 percent without negatively affecting yield.

This research could have important implications for developing countries whose populations rely on rice
as a staple of their diets and are in need of cheap, readily available material to improve soil quality and
decrease arsenic levels that threaten human health.

The team is led by Angelia Seyfferth, assistant professor in the Department of Plant and Soil Sciences in
the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, who worked with a group of research technicians and
undergraduate researchers from diverse areas of study on the project, the results of which were recently
published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, which is an American Chemical Society
journal.

The work was funded by Seyfferth’s National Science Foundation (NSF) Faculty Early Career Development
Award, an NSF Division of Biological Infrastructure award, and an award from the UD Research
Foundation.

The work builds on previous research led by Seyfferth that looked at soil incubations of rice husk, rice
straw and rice ash.

For this study, the researchers grew rice plants in the soil amended with residues and rather than using
rice straw — which they found from the previous study has negative impacts on the environment — and
they focused on the rice husk, which is silica rich, has less arsenic in the tissues and promotes less
arsenic release from not only the tissues but also from the soil compared to the straw.

They also looked at rice ash, which Seyfferth said is basically a charred rice husk material, as an
amendment.

“We used those two materials and compared the growth of rice with those materials incorporated into a
soil that had background levels of arsenic and relatively low plant-available silicon,” said Seyfferth. “The
big finding is that when we grow these plants in the fresh husk amended soil, we see a 25-50 percent
decrease in the inorganic arsenic in the grains which is the most toxic form of arsenic. So right away, just
by putting this material into soil, we can make the plants healthier and alter the toxic form of arsenic
that’s in the grain which has direct implications for human health.”

Arsenic and silicon

Being a silica rich material is important for reducing the amount of arsenic in the rice plant because the
mechanism for uptake of arsenite, which is the most dominant form of arsenic in flooded rice paddies,
shares a transport pathway with dissolved silicon. This finding was published in a paper that came out in
2008 led by Jian Feng Ma, a Japanese researcher, and Seyfferth said that it confirmed some of her earlier
suspicions about arsenic and silicon.

“There were already some clues because arsenic and silicon are very similar in terms of their location on
the periodic table, and before that paper came out I had thought about doing some competition
experiments between arsenic and silicon rice. When that paper came out, it gave me some confidence
that it would be important to investigate,” said Seyfferth.

Although she had done some research with synthetic silicon fertilizers that showed promise for
decreasing arsenic in the grains, Seyfferth said it wasn’t until she went to Cambodia and saw the
vastness of rice paddies and how much rice residue is being generated from the production of rice
globally that she really wanted to explore using some of those materials as silica sources.

“In Cambodia and in many other rice growing regions, the plants are grown in the soil and then when
they harvest, they remove the straw and all of the above ground portion, so they leave the roots in place
but most of the silicon is in the straw and also in the husk,” said Seyfferth.

When rice comes right off the plant, it is encased in a husk material, and when that gets removed to get
to the grain, the leftover husk has a lot of silicon.

“Usually, this material is just put in piles and the engineering industry is always coming up with new and
interesting things to do with it. When I was there, seeing these giant piles of husks that were double my
height and incredibly vast, I looked at that and I said, ‘Wow, look at all that silicon,’” said Seyfferth.
In a natural environment, those silica rich tissues would get re-incorporated but when rice is grown and
the tissues are removed and taken off site, that loop is disrupted and the silica loss is exacerbated.

“By incorporating this, we’re putting that silica back, which as we show can decrease inorganic arsenic in
the grain but it also can provide other nutrients so maybe more phosphorous, more nitrogen as sort of
an organic fertilizer without the need for more chemical fertilizer. Then, having more silicon also makes
the plants more resistant to other stresses like fungal pathogens,” said Seyfferth.

Undergraduate researchers

Seyfferth said that one of the exciting aspects of this project was getting to work with so many
undergraduate researchers who were all co-authors on the paper.

“Working with the undergraduate researchers, I think that everybody wins in that scenario. They get
research experience which helps prepare them for their next step whether it’s graduate school or
industry. Our research group gets more help and more hands means light work or that we can do more
things and it’s just fun to see them get motivated, to get engaged enough to get co-authorship on
papers,” said Seyfferth.

The undergraduate researchers involved in the project included Kelli A. Kearns, a rising senior in the
College of Engineering; Jessica N. Mann, a 2016 Honors graduate of the College of Arts and Sciences;
Michelle Paukett, a 2015 graduate of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources; and Corey
Leskanic, a rising senior in the College of Arts and Sciences.

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-new 2-

l of oil droplets from water using carbonized rice husk: enhancement by surface modification using
polyethylenimine.

Lin KY1, Yang H, Petit C, Chen SY.

Author information

Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo- Kuang Road,
Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, linky@nchu.edu.tw.

Abstract

Carbonized rice husk (CRH) is a promising material to separate oil from water owing to its abundance,
low-cost, and environmentally benign characteristics. However, CRH's performance is somewhat limited
by its similar surface charge to that of oil, leading to repulsive interactions. To improve the separation
efficiency of CRH, CRH was modified via impregnation with a cationic biocompatible polymer,
polyethlyenimine (PEI) to form PEI-CRH. The modified sample exhibits a remarkably higher (10-50 times)
oil/water (O/W) separation efficiency than that of the unmodified one. Small PEI-CRH particles (about 64
μm) are found to adsorb oil droplets faster and larger quantities than bigger particles (about 113 and
288 μm). PEI-CRH exhibits higher separation efficiency at high temperatures owing to the destabilization
of the emulsion. It is also found that the oil adsorption mechanism involves a chemical interaction
between PEI-CRH and oil droplets. The addition of NaCl considerably improves the separation efficiency,
while the addition of a cationic surfactant has the opposite effect. In acidic emulsions, PEI-CRH adsorbs
more oil than in neutral or basic conditions owing to favorable attractive forces between oil droplets and
the surface of PEI-CRH. PEI-CRH can be easily regenerated by washing with ethanol. These promising
features of PEI-CRH indicate that PEI-CRH could be an efficient and low-cost adsorbent for the O/W
separation applications.

PMID: 25529491 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3961-x

[Indexed for MEDLINE]

Share on FacebookShare on TwitterShare on Google+

Original�
Removal of oil droplets from water using carbonized rice husk: enhancement by surface modification
using polyethylenimine.

PubMed

Lin, Kun-Yi Andrew; Yang, Hongta; Petit, Camille; Chen, Shen-Yi

2015-06-01

Carbonized rice husk (CRH) is a promising material to separate oil from water owing to its abundance,
low-cost, and environmentally benign characteristics. However, CRH's performance is somewhat limited
by its similar surface charge to that of oil, leading to repulsive interactions. To improve the separation
efficiency of CRH, CRH was modified via impregnation with a cationic biocompatible polymer,
polyethlyenimine (PEI) to form PEI-CRH. The modified sample exhibits a remarkably higher (10-50 times)
oil/water (O/W) separation efficiency than that of the unmodified one. Small PEI-CRH particles (about
64 μm) are found to adsorb oil droplets faster and larger quantities than bigger particles (about 113
and 288 μm). PEI-CRH exhibits higher separation efficiency at high temperatures owing to the
destabilization of the emulsion. It is also found that the oil adsorption mechanism involves a chemical
interaction between PEI-CRH and oil droplets. The addition of NaCl considerably improves the separation
efficiency, while the addition of a cationic surfactant has the opposite effect. In acidic emulsions, PEI-CRH
adsorbs more oil than in neutral or basic conditions owing to favorable attractive forces between oil
droplets and the surface of PEI-CRH. PEI-CRH can be easily regenerated by washing with ethanol. These
promising features of PEI-CRH indicate that PEI-CRH could be an efficient and low-cost adsorbent for the
O/W separation applications

-new 3-

Injuries to children caused by burning rice husk.

PubMed

Raveendran, Sherine Subodhini

2002-02-01

A case study of injury to the feet of children from Sri Lanka due to burning husk is discussed. The hot
husk causes deep burns on the dorsum of the feet and spares the plantar surface. The contractures
caused by the burns lead to severe deformity, and are very resistant to treatment. These burn injuries
need to be treated early, in specialized centers, to avoid long term complications. Health education of
the public plays an important role in the prevention of these injuries.

-new4-

Effect of black rice husk ash on the physical and rheological properties of bitumen

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Romastarika, Raissa; Jaya, Ramadhansyah Putra; Yaacob, Haryati; Nazri, Fadzli Mohamed; Agussabti,
Ichwana, Jayanti, Dewi Sri

2017-08-01

Black rice husk ash (BRHA) waste product is inexpensive and can be obtained from rice mills. Reuse of
waste product is ideal to reduce pollution, because disposal is decreased or eliminated. The commercial
value of BRHA has increased, and it is suitable for use in road construction. In this study, BRHA waste was
ground using a grinding ball mill for 120 min to form fine powder. BRHA was then sieved to less than 75
µm. At the laboratory, BRHA was mixed with bitumen to replace 2%, 4%, and 6% of the total weight,
whereas 0% represented the control sample. The penetration, softening point, dynamic shear rheometer
(DSR) and rolling thin film oven (RTFO) were investigated in this study. Results showed that bitumen
became harder, whereas the rate of penetration decreased when the replacement amount of BRHA
increased. Softening point test of bitumen also revealed an increase. The short-term aging test revealed
that modification of bitumen could relieve the effect of aging. BRHA waste added into bitumen improved
the performance of bitumen. Therefore, the usage of BRHA could help improve the performance of road
pavement and reduce the rutting effect.

-new6?-
Agricultural waste as household fuel: techno-economic assessment of a new rice-husk cookstove for
developing countries.

PubMed

Vitali, Francesco; Parmigiani, Simone; Vaccari, Mentore; Collivignarelli, Carlo

2013-12-01

In many rural contexts of the developing world, agricultural residues and the organic fraction of waste
are often burned in open-air to clear the lands or just to dispose them. This is a common practice which
generates uncontrolled emissions, while wasting a potential energy resource. This is the case of rice husk
in the Logone Valley (Chad/Cameroon). In such a context household energy supply is a further critical
issue. Modern liquid fuel use is limited and traditional solid fuels (mainly wood) are used for daily
cooking in rudimentary devices like 3-stone fires, resulting in low efficiency fuel use, huge health
impacts, increasing exploitation stress for the local natural resources. Rice husk may be an alternative
fuel to wood for household energy supply. In order to recover such a biomass, the authors are testing a
proper stove with an original design. Its lay-out (featuring a metal-net basket to contain the fuel and a
chimney to force a natural air draft) allows a mix of combustion/gasification of the biomass occurring in a
completely burning fire, appropriate for cooking tasks. According to results obtained with rigorous test
protocols (Water Boiling Test), different lay-outs have been designed to improve the performance of the
stove. Technical and economic issues have been addressed in the development of such a model; building
materials have been chosen in order to guarantee a cost as low as possible, using locally available items.
The feasibility of the introduction of the stove in the studied context was assessed through an economic
model that keeps into account not only the technology and fuel costs, but also the energy performance.
According to the model, the threshold for the trade-off of the stove is the use of rice husk to cover 10-
15% of the household energy needs both with traditional fireplaces or with improved efficiency
cookstoves. The use of the technology proposed in combination with improved woodstove would
provide householders with an

Continuation(abstract)

Agricultural waste as household fuel: techno-economic assessment of a new rice-husk cookstove for
developing countries.

Vitali F1, Parmigiani S, Vaccari M, Collivignarelli C.

Author information

CeTAmb, Department DICATAM, University of Brescia, via Branze 43, 25123 Brescia, Italy. Electronic
address: francesco.vitali@ing.unibs.it.

Abstract

In many rural contexts of the developing world, agricultural residues and the organic fraction of waste
are often burned in open-air to clear the lands or just to dispose them. This is a common practice which
generates uncontrolled emissions, while wasting a potential energy resource. This is the case of rice husk
in the Logone Valley (Chad/Cameroon). In such a context household energy supply is a further critical
issue. Modern liquid fuel use is limited and traditional solid fuels (mainly wood) are used for daily
cooking in rudimentary devices like 3-stone fires, resulting in low efficiency fuel use, huge health
impacts, increasing exploitation stress for the local natural resources. Rice husk may be an alternative
fuel to wood for household energy supply. In order to recover such a biomass, the authors are testing a
proper stove with an original design. Its lay-out (featuring a metal-net basket to contain the fuel and a
chimney to force a natural air draft) allows a mix of combustion/gasification of the biomass occurring in a
completely burning fire, appropriate for cooking tasks. According to results obtained with rigorous test
protocols (Water Boiling Test), different lay-outs have been designed to improve the performance of the
stove. Technical and economic issues have been addressed in the development of such a model; building
materials have been chosen in order to guarantee a cost as low as possible, using locally available items.
The feasibility of the introduction of the stove in the studied context was assessed through an economic
model that keeps into account not only the technology and fuel costs, but also the energy performance.
According to the model, the threshold for the trade-off of the stove is the use of rice husk to cover 10-
15% of the household energy needs both with traditional fireplaces or with improved efficiency
cookstoves. The use of the technology proposed in combination with improved woodstove would
provide householders with an appropriate and convenient cooking technology portfolio, increasing the
opportunities of choice of the preferred energy system for the user and allowing significant savings for
the family budget (up to 50% of the total annual cooking energy expenditure). The proposed model may
be used also as a tool for the evaluation of the affordability or for the comparison of different cooking
technologies also in other similar contexts, given their specific techno-economic parameter values.

Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

KEYWORDS:

Biomass valorisation; Energy access; Feasibility analysis; Improved cookstove; Rice husk
PMID: 24064375 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.08.026

[Indexed for MEDLINE]

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Scientific name

Combustion of rice hulls affordsrice husk ash (acronym RHA). This ash is a potential source of amorphous
reactive silica, which has a variety of applications in materials science. ANSWER: Oryza sativa is a
scientific name of rice Hull.Jan 22, 2018

https://brainly.in › question

scientific name of rice hull - Brainly.in

There is no scientific name per se for a rice hull.

However, according to Wikipedia:

"To protect the seed during the growing season, the hull is made of hard materials, including opaline
silica and lignin....

The very high content in amorphous silica of the hulls confer to them and to their ash (SiO2 ~ 20 wt.%)
after combustion very valuable properties."

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Physical Properties and Chemical Composition of the Rice Husk and Dust : Oriental Journal of Chemistry

Tatyana Germanovna Korotkova, Svetlana Jurevna Ksandopulo, Aleksandr Pavlovich Donenko, Svyatoslav
Andreevich Bushumov and Aleksandra Sergeevna Danilchenko
Kuban State Technological University, Russian Federation, 350072, Krasnodar, Moskovskaya Street, 2.

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/320644

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ABSTRACT:

The paper deals with the physical properties and chemical composition of rice husk and dust, which are
the waste of the Regulus raw rice growing in the Krasnodar Region of the Russian Federation. Rice dust is
formed as a result of the discharge upon the receipt of raw rice from vehicles, removal of impurities,
sorting by size, during separation of membranes, crushing, grinding, polishing, moving grain along the
elevators and conveyors, i.e. during all technological operations production of rice groats. In order to
remove dust, the group cyclone and the bag filter-cyclone are installed in the pneumatic conveying
systems and suction plants of "Southern Rice Company", LLC. The paper shows the chemical composition
of samples of husk, dust retained by the group cyclone, and dust retained by the bag filter-cyclone. Rice
husk contains a significant amount of silicon dioxide – 14.8%. The dust collected from the group cyclone
contains ferrum (109 mg/kg), plumbum (1.1 ± 0.4 mg/kg), and copper (1.2 ± 0.4 mg/kg). The bag filter-
cyclone retains finer dust particles. The dust collected in the cyclone is of yellowish-pink color, and the
dust, collected from a bag filter-cyclone, is gray. Fine dust, which has passed through the filter, is drier
than the dust, segregated in a cyclone, so it is more explosive and easily ignited. Dust can cause the
explosion. The dust properties give an indication of the degree of its danger and the ability to form
explosive concentrations in air.

KEYWORDS:

rice husk, rice dust; group cyclone; bag filter-cyclone; physical properties; chemical composition

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Korotkova T. G, Ksandopulo S. J, Donenko A. P, Bushumov S. A, Danilchenko A. S. Physical Properties and
Chemical Composition of the Rice Husk and Dust. Orient J Chem 2016;32(6).

Copy the following to cite this URL:

Korotkova T. G, Ksandopulo S. J, Donenko A. P, Bushumov S. A, Danilchenko A. S. Physical Properties and

Chemical Composition of the Rice Husk and Dust. Orient J Chem 2016;32(6). Available from:
http://www.orientjchem.org/?p=26245

Introduction

Rice dust is formed during the processing of rice grain at a rice-processing plant as a result of the
discharge upon the receipt of raw rice from vehicles, removal of impurities, sorting by size, during
separation of membranes, crushing, grinding, polishing, moving grain along the elevators and conveyors,
etc., i.e. during all technological operations of the rice groats production.

High dust concentration in the air is one of the main adverse factors, resulting in environmental pollution
and occupational diseases. Prolonged breathing in the dusty air causes heavy damage to human health.
Dust with a diameter greater than 10 microns causes irritation of the upper respiratory tract.

Grain dust is a respiratory sensitizer. This means that it can cause an allergic reaction in the respiratory
system. After this reaction takes place, a further effect on the material, even in very small amounts,
causes symptoms. The following are the health impairment manifestations: rhinitis (runny nose or nasal
congestion); cough and shortness of breath; asthma (coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness); chronic
bronchitis (cough and sputum); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (long-term illness which
makes breathing difficult and includes chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma); extrinsic allergic alveolitis
(fever, cough, shortness of breath, joint pain, and weight loss). Organic dust is accompanied by a toxic
syndrome, for example, grain fever (sudden onset of “influenza” with fever, often associated with cough
and chest discomfort) [1].

In order to determine the chemical composition of rice husk and dust, the authors selected the husk of
the Regulus raw rice, which grows in the Krasnodar Region of the Russian Federation, and two dust
grades, detained by a group cyclone and a bag filter-cyclone installed at the “Southern Rice Company”,
LLC (Kholmsk Station, Krasnodar Region, Russia).
Related Work

It is shown in the paper [2] that the place of rice hulling (separation of fruit shells) is the most dangerous
one. The dust content during hulling with the use of wooden mill is 22.44 mg/cu.m., iron – 25 mg/cu.m.
All workers suffer lung diseases. Forced vital capacity (FVC) of all workers is less than 80%, while the
normal value shall be more than 80%.

Waste in the form of fruit shells (husks, peeling, chaff) is significant. The volume of rice husk with hulling
bran formed by rice grinding is 20-30% by grain weight. This annually renewable waste contains 28-30%
of inorganic and 70-72% of organic compounds [3]. According to [4], the composition of the organic
compounds includes C, H, O, N (Table 1). The inorganic components are represented mainly by silica. In
general, the authors of [3] proposed to consider rice husk as silica. The chemical composition of rice husk
ash is given in Table 2.

Table 1: The composition of the rice husk organic compounds

Content, % wt.

39.8-41.1
5.7-6.1

0.5-0.6

37.4-36.6

Table 2: The composition of the rice husk ash

Content, % wt.

SiO2

Al2O3

Fe2O3

CaO

MgO

K2O

Na2O

P2O5
93.4

0.05

0.06

0.31

0.35

1.4

0.1

0.8

Rice husk is used in agriculture and in various industries. Paper [5] provides the concept of resource-
saving processing of rice husk and straw, which provides pre-extraction of SiO2, followed by
delignification of desilicated raw materials. For this purpose, straw and rice husk were treated with 1 N
sodium hydroxide solution at 90° C for 60 min. The proposed technology for oxidating-organosolv
method of rice husk boiling allowed obtaining the high yield pulp 79.5 ± 1.0 from the rice husk. It was
concluded that rice straw and husks are a promising raw material for the production of valuable products
– silica and cellulose with a high product yield.

In [6], the physical properties and chemical composition of the refractory clay and clay mixed with rice
husk (Table 3) are studied.
Table 3: Physical properties and chemical composition of clay and clay with rice husk

Physical properties

Sample

Shrinkage

Apparent porosity,

Bulk density, g/cu.cm

Thermal resistance, cycles

Fire resistance,

ºC

Clay

3.89
27.15

1.98

1,300

Clay mixed with husk

3.00

36.74

1.52

10

1,200

Chemical composition

Sample

SiO2, %

Al2O3, %
Fe2O3, %

Clay

62.00

20.00

7.58

Clay mixed with husk

54.70

12.00

7.99

The control sample showed a weak thermal resistance of one cycle, while the sample with the addition
of husk has a thermal resistance of 10 cycles at 1200 °C. The silica content is in the range 50-70%. It is
proposed to use such materials as the lining of thermal furnaces, melting furnaces, for point metals with
low melting point. Elevated levels of iron oxide indicate the suitability of the material for the production
of ceramics.

According to the results of laboratory tests, the grain dust surface area was determined to be 0.6-0.9
sq.m./g [7], rice dust bulk density – 0.221 g/cu.cm, and the density of rice dust particles – 1.46 g/cu.cm
[8].
The basic composition of the rice dust and the elemental composition of different portions of rice dust is
presented in [9] (Tables 4 and 5). It was noted that silica, cellulose and lignin are the main components of
the rice dust. The paper presents the scheme of production of particle boards based on a mixture of rice
dust with the resin followed by compression. To achieve high board quality, the husk is pulverized.

Table 4: The elemental composition of different parts of the grain dust

Elemental

composition

Outer surface of

husk, % wt.

Inside the husk,

% wt.

Inner surface of husk, % wt.

6.91

62.54
30.20

47.93

35.19

42.53

Si

45.16

2.27

27.27

Table 5: The basic composition of grain dust

Composition

SiO2

Lignin
Cellulose

Protein

Fat

Other nutrients,

% wt.

18.8-22.3

9-20

28-38

1.9-3.0

0.3-0.8

9.3-9.5

Aspiration dust of grain processing industry is a set of residues of vegetable origin containing
polysaccharides and other organic substances easily hydrolysable using acid [10]. The composition of
aspirating waste of white, gray and black dust is provided in Table 6. The aspirating dust-based
suspension hydrolysis was performed in the presence of a sulfuric acid with the concentration intervals
from 1.0% to 8.0% at 100 ± 0.1 °C.

Table 6: Composition of aspirating waste

Material

composition

Concentration of substances, %, in various dusts

white

gray

black

Ash content

5.46 ± 0.07

10.23 ± 0.01

23.34 ± 0.07

Humidity

5.46 ± 0.07
6.42 ± 0.07

14.04 ± 0.07

Crude fat

2.8 ± 0.3

1.3 ± 0.3

0.4 ± 0.1

Protein

7.4 ± 0.1

3.2 ± 0.1

1.2 ± 0.1

Carbohydrates

Easy hydrolysable

32.0 ± 0.1

15.0 ± 0.1
13.1 ± 0.1

Heavy hydrolysable

40.0 ± 0.5

55.1 ± 0.5

36.1 ± 0.6

Reducing agents

0.4 ± 0.1

0.1 ± 0.03

0.1 ± 0.03

Mineral mixture

0.30 ± 0.01

5.00 ± 0.01

6.23 ± 0.01

Fermentation was performed in the media derived from hydrolysates synthesized from the white, gray
and black dust using acid solutions with the concentration of 1.0% to 5.0%. Based on the analysis of the
changes in the concentration of yeast during fermentation of different kinds of dust hydrolysates, it was
established that grain processing businesses solid waste can be used as a source of digestible
carbohydrates for yeast fermentation. Easily digestible carbohydrates are obtained by acid hydrolysis of
aspiration dust polysaccharides [10].

Methods

In this work, the number of components was determined by the approved (RF) methodologies PND F
16.1: 2: 2.2: 2.3.46-06; PND F 16.1: 2: 2.2: 3.65-10; GOST 5180-2015.

The PND F 16.1: 2: 2.2: 2.3.46-06 methodology is based on inversely-voltammetric method, which is
based on the dependence of the current passing through the analyzer cell with the test solution, on the
mass fraction of the element contained in the solution and functionally linked to the form and
parameters of the polarizing voltage applied to the electrodes. This method is based on the ability of the
element of interest to electrochemically accumulate on the surface and dissolve in the anode or cathode
polarization at a certain potential, which is characteristic for each element. The peak height of the
element recorded on voltammogram is proportional to the mass fraction of the element in the solution.

The method for the determination of silicon dioxide weight ratio (PND F 16.1: 2: 2.2: 3.65-10) is based on
the fusion of the sample with soda; smelt leaching and transfer of the metal salts in chlorides by
treatment with hydrochloric acid; separating of silica using gelatin; ashing of silicic acid to silicon dioxide,
and its determining using gravimetrical method.

The humidity of rice husk and dust (GOST 5180-2015) was determined by drying to constant weight. The
dust samples were collected by quartering. Drying was carried out to obtaining a difference of dust
(husk) masses with a weighing bottle during two subsequent weighings of not more than 0.02 g.

Results

“Southern Rice Company”, LLC (S.R.C.) produces the gourmet brown rice of Regulus domestic variety, the
qualitative characteristics of which exceed the similar parameters of the best imported samples. The
technological stages of the raw rice production and the characteristics of aspiration systems like air
pollutants were considered in [11-12].
The following two types of dust collectors (cyclones) are installed in the working house of “Southern Rice
Company”, LLC for cleaning of pollutant emissions. TSOL – for cleaning of dusty air coming from
aspiration and pneumatic networks (sawdust, weeds, grain dust and other impurities) of particles larger
than 126 microns, and U21-BBC-450 – the battery cyclone plant (Figure 1) with a 450 mm cyclone
diameter. U21-BBC was made by category I of GOST 15150-69 (RF) in “U” climatic version (for the
macroclimatic area with a temperate climate) releasing the purified air upward, and is designed to
collect medium sized dust. The large grain dust collection efficiency is 95-98%. The battery cyclone plant
consists of four cyclones of conical-cylindrical shape. The cylindrical part of the cyclone includes inner
and outer cylinders. The outer cylinder at the top is cut along the spiral line; a pipe is welded to it. The
inner cylinder is inserted into the outer one. Four cyclones are attached to the receiving hopper at the
top. Dusty air is supplied in the cyclone through the inlet and its movement becomes a helical rotational
one. By centrifugal force the dust particles press against the walls of the cyclone, lose speed and roll
down into the collecting cone. With the help of the lock closures unit, the collected dust is discharged to
the dust pipe, and through the exhaust pipes of cyclones and setup box purified air is discharged from
the cyclones in the air duct. The air cleared of large and medium-sized particles enters the bag (B) filter-
cyclone (C) BCIEU 24.0-37, which has a flat bottom and is provided with the impulse (I) blowing and
electronic (E) control unit (U) with the filtration surface of 24 sq.m. and 37 bags. The dust is removed
from the air during the air filtering through the fabric cross-linked as separate bags and embedded in a
sealed filter case (Figure 2). The design of the bag filter represents a collapsible cabinet, divided into
sections by vertical partitions. Each section has the cylindrically-shaped filter bags. The bags are
stretched on a metal frame. The bags are periodically cleaned of dust deposited thereon as a result of
their shaking through a special mechanism.

Figure 1: AS-7 Group cyclone U21-BBC-450 of "Southern Rice Company", LLC.

Figure 1: AS-7 Group cyclone U21-BBC-450 of “Southern Rice Company“, LLC.

To determine the chemical composition of the waste generated during the processing of raw rice, the
samples of husk, dust, detained by the group cyclone and dust, detained by a bag filter-cyclone, were
selected (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Wastes from the raw rice production.

Figure 3: Wastes from the raw rice production.

The chemical composition of the rice dust and the husk is shown in Table 7. The rice husk contains a
significant amount of silicon dioxide – 14.8%. The dust collected from the group cyclone contains ferrum
(109 mg/kg), plumbum (1.1 ± 0.4 mg/kg), and copper (1.2 ± 0.4 mg/kg). Due to abrasive particles, ferrum
is removed from gravity flow during grain movement; the fraction becomes heavy and is deposited in the
cyclone under the centrifugal force. Wetter particles stick together and become larger. Man-made
emissions of heavy metals, which include ferrum, plumbum and copper, cause global pollution as a result
of man-made dispersion. Upon flushing of rice dust in stagnant basins, heavy metals increase its acidity
and contribute to the intensification of CO2 as a result of the microorganisms activity. Bag filter-cyclone
detains smaller dust particles, which is consistent with the dust samples, listed in Figure 3.

Table 7: Chemical composition of rice husk and dust, selected from group cyclone and bag filter-cyclone

Determined indicators

U.M.

Analysis result ± error

Measurement

methods

Rice husk

Dust from group cyclone

Dust from bag filter-cyclone

Cadmium

mg/kg

< 0.1

< 0.1

< 0.1

PND F 16.1:2:2.2:2.3.46-06

Copper

mg/kg

1.8 ± 0.5

1.2 ± 0.4

< 1.0

Mercury

mg/kg

< 0.1
< 0.1

< 0.1

Nickel

mg/kg

< 0.5

< 0.5

< 0.5

Plumbum

mg/kg

2.4 ± 0.6

1.1 ± 0.4

< 0.5

Zink

mg/kg
1.2 ± 0.4

< 1.0

< 1.0

Cobalt

mg/kg

< 0.5

< 0.5

< 0.5

Ferrum

mg/kg

126

109

< 100

Manganese
mg/kg

< 10

< 10

< 10

Arsenic

mg/kg

< 0.1

< 0.1

< 0.1

Selenium

mg/kg

< 0.1

< 0.1

< 0.1
Antimony

mg/kg

< 1.0

< 1.0

< 1.0

Bismuth

mg/kg

< 1.0

< 1.0

< 1.0

Silicon dioxide

14.8

<5
<5

PND F 16.1:2:2.2:3.65-10

Humidity

6.7

4.5

2.9

GOST 5180-2015

Discussion

Thus, the chemical composition analysis (Table 7) shows that the rice husk is mainly characterized by the
presence of silicon dioxide, coinciding with the opinion of the authors of [3]. It should be noted that the
dust color changes from more light, yellowish-pink (Figure 3b) to dark gray (Figure 3c). This can be
explained by the fact that pure copper gives to the dust the gold-pink color, but under the influence of
different media the color changes and becomes brown-red. The presence of ferrum gives the dust
particles a silver-white color, and the ferrous oxides – the red one. The zinc dust is light gray, but the
color fades when exposed to air. As it was mentioned above, the heavier dust particles containing iron
are deposited in the battery cyclone plant.

Conclusion
The dust properties give an indication of the degree of its danger and the ability to form the explosive
concentrations in air. Dust can be a cause of the explosion, which is able to blow out the concrete walls
of the silo, to carry away the concrete superstructures over a distance of a few blocks, to raise the grain
silos weighting hundreds of tons. Fine dust, which has passed through the filter is drier than the dust,
segregated in a cyclone, so it is more explosive and easily ignited [13]. In the Russian Federation, the
grain dust refers to the 2nd hazard class by explosiveness and flammability (explosive dusts with the LEL
(lower explosive limit) with a concentration from 16 to 65 g/cu.m.).

References

Health and Safety Executive. Grain Dust. Guidance Note (3rd ed.). HSE Books. 2013. Available at:
http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/eh66.pdf.

Batsungneon, K.; Kulworawanichpong, T. Effect of Dust Particles in Local Rice Mills on Human Respiratory
System. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 2011, 80, 421-426.

Sergienko, V.I.; Zemnukhova, L.A.; Egorov, A.G.; Shkorina, E.D.; Vasilyuk, N.S. Vozobnovlyaemye istochniki
khimicheskogo syr’ya: kompleksnaya pererabotka otkhodov proizvodstva risa i grechikhi [Renewable
Sources of Chemical Raw Materials: Complex Processing of Rice and Buckwheat Production Waste].
Russian Chemical Society Journal of them. DI. Mendeleev, 2004, XLVIII(3), 116-124.

Koz’mina, E.P. (Ed.). Ris i ego kachestvo [Rice and Its Quality]. Moscow: Kolos, 1976.

Vurasko, A.V.; Driker, B.N.; Mozyreva, E.A.; Zemnukhova, L.A.; Galimova, A.R.; Gulemina, N.N.
Resursosberegayushchaya tekhnologiya polucheniya tsellyuloznykh materialov pri pererabotke otkhodov
sel’skokhozyaystvennykh kul’tur [Resource-Saving Technology for Producing Cellulosic Materials during
Crops Waste Processing]. Khimiya rastitel’nogo syr’ya, 2006, 4, 5-10.

Hassan, M.A.; Yami, A.M.; Raji, A.; Ngala, M.J. Effects of Sawdust and Rice Husk Additives on Properties
of Local Refractory Clay. The International Journal of Engineering and Science, 2014, 3(8), 40-44.

Wade, F.J.; Hawk, A.L.; Watson, C.A. A Survey of Grain Dust Properties at Large Grain Terminal. In:
Proceedings of the International Symposium of Grain Dust. Manhattan, KS: Kansas State University, 1979.

Parnell, C.B.; Jones, D.D.; Therford. R.D.; Goforth, K.J. Physical Properties of Five Grain Dust Types.
Environmental Health Perspectives, 1986, 66, 183-188.

CrossRef

Johnson, A.C.; Yunus, N. Particleboards from Rice Husk: A Brief Introduction to Renewable Materials of
Construction. Jurutera, 2009, 6, 12-15.
Karpova, G.V.; Zainutdinov, R.R. Aspiratsionnaya pyl’ zernopererabatyvayushchikh predpriyatiy kak
istochnik legkousvaivaemykh uglevodov dlya fermentatsii drozhzhey [Aspiration Dust of Grain Processing
Enterprises as a Source of Digestible Carbohydrates for Yeast Fermentation]. Bulletin Orenburskogo State
University, 2002, 3, 95-99.

Donenko, A.P., Korotkova, T.G., & Melekhina, O.V. Povyshenie urovnya ekologicheskoy bezopasnosti
protsessa ochistki risa-syrtsa ot primesey na OOO “Yuzhnaya risovaya kompaniya” [Increasing the Level
of ecological Safety of Raw Rice Cleaning Process from Impurities at the “Southern Rice Company”, LLC].
Proceedings of the universities. Food technology, 2015, 2-3, 93-96.

Donenko, A.P., Korotkova, T.G., Melekhina, O.V., & Pashinyan, L.A. Tekhnologicheskie stadii protsessa
pererabotki risa-syrtsa na OOO “Yuzhnaya risovaya kompaniya” [Technological Stages of the Raw Rice
Processing at the “Southern Rice Company”, LLC]. Scientific works KubGTU, 2015, 4, 338-347. Available
at: http://ntk.kubstu.ru/file/395.

Ostorozhno – zernovaya pyl [Caution! Grain dust]. Moscow: NPF “Skarabey”, LLC. Retrieved, N. D.
Available at: http://www.fumigaciya.ru/sites/default/files/public/page/2013-
01/315/ostorozhnozernovayapyl.pdf.

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Research❤

Philippine Medicinal Herbs / Philippine Alternative Medicine

Other vernacular namesAFRIKAANS: Rys ARABIC: Al ruzz, Arruzz, Eruz.ARMENIAN: Brinz.BANGLADESH:

Dhan.BURMESE: Saba.CHINESE: Ya zhou zai pei dao, Dao zi , Shui dao, Zhan dao, Zhan nian.Ku-
ya/DANISH: Raa ris, Ris, Uafskallet ris.DUTCH: Padie, Rijst.FINNISH : Kuorimaton riisi, Raakariisi,
Riisi.FRENCH : Riz, Riz cargo, Riz commun, Riz cultivé, Riz non décortiqué, Riz de plaine, Riz paddy, Riz
vêtu.GERMAN : Gemeiner Reis, Paddy-Reis, Reis, Rohreis.HUNGARIAN : Hántolatlan Rizs.INDONESIA:
Padi.ITALIAN : Riso, Risone.JAPANESE: Gemmai, Hakumai, Raisu, Suitou, Ine.NEPALESE: Caamal,
Dhaan.PERSIAN: BirinjPORTUGUESE: Arroz, Arroz em casca, Arroz paddy.SANSKRIT: Vrihi.SERBIAN:
PirinačSLOVAKIAN: Riža.SPANISH: Arroz, Arroz con cáscara, Arroz con cáscara asiático, Arroz
irrigado.SWEDISH: Paddyris, Ris.TAMIL: Pacharisi, Risi.VIETNAMESE: Cay lua.

Snippets

- Oryza sativa dates back to 5000 BC. The practice of growing it is believed to have originated in China
and southern and eastern Asia about 2000 BC. Rice cultivation may have simultaneously began 6500
years ago. China records cultivation 4000 years ago. (24)
- In China, the medicinal value of rice was recorded as early as 2,800 BC, used by Chinese physicians for
healing purposes. (24)

- Two major subspecies are: (1) the sticky, short-grained japonica or sinica variety, and (2) the non-sticky,
long-grained indica rice variety. (34)

- A third subspecies is broad-grained, initially called javanica, now called tropical japonica. Examples are
Tinawon and Unoy cultivars, grown in high-elevation rice terraces of the Cordillera Mountains in
northern Luzon, Philippines. (34)

- Rice occurs in a variety of colors: white, brown, black, purple, and red. (34)

- An isoenzyme classification (Glaszmann) sorts C. sativa into six groups: japonica, aromatic, indica, aux,
rayada, and ashina. (24)

Botany

Rice is a grass species with erect, cylindrical, hollow, jointed and striate stems, from 1 to 1.5 meters.
Leaves are flat, with long close sheaths, prominent ligule. Leaf blade is linear, 15 to 30 centimeters long,
up to 2 centimeters wide, with rough and serrulate edges armed with minute forward prickles. Panicles
are 20 to 30 centimeters long, at first erect, drooping and nodding as the grains ripen. Spikelets are laxly
disposed, stalked, one-flowered, 7 to 9 millimeters long, awned or awnless. Fruit (grain) is enclosed in,
but not adhering to, persistent pales, oblong, ovoid, or oblong-ovoid, smooth, and somewhat
compressed.

Distribution

- Extensively cultivated in the Philippines.

- Not a native of the Archipelago, of prehistoric introduction.

Constituents

- The rice bran contains 20 percent oil and a higher percentage of protein than the polished variety.

- Of the 7 percent proteins in rice, 0.14 is a globulin, 0.04 an albumin, and the remainder, a protein
(oryzagenin) similar to the glutenin of wheat. soluble in dilute alkali.

- Study diethyl ether fraction of methanolic extract of NB rice bran yielded three compounds, viz., tricin
and two rare flavonolignans-tricin 4'-O-(erythro-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether and tricin 4'-O-(threo-β-
guaiacylglyceryl) ether. (see study below) (8)
- Husked rice yields carbohydrates (78.1%), some protein, minerals (sodium, potassium, magnesium,
calcium, iron, sulphur, and chlorine) and fat; vitamins (thiamine and nicotinic acid) and trace elements
(zinc, aluminum, nickel, iodine, fluoride). Rice bran yields 25% fatty oil. (9)

- Aqueous leaf extract yielded alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, sugar, and phenolic compounds.
(10)

- Rice seed yields rice bran oil, gamma oryzanol, and phytic acid. The bran fraction is 8% of the rice kernel
and consists of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and alcohols, phytosterols, tocotrienols,
tocopherols, vitamins (B 12, B1, niacin, biotin) and minerals (zinc, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus).
Gamma oryzanol is a mixture of esters of sterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, ß-sitosterol) and triterpene
alcohols and their ferulate esters. (14)

- Bran fraction is about 8% of the rice kernel and consists of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and
alcohols, phytosterols, tocotrienols, tocopherols, vitamins (including biotin, B12, thiamin, niacin) and
minerals (including phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, zinc). (18)

- Gamma oryzanol is a mixture of esters of sterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, ß-sitosterol) and triterpene
alcohols and their ferulate esters. (18)

- Nutrient analysis of white short-grained, cooked white rice (100g) yielded 130 calories, water 69%,
protein 2.4g, carbohydrates 28.7g, fat 0.2g (satuurate 0.05g, monosaturated 0.06g, polysaturated 0.05 g,
omega-3 0.01g, omega 6 0.04g, transfat 0). (22)

- Phytochemical screening of aqueous extract of leaves yielded alkaloids, carbohydrates, steroids,

phenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids. (see study below) (26)

Properties

- Malted rice is peptic, carminative and tonic.

- Nutritional benefits: Excellent source of carbohydrates; good energy source; low fat, low salt, and no
cholesterol; good source of vitamins and minerals, gluten-free.

Parts used

Grains, polishings, roots and rhizomes.

Uses
Edibility / Nutrition

- Rice is staple food for more the 60% of the world population.

- Rice is a staple article of diet, and polished in preparation for eating.

- Polished rice is deficient in vitamin B and has been cause of beriberi.

- From the polishings is prepared an extract called tiki-tiki, a wonderful source of vitamin B, both a
preventive and cure for infantile beriberi.

- Rice bran is a healthy additive to the making of muffins, cakes, cookies, providing both fiber and
nutritive value.

- Rice wine, tapoi, is prepared from rice.

Folkloric

- Decoction of roots and rhizomes for anuria.

- Lye from burned culms is considered abortive.

- Decoction and poultices of grains are emollient.

- Poultice of soft rice, applied to back and chest for coughs and bronchitis.

- Rice water used as an enema.

- Rice, boiled, drained and mashed, is made into a paste or molded into balls and applied to boils, sores,
swellings, and skin blemishes.

- Sticky glutinous rice used to treat upset stomachs, heartburn, and indigestion.

- Extracts of brown rice have been used to treat warts, breast and stomach cancers. Also used for
indigestion, nausea, and diarrhea.

- In Cambodia, hulls of mature plants used for treating dysentery.

- In Malaysia, boiled rice greens used as eye lotion and inflammation of inner body tissues.

- Dried powdered rice used for skin ailments.

- In India, rice water is prescribed as ointment to counteract inflamed surfaces.

- In Ayurveda, Njavara (Oryza sativa) is widely used as health food and in treatment of rheumatoid
arthritis, paralysis, neurodegenerative diseases, and in rejuvenation therapy. (8)

Others
- Oil and furfuran: Rice oil and furfural is obtained from crude rice bran. Rice bran oil is used as edible oil,
in soap and fatty acids manufacturing. Also used in cosmetics, synthetic fibers, detergents, and
emulsifiers.

- Cellulose: Rice hulls are made into cellulose products, like rayon.

- Rice mill fuel by-product of carbonaceous ash is a source of sodium silicate, soap, pigments, carbon.

- Fuel: Rice husks is used as fuel.

- Paper: Rice straw can also be a source of paper. Used in board and paper manufacturing, packing and
building materials, and as an insulator.

- Also used in making compost and chemical derivatives.

- Brooms: Bundled rice straw used in the making of brooms.

- Ashes of hulls used for cleaning of discolored teeth.

- Beri-beri: From rice polishings, bran is extracted and used as an excellent source of vitamin B to prevent
and cure beri-beri. (see: Darak)

Studies

• Antianaphylactic: Study evaluated the antianaphylactic effect of a methanol extract of Oryza sativa L. in
rats. Results indicated antianaphylactic activity by inhibition of histamine release of mast cells in vivo and
in vitro. (1)

• Diabetes: An investigation of indigenous plants used as traditional phytotherapies for the control and
treatment of diabetes. There is a plenitude of folkloric hypoglycemic plants; Oryza sativa is one of them.
In the investigation, the "Antidiabetic Flour" is obtained from 6 plants in equal amounts of 2 Kg from
each plant: the dried underground part of Daucus carrota and the seeds of Oryza sativa, Cicer arietinum,
Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum and Zea mays. In a dietary regimen for diabetes, bread from this
mix is eaten every morning with fresh cow's butter for 2 months. (2)

• Asthma: Effect of Oryza sativa extract on the progression of airway inflammation and remodeling in an
experimental animal model of asthma: Ethanolic extract of black rice may play a role in attenuating the
progression of airway inflammation and suggests a potential for OS in the asthma prevention and
treatment.(3)

• In vitro Carbohydrate Hydrolysis / Glycemic and Insulinemic Indices: Study of Hassawi rice showed a
similar GR (glycemic index) to UBR (Uncle Ben's Rice), although with a lower insulin response. There
were differences in RAG (rapidly available glucose) and SAG (slowly available glucose). Differences may
be important in terms of metabolic impact and outcome on diabetes. (5)
• Processing Effects: Study evaluated effects of processing on rice. A decrease in minerals occur during
milling. Mineral content is decreased in processed rice. Results suggest milling should be designed to
remove the pericarp but to retain the other contents and as much aleurone layer as possible. (6)

• Antioxidant and Nutrient Analysis of Ten Cultivars: Study evaluated ten medicinal rice cultivars from
South Indian states for phytochemical content, nutrient analysis, phenols and antioxidant property.
Kullakar showed the highest flavonoid content. Njavara yellow the highest phenol content, with high
protein content.

• Tricin / Anti-Inflammatory: Study of rice bran yielded three compounds, viz., tricin and two rare
flavonolignans. Tricin and the threo-form of flavonolignan showed anti-inflammatory effect in
carrageenan-induced paw edema experiments in rats. (see constituents above) (8)

• Antibacterial / Leaves: Study evaluated an aqueous extract of leaf of O. sativa for in-vivo antibacterial
activity against some human pathogenic bacteria. Results showed enormous activity against E. coli, and
moderate inhibition zones against Pseudomonas. (10)

• Anthocyanins from Black Rice / Antimetastatic Properties: In a study for antimetastatic mechanism,
results show anthocyanins show that anthocyanins can inhibit the in vitro migration and invasion of CAL
27 cancer cells. Results show anthocyanins from a species of black rice could suppress CAL27 cell
metastases by reduction of MMP-2, MMP-9, and NF-kB p65 expression through the suppression of
P13K/Akt pathway and inhibition of NF-kB levels. (11)

• Anti-Inflammatory / Anti-Arthritic: Study evaluated an ethanolic extract of Oryza sativa var. Joha Rice
for in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity by HRBC membrane stabilization method and anti-arthritic activity
by bovine serum protein denaturation method and albumin denaturation method. Results showed good
in-vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties. (12)

• Lipidemic Effects: Study evaluated the lipidemic parameters in hypercholesterolemic adult male Wistar
rats fed diets containing black rice variety or unrefined rice. Diet containing black rice reduced the level
of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL, with an increase in HDL. (13)

• Nutrient and Antioxidant Study: Study of 10 medicinal rice cultivars from South Indian states showed a
highest flavonoid content of 176 ±6.12 µg/ml, highest phenol content of 152 ±3.80 µg/ml, highest
protein content of 10.92 ± 0.28%, highest carbohydrate content of 74.5 ± 2.65%, highest thiamin content
0.53 ± 0.01 mg/100g. (16)

• Modulation of Platelet Functions / Crude Rice Bran Policosanol Extract: Study investigated the
antiplatelet aggregation mechanisms of crude hexane/methanolic rice bran extract in which policosanal
was the targeted bioactive. Results showed dose dependent inhibition of platelet adhesion to collagen.
The crude rice bran policosanol extract could inhibit in vitro platelet adhesion, aggregation, and
secretion upon activation by agonists. Results suggests a scientific basis to explore alternative therapies
in cardiovascular diseases related to platelet malfunction. (17)
• Antioxidant / Anti-Aging / Vanillin and Coumaric Acid: Study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-aging
properties of OS extract (OSE) and its compounds, vanillin and coumaric acid. Phytochemical analysis
yielded high levels of terpenoids and saponins. OSE showed lowest DPPH activity (IC50 =314.51 µg/mL)
compared to vanillin (IC50=283 µg/mL) and coumaric acid (IC50=255.69 µg/mL). OSE showed the lowest
anti-aging activities with the lowest collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase inhibitory activity (IC50=
816.78, 107.51 and 203.13 µg/mL) compared to vanillin (IC50= 16.27, 14.46 and 45.23 µg/mL) and
coumaric acid (IC50= 146.89, 25.38 and 8.21 µg/mL). (18)

• Rice Bran Oil (Gamma Oryzanol) / Toxicity Study: Rice bran oil is extensively used in Asia for cooking.
Approximately 7,500 tons of gamma oryzanol are processed from rice bran in Japan each year. Gamma
oryzanol is widely used in the cosmetic industry. Although clinical trial data done were of poor
methodology, and therefore, difficult to support suggested clinical applications, rice bran oil components
may have applications in dyslipidemia, cancer, and dermatology. While contraindications have not been
identified, use of its component phytic acid in renal impairment is not advised. Short term toxicity
studies in rodents suggest the LD50 of rice bran oil is more than 5 g/kg. (see constituents above) (19)

• Antioxidant / Melanogenesis Stimulating Activity: Study evaluated the radical scavenging, antioxidant,
and melanogenesis stimulating activities of different species of rice extracts. Various species of rice
extracts showed high antioxidant activity and the ability to stimulate melanogenesis. Results suggest
potential applications in hair treatment formulation in cosmetic products. (20)

• Removal of Heavy Metals from Oryza sativa Rice by Sour Lemon Peel as Biosorbent: Study evaluated
the utilization of sour lemon peel as less expensive and commonly available food waste material for
metal biosorption capacity to toxic heavy metal ions (nickel, cadmium, and lead) from O. sativa rice.
Cooking rice by soaking rice samples by NaCl 2% and sour lemon peel at least for one hour had the
greatest effect (p<0.001) in lowering the Pb and Cd levels in cooked rice. Preferentially, it reduced Cd by
96.4%, Ni 67.9%, and Pb by 90.11% when combined with rinse washing and soaking in salt for one hour.
Results suggest sour lemon peel has great potential as substrates in biotechnological processes. (21)

• Traditional Rice Landraces Used For Medical Treatment: Study identified and collected traditional rice
landraces with ethnomedical applications from local communities in the Philippines. Nineteen were
identified for native treatment and control of 22 community health concerns. Predominant use of plants
collected were used for treatment of types of nutritional disorders (18%), digestive system disorders
(18%), ill-defined symptoms (13%), viral infections (13%), and several cultural disease and disorders
(11%). Grains were the most frequently used part and oral administration the preferred mode. (23)

• Health-Enhancing / Leaf Tea: Study investigated the phytochemical composition and potential health-
enhancing properties of young organic jasmine rice leaf tea. Sequential extraction using solvent extracts
showed phenolic acids as the dominant component of all extracts with chlorogenic acid as the major
constituent. A KM acetone-based extract exhibited pronounced a-amylase and pancreatic lipase
inhibitory activities. Rice leaf tea yielded volatiles (tridecane, caryophyllene and dihydroactiniolide)
responsible for its attractive and unique aroma. Results suggest the young organic leaf of jasmine as
potential for production of novel herbal tea that promotes good health. (25)
• Anti-Inflammatory / Acute Oral Toxicity / Leaves: Study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of
aqueous extract of leaves of Oryza sativa. Acute oral toxicity using OECD guidelines showed an LD50
dose of 2000 mg/kg, with no lethality or profound toxic reactions at dose of 2000 mg/kg/po.
Pretreatment with aqueous extract of O. sativa showed significant protection against carrageenan
induced paw edema correlating with total phenolic content. (26)

• Free Radical Scavenging Potential / Bran: Study evaluated the effect of brans of selected Sri Lankan red
rice varieties on physiological free radical scavenging potential using in vitro antioxidant assays. Results
showed brans of all the selected red rice varieties had physiological free radical scavenging activities with
varying degrees of potentials. Results suggest its potential as a functional food ingredient in the health
food industry. (see study above) (27)

• Moderate Interaction with Rice Bran: Rice bran contains large amount of fiber which can decrease how
much medicine the body absorbs, which can decrease effectiveness of medications. It is advised that rice
bran be taken one hour after medications are taken by mouth. (28)

• Anthocyanin Pigments / Antioxidant / Anti-Inflammatory: L-MS study of black rice for anthocyanin
components yielded cyanidin 3-glucoside and peonidin 3-glucoside. A standardized extract containing
the compounds showed marked antioxidant activities and free radical scavenging capacities in various in
vitro model systems. Results showed black rice contain anthocyanin pigments with notable antioxidant
and anti-inflammatory properties with potential for use in nutraceutical or functional food formulations.
(29)

• Ethyl Iso-Allocholate / Inhibitions of Dihydropteroate Synthase in E. coli: Drug resistance is a growing

medical problem. E. coli have developed resistance to most antibiotics including sulfonamides that target
dihydropteroate synthase. Study identified a novel inhibitor for dihydropteroate synthase from a
medicinal rice variety. Study reveals ethyl iso-allocholate and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid 2,3-
dihydroxypropyl ester as the best binding compounds. Results demonstrated that ethyl iso-allocholate
compound isolated from "Karungkavuni" can serve as potent inhibitor for dihydropteroate synthase. (30)

• Attenuation of Hepatic Steatosis / Black Rice Supplementation: Study evaluated the effects of black rice
extract (BRE) on hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed mice, providing a model of
NAFLD. Results showed dietary supplementation with BRF improved lipid profiles and significantly
enhanced mRNA expression levels of fatty acid metabolism-related genes, primarily via ß-oxidation and
w-oxidation in the liver. Findings suggest BRE supplemented diet can reduce risks of hepatic steatosis,
including hyperlipidemic and hyperglycemia. (31)

• White Rice Consumption and Risk of Type2 Diabetes / Meta-Analysis: Study evaluated the association
between white rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes. Meta-analysis concludes higher
consumption of white rice is associated with a significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes, especially in
Asian (Chines and Japanese) populations. (32)

• Anthocyanin in Black Rice / Promotion of Immune Responses in Leukemia: Study investigated whether
AUPGA (Asia University-selected purpe glutinous indica rice) treatment could affect immune responses
in murine leukemia cells in vivo in BALB/c mice. Results showed significant promotion of macrophage
phagocytois in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (p<0.05). AUPGA treatment significantly increased
natural killer cell activity from splenocytes. Treatment also promoted T cell proliferation and significantly
increased decreased B cell proliferation. (33)

Availability

- Commercial cultivation.

Photo © Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchangeIMAGE SOURCE: Oryza sativa / File:Koeh-232.jpg / Franz

Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen / 1897 / Public Domain/ Wikimedia CommonsMAGE SOURCE:
Oryza sativa / SEEDS / Steve Hurst - USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database - Not copyrighted image / USDA /
alterVISTA

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings

(1)

The evaluation of antianaphylactic effect of Oryza sativa L. in rats / Hyung Min Kim et al / The American
Journal of Chinese Medicine, 1999; 27(1): pp 63-71 / DOI: 10.1142/S0192415X99000094

(2)

ETHNOPHYTOTHERAPICAL APPROACHES FOR THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES BY THE LOCAL INHABITANTS

OF DISTRICT ATTOCK (PAKISTAN) / MUSHTAQ AHMAD, MIR AJAB KHAN, MUHAMMAD ARSHAD AND
MUHAMMAD ZAFAR

(3)

Effect of Oryza sativa extract on the progression of airway inflammation and remodeling in an
experimental animal model of asthma / Planta medica .2006, vol. 72, no5, pp. 405-410

(4)

Sorting Oryza names / Authorised by Prof. Snow Barlow / Maintained by: Michel H. Porcher /
MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE / Copyright © 1997 - 2000 The University of
Melbourne.

(5)

A study of Hassawi rice (Oryza sativa L.) in terms of its carbohydrate hydrolysis (in vitro) and glycaemic
and insulinaemic indices (in vivo). / Al-Mssallem MQ, Hampton SM, Frost GS, Brown JE. / Eur J Clin Nutr.
2011 May;65(5):627-34. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.4. Epub 2011 Mar 2.

(6)
Effect of Processing on Nutritional Value of Rice (Oryza sativa) / Aadil Abbas, Shahzad Murtaza, Faiza
Aslam, Ayesha Khawar, Shakeela Rafique and Sumera Naheed / World Journal of Medical Sciences 6 (2):
68-73, 2011

(7)

Rice-Traditional Medicinal Plant in India / M. Umadevi*, R. Pushpa, K.P. Sampathkumar, Debjit

Bhowmik / Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Vol 1, No 1, 2012

(8)

Isolation, characterization and quantification of tricin and flavonolignans in the medicinal rice Njavara
(Oryza sativa L.), as compared to staple varieties. / Mohanlal S1, Parvathy R, Shalini V, Helen A,
Jayalekshmy A. / Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2011 Mar;66(1):91-6. doi: 10.1007/s11130-011-0217-5.

(9)

Oryza sativa / Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh

(10)

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL STUDIES OF ORYZA SATIVA / S.Janathul Firdous and V. Bharathi /
WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, 2014' Volume 3, Issue 7: pp 1136-
1139.

(11)

Anthocyanins from Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Demonstrate Antimetastatic Properties by Reducing
MMPs and NF-κB Expressions in Human Oral Cancer CAL 27 Cells / Ming-Jen Fana, I-Chen Wangb, Yung-
Ting Hsiaoc, Hui-Yi Lind, Nou-Ying Tange, Tzu-Chieh Hungf, Christine Quang, Jin-Cherng Liend & Jing-Gung
Chungh* / Nutrition and Cancer, Volume 67, Issue 2, 2015 / DOI:10.1080/01635581.2015.990576

(12)

In-vitro Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity of Oryza sativa Var. Joha Rice (An Aromatic
Indigenous Rice of Assam) / Habibur Rahman, M. Chinna Eswaraiah and A.M. Dutta / American-Eurasian
J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15 (1): 115-121, 2015 / DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2015.15.1.12499

(13)

The Role of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the Control of Hypercholesterolemia in Rats / Jocelem Mastrodi
Salgado, Anderson Giovanni Candido de Oliveira, Débora Niero Mansi, Carlos M. Donado-Pestana,
Candido Ricardo Bastos, and Fernanda Klein Marcondes / Journal of Medicinal Food. December 2010,
13(6): 1355-1362 / doi:10.1089/jmf.2009.0246.

(14)
Gamma Oryzanol / Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health / Drugs.com

(15)

Oryza sativa / Synonyms / The Plant List

(16)

Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Nutrient Analysis of Medicinal Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Varieties Found in
South India / Rimal Isaac, Apama Nair, Elize Varghese, Murthy Chavali / Journal of Computational and
Theoretical Nanoscience 11(1):86-90, Sept 2012 / DOI: 10.1166/asl.2012.2174

(17)

Modulation of platelet functions by crude rice (Oryza sativa) bran policosanol extract / Wai-Teng Wong,
Maznah Ismail, Mustapha Umar Imam, and Yi-Da Zhang / BMC Complementary and Alternative
Medicine, 2016, 16:252 / DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1223-9

(18)

Antioxidant and Anti Aging Assays of Oryza sativa Extracts, Vanillin and Coumaric Acid / Wahyu
Widowati, Nurul Fauziah, Heddy Herdiman, Merry Afni, Ervi Afifah, Hanna Sari W. Kusuma, Hayatun
Nufus, Seila Arumwardana, Dwi Davidson Rihibiha / Journal of Natural Remedies, July 2016; Vol16, Issue
3 / https://doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2016/7220

(19)

Gamma oryzanol / Drugs.Com

(20)

RADICAL SCAVENGING, ANTIOXIDANT AND MELANOGENESIS STIMULATING ACTIVITIES OF DIIFERENT

SPECIES OF RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) EXTRACTS / Sitthiphong Soradech / Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Vol 40 (2016)

(21)

Removal of Heavy Metals from Oryza Sativa Rice by Sour Lemon Peel as Bio-Sorbent / Aysooda Razafsha
and Parisa Ziarati* / Biomed Pharmacol J 2016;9(2). / DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/971

(22)

Rice 101: Nutrition Facts and Health Effects / Dr. Atli Arnarson / Authority Nutrion

(23)
An ethnobotanical study of traditional rice landraces (Oryza sativa L.) used for medical treatment in
selected local communities of the Philippines. / Cabanting R M, Perez L M / J Ethnopharmacol., 2016 Dec
24; 194: pp 767-773 / doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.021

(24)

Properties, Health Benefits and Medicinal Uses of Oryza sativa / Muhammad Jamil and Fawad Anwar /
European Journal of Biological Sciences, 2016; 8(4): pp 136-141 /

DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ejbs.2016.136.141

(25)

Phytochemical composition and health-enhancing properties of Oryza sativa L. leaf tea / Karunrat
Sakulnarmrat, Abdullah Dalar, Aydin Sukru Bengu, Izabela Konczak / DOI: 10.15761/IFNM.1000234

(26)

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF Oryza sativa Linn IN IN-VITRO

ENZYME ASSAYS AND CARAGEENAN INDUCED PAW EDEMA IN WISTAR RATS / SHANMUGASUNDARAM E
C / Dissertation - Oct 2016 / JKKN College of Pharmacy

(27)

Physiological Free Radicals Scavenging Potential of Brans of Selected Sri Lankan Traditional Red Rice
(Oryza sativa L.): an In Vitro Antioxidant Activity Study / Abeysekera WKSM, Abeysekera WPKM,
Premakumara GAS and Ratnasooriya WD / American Journal of Ethnomedicine, 2017; 4(2)

(28)

Rice Bran / WebMD

(29)

Black Rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) Pigmented Fraction Suppresses both Reactive Oxygen Species and
Nitric Oxide in Chemical and Biological Model Systems / Chun Hu, JerzyZawistowski, Wenhua Ling, David
D Kitts / J. Agric. Food Chem, 2003; 51(18): pp 5271-5277 / https://doi.org/10.1021/jf034466n

(30)

Ethyl Iso-allocholate from a Medicinal Rice Karungkavuni Inhibits Dihydropteroate Synthase in

Escherichia coli: A Molecular Docking and Dynamics Study / K. Malathi, Anand Anbarasu and Sudha
Ramaiah / Indian J Pharm Sci., 2016; 78(6): pp 780-788 / DOI: 10.4172/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000184

(31)
Black rice (Oryza sativa L.) extract attenuates hepatic steatosis in C57BL/6 J mice fed a high-fat diet via
fatty acid oxidation / Hwan-Hee Jang, Mi-Young Park, Heon-Woong Kim, Young-Min Lee, Kyung A Hwang,
Jae-Hak Park, Dong Sik Park, Oran Kwon / Nutrition & Metabolism, 2012; Vol 9, Article number 27

(32)

White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis and systematic review / Emily A Hu,
An Pan, Vasanti Malik, Qi Sun / BMJ, 2012; 344: e1454 / doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e1454

(33)

Anthocyanins from black rice (Oryza sativa) promote immune responses in leukemia through enhancing
phagocytosis of macrophages in vivo / Ming-Jen Fan, Ping-Hsuan Yeh, Jing-Pin Lin, An-Cheng Huang,
Jin-Cherng Lien, Hui-Yi Lin, Jing-Gung Chung / Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, July 2017; 14(1) /
https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4467

(34)

Oryza sativa / Wikipedia

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Family • Graminiaceae / Poaceae

Palai

Oryza sativa Linn.

RICE

Ku-ya
Scientific names Common names

Oryza aristata Blanco [Illegitimate] Ammai (Ibn., It.)

Oryza communissima Lour. Pagai (Ilk.)

Oryza formosana Masam. & Suzuki Pagei (Bon.)|

Oryza glutinosa Lour. Palai (Tag.)

Oryza montana Lour. Palay (Tag.)

Oryza perennis Moench Parai (Bik.)

Oryza plena (Prain) N.P.Chowdhury Pai (Sul.)

Oryza praecpx Lour. Asian rice (Engl.)

Oryza rubribarbis (Desv.) Steud. Rice (Engl.)

Oryza sativa Linn.

Oryza sativa L. is an accepted name. The Plant List

Other vernacular names

AFRIKAANS: Rys

ARABIC: Al ruzz, Arruzz, Eruz.

ARMENIAN: Brinz.

BANGLADESH: Dhan.

BURMESE: Saba.

CHINESE: Ya zhou zai pei dao, Dao zi , Shui dao, Zhan dao, Zhan nian.Ku-ya/

DANISH: Raa ris, Ris, Uafskallet ris.

DUTCH: Padie, Rijst.

FINNISH : Kuorimaton riisi, Raakariisi, Riisi.

FRENCH : Riz, Riz cargo, Riz commun, Riz cultivé, Riz non décortiqué, Riz de plaine, Riz paddy, Riz vêtu.
GERMAN : Gemeiner Reis, Paddy-Reis, Reis, Rohreis.

HUNGARIAN : Hántolatlan Rizs.

INDONESIA: Padi.

ITALIAN : Riso, Risone.

JAPANESE: Gemmai, Hakumai, Raisu, Suitou, Ine.

NEPALESE: Caamal, Dhaan.

PERSIAN: Birinj

PORTUGUESE: Arroz, Arroz em casca, Arroz paddy.

SANSKRIT: Vrihi.

SERBIAN: Pirinač

SLOVAKIAN: Riža.

SPANISH: Arroz, Arroz con cáscara, Arroz con cáscara asiático, Arroz irrigado.

SWEDISH: Paddyris, Ris.

TAMIL: Pacharisi, Risi.

VIETNAMESE: Cay lua.

Snippets

- Oryza sativa dates back to 5000 BC. The practice of growing it is believed to have originated in China
and southern and eastern Asia about 2000 BC. Rice cultivation may have simultaneously began 6500
years ago. China records cultivation 4000 years ago. (24)

- In China, the medicinal value of rice was recorded as early as 2,800 BC, used by Chinese physicians for
healing purposes. (24)

- Two major subspecies are: (1) the sticky, short-grained japonica or sinica variety, and (2) the non-sticky,
long-grained indica rice variety. (34)

- A third subspecies is broad-grained, initially called javanica, now called tropical japonica. Examples are
Tinawon and Unoy cultivars, grown in high-elevation rice terraces of the Cordillera Mountains in
northern Luzon, Philippines. (34)

- Rice occurs in a variety of colors: white, brown, black, purple, and red. (34)
- An isoenzyme classification (Glaszmann) sorts C. sativa into six groups: japonica, aromatic, indica, aux,
rayada, and ashina. (24)

Botany

Rice is a grass species with erect, cylindrical, hollow, jointed and striate stems, from 1 to 1.5 meters.
Leaves are flat, with long close sheaths, prominent ligule. Leaf blade is linear, 15 to 30 centimeters long,
up to 2 centimeters wide, with rough and serrulate edges armed with minute forward prickles. Panicles
are 20 to 30 centimeters long, at first erect, drooping and nodding as the grains ripen. Spikelets are laxly
disposed, stalked, one-flowered, 7 to 9 millimeters long, awned or awnless. Fruit (grain) is enclosed in,
but not adhering to, persistent pales, oblong, ovoid, or oblong-ovoid, smooth, and somewhat
compressed.

Distribution

- Extensively cultivated in the Philippines.

- Not a native of the Archipelago, of prehistoric introduction.

Constituents

- The rice bran contains 20 percent oil and a higher percentage of protein than the polished variety.

- Of the 7 percent proteins in rice, 0.14 is a globulin, 0.04 an albumin, and the remainder, a protein
(oryzagenin) similar to the glutenin of wheat. soluble in dilute alkali.

- Study diethyl ether fraction of methanolic extract of NB rice bran yielded three compounds, viz., tricin
and two rare flavonolignans-tricin 4'-O-(erythro-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether and tricin 4'-O-(threo-β-
guaiacylglyceryl) ether. (see study below) (8)

- Husked rice yields carbohydrates (78.1%), some protein, minerals (sodium, potassium, magnesium,
calcium, iron, sulphur, and chlorine) and fat; vitamins (thiamine and nicotinic acid) and trace elements
(zinc, aluminum, nickel, iodine, fluoride). Rice bran yields 25% fatty oil. (9)

- Aqueous leaf extract yielded alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, sugar, and phenolic compounds.
(10)

- Rice seed yields rice bran oil, gamma oryzanol, and phytic acid. The bran fraction is 8% of the rice kernel
and consists of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and alcohols, phytosterols, tocotrienols,
tocopherols, vitamins (B 12, B1, niacin, biotin) and minerals (zinc, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus).
Gamma oryzanol is a mixture of esters of sterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, ß-sitosterol) and triterpene
alcohols and their ferulate esters. (14)
- Bran fraction is about 8% of the rice kernel and consists of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and
alcohols, phytosterols, tocotrienols, tocopherols, vitamins (including biotin, B12, thiamin, niacin) and
minerals (including phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, zinc). (18)

- Gamma oryzanol is a mixture of esters of sterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, ß-sitosterol) and triterpene
alcohols and their ferulate esters. (18)

- Nutrient analysis of white short-grained, cooked white rice (100g) yielded 130 calories, water 69%,
protein 2.4g, carbohydrates 28.7g, fat 0.2g (satuurate 0.05g, monosaturated 0.06g, polysaturated 0.05 g,
omega-3 0.01g, omega 6 0.04g, transfat 0). (22)

- Phytochemical screening of aqueous extract of leaves yielded alkaloids, carbohydrates, steroids,

phenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids. (see study below) (26)

Properties

- Malted rice is peptic, carminative and tonic.

- Nutritional benefits: Excellent source of carbohydrates; good energy source; low fat, low salt, and no
cholesterol; good source of vitamins and minerals, gluten-free.

Parts used

Grains, polishings, roots and rhizomes.

Uses

Edibility / Nutrition

- Rice is staple food for more the 60% of the world population.

- Rice is a staple article of diet, and polished in preparation for eating.

- Polished rice is deficient in vitamin B and has been cause of beriberi.

- From the polishings is prepared an extract called tiki-tiki, a wonderful source of vitamin B, both a
preventive and cure for infantile beriberi.

- Rice bran is a healthy additive to the making of muffins, cakes, cookies, providing both fiber and
nutritive value.

- Rice wine, tapoi, is prepared from rice.

Folkloric

- Decoction of roots and rhizomes for anuria.

- Lye from burned culms is considered abortive.

- Decoction and poultices of grains are emollient.

- Poultice of soft rice, applied to back and chest for coughs and bronchitis.

- Rice water used as an enema.

- Rice, boiled, drained and mashed, is made into a paste or molded into balls and applied to boils, sores,
swellings, and skin blemishes.

- Sticky glutinous rice used to treat upset stomachs, heartburn, and indigestion.

- Extracts of brown rice have been used to treat warts, breast and stomach cancers. Also used for
indigestion, nausea, and diarrhea.

- In Cambodia, hulls of mature plants used for treating dysentery.

- In Malaysia, boiled rice greens used as eye lotion and inflammation of inner body tissues.

- Dried powdered rice used for skin ailments.

- In India, rice water is prescribed as ointment to counteract inflamed surfaces.

- In Ayurveda, Njavara (Oryza sativa) is widely used as health food and in treatment of rheumatoid
arthritis, paralysis, neurodegenerative diseases, and in rejuvenation therapy. (8)

Others

- Oil and furfuran: Rice oil and furfural is obtained from crude rice bran. Rice bran oil is used as edible oil,
in soap and fatty acids manufacturing. Also used in cosmetics, synthetic fibers, detergents, and
emulsifiers.

- Cellulose: Rice hulls are made into cellulose products, like rayon.

- Rice mill fuel by-product of carbonaceous ash is a source of sodium silicate, soap, pigments, carbon.

- Fuel: Rice husks is used as fuel.

- Paper: Rice straw can also be a source of paper. Used in board and paper manufacturing, packing and
building materials, and as an insulator.

- Also used in making compost and chemical derivatives.

- Brooms: Bundled rice straw used in the making of brooms.

- Ashes of hulls used for cleaning of discolored teeth.

- Beri-beri: From rice polishings, bran is extracted and used as an excellent source of vitamin B to prevent
and cure beri-beri. (see: Darak)

Studies

• Antianaphylactic: Study evaluated the antianaphylactic effect of a methanol extract of Oryza sativa L. in
rats. Results indicated antianaphylactic activity by inhibition of histamine release of mast cells in vivo and
in vitro. (1)

• Diabetes: An investigation of indigenous plants used as traditional phytotherapies for the control and
treatment of diabetes. There is a plenitude of folkloric hypoglycemic plants; Oryza sativa is one of them.
In the investigation, the "Antidiabetic Flour" is obtained from 6 plants in equal amounts of 2 Kg from
each plant: the dried underground part of Daucus carrota and the seeds of Oryza sativa, Cicer arietinum,
Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum and Zea mays. In a dietary regimen for diabetes, bread from this
mix is eaten every morning with fresh cow's butter for 2 months. (2)

• Asthma: Effect of Oryza sativa extract on the progression of airway inflammation and remodeling in an
experimental animal model of asthma: Ethanolic extract of black rice may play a role in attenuating the
progression of airway inflammation and suggests a potential for OS in the asthma prevention and
treatment.(3)

• In vitro Carbohydrate Hydrolysis / Glycemic and Insulinemic Indices: Study of Hassawi rice showed a
similar GR (glycemic index) to UBR (Uncle Ben's Rice), although with a lower insulin response. There
were differences in RAG (rapidly available glucose) and SAG (slowly available glucose). Differences may
be important in terms of metabolic impact and outcome on diabetes. (5)

• Processing Effects: Study evaluated effects of processing on rice. A decrease in minerals occur during
milling. Mineral content is decreased in processed rice. Results suggest milling should be designed to
remove the pericarp but to retain the other contents and as much aleurone layer as possible. (6)

• Antioxidant and Nutrient Analysis of Ten Cultivars: Study evaluated ten medicinal rice cultivars from
South Indian states for phytochemical content, nutrient analysis, phenols and antioxidant property.
Kullakar showed the highest flavonoid content. Njavara yellow the highest phenol content, with high
protein content.

• Tricin / Anti-Inflammatory: Study of rice bran yielded three compounds, viz., tricin and two rare
flavonolignans. Tricin and the threo-form of flavonolignan showed anti-inflammatory effect in
carrageenan-induced paw edema experiments in rats. (see constituents above) (8)
• Antibacterial / Leaves: Study evaluated an aqueous extract of leaf of O. sativa for in-vivo antibacterial
activity against some human pathogenic bacteria. Results showed enormous activity against E. coli, and
moderate inhibition zones against Pseudomonas. (10)

• Anthocyanins from Black Rice / Antimetastatic Properties: In a study for antimetastatic mechanism,
results show anthocyanins show that anthocyanins can inhibit the in vitro migration and invasion of CAL
27 cancer cells. Results show anthocyanins from a species of black rice could suppress CAL27 cell
metastases by reduction of MMP-2, MMP-9, and NF-kB p65 expression through the suppression of
P13K/Akt pathway and inhibition of NF-kB levels. (11)

• Anti-Inflammatory / Anti-Arthritic: Study evaluated an ethanolic extract of Oryza sativa var. Joha Rice
for in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity by HRBC membrane stabilization method and anti-arthritic activity
by bovine serum protein denaturation method and albumin denaturation method. Results showed good
in-vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties. (12)

• Lipidemic Effects: Study evaluated the lipidemic parameters in hypercholesterolemic adult male Wistar
rats fed diets containing black rice variety or unrefined rice. Diet containing black rice reduced the level
of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL, with an increase in HDL. (13)

• Nutrient and Antioxidant Study: Study of 10 medicinal rice cultivars from South Indian states showed a
highest flavonoid content of 176 ±6.12 µg/ml, highest phenol content of 152 ±3.80 µg/ml, highest
protein content of 10.92 ± 0.28%, highest carbohydrate content of 74.5 ± 2.65%, highest thiamin content
0.53 ± 0.01 mg/100g. (16)

• Modulation of Platelet Functions / Crude Rice Bran Policosanol Extract: Study investigated the
antiplatelet aggregation mechanisms of crude hexane/methanolic rice bran extract in which policosanal
was the targeted bioactive. Results showed dose dependent inhibition of platelet adhesion to collagen.
The crude rice bran policosanol extract could inhibit in vitro platelet adhesion, aggregation, and
secretion upon activation by agonists. Results suggests a scientific basis to explore alternative therapies
in cardiovascular diseases related to platelet malfunction. (17)

• Antioxidant / Anti-Aging / Vanillin and Coumaric Acid: Study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-aging
properties of OS extract (OSE) and its compounds, vanillin and coumaric acid. Phytochemical analysis
yielded high levels of terpenoids and saponins. OSE showed lowest DPPH activity (IC50 =314.51 µg/mL)
compared to vanillin (IC50=283 µg/mL) and coumaric acid (IC50=255.69 µg/mL). OSE showed the lowest
anti-aging activities with the lowest collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase inhibitory activity (IC50=
816.78, 107.51 and 203.13 µg/mL) compared to vanillin (IC50= 16.27, 14.46 and 45.23 µg/mL) and
coumaric acid (IC50= 146.89, 25.38 and 8.21 µg/mL). (18)

• Rice Bran Oil (Gamma Oryzanol) / Toxicity Study: Rice bran oil is extensively used in Asia for cooking.
Approximately 7,500 tons of gamma oryzanol are processed from rice bran in Japan each year. Gamma
oryzanol is widely used in the cosmetic industry. Although clinical trial data done were of poor
methodology, and therefore, difficult to support suggested clinical applications, rice bran oil components
may have applications in dyslipidemia, cancer, and dermatology. While contraindications have not been
identified, use of its component phytic acid in renal impairment is not advised. Short term toxicity
studies in rodents suggest the LD50 of rice bran oil is more than 5 g/kg. (see constituents above) (19)

• Antioxidant / Melanogenesis Stimulating Activity: Study evaluated the radical scavenging, antioxidant,
and melanogenesis stimulating activities of different species of rice extracts. Various species of rice
extracts showed high antioxidant activity and the ability to stimulate melanogenesis. Results suggest
potential applications in hair treatment formulation in cosmetic products. (20)

• Removal of Heavy Metals from Oryza sativa Rice by Sour Lemon Peel as Biosorbent: Study evaluated
the utilization of sour lemon peel as less expensive and commonly available food waste material for
metal biosorption capacity to toxic heavy metal ions (nickel, cadmium, and lead) from O. sativa rice.
Cooking rice by soaking rice samples by NaCl 2% and sour lemon peel at least for one hour had the
greatest effect (p<0.001) in lowering the Pb and Cd levels in cooked rice. Preferentially, it reduced Cd by
96.4%, Ni 67.9%, and Pb by 90.11% when combined with rinse washing and soaking in salt for one hour.
Results suggest sour lemon peel has great potential as substrates in biotechnological processes. (21)

• Traditional Rice Landraces Used For Medical Treatment: Study identified and collected traditional rice
landraces with ethnomedical applications from local communities in the Philippines. Nineteen were
identified for native treatment and control of 22 community health concerns. Predominant use of plants
collected were used for treatment of types of nutritional disorders (18%), digestive system disorders
(18%), ill-defined symptoms (13%), viral infections (13%), and several cultural disease and disorders
(11%). Grains were the most frequently used part and oral administration the preferred mode. (23)

• Health-Enhancing / Leaf Tea: Study investigated the phytochemical composition and potential health-
enhancing properties of young organic jasmine rice leaf tea. Sequential extraction using solvent extracts
showed phenolic acids as the dominant component of all extracts with chlorogenic acid as the major
constituent. A KM acetone-based extract exhibited pronounced a-amylase and pancreatic lipase
inhibitory activities. Rice leaf tea yielded volatiles (tridecane, caryophyllene and dihydroactiniolide)
responsible for its attractive and unique aroma. Results suggest the young organic leaf of jasmine as
potential for production of novel herbal tea that promotes good health. (25)

• Anti-Inflammatory / Acute Oral Toxicity / Leaves: Study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of
aqueous extract of leaves of Oryza sativa. Acute oral toxicity using OECD guidelines showed an LD50
dose of 2000 mg/kg, with no lethality or profound toxic reactions at dose of 2000 mg/kg/po.
Pretreatment with aqueous extract of O. sativa showed significant protection against carrageenan
induced paw edema correlating with total phenolic content. (26)

• Free Radical Scavenging Potential / Bran: Study evaluated the effect of brans of selected Sri Lankan red
rice varieties on physiological free radical scavenging potential using in vitro antioxidant assays. Results
showed brans of all the selected red rice varieties had physiological free radical scavenging activities with
varying degrees of potentials. Results suggest its potential as a functional food ingredient in the health
food industry. (see study above) (27)
• Moderate Interaction with Rice Bran: Rice bran contains large amount of fiber which can decrease how
much medicine the body absorbs, which can decrease effectiveness of medications. It is advised that rice
bran be taken one hour after medications are taken by mouth. (28)

• Anthocyanin Pigments / Antioxidant / Anti-Inflammatory: L-MS study of black rice for anthocyanin
components yielded cyanidin 3-glucoside and peonidin 3-glucoside. A standardized extract containing
the compounds showed marked antioxidant activities and free radical scavenging capacities in various in
vitro model systems. Results showed black rice contain anthocyanin pigments with notable antioxidant
and anti-inflammatory properties with potential for use in nutraceutical or functional food formulations.
(29)

• Ethyl Iso-Allocholate / Inhibitions of Dihydropteroate Synthase in E. coli: Drug resistance is a growing

medical problem. E. coli have developed resistance to most antibiotics including sulfonamides that target
dihydropteroate synthase. Study identified a novel inhibitor for dihydropteroate synthase from a
medicinal rice variety. Study reveals ethyl iso-allocholate and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid 2,3-
dihydroxypropyl ester as the best binding compounds. Results demonstrated that ethyl iso-allocholate
compound isolated from "Karungkavuni" can serve as potent inhibitor for dihydropteroate synthase. (30)

• Attenuation of Hepatic Steatosis / Black Rice Supplementation: Study evaluated the effects of black rice
extract (BRE) on hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed mice, providing a model of
NAFLD. Results showed dietary supplementation with BRF improved lipid profiles and significantly
enhanced mRNA expression levels of fatty acid metabolism-related genes, primarily via ß-oxidation and
w-oxidation in the liver. Findings suggest BRE supplemented diet can reduce risks of hepatic steatosis,
including hyperlipidemic and hyperglycemia. (31)

• White Rice Consumption and Risk of Type2 Diabetes / Meta-Analysis: Study evaluated the association
between white rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes. Meta-analysis concludes higher
consumption of white rice is associated with a significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes, especially in
Asian (Chines and Japanese) populations. (32)

• Anthocyanin in Black Rice / Promotion of Immune Responses in Leukemia: Study investigated whether
AUPGA (Asia University-selected purpe glutinous indica rice) treatment could affect immune responses
in murine leukemia cells in vivo in BALB/c mice. Results showed significant promotion of macrophage
phagocytois in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (p<0.05). AUPGA treatment significantly increased
natural killer cell activity from splenocytes. Treatment also promoted T cell proliferation and significantly
increased decreased B cell proliferation. (33)

Availability

- Commercial cultivation.

© Godofredo U. Stuart Jr., M.D.

Abuse and Plagiarism of the Compilation on Philippine Medicinal Plants Under the Guise of Fair Use

Updated July 2019 / May 2017 / May 2015

Photo © Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange

IMAGE SOURCE: Oryza sativa / File:Koeh-232.jpg / Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen /
1897 / Public Domain/ Wikimedia Commons

MAGE SOURCE: Oryza sativa / SEEDS / Steve Hurst - USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database - Not copyrighted
image / USDA / alterVISTA

SOURCES

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings

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The evaluation of antianaphylactic effect of Oryza sativa L. in rats / Hyung Min Kim et al / The American
Journal of Chinese Medicine, 1999; 27(1): pp 63-71 / DOI: 10.1142/S0192415X99000094

(2)

ETHNOPHYTOTHERAPICAL APPROACHES FOR THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES BY THE LOCAL INHABITANTS

OF DISTRICT ATTOCK (PAKISTAN) / MUSHTAQ AHMAD, MIR AJAB KHAN, MUHAMMAD ARSHAD AND
MUHAMMAD ZAFAR

(3)

Effect of Oryza sativa extract on the progression of airway inflammation and remodeling in an
experimental animal model of asthma / Planta medica .2006, vol. 72, no5, pp. 405-410

(4)

Sorting Oryza names / Authorised by Prof. Snow Barlow / Maintained by: Michel H. Porcher /
MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE / Copyright © 1997 - 2000 The University of
Melbourne.

(5)
A study of Hassawi rice (Oryza sativa L.) in terms of its carbohydrate hydrolysis (in vitro) and glycaemic
and insulinaemic indices (in vivo). / Al-Mssallem MQ, Hampton SM, Frost GS, Brown JE. / Eur J Clin Nutr.
2011 May;65(5):627-34. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.4. Epub 2011 Mar 2.

(6)

Effect of Processing on Nutritional Value of Rice (Oryza sativa) / Aadil Abbas, Shahzad Murtaza, Faiza
Aslam, Ayesha Khawar, Shakeela Rafique and Sumera Naheed / World Journal of Medical Sciences 6 (2):
68-73, 2011

(7)

Rice-Traditional Medicinal Plant in India / M. Umadevi*, R. Pushpa, K.P. Sampathkumar, Debjit

Bhowmik / Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Vol 1, No 1, 2012

(8)

Isolation, characterization and quantification of tricin and flavonolignans in the medicinal rice Njavara
(Oryza sativa L.), as compared to staple varieties. / Mohanlal S1, Parvathy R, Shalini V, Helen A,
Jayalekshmy A. / Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2011 Mar;66(1):91-6. doi: 10.1007/s11130-011-0217-5.

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Oryza sativa / Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh

(10)

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL STUDIES OF ORYZA SATIVA / S.Janathul Firdous and V. Bharathi /
WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, 2014' Volume 3, Issue 7: pp 1136-
1139.

(11)

Anthocyanins from Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Demonstrate Antimetastatic Properties by Reducing
MMPs and NF-κB Expressions in Human Oral Cancer CAL 27 Cells / Ming-Jen Fana, I-Chen Wangb, Yung-
Ting Hsiaoc, Hui-Yi Lind, Nou-Ying Tange, Tzu-Chieh Hungf, Christine Quang, Jin-Cherng Liend & Jing-Gung
Chungh* / Nutrition and Cancer, Volume 67, Issue 2, 2015 / DOI:10.1080/01635581.2015.990576

(12)

In-vitro Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity of Oryza sativa Var. Joha Rice (An Aromatic
Indigenous Rice of Assam) / Habibur Rahman, M. Chinna Eswaraiah and A.M. Dutta / American-Eurasian
J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15 (1): 115-121, 2015 / DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2015.15.1.12499

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The Role of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the Control of Hypercholesterolemia in Rats / Jocelem Mastrodi
Salgado, Anderson Giovanni Candido de Oliveira, Débora Niero Mansi, Carlos M. Donado-Pestana,
Candido Ricardo Bastos, and Fernanda Klein Marcondes / Journal of Medicinal Food. December 2010,
13(6): 1355-1362 / doi:10.1089/jmf.2009.0246.

(14)

Gamma Oryzanol / Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health / Drugs.com

(15)

Oryza sativa / Synonyms / The Plant List

(16)

Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Nutrient Analysis of Medicinal Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Varieties Found in
South India / Rimal Isaac, Apama Nair, Elize Varghese, Murthy Chavali / Journal of Computational and
Theoretical Nanoscience 11(1):86-90, Sept 2012 / DOI: 10.1166/asl.2012.2174

(17)

Modulation of platelet functions by crude rice (Oryza sativa) bran policosanol extract / Wai-Teng Wong,
Maznah Ismail, Mustapha Umar Imam, and Yi-Da Zhang / BMC Complementary and Alternative
Medicine, 2016, 16:252 / DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1223-9

(18)

Antioxidant and Anti Aging Assays of Oryza sativa Extracts, Vanillin and Coumaric Acid / Wahyu
Widowati, Nurul Fauziah, Heddy Herdiman, Merry Afni, Ervi Afifah, Hanna Sari W. Kusuma, Hayatun
Nufus, Seila Arumwardana, Dwi Davidson Rihibiha / Journal of Natural Remedies, July 2016; Vol16, Issue
3 / https://doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2016/7220

(19)

Gamma oryzanol / Drugs.Com

(20)

RADICAL SCAVENGING, ANTIOXIDANT AND MELANOGENESIS STIMULATING ACTIVITIES OF DIIFERENT

SPECIES OF RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) EXTRACTS / Sitthiphong Soradech / Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Vol 40 (2016)

(21)

Removal of Heavy Metals from Oryza Sativa Rice by Sour Lemon Peel as Bio-Sorbent / Aysooda Razafsha
and Parisa Ziarati* / Biomed Pharmacol J 2016;9(2). / DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/971

(22)
Rice 101: Nutrition Facts and Health Effects / Dr. Atli Arnarson / Authority Nutrion

(23)

An ethnobotanical study of traditional rice landraces (Oryza sativa L.) used for medical treatment in
selected local communities of the Philippines. / Cabanting R M, Perez L M / J Ethnopharmacol., 2016 Dec
24; 194: pp 767-773 / doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.021

(24)

Properties, Health Benefits and Medicinal Uses of Oryza sativa / Muhammad Jamil and Fawad Anwar /
European Journal of Biological Sciences, 2016; 8(4): pp 136-141 /

DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ejbs.2016.136.141

(25)

Phytochemical composition and health-enhancing properties of Oryza sativa L. leaf tea / Karunrat
Sakulnarmrat, Abdullah Dalar, Aydin Sukru Bengu, Izabela Konczak / DOI: 10.15761/IFNM.1000234

(26)

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF Oryza sativa Linn IN IN-VITRO

ENZYME ASSAYS AND CARAGEENAN INDUCED PAW EDEMA IN WISTAR RATS / SHANMUGASUNDARAM E
C / Dissertation - Oct 2016 / JKKN College of Pharmacy

(27)

Physiological Free Radicals Scavenging Potential of Brans of Selected Sri Lankan Traditional Red Rice
(Oryza sativa L.): an In Vitro Antioxidant Activity Study / Abeysekera WKSM, Abeysekera WPKM,
Premakumara GAS and Ratnasooriya WD / American Journal of Ethnomedicine, 2017; 4(2)

(28)

Rice Bran / WebMD

(29)

Black Rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) Pigmented Fraction Suppresses both Reactive Oxygen Species and
Nitric Oxide in Chemical and Biological Model Systems / Chun Hu, JerzyZawistowski, Wenhua Ling, David
D Kitts / J. Agric. Food Chem, 2003; 51(18): pp 5271-5277 / https://doi.org/10.1021/jf034466n

(30)

Ethyl Iso-allocholate from a Medicinal Rice Karungkavuni Inhibits Dihydropteroate Synthase in

Escherichia coli: A Molecular Docking and Dynamics Study / K. Malathi, Anand Anbarasu and Sudha
Ramaiah / Indian J Pharm Sci., 2016; 78(6): pp 780-788 / DOI: 10.4172/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000184
(31)

Black rice (Oryza sativa L.) extract attenuates hepatic steatosis in C57BL/6 J mice fed a high-fat diet via
fatty acid oxidation / Hwan-Hee Jang, Mi-Young Park, Heon-Woong Kim, Young-Min Lee, Kyung A Hwang,
Jae-Hak Park, Dong Sik Park, Oran Kwon / Nutrition & Metabolism, 2012; Vol 9, Article number 27

(32)

White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis and systematic review / Emily A Hu,
An Pan, Vasanti Malik, Qi Sun / BMJ, 2012; 344: e1454 / doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e1454

(33)

Anthocyanins from black rice (Oryza sativa) promote immune responses in leukemia through enhancing
phagocytosis of macrophages in vivo / Ming-Jen Fan, Ping-Hsuan Yeh, Jing-Pin Lin, An-Cheng Huang,
Jin-Cherng Lien, Hui-Yi Lin, Jing-Gung Chung / Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, July 2017; 14(1) /
https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4467

(34)

Oryza sativa / Wikipedia

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