ET-20515 Digital Communication Autumn 2019

Tutorial 1: August 2019

Instructor: Dr. Prateek Dolas Scribe:

Note: LATEX template courtesy of UC Berkeley EECS dept.

1.1 Basics of Signals and Systems, Probability and Random Vari-

ables
1. A waveform consist of single pulse of amplitude A/2 extending from −τ < t < τ ,
a. Find autocorrelation function of this waveform.
b. Calculate the energy spectral density from the resulting autocorrelation function of this pulse.
c. Calculate and Compare ESD by using Parseval’s Theorem.

2. A periodic triangular waveform v(t) is defined by

2t T T
v(t) = for − <t<
T 2 2
and v(t ± T ) = v(t). Express this waveform as Fourier Series expansion and calculate the fraction of
normalized power of this waveform which is contained in its first three harmonics.

3. The joint probability density of the random variables X and Y is f (x, y) = ke−(x+y) in the range
0 ≤ x ≤ ∞, 0 ≤ y ≤ ∞ and f (x, y) = 0 otherwise.
a. Find the value of the constant k.
b. Find the probability density f (x), the probability density of X independently of Y .
c. Find the probability P (0 ≤ X ≤ 2; 2 ≤ Y ≤ 3) and P (X = 1; Y = 2)
d. Are the random variables (RVs) dependent or independent.

4. The RV X has the p.d.f. uniform in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and zero elsewhere. The independent variable
Y has the p.d.f. uniform in the range 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 and zero elsewhere. Find and Plot the probability
density function of Z = X + Y .

5. The N independent Gaussian RVs X1 , X2 , · · · , XN each having mean and variance unity, are added
to form Z. Find fz (z).

6. Consider the Cauchy density function

K
f (x) = −∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞
1 + x2

a. Find K so that f (x) is a density function.

b. Find E(x).
c. Find variance of X.
Students should not keep themselves confined to the above set of problems. In addition, they must explore and practice
wide variety of additional relevant problems from various available text(s) related to this course.

1-1
1-2 Tutorial 1: August 2019

1.2 Sampling, Quantization, Pulse Modulation Techniques and

Multiplexing
7. A bandpass signal has a spectral range that from 20 − 80 kHz. Find the acceptable range of the
sampling frequency fs .

8. Consider an audio signal with spectral components limited to the frequency band of 300 Hz to 3.3 kHz.
A PCM Signal is generated with sampling rate of 8 kSamples/sec. The required output signal to
quantizing noise ratio is 30dB
a. What is the minimum number of uniform quantizing levels needed, and what is the minimum
number of bits per sample needed?
b. Calculate system bandwidth required.
c. Repeat parts (a) and (b) when a µ law compander is used with µ = 255.

9. A signal g(t) band-limited to B Hz is sampled by a periodic pulse train pTs (t) made up of rectangular
pulse of width 1/8B seconds (centered at origin) repeating at the Nyquist rate. Show that the sampled
signal ḡ(t) is given by
∞
1 X 2 nπ
ḡ(t) = g(t) + sin( )g(t) cos nωs t where ωs = 4πB
4 n=1
nπ 4

Show that the signal g(t) can be recovered by passing ḡ(t) through an ideal low pass filter of bandwidth
B Hz and a gain of 4.

10. Five telemetry signals, each of bandwidth 1 kHz are to be transmitted simultaneously by binary
PCM. The maximum tolerable error in sample amplitudes is 0.2% of the peak signal amplitude. The
signal must be sampled at least 20% above Nyquist rate. Framing and synchronizing requires an
additional 0.5% extra bits. Determine the minimum possible data rate that must be transmitted, and
the minimum bandwidth required to transmit this signal.

11. A signal band-limited to 1 M Hz is sampled at a rate 50% higher than the Nyquist rate and quantised
into 256 levels using a µ-law quantizer with µ = 255.
a. Determine signal to quantization noise (SQNR) ratio.
b. The received signal quality found in part (a) is unsatisfactory. SQNR must be increased by
10 dB. Would you be able to obtain the desired SQNR without increasing the transmission bandwidth
if it was found that sampling rate 20% above the Nyquist rate is adequate? if so, explain how? What
is the maximum SNR that can be realized in this way?

1.3 Line Coding and Differential Modulation Schemes

12. Consider a randomly generated, equally likely bit stream of 0’s and 1’s encoded using Manchester line
coding technique.The bit duration is Tb and the pulse amplitude is A, is conditioned to normalize the
average power of line code to unity. Show that, the Power spectra of this encoded bit stream is given
by
f Tb πf Tb
S(f ) = A2 Tb sinc2 ( )sin2 ( )
2 2
Also, plot the Power spectra.
Lecture 1: August 2019 1-3

13. A DPCM system uses a linear predictor with single tap. the normalized autocorrelation function of
the input signal for a lag of one sampling interval is 0.75. the predictor is designed to minimize the
prediction error variance. Determine the processing gain attained by the use of this predictor.