CMBUkTI3

TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI
(Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions)

1 ma:sGatUm (Atomic Mass)

enAkñúgCMBUkenH eyIgnwgeRbIGVIEdleyIg)ansikSaGMBITMrg;nigrUbmnþKImI enAkñúgkarsikSa

TMnak;TMngm:asrbs;GatUmnigm:UelKul. TMnak;TMngTaMgenHnwgCYyeyIgRtLb;vijedIm,IBnül;
BIsmasPaKrbs;smasFatuTaMgLay nigviFIEdlsmasPaKpøas;bþÚr.
ma:srbs;GatUmmYyKWGaRs½yeTAelIcMnYneGLicRtug RbUtug nigNWRtugrbs;GatUm
enaH. kardwgBIma:sGatUmmansar³sMxan;Nas;enAkñúgkargarTIBiesaF. b:uEnþGatUmKWCaPaK
l¥itd¾tUcbMput sUm,IEtFUlImYyRKab;EdlGacemIleXIjk¾GacmanrhUtdl;10 GatUm. vaCakar
16

BitNas;EdlfaeyIgminGacføwgGatUmmYy)aneT b:uEnþeyIgGackMNt;nUvma:sGatUmmYy)an
edayBwgEp¥keTAelIGatUmmYyeTotedaykarBiesaF. C¿handMbUgKWeyIgRtUvkMNt;tMélrbs;
GatUménFatuEdlsÁal;mYy eFVIdUcenHKWeyIgGaceRbIvaCama:sGatUmsþg;da.
tamkic©RBmeRBogGnþrCati ma:
masGatU
:sGatUm KWCama:srbs;GatUmkñúgxñatm:asGatUm. mYy
xñatma:
tmas: GatUm ¬x/
¬x/G¦ RtUv)aneKkMNt;esµInwg 1/12 énma:sGatUmkabUn12mYy. kabUn12 KWCa
kabUnGIusUtUb Edlman6RbUtugnig6NWRtug. karkMNt;ma:sGatUmkabUn12 esµInwg12 pþl;eGay
eyIgnUvsþg;da edIm,IkMNt;ma:sGatUmrbs;FatudéT²eTot. Ca]TahrN_ karBiesaF)anbgðaj
faCamFümGatUm GIuRdUEsnmYyKWmantMélRtwmEt8.400 PaKryénGatUmkabUn12. dUecñH
RbsinebIma:sGatUmkabuUn12 esµInwg12x>G>¬xñatm:asGatUm¦ naMeGayeyIg)anma:sGatUmrbs;
GIuRdUEsnKW 0.084 x 12 x>G rW 1.008 x>G. karKNnaRsedogenHEdrbgðajfam:asGatUm
GuksIuEsnKW 16.00x>G ehIyFeKW55.85x>G. dUecñHeTaHbICaeyIgminsÁal;nUvma:sGatUmmFüm
rbs;GatUmEdkmYyk¾edayk¾eyIgdwgfa vamantMélRbhak;RbEhlnwg56dg énma:sGatUm
GIuRdUEsnmYy .
cMNaM mYyxñatma:sGatUm ¬x>G¦ GacehA)anmüa:geTotfa mYydal;tun (Dalton) .
1>1 ma:sGatUmmFüm (Average Atomic Mass)

enAeBleyIgemIlBIma:sGatUmkabUnkñúgtaragxYb eyIgnwgeXIjtMélrbs;vaKWminEmn
esµInwg12x>G Kt;eT KWvamantMél 12.01 x>G. mUlehtuEdlbNþaleGaymanPaBxusKñaenH

3-1
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

KWedaysarEtFatuEdlekItmanedayFmµCatiPaKeRcInrYmTaMgkabUn KWmanGIusUtUbeRcInCag
mYy. enHmann½yfa enAeBlEdleyIgvas;ma:sGatUmmYy CaTUeTAeyIgRtUvrkma:s mFümén
l,ayGIusUtUbEdlekItmanedayFmµCati. ]TahrN_ GIusUtUbFmµCatirbs;kabUn12 KWmanrhUt
dl;98.90° nigkabUn13manEt1.1°. ma:sGatUmkabUn13 KWmantMél 13.00335 x>G. dUcenH
ma:sGatUmkabUnmFümGacKNna)andUcxageRkamenH³
ma:sGatUmmFümrbs;kabUnFmµCati = (0.9890) (12.00000 x>G ) + (0.0110) (13.00335)
= 12.0 x>G

karkMNt;RtwmRtUvCagpþl;nUvma:sGatUmkabUnesµInwg12.01x>G. cUrcMNaMfaenAkñúgkar
KNnaEdlmanTak;TgeTAnwgPaKry eyIgRtUvbþÚrBIPaKryeTACaRbPaK. ]TahrN_ 98.90%
bþÚrCa 98.90/100 b¤ 0.9890. edaysarEtmankabUn12 enAkñúgFmµCatieRcInCagkabUn13 dUcenH
ma:sGatUmmFümrbs;kabUnKWeyIgyktMéleTAtamkabUnEdlsMbUrCageK KWkabUn12.
vaBitCamansar³sMxan; edIm,Iyl;enAeBleyIgniyayfama:sGatUmkabUn KW12.01x>G
eyIgsMedAelItMélmFüm. RbsinebIGatUmkabUnGacRtUv)anBinitüemIledayELk²KñaeyIgGac
rkeXIjGatUménma:sGatUm12.0000x>G rWGatUménm:asGatUm13.0035x>G b:uEnþminEdlGatUm
énm:asGatUm12.01x>GenaHeT. ]TahrN_xageRkambgðajBIviFIKNnama:sGatUmmFümrbs;
FatuKImImYy.
]TahrN_
TahrNTI_T1I ³ Tg;EdgEdlCaelah³RtUv)ansÁal;taMgBIsm½yburaNRtUv)aneKykmkeRbIenA
kñúgkareFVIExSkabGKÁisnI nigkak;kñúgcMeNamvtßúdéTeTotCaeRcIn. ma:sGatUménGIusUtUb
sßitesßrTaMgBIrrbs;va Cu (69.09%) nig Cu (30.91%) KW 62.93 x>G nig 64.9278x>G
63
29
65
29

tamerog. cUrKNnama:sGatUmmFümrbs; Cu. PaKryrgVg;RkcksMKal;BIPaBsMbUreFob.

cMelIy C¿handMbUgKWeyIgRtUvbþÚrBIPaKryeTACaRbPaK. dUcenH 69.09% eTACa 0.6909 ehIy
30.91 eTACa 0.3091. bnÞab;mkeyIgKNnama:sGatUmmFümdUcteTA³

( 0.6909)(62.93 ) + (0.3091) (64.9278) = 63.55 x>G

cMNaM ma:sGatUménFatuCaeRcInRtUv)ankMNt;y:agRtwmRtUvdl;5b¤6 elxsMxan;² b:uEnþsMrab;

bMNgrbs;eyIgCaFmµtaeyIgnwgeRbIma:sGatUmRtwmRtUvEtbYnelxb:ueNÑaH.
lMhat;
atGnu
;Gnuvtþn¾³ ma:sGatUmGIusUtUbsßitesßrBIrrbs;b B (19,78%) nig B (80,22%) KW
10
5
11
5

10.0129x>G nig 11.0093x>G tamerog. cUrKNnama:sGatUmmFümrbs;b.

3-2
 CMBUkTI3

2>ma:sm:Ulrbs;FatunigcMnYnGav:UkaRdU
xñatma:sGatUmpþl;eGaynUvmaRtdæaneFobsMrab;ma:sénFatu. b:uEnþedayGatUmmanma:s
tUc dUecñHKµanmaRtdæaneRbIR)as;)anCa]bkrN_sMrab;føwgvaCaÉktaRkwténÉktama:sGatUmeT.
kñúgsßanPaBBitNak¾edayeyIgdMeNIrkarCamYyPaKsMNakFM² EdlmancMnYnGatUmd¾eRcIn.
ehtudUcenHvagayRsYlRtUvmanÉktaBiesssMrab;BN’nacMnYny:ageRcInénGatUm. KMnitén
ÉktaedIm,IbgðajcMnYnedayELkénvtßúBuMmanlkçNHfµIenaHeT. ]TahrN_³ mYyKU¬BIr¦ mYyLÚ
¬12¦ nigmYye®hÁas¬144¦ TaMgGs;enHKWCaÉktaEdleyIgdwgRKb;Kña. KImIviTUvas;GatUmnig
m:UelKulCam:Ul .
tamRbB½n§GnþrCati SI mU:l (mol) KWCabrimaNénsarFatuEdlmanGgÁFatudMbUg
¬GatUm m:UelKul rWPaKl¥itepSgeTot¦ dUcEdlmanGatUmenAkñúg12RkaménkabUnGIusUtUb12.
cMnYnGatUmBitR)akdenAkñúg 12g énkabUn 12 RtUv)aneKkMNt;edaykareFVIBiesaFn_. témømU:l
EdleKTTYlykfµI²enHKW³
1mole = 6.022045 × 10 PaKl¥it
23

cMnYnenHeKehAfa cMnYnGav:
GavU:ka®dU edIm,I]TÞisdl;GñkviTüasa®sþGIutaluIeQµaH Amedeo
Avogadro . CaTUeTAeyIgkMNt;cMnYnGav:UkaRdUesµInwg 6.022 × 10 . dUcenH cMnYnenHk¾dUcCa
23

RkUcmYyLÚEdlesµInwg12EpøEdr ehIymYym:UlénGatUmGIuRdUEsnman 6.022 × 10 GatUm 23

GIuRdUEsn ¬rUbTI 1 bgðajBImYym:UlénFatumYycMnYn¦

rUbTI> 1³ mYym:mU:lénFatusamBaØ
samBaØnImYy²³ Tg;TgEdg
;Edg Edk kabUn s<san;an<anF½;Fr½ nig)art

eyIgdwgfamYym:UlénGatUmkabUn12manma:sesµIwnwg12g ehIyman6.022×10 GatUm. 23

ma:sGatUmkabUn 12 enHKWCa ma:

masm:
:smU:l rbs;va EdlRtUv)ankMNt;Cama:s (CaRkamb¤KILÚRkam)
sm
3-3
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

mYym:Ulénxñatrbs;sarFatu. cUrsMKal;fama:sm:Ulrbs;kabUn12¬CaRkam¦ KWwesµIeTAnwgma:s

GatUmrbs;vakñúgxñatma:sGatUm. dUcKñaenHEdrma:sGatUmNa KW22.99x>G ehIyma:sm:Ulrbs;
vaKW 22.99g ma:sGatUmrbs;pUsVrKW 30.97 x>G ehIyma:sm:Ulrbs;vaKW 30.97g nigdUcCaFatu
déT²eTot. RbsinebIeyIgsÁal;ma:sGatUmrbs;FatumYyeyIgk¾GacsÁal;ma:sm:Ulrbs;vaEdr.
cMNaM enAkñúgkarKNnaÉktarbs;ma:sm:UlKW g/mol rW kg/mol Etk¾eyIgGacniyay
)anpgEdrfa ma:sGatUmrbs;sUdüÚmKW 22.99 g KWmincaM)ac;ehA 22.99 g/mol eT .
kareRbIma:sGatUmnigma:sm:Ul eyIgGacKNnama:sCaRkamrbs;GatUmkabUn12mYy.
tamry³karBiPakSarbs;eyIg)aneGaydwgfamYym:UlénGatUmkabUn12 KWmanTMgn;esµInwg 12g.
12.00 g kabUn -12 = 1 mol GatUmkabUn 12

dUecñHeyIgGacsresrCaÉktadUcteTA
eyIgeRbIÉktam:Ul (mol) edIm,ItageGay (mole) enAkñúgkarKNna. CamYyKñaenH Edr
edaysarman 6.022 × 10 GatUmkñúgmYymU:lénGatUmkabUn-12 eyIg)an
23

1 mol GatUmkabUn -12 = 6.022 × 10 GatUmkabUn -12

23

12.00 g kabUn -12 = 6.022 × 10 GatUmkabUn -12

23

\LÚvenHeyIgGacKNnama:sCaRkamrbs;mYyGatUmkabUn12dUcteTA³
ma:smYyGatUmkabUn 12 = 12.00 g ÷ 6.022 x 10 23

= 1.993 × 10-23g
eyIgGaceRbIlT§plenHedImI,kMNt;TMnak;TMngrvagxñatma:sGatUmnigRkam. edayma:s
rbs;GatUmkabUn 12 KWesµInwg 12x>G dUecñHcMnYnRkamEdlesµIeTAnwg 1x>G KW
1x>G = 1.993 × 10 g ÷ 12 x>G -23

= 1.661 × 10-24 g
nig 1g = 6.022 × 10 x>G 23

]TahrN_enHbgðajfabþÚrcMnYnGav:UkaRdUGaceRbIedIm,Ipøas;BIxñatma:sGatUmeTAma:sCa
RkamnigpÞúymkvij.
sBaØaNsþIBIcMnYnGav:UkaRdUnigma:sm:UlGaceGayeyIgdMeNIrkarbnøas;rvagma:s nigm:Ul
rbs;GatUmmYy nigrvagcMnYnGatUmnigma:s nigedIm,IKNnama:srbs;GatUmmYy. eyIgnwgeRbI
ktþaÉktadUceTAenHenAkñúgkarKNna.

3-4
 CMBUkTI3

1mol X
molar mass of X
=1
1molX
6.022 x10 23 Xatoms
=1 X ¬ tageGayFatuKImImYy¦
segçbBITMnak;akTM;TnM grvagma:
grvagmasni
:snigcMnYnm:mU:lrbs;
rbsFatu
;FatumYynigrvagcMnYnm:mU:l nigcMnYnGatUm
rbs;
rbsFatu
;FatumYy.
cMnYnm:Ulrbs;Fatu n = ma:s(g) rbs;Fatu m ÷ ma:sGatUm M
= cMnYnGatUmrbs;Fatu N ÷ cMnYnGav:UkaRdU N A

rw n = m/M = N/NA
]TahrN_
TahrNTI_T2I eGlüÚm He Ca]sµ½nmantMélEdleKeRbIenAkñúg]sSahkmµ karRsavRCavenA
sItuNðPaBTab navamuCTwkeRCA² nigkñµúgeb:ge)a:g. cUrKNnacMnYnm:UlenAkñúg 6.46 g He .
cMelIy ma:sm:Ulrbs; He KW 4.003 g . edIm,Ipøas;brimaN He BIRkameTACam:UleyIg)an
n = m/M
= 6.46g ÷ 4.003g
= 1.61 mol He
dUcenH man1.61 m:Ulrbs;GatUm He enAkñúg 6.46 rbs; He.
Bnül;
Bnül³; eday 6.46g FMCagma:sm:Ulrbs; He dUecñHcMelIyenHsmehtupl.
lMhat;
atGnu
;Gnuvtþn¾³ etIma:ejsüÚmb:unµanm:UlmanenAkñúg 87.3g énMg.
]TahrN_
TahrNTI_T3I ³ cUrKNnama:sCaRkamrbs;s½gásIEdlmanenAkñúg 0.356 mol rbs;s½gásI.
cMelIy³ edayma:sm:Ulrbs;s½gásIesµInwg 65.39 g dUcenHma:sCaRkamrbs;s½gásIKW
m=n × M
= 0.356 × 65.39
= 23.3g Zn
Bnül;
Bnül³; ma:skñúg0.356mol rbs; Zn tUcCagm:asm:Ulrbs; Zn .
lMhat;
atGnu
;Gnuvtþn¾³ cUrKNnama:sCaRkamkñúg 12.4 mol énsMN.
]TahrN_
TahrNTI_T4I ³ s<an;F½rCaGelah³EdlmanenAkñúgFüÚgfµ ehIyva)anpþl;kMeNInén)atuPUtePøóg
GasIut. etImans<an;F½rb:unµanGatUmenAkñúg16.3g éns<an;F½r?
cMelIy³ edIm,IedaHRsaylMhat;enH eKRtUvedIrBIrdMNak;kar. dMbUgeyIgRtUvrkcMnYnm:Ulrbs;
s<an;F½rEdlmanenAkñúg16.3génS dUc]TahrN_TI1 bnÞab;mkeyIgRtUvKNnacMnYnGatUmS BIcMnYn
m:UlEdleyIgsÁal;.
dMNak;karTI 1: n = m/M
= 16.3/32.07
= 0.508 mol

3-5
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

dMNak;karTI 2: N = n × NA
= 0.508 × 6.022 × 1023
= 3.06 × 1023
lMhat;atGnu
;Gnuvtþn³_ cUrKNnacMnYnGatUm Edlmankñúg 0.551g b:UtasüÚm.
3>ma:sm:UelKul (Molecular Mass)
RbsinebIeyIgdwgma:sGatUmrbs;Fatubgá eyIgGacKNnama:sm:UelKulrbs;va)an.
masm:
:asmUe: lKul KWCaplbUkrbs;ma:sGatUmTaMgLayenAkñúgm:UelKul. ]TahrN_ ma:sm:UelKul
asm
rbs; H O KW
2

2 ¬ma:sGatUmrbs; H ¦ + ma:sGatUmGuksIuEsn

2(1.008)x>G + 16.00x>G =18.02 x>G

CaTUeTA eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvKuNma:sGatUmrbs;FatunImYy²CamYynwgcMnYnGatUménFatu
enaH EdlmanvtþmanenAkñúgm:UelKul rYceFVIplbUkRKb;FatuTaMgGs;.
]TahrN_
TahrNTI_T5I ³ cUrKNnama:sm:UelKulrbs;sarFatudUcteTAenH³ k> SO EdlCaFatusMxan; 2

TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHePøógGasIut x> GasIutGasÁb‘ícb¤vItamIn C (C H O ) . 6 8 6

cMelIy k-- tamry³ma:sGatUmrbs;s<an;F½rnigGuksIuEsn eyIg)an

ma:sm:UelKulrbs; SO = 32.07+2(16.00) = 64.07
2

x-BIma:sGatUmrbs;kabUn GuIRdUEsn nigGuksIuEsneyIg)an

ma:sm:UelKulrbs; C H O = 6(12.01)x>G + 8 (1.001)x>G +6 (16.00)x>G = 176.12x>G
6 8 6

lMhat;atGnu
;Gnuvtþn³_ cUrKNnama:sm:UelKulrbs;emtaNul (CH O). 4

tamry³ma:sm:UelKul eyIgGackMNt;ma:sm:Ulrbs;mU:elKulb¤smasFatu. ma:sm:Ul

rbs;smasFatu(CaRkam) KWesµIeTAnwgma:sm:UelKulCaxñatma:s¬x>G¦. ]TahrN_ ma:s
m:UelKulrbs;TwkKW18.02g dUcenHma:sm:Ulrbs;vaKWesµInwg18.02gEdr. cUrcMNaMfamYym:Ulrbs;
TwkTMgn;18.02g nigman 6.022 x 10 m:UelKulTwk k¾dUcCamYym:UlénFatukabUnman 6.022 x
23

10 GatUmkabUn.
23

]TahrN_BIrxageRkambgðajfa cMeNHdwgBIma:sm:UlGaceGayeyIgKNnacMnYnm:Ul nig

GatUmnImYy² kñúgbrimaNpþl;eGayrbs;smasFatu.
]TahrN_
TahrNTI_T6I ³ emtan (CH ) CasamasPaKsMxan;rbs;]sµ½nFmµCati. etImanemtanb:unµan
4

m:UlenAkñúg 6.07 g én CH ? 4

3-6
 CMBUkTI3

cMelIy ³ CadMbUgeyIgKNnama:sm:Ulrbs;emtan
bnÞab;mkKNnama:sm:Ulrbs;emtanKWCH 4 = 12.01 g + 4(1.008g) = 16.04g

dUcenHcMnYnm:Ulrbs;emtanKW = m/M
= 6.07g ÷ 16.04
= 0.378 mol CH4
lMhat;
atGnu
;Gnuvtþn³_ cUrKNnacMnYnm:Ulrbs;kørUp: m(CHCl ) enAkñúg 198g én CHCl
3 3

]TahrN_
TahrNTI_T7I ³ KNnacMnYnGatUmGIuRdUEsn EdlmanenAkñúg 25.6g G‘uyer[(NH ) CO]. 2 2

ma:sm:Ulrbs;G‘uyeresµInwg 60.06 g.
cMelIy³ dMbUgeyIgKNnacMnYnm:UlEdlmanenAkñúg 25.6g G‘uyer³
n = m/M
= 25.6 ÷ 60.06
= 0.426 mol
bnÞab;mkeyIgdwgehIyfa manGatUmGIuRdUEsncMnYn4 enAkñúgmYym:UelKulG‘uyer. dUcenHcMnYn
GatUmGIuRdUEsn EdlmanenAkñúg 25.6 g G‘uyerKW³
= 0.426 × 6.022 × 1023 × 4
= 1.03 × 1024 GatUm H
eyIgGacKNnacMnYnGatUmGasUt kabUn nigGuksIuEsnedayeRbIviFIdUcKñaEtvak¾manviFI
kat;mYyeTotEdr. eyIgdwgehIyfacMnYnGatUmGasUtesµInwg2/4éncMnYnGatUmGIuRdUEsn ehIy
cMnYnGatUmkabUnnigGuksIuEsnesµInwg 14 éncMnYnGatUmGIuRdUEsn. dUecñHcMnYnGatUmGasUtEdlman
enAkñúg 25.6g G‘uyerKW (1/2)(1.03 × 10 )=5.15 x 10 GatUm . ehIycMnYnGatUmkabUnesµInwg
24 23

cMnYnGatUmGuksIuEsnesµInwg (1/4) (1.03 × 10 ) = 2.58 x 10 GatUm .

24 23

lMhat;
atGnu
;Gnuvtþn³_ cUrKNnacMnYnGatUmGIuRdUEsnEdlmanenAkñúg72.5génGIusURbU)a:Nul(C H O(?
3 8

4>s,iúcRtUEm:Rtm:as (The Mass Spectrometer)

viFIEdlmanPaBCak;lak;bMputkñúgkarkMNt;m:asGatUmnigm:asm:UelKulKWviFIs,iúcRtU-
Em:Rtm:asEdlnwgbgðajkñúgrUbTI2 xageRkam. enAkñúgviFIs,icRtUEm:Rtm:as PaKsMNak]sµ½nRtUv
)anraraMgedaykar)ac;eGLicRtugmanfamBlx<s;. karb:HTgÁicrvageGLicRtugnigGatUm
(rWm:UelKul) ]sµ½nbegáIt)anCaGuIyu:gviC¢manedaykarpþac;eGLicRtugBIGatUmb¤m:UelKul. GuIyu:g

viC¢manTaMgenHRtUveFVIeGaymansnÞúHedaybnÞHEdlmanbnÞúkviC¢manBIreBlqøgkat;bnÞHTaMgBIr
enH. GuIyu:gEdlxÞatmkeRkATaMgenHRtUvCHRtLb;cUlKnøgedImvijedayemEdk. RbEvgkaMrbs;

3-7
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

KnøgKWGaRs½yeTAnwgpleFobrbs;bnÞúk e/m . GuIyug: EdlmanpleFob e/m tUcmanKnøgExS

ekagFMCagGuIy:ugEdlmanpleFobe/mFM. dUcenHGuIy:ug EdlmanbnÞúkesµIKñaEtmanm:asxusKña
k¾RtUvEjkdac;BIKñaEdr. m:asrbs;GuIyu:gnImYy²RtUv)ankMNt;edayTMhMéncMNaMgpøatmkvij
rbs;va. brimaNéncrnþEdlbegáIteLIgKWsmamaRteTAnwgcMnYnrbs;GuIy:ug dUcenHvaGaceGay
eyIgkMNt;)anBIGuIsUtUbEdlGacman.

rUbTI 2 ³ düaRkaménRbePT
düaRkaménRbePTmY
énRbePTmYyrbs;
rbss; ,cRtU
úicRtUEm:mR: tm:
tmas
: as
s,iúcRtUEm:Rtm:asdMbUgEdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenATsvtS1920edayrUbviTUGg;eKøsF.W
2
Aston KWburaNNas;tamsþg;dabc©úb,nñ. EteTaHCay:agNak¾eday k¾va)anpþl;nUvPsþútagmin

GacRbEkk)anénGuIsUtUbenGug-20 ¬m:asGatUm 19.9924 x>G nigsMbUrPaBFmµCati 90.92

PaKry¦ nigenGug-22 ¬m:asGatUm 21.9914 x>G nigsMbUrPaBFmµCati 8.82 PaKry¦.

rUbTI3 s,ú icm:masénGu

:asénGuIsUtUbTaMgbIrbs;
bsenGu
;enGug
2
Francis William Aston (1877-1915) CaGñkKImI-rUbCnCatiGg;eKøs ehIyKat;)anTTYlrgVan;NUEbl
EpñkKImIviTüa enAqñaM1922 sMrab;karGPivDÆs,iúcRtUEm:Rtma:s.

3-8
 CMBUkTI3

5>smasPaBPaKryrbs;smasFatu
(Percent Composition of Compounds)
dUceyIg)andwgrYcmkehIyfa rUbmnþrbs;smaFatumYyR)ab;eyIgBI cMnYnGatUmrbs;Fatu
nImYy²kñúgmYyxñaténsmasFatu . EteTaHbICay:agenHk¾eday enAkñúgkargarBiesaFn_eyIgcaM
)ac;RtUvkarbBa¢ak;nUvFatusuT§rbs;smasFatumYy. tamry³rUbmnþmU:elKuleyIgGacKNna
PaKryénma:ssrubrbs;smasFatuEdlRtUv)anrYmcMENkedayFatunImYy². bnÞab;mkeday
kareRbobeFoblT§pleTAnwgsmasPaBPaKryEdlTTYl)antamry³karBiesaFPaKsMNak
rbs;eyIg eyIgGackMNt;PaBsuT§rbs;PaKsMNak .
smasPaBPaKryCama
smasPaBPaKryCama:
PaKryCamas: KWCaPaKryCama:srbs;FatunImYy²EdlmanenAkñúg smas-
FatumYy. eyIgGacKNnasmasPaBPaKryedayykma:srbs;FatunImYy²kñúgmYym:Ulén
smasFatuKuNnwg100 rYcEcknwgma:sm:Ulrbs;smasFatu. tamKNitviTüa eyIg)anrUbmnþ ³
smasPaBCaPaKryrbs
smasPaBCaPaKryrbs;
CaPaKryrbsFatu;FatumYy = n x masm:
:asmU:lénFatu x 100%
asm
masm:
:asmU:lénsmasFatu
asm
n cMnYnm:Ulrbs;FatukñúgmYym:Ulrbs;samasFatu. ]TahrN_ kñúgmYym:UlGIuRdUEsnEBGuksIut

man2m:UlGatUmGIuRdUEsnnig2m:UlGatUmGuksIuEsn. m:asm:Ulrbs; H O . H nig O KW 34.02 g

2 2

1.008g nig 16.00g tamerog. dUcenHsmasPaBCaPaKryrbs;TwkGuksIuEsnKW³

2 x1,008 g
%H = x100% = 5,926%
34,02 g
2 x16,00 g
%O = x100% = 94,06%
34,02 g
plbUkénPaKryKW 5.926% + 94.06% = 99.99%. PaBlMeGogtictYcenH KWbNþal
mkBIcMnYnxÞg;eRkayek,osEdleyIgkMNt;yk. RbsinebIeRbIrUbmnþgayHO kñúgkarKNna
eyIg)an³
1,008 g
%H = x100% = 5,926%
17,01g
16,00 g
%O = x100% = 94,06%
17,01g
dUcenHrUbmnþgayk¾dUcCarUbmnþmUe: lKulEdr R)ab;eyIgBIsmasPaBénsmasFatu .
]TahrN_
TahrNTI_T8I ³ cUrKNnasmasPaBPaKryCam:asrbs; H. P nig O EdlmanenAkñúgm:UelKul
H PO .
3 4

3-9
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

cMelIy³ ma:sm:Ulrbs; H3PO4 KW 97.99g/mol . dUcenHPaKryCama:srbs;FatunImYy²kñúg

m:UelKulKW³
3(1,008 g )
%H = x100% = 3,086%
97,99 g
30,97 g
%P = x100% = 31,61%
97,99 g
4(16,00 g )
%O = x100% = 65,31%
97,99 g
lMhat;
atGnu
;Gnuvtþn¾³ cUrKNnasmasPaBPaKryCama:srbs;FatunImYy²enAkñúgGasIuts‘ulpYric
H SO .
2 4

viFIKNnaenAkñúg]TahrN_GacRtLb;bRBa¢asvij)anRbsinebImanPaBcaM)ac;. Rbsin-
ebIeyIgdwgsmasPaBPaKryCama:srbs;Fatu eyIgGacKNnarUbmnþgayrbs;smasFatu)an.
edayeyIgkMBugEtedaHRsayCamYynwgPaKry ehIyplbUkénPaKryTaMgGs;KW100% dUcenH
eyIgk¾Gac]bmafaeyIgcab;epþImBI 100g énsmasFatu.
]TahrN_
TahrNTI_T9I ³ GasuItGasÁb‘ícbgáeLIgedaykabUn40.92% GIuRdUEsn4.58% nigGuksIuEsn
54.50% Cama:s. cUrkMNt;rUbmnþgayrbs;va ?

cMelIy³ eyIgcab;epþImKNnaeday]bmafaman 100g GasIutGasÁb‘íc dUecñHenAkñúgPaK

sMNakenH eyIgmankabUn40.92g GIuRdUEsn 4.58g nigGuksIuEsn54.50g. bnÞab;mkeyIgcaM
)ac;RtUv KNnacMnYnm:Ulrbs;FatunImYy²enAkñúgsmasFatu ehIy n . n nig n CacMnYnm:Ul
C H O

rbs;FatuEdlmanenAkñúgsmasFatu. edayeRbIma:srbs;FatuTaMgenHeyIgGacsresr³
1 mol C
nC = 40,92 g Cx = 3,407 mol
12,01gC
1 mol H
n H = 4,58 g Hx = 4,54mol
1,008 gH
1 mol O
nO = 54,50 g Ox = 3,406mol
16,00 gO
dUcenHeyIgTTYl)anrUbmnþgay C H O . edaysarEtrUbmnþm:UelKul
3.407 4.54 3.406

eKsresrCacMnYnKt; eyIgminsresrCaTsPaKEbbenH)aneT. eyIgGaceFVIsnÞsSn_xøHeGay

eTACacMnYnKt;edayEcknwgsnÞsSn_EdlmantMéltUcbMput (3.406) .
3,407 4,54 3,406
C: =1 H: = 1,33 O: =1
3,406 3,406 3,406

3-10
 CMBUkTI3

dUcenHrUbmnþGasIutGasÁb‘íckøayeTACaCH O. bnÞab;mkeyIgRtUvbþÚrsnÞsSn_rbs;
1.33

GIuRdUEsneGayeTACacMnYnKt; edayviFIdUcxageRkam ¬viFIsakl,gRBav²eRcIndgnwgseRmc¦:

1.33 x 1 =1.33
1.33 x 2=2.66
1.33 x 3=3.99 ≈ 4
eday 1.33 x 3=3.99 ≈ 4 eyIgGacKuNsnÞsSn_RKb;FatuTaMgGs;nwg3 eyIgnwgTTYl)anrUbmnþ
C H O CarUbmnþgayrbs;GasIutGasÁb‘íc.
3 4 3

lMhat;
atGnu
;Gnuvtþn¾n³¾ cUrkMNt;rUbmnþgayrbs;smasFatumYy EdlmansmasPaBPaKryCama:s
dUcteTA K = 24.75% . Mn = 34.77% . O = 40.51%
KImIviTUeRcInEtcg;dwgBIma:sBitR)akdrbs;FatuNamYyenAkñúgma:srbs;smasFatumYy.
edaysmasPaBPaKryCama:srbs;sarFatumYyGacRtUv)anKNnaedaygay dUecñHbBaðaenHk¾
eKGacedaHRsay)anEdr.
]TahrN_ 10³ KNnama:sCaKILÚRkamrbs;Tg;Edg EdlmanenAkñúg 3.71 x 10 kgén
TahrNTI_TI 10³ 3

CuFeS2 (Chalcopyrite)
cMelIy ma:sm:Ulrbs;Tg;EdgnigCuFeS KW 63.55 g nig 183.5 g erogKña dUcenHsmasPaB
2

PaKryCama:srbs;Tg;EdgKW³
63,55 g
%Cu = x100% = 34,63%
183,5 g
edIm,IKNnama:srbs;Tg;Edg EdlmanenAkñúg 3.71 x 10 Kg én CuFeS eyIgRtUvbþÚr
3
2

BIcMnYnPaKryeTACaRbPaK KWRtUvbþÚr 34.63% eTACa 34.63/100 rW 0.3463 eyIg)an³

ma:srbs;Tg;Edg EdlmanenAkñúg CuFeS = 0.3463 x 3.71 x 10 Kg =1.28 x 10 Kg
2
3 3

karKNnaenHGaceFVIeGaymanlkçN³gayRsYl edaybBa©ÚlC¿hanTaMgBIrxagelIdUcxageRkam
enH³ ma:srbs;Tg;Edg EdlmanenAkñúg CuFeS 2

63,55 gCu
= 3.71 x 103 kg CUFeS2 x = 1,28 x10 3 kgCu
183,5 gCuFeS 2
lMhat;
atGnu
;Gnuvtþn³_ cUrKNnama:sCaRkamrbs;GaluymIjÚm: EdlmanenAkñúgGaluymIn371 g .

3-11
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

KImIGnuvtþn_
“karpþitsµameméd”masedayeRbIs,iúcRtUmaRtm:as”
(Gold “Fingerprinting” by Mass Spectrometry)
Caerogral;qñaM mastémørab;siblanduløaénRtUv)aneKlYc. enAkñúgkrNIPaKeRcIn
masRtUv)aneKrMlay ehIydwktamk):al;eTAeRkARbeTs. tamviFIenH masenAEtrkSatMél
rbs;vadEdl enAeBlEdlva)at;bg;lkçN³GtþsBaØaNkmµk¾eday. eTaHbICay:aNak¾eday
bec©keTsmYyRtUv)anGPivDÆedayGñkviTüasaRsþenARbeTsGURsþalInwgCaPñak;garRsbeBj
c,ab;GackMnt;RbPBénPaKsMNakmaskñuúgeBlqab;²enH eTaHbICavaRtUv)aneKrMlaynigcak;Bum<
eLIgvijk¾edayRBmTaMgQaneTArkkarcab;ecarTaMgenaHeTotpg.
masCaelah³EdlmingayrgRbtikmµ manenAkñúgFmµCatikñugTMrg;mincgsMB½n§CamYy
FatudéT. müa:gvijeTot edaysarlkçN³manRbtikmµtictYcrbs;vaeFVIeGaymassmRsb
sMrab;eRbIR)as;CaeRKOgGlgáar. kñúgkMLúgeBlénkarEjkEr:masduMmasBIPaKl¥itrbs;mas
KWFatuepSg²mandUcCakat;jÚm: sMN etlüÚm nigs½gásIRtUv)anpSMenAkñúgduMmas. brimaNnig
RbePTrbs;PaBminsuT§b¤FatubnÞab;bnSMenAkñúgmasERbRbYleTAtamtMbn;EdlvaRtUv)anCIkmk.
edIm,IviPaKPaKsMNakrbs;masdMbUg GñkviTüasaRsþdutcMnuctUcmYyénPaKsMNak(Edl
manbnÞat;p©itnigCMerARbEhl0.01cm) rbs;masCamYynwgkaMrsIµLaEs‘ (Laser). masnig
FatubnÞab;bnSMrbs;va RtUv)anhYtnigpat;edaycrnþ]sµ½nGakugcUleTAkñúgs,iúcRtUEm:Rtm:as.
kareRbobeFobs,iúcm:asCamYynwgÉksarKMrUs,úicm:asénmasBItMbn;edImEdleKsÁal;nwgpþl;
GtþsBaØaNBIRbPBrbs;masdUcsñamRmamédEdlRtUv)aneKeRbIsMrab;kMNt;GtþsBaØaNbuKÁl
mñak;².

rUbTI4> a bnÞHmassMrab;
abeFV
;eFVIGtþtsBaØ
þsBaØaNkmµ / b mas
masrlayenA
rlayenA1065°cEdlGacRtU
EdlGacRtUv)ancak
ancak;
cak;
Bumy< aggayeTACaragepSg
:aggayeTACaragepSg²
aggayeTA CaragepSg²

3-12
 CMBUkTI3

bec©keTsenHRtUv)aneKeRbIeTAelIvtßúFM² dUcCadMuR)ak;nigduMmasrYmTaMgPaKl¥ittUc²éneRKOg
Glgáar. vaRtUv)aneKeRbIpgEdredIm,IrukrkkarEkøgbnøMvtßúsil,³ BIeRBaHs,iúcm:asénvtßúburaNeFVI
BImasxusBIs,úicm:asrbs;masTMenIb.

rUbTI5 s,iúcmasrbs
:asrbs;
as rbsmasmkBI
;masmkBIRbPBBIrepSgKñ
epSgKañ . brimaNénFatubnÞab;bbnSM
;bnSMCd nig Pb enAkñ
enAkñúg
PaKsMNakTaM
akTaMgenHxusKñay:yagxø
:agxøaMg.

6>karkMNt;rkrUbmnþgaytamBiesaFn_
(Experimental Determination of Empirical Formulas)

RbsinebIeyIgsÁal;smasPaBPaKryCama:srbs;FatunImYy² eyIgGackMNt;rUbmnþ-
gayrbs;smasFatumYytamry³karBiesaF. dMbUgkarviPaKKImIR)ab;eyIgBIma:sCaRkamrbs;

3-13
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

FatunImYy²EdlmanenAkñúgbrimaNpþl;eGayénsmasFatu. tamry³ma:sCaRkamrbs;Fatu
nImYy² eyIgGacrkeXIjcMnYnm:Ulrbs;vaEdlmanenAkñúgsmasFatu.
]TahrN_kñúgsmasFatueGtaNul. enAeBlEdleGtaNulRtUv)aneKdutkMedAdUcrUb
TI6xageRkam kabUnDIGuksIutnigTwkRtUv)anbeBa©j. edaysarEtkabUnnigGIuRdUEsnBuMman
vtþmanenAkñúgbMBg;]sµ½nmuneBldMeNIrkar eyIgGacsnñidæan)anfakabUnnigGIuRdUEsnmanvtþman
enAkñúgeGtaNul ehIyGuksIuEsnk¾GacmanvtþmanenAkñúgeGtaNulEdr ¬m:UelKulGuksIuEsn
RtUv)anbEnßmeTAkñúgdMeNIrkarcMehH b:uEnþk¾GacmanGuksIuEsnxøH)anmkBIPaKsMNakeGtaNul
Edr ¦.
ma:s]sµ½nkabUnicnigTwk EdlRtUvTTYl)anplitGacRtUv)ankMNt;edaykarvas;karekIn
eLIgénm:asénFatuRsUb]sµ½nkabUnicnigTwk. ]bmafaenAkñúgkarBiesaFmYycMehHéneGtaNul
cMnYn11.5g plit]sµ½nkabUnic 22.0g nigTwk13.5g. eyIgGacKNnama:skabUnnigGIuRdUEsn
EdlmanenAkñúgPaKsMNakeGtaNul11.5g dUcteTA ÷
ma:skabUn = 22.0 g x 1244,,0101gg = 6,00 g
ma:sGIuRdUEsn = 13.5 g x 181,008 g
,02 g
= 1,51g

O2 sl;

kMedA
2sMrUb H O sMrUb CO
2

rUb6 ]bkrN¾
bkrNsM¾srM ab;
abkM;kN
M t;trkrU
;rkrUbmnþgayrbs;
ayrbseGtaNu
;eGtaNul
dUcenH 11.5 g eGtaNulmankabUn 6.0g nigGIuRdUEsn 1.51g eyIg)anma:sEdlenA
sl;Cama:srbs;GuksIuEsn.
m:asGuksIuEsn = m:asPaKsMNak - ¬ma:skabUn + ma:sGIuRdUEsn¦
= 11.5 g – (6. 00g – 1.51g) = 4g
cMnYnm:Ulrbs;FatunImYy²EdlmanenAkñúg 11.5g eGtaNulKW ÷
cMnYnm:UlkabUn = 126,,0001 = 0,500mol

3-14
 CMBUkTI3

cMnYnm:UlGIuRdUEsn = 11,008
,51
= 1,50 mol

cMnYnm:UlGuksIuEsn = 164,,000 = 0,25 mol

dUecñHrUbmnþrbs;eGtaNulKW C H O . edaysarEtcMnYnGatUmRtUvEtCaelxKt;
0.50 1.5 0.25

eyIgEcksnÞsSn_TaMgGs;nwg 0.25 EdlCasnÞsSn_tUcCageK eyIgTTYl)anrUbmnþ C H O.

2 6

\LÚvenHeyIgGacyl;nUvBaküfa {rUbmnþgay} EdlCarUbmnþBwgEp¥keTAelIkarsegát

nigkarvas;Evg. rUbmnþgayrbs;eGtaNulKWRtUv)ankMNt;tamry³karviPaKsmasFatukñúgn½y
Fatubgárbs;vaKWmincaM)ac;dwgBIkarcgsm<½n§rvagGatUmeT.
6>1 karkMNt;rUbmnþm:UelKul (Determination of Molecular Formulas)

rUbmnþEdl)anmkBIkarKNnasmasPaBPaKryCama:sCanic©kalCarUbmnþgay
BIeRBaHsnÞsSn_enAkñúgrUbmnþRtUv)aneKkMnt;yktMéltUcbMput. edIm,IKNnarUbmnþmUe: lKulBit
R)akdeyIgRtUvEtsÁal;ma:sm:UlRbhak;RbEhlrbs;smasFatuenAkñúgrUbmnþgayrbs;va. eyIg
GaceRbIma:sm:UledIm,IkMNt;rUbmnþm:UelKulrbs;va.
]TahrN_
TahrN_ PaKsMNakénsmasFatuGasUtnigGuksIuEsnmanGasUt 1.52g nig
GuksIuEsn 3.47g. ma:sm:UelKulrbs;smasFatuenHKWenAcenøaHBI 90g nig 95g. cUrkMNt;
rUbmnþm:UelKulnigma:sm:Ulrbs;smasFatuenH.
cMelIy dMbUgeyIgRtUvkMNt;rUbmnþgayénsmasFatuenHdUc]TahrN_xagelIsin. tag
n nig n CacMnYnm:Ulrbs;GasUtnigGuksIuEsneyIg)an ÷
N O

1,52
nN = = 0,108 mol
14,01
3,47
nO = = 0,217 mol
16,00

dUcenHrUbmnþrbs;smasFatuKW N O eyIgEcksnÞsSn_edaysnÞsSn_EdltUc
0.108 0.217.

CageKKW 0.108. bnÞab;BIsMrYlrYc eyIgTTYl)anrUbmnþ NO CarUbmnþgay. rUbmnþmUe: lKul

2

GacnwgdUcrUbmnþgay b¤GacCaBhuKuNrbs;vaxusKña dUcCaGacKuNnwgBIr bI bYn b¤eRcIndgCag

énrUbmnþgay.
ma:sm:Ulrbs;rUbmnþgayKW NO = 14.01+2(16.00) = 46.02 g
2

bnÞab;mk eyIgkMNt;cMnYn (NO ) EdlmanenAkñúgrUbmnþmUe: lKul. cMnYnenHRtUv)anrk

2

eXIjedaykareFVIpleFob.

3-15
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI
molar mass 95 g
= = 2,1 ≈ 2
empirical molar mass 46,02 g
dUcenHma:sm:Ulrbs;rUbmnþmUe: lKulKWmanBIrdgénrUbmnþgay KWkñúgm:UelKulnImYy² én
smasFatuman NO cMnYnBIr ehIyrUbmnþmUe: lKulrbs;vaKW(NO ) b¤ N O . ma:sm:Ulrbs;
2 2 2 2 4

smasFatuKW 2(46.02) b¤ 92.04 g EdlCacMnYnenAcenøaHBI 90 g nig 95 g.

7>RbtikmµKImInigsmIkarKImI (Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations)
bnÞab;BI)ansikSaBIma:sGatUmnigm:asm:UelKulmk eyIgnwgBinitüfaetImanGVIekIteLIg
cMeBaHGatUmnigm:UelKulenAkñúg RbtikmµKImI EdlCadMeNIrEdlsarFatumYyb¤eRcInRtUv)anpøas;
bþÚreTACasarFatufµImYyb¤eRcIn. edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaenH KImIviTU)anbegáItsmIkarKImI tag[
RbtikmµKImI. smIkarKImI eRbInimitþsBaØaKImIedIm,IbgðajGVIEdlekItmankñúgeBlmanRbti
kmµKImI. enAkñúgEpñkenHeyIgnwgeronsresrnigføwgsmIkarKImI.
7>1 karsresrsmIkarKImI (Writing Chemical Equations)
cUrBinitüemIlmanGVIekIteLIgenAeBlEdlGIuRdUEsneqHkñúgxül; ¬manGuksIuEsnenAkñúg
enaH¦ edIm,IbegáIt)anCaTwk. RbtikmµenHtagedaysmIkarKImIdUcxageRkam ÷
H2 + O2 → H 2O (1)

sBaØa {+} mann½yfa {manRbtikmµCamYy} ehIysBaØa{RBYj} mann½yfa {TTYl)an} an}

dUecñHsmIkarenHGacGanfa{{mU:elKulGIuRdUEsnm
snmanRbtikmµCamYym:mU:elKulGuksIuEsnedI
snedIm,ITTYl
)anTwk}. RbtikmµmandMeNIrkardUcTissBaØaRBYj. Rbtikmµ ¬1¦ xagelIenHCaRbtikmµmin
eBjeljeT edaysarenAGgÁTImYymanGatUmGuksIuEsnBIr ehIyenAGgÁTIBIrmanEtmYy. tam
c,ab;rkSama:sGatUmTaMgLayEdlsßitenAsgxagsBaØaRBYjRtUvEtesµIKña dUcenHeyIgRtUvføwg
smIkarxagelIenH edaydak;emKuN 2 enABIxagmuxm:UelKulGuIRdUEsnnigm::UelKulTwk.

GIuRdUEsnBIrmU:lelKul + GuksIEsnmYymU:lelKul → TwkBIrmU:lelKul

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
rUb7 viFIbIya:agsM
:gsMrab;
abtagRbti
;tagRbtikmµcMehHGIuRdUEsn

3-16
 CMBUkTI3

smIkarlMnwgKImIenHbgðajfa { BIrm:UelKulGIuRdUEsnmanRbtikmµCamYymYym:UelKul
GuksIuEsnedIm,IbegáIt)anCaBIrm:UelKulTwk¬rUbTI7¦}. edaysarpleFobéncMnYnm:UelKulesµI
eTAnwgpleFobcMnYnm:UlsmIkarenHk¾GacGan)anfa {m:UelKulGIuRdUEsnBIrm:UlmanRbtikmµCa
mYym:UelKulGuksIuEsnmYym:UlbegáItTwkBIrm:Ul”. eyIgk¾dwgpgEdrnUvma:skñúgmYym:UlénFatu
nImYy²rbs;sarFatuTaMgenaH. dUcenHeyIgGacbkRsaysmIkarenH)anfa{4.04g énGIuRdUEsn
manRbtikmµCamYy 32.00g énGuksIuEsnedIm,Ipþl; 36.04g énTwk}. viFIGansmIkarTaMgbIenH
RtUv)ansegçbenAkñúgtarag 2.1.
tarag 2.1 karbkRsaysmIkarKImI
2 H2 + O2 2 H2O
BIrm:UelKul + mYym:UelKul BIrm:UelKul
BIrm:Ul + mYym:Ul BIrm:Ul
2(2.02 g) = 4.04 g + 32.00 g 2(18.02 g) = 36. 04 g

36.04 g GgÁFatuRbtikr 36.04 g plitpl

eyIgehAm:UelKulGIuRdUEsnnigm:UelKulGuksIuEsnenAkñúgsmIkar¬1¦fa Rbtikr EdlCa

Fatucab;epþImenAkñúgsmIkarKImI ehIyTwkKWCa plitpl EdlCasarFatukekIteLIgCalT§pl
énsmIkarKImI. dUecñHsmIkarKImIKWRKan;EtCaviFId¾xøIrbs;KImIviTUedIm,Ierobrab;BIRbtikmµ. enAkñúg
RbtikmµKImI RbtikrRtUv)ansresrenAGgÁxageqVg¬GgÁTImYy¦ ehIyplitplenAxagsþaMsBaØa
RBYj ¬GgÁTIBIr¦.
Rbtikr → plitpl
edIm,Ipþl;nUvBt’manEfmeTot KImIviTUeRcInEtbBa¢ak;BIsPaBrUbrbs;Rbtikrnigplitpl
edayGkSr (g). (l). nig (s) edIm,IkMNt;faCa]sµ½n GgÁFaturav nigGgÁFaturwgtamerog.
]TahrN_
TahrN_
2CO( g ) + O2 ( g ) → 2CO2 ( g )

2 HgO( s ) → 2 Hg (l ) + O2 ( g )

edIm,ItageGayGVIEdlekIteLIgenAeBleKrMlayGMbilsUdüÚmkørYeTAkñúgTwkeyIgsresr ÷
H 2O

NaCl ( s ) NaCl (aq )

3-17
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

(aq) bBa¢ak;faCamCÄdæanTwk. karsresrm:UelKulTwkenAelIsBaØaRBYjKWCanimitþsBaØa

éndMeNIrkarlkçN³rUbénkarrMlaysarFatueTAkñúgTwk eBlxøHRtUveKlubvaecaledIm,I[manPaB
samBaØ.
kardwgBIsPaBrUbénRbtikrnigplitplmansar³sMxan;Nas;enAkñúgTIBiesaF.
]TahrN_³ enAeBlEdlb:UtasüÚmRbUmY (KBr) nigR)ak;nIRtat (AgNO ) manRbtikmµ 3

CamYyKñaenAkñúgmCÄdæanTwkenaH eKnwgsegáteXIjGgÁFaturwgR)ak;RbUmYekItmaneLIg. Rbtikmµ

enHtagedaysmIkar ÷
KBr (aq ) + AgNO3 (aq ) → KNO3 (aq ) + AgBr ( s )

RbsinebIsPaBrUbénRbtikrnigplitplminRtUv)anpþl;[ enaHeyIgRbEhlBüayam
layGgÁFaturwg KBr [manRbtikmµCamYyGgÁFaturwg AgNO . GgÁFaturwgTaMgBIrenHGacman
3

Rbtikmµya:gyWtCamYyKñab¤KµanRbtikmµ. tamry³mIRkUTsSn_ eyIgGacyl;)anfaedIm,IbegáIt

)anplitplR)ak;RbUmY GIuyu:g Ag nigGIuyu:g Br Gacb:HKña. b:uEnþGIuy:ugTaMgBIrenHGacenACab;
+ -

KaMgenAkñúgsmasPaBFaturwgehIymanclPaBtictYc.
7>2 karføwgsmIkarKImI (Balancing Chemical Equations)
]bmafaeyIgcg;sresrsmIkaredIm,Ierobrab;BIRbtikmµKImI EdleyIgeTIb)andMeNIrkar
kñúgTIBiesaF etIeyIgRtUveFVIya:gdUcemþc? edayeyIgsÁal;GtþsBaØaNrbs;RbtikreyIgGac
sresrrUbmnþKImIrbs;va. GtþsBaØaNrbs;plitplGacnwgmankarlM)akkñúgkarkMNt;. sMrab;
RbtikmµKImIgay² eyIgGacRbmaNplitpl)an. b:uEnþsMrab;RbtikmµsaMjaMuCagEdlTak;Tg
eTAnwgplitplbIb¤eRcInKImIviTURtUveFVIEtsEfmeTotedIm,IkMnt;vtþmanénsmasFatuyfaRbePT.
enAeBlEdleyIg)ansÁal;RbtikrnigplitplTaMgGs; nig)anRBmTaMgsresrrUbmnþ
RtwmRtUvsMrab;varYcehIy eyIgRtUverobvaeTAtamlMdab;FmµtaKWRbtikrenAxageqVgsBaØaRBYj
ehIyplitplenAxagsþaMsBaØaRBYj. smIkarEdlsresrmkdl;cMnucenHeRcInEtminRtUv)an
føwgKWcMnYnGatUmrbs;FatunImYy²enAGgÁTImYyBuMesµIeTAnwgcMnYnGatUmenAGgÁTIBIr. CaTUeTAeyIg
GacføwgsmIkarKImItamCMhanxageRkamenH ÷
-kMNt;GtþsBaØaNRbtikrnigplitpl nigsresrrUbmnþrbs;va[)anRtwmRtUvenAxag
eqVgsBaØaRBYjnigxagsþaMsBaØaRBYj.

3-18
 CMBUkTI3

-cab;epþImføwgsmIkaredaysakl,gemKuNepSg² edIm,IeFVI[cMnYnGatUménFatunImYy²
esµIKñaTaMgsgxagénsmIkar. eyIgGacbþÚremKuN EteyIgminGacbþÚrsnÞsSn_rbs;va)aneT.
karbþÚrsnÞsSn_GacbþÚrGtþsBaØaNrbs;sarFatu. ]TahrN_ 2NO mann½yfa {BIrm:UelKul
2

GasUtDIGuksIut} b:uEnþRbsinebIeyIgbegáInsnÞsSn_rbs;vaBIrdg eyIgnwgTTYl)an N O EdlCa

2 4

rUbmnþrbs;DIGasUtetRtaGuksIut EdlxusKñaRsLHBIsmasFatuedIm.
-dMbUgeyIgRtUvemIlFatuEdlmanEtmþgenAGgÁnImYy²énsmIkar nigmancMnYnGatUmesµI
KñaenAGgÁsgxagénsmIkar¬rUbmnþEdlmanFatuTaMgenHRtUvEtmanemKuNdUcKña¦. dUcenHenA
Rtg;cMnucenH eyIgmincaM)ac;tMrUvemKuNrbs;vaeT. bnÞab;mk eyIgemIlFatuEdlmanEtmþgenA
GgÁnImYy²énsmIkar EtcMnYnGatUmrbs;vaminesµIKña. rYcføwgFatuTaMgenH. TIbBa©b; eyIgRtUvføwg
FatuEdlmanenAkñúgrUbmnþBIrrWeRcInénGgÁmçagdUcKñarbs;smIkar.
-RtYtBinitüsmIkarføwgrYc edIm,I[c,as;facMnYnGatUmsrubénRbePTnImYyGatUmkñúgGgÁ
TaMgsgxagmancMnYnesµIKña.
]TahrN_
TahrN_ enAkñúgbnÞb;BiesaFbrimaNtictYcén]sµ½nGuksIuEsnTTYl)anmkBIkardut
kMedAb:UtasüÚmkøra:t(KClO ). plitplEdlTTYl)anKW]sµ½nGuksIuEsn(O ) nigb:UtasüÚmkørY
3 2

(KCl). eyIg)ansmIkar ÷

KClO3 → KCl + O ¬edIm,I[manPaBgayRsYleyIglubsPaBrUbrbs;

2

Rbtikrnigplitpl¦. FatuTaMgbI (K. Cl nigO) KWmanmþgenAGgÁnImYy² énsmIkar b:uEnþmanEt

GatUmKnigCleTEdlmancMnYnGatUmesµIKñaenAGgÁTaMgBIr. dUcenH KClO nigKCl RtUvEtman
3

emKuNesµIKña. bnÞab;mkeyIgRtUveFVI[cMnYnGatUmGuksIuEsnenAGgÁTaMgsgxagesµIKña. eday

sarenAGgÁTImYymanbIGatUmGuksIuEsnehIyGgÁTIBIrmanBIrGatUmGuksIuEsn eyIgGacføwgGatUm
GuksIuEsnedaydak;emKuN2enABIxagmux KClO ehIyemKuN3 enABIxagmux O .
3 2

2 KClO3 → KCl + 3O2

cugbBa©b; eyIgføwgGatUm KnigCl edaydak;emKuN 2 enABIxagmux KCl:

2 KClO3 → 2 KCl + 3O2

enAeBlRtYtBinitücugeRkay eyIgGacKUstaragdUcxageRkamsMrab;Rbtikr nigplit

pl EdlcMnYnenAkñúgvg;RkckbBa¢ak;BIcMnYnGatUmrbs;FatunImYy².

3-19
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

Rbtikr plitpl
K (2) K (2)
Cl (2) Cl (2)
O (6) O (6)
cMNaM ÷ smIkarenHk¾Gacføwgedaydak;emKuN EdlKuNnwg 2 sMrab; KClO KuNnwg 2 sMrab;
3

KCl nigKuNnwg 3 sMrab; O dUcCa ÷ 2

4 KClO3 → 4 KCl + 6O2

EteTaHbICadUcenHk¾eday vaCakarRbesIrEdleyIgdak;emKuNEdltUcniggayCageK.
\LÚvenHcUrBinitüemIlsmIkartagRbtikmµcMehHrvageGtannigGuksIuEsn Edlpþl;[Ca
]sµ½nkabUnicnigTwk. smIkarEdlBuMTan;manlMnwgKW ÷
C2 H 6 + O2 → CO2 + H 2O

eyIgeXIjehIyfa cMnYnGatUmTaMgGs; C . H nigO minesµIKñaeT enAGgÁTaMgsgxagén

smIkar. CagenHeTAeTot GatUmC nig H manEtmþgenAGgÁTaMgsgxagénsmIkar. enAGgÁxag
sþaMGatUmGuksIuEsnmanBIrdgKWenAkñúgsmasFatuCO nigH O. edIm,IføwgGatUmkabUneyIgdak;
2 2

emKuN2 enABIxagmux CO eyIg)an ÷ 2

C2 H 6 + O2 → 2CO2 + H 2O

edIm,IføwgGatUmGIuRdUEsn eyIgdak;emKuN3 enABIxagmuxm:UelKul H O 2

C2 H 6 + O2 → 2CO2 + 3H 2 O

enAkñúgdMNak;kalenH GatUmkabUnnigGIuRdUEsnRtUv)anføwgEtGatUmGuksIuEsnminTan;
RtUv)anføwgBIeRBaHenAGgÁxageqVgmanGatUmGuksIuEsnEt 2 ehIyenAGgÁxagsþaMmanGatUm
GuksIuEsnrhUtdl;eTA7. PaBminesµIKñaénGatUmGuksIuEsnenHGaceFVI[esµIedaydak;emKuN 72
enABIxagmuxm:UelKulGuksIuEsnenAGgÁxageqVgeyIg)an³
7
C2 H 6 + O2 → 2CO2 + 3 H 2O
2
dUcenHsmIkarbs;eyIgmanlMnwg³

Rbtikr plitpl
C (2) C (2)
H (6) H (6)
O (7) O (7)

3-20
 CMBUkTI3

EteTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday CaFmµtaeyIgEtgEtsresremKuNCaelxKt; dUcenHeyIg

GacKuNGgÁTaMgBIrénsmIkarxagelInwg 2 edIm,IbþÚr 72 eTACa 7 eyIg)an ÷
2C 2 H 6 + 7O 2 → 4CO2 + 6H 2O

eyIg)antaragcugeRkay
Rbtikr plitpl
C (4) C (4)
H (12) H (12)
O (14) O (14)
emKuNEdleKeRbIkñúgkarføwgenHKWCaelxEdltUcbMput.
]TahrN_
TahrNTI_T12³
I12³ enAeBlelah³GaluymIjÚm: RtUv)aneKdak;eGayRtUvxül; RsTab;
12
karBarrbs;GaluymIjÚm: GuksIut(Al O ) kekItenAelIépÞrbs;va. RsTab;enHkarBarRbtikmµ
2 3

rvagGaluymIj:ÚmnigGuksIuEsn ehIyvaCaehtuplEdlkMbu:gRsaebominGacxUc. ¬enAkñúgkrNI

énEdk eRcH b¤ EdkIIIGuksIutEdlkekIteLIgmanRbehagEdlminGackarBarelah³EdkenA
xageRkam dUcecñH kareRcHsIuenAEtbnþ¦. cUrsresrsmIkarmanlMnwgsMrab;kMNén Al O .2 3

cMelIy³ smIkarminTan;RtUv)anføwg³
Al + O2 → Al 2 O3

eyIgeXIjfaTaMg Al nig O manEtmþgenAmçag²rbs;smIkar b:uEnþcMnYnminesµIKña. edIm,I

eFVI[GatUm Al esIµKña eyIgdak;elx 2 enAmux Al.
2 Al + O2 → Al 2 O3

manBIrGatUm O enAxageqVg nigbIGatUm O enAxagsþaMrbs;smIkar. PaBminesµIKñaenH

RtUv)aneKbM)at;edaykarsresrelx 3 / 2 enABImux O enAkñúgsmIkar.
2

2 Al + 3 / 2O2 → Al 2 O3

dUckrNIrbs;eGtan eyIgKuNsmIkarTaMgRsugnwg 2 edIm,IbþÚr 3 / 2 eTACa 3

4 Al + 3O2 → 2 Al 2 O3

dUcenHsmIkarbs;eyIgmanlMnwg
Rbtikr plitpl
Al (4) Al (4)
O (6) O (6)

3-21
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

lMhat;atGnu
;Gnuvtþn³_ cUrføwgsmIkarénRbtikmµrvagEdk (III) GuksIut ¬Fe O ¦nigkabUnm:UNU
2 3

GuksIiut¬CO¦[plCaEdknig]sµ½nkabUnic.
8>brimaNRbtikrnigplitpl (Amounts of Reactants and Products)
sMnYrCamUldæanmYyEdl)anecaTeLIgenAkñúgTIBiesaFKImIenaHKW {etIplitplb:unµan
kekIteLIgBIbrimaNRbtikr :? b¤kñúgkrNIxøHeyIgGacsYrpÞúymkvijfa {etIeyIgRtUveRbIRbtikr
b:unµanedIm,ITTYl)anplitplCak;lak; :? edIm,IbkRsayRbtikmµCaCabrimaNeyIgRtUveRbIcMeNH
dwgrbs;eyIgsþIBIma:sm:UlnigbBaØtþim:Ul. sÞsüÚWsüÚemRTI KWCakarsikSaBIbrimaNRbtikr nigplit
plenAkñúgsmIkarKImI.
eTaHbICaÉktapþl;[sMrab;RbtikrrWplitplCam:Ul Rkam lIt ¬sMrab;]sµ½n¦ rWxñatxøH
epSgeTotk¾eday k¾eyIgeRbImUl: edIm,IKNnabrimaNplitplEdlkekItenAkñúgRbtikmµ. viFI
enHeKehAfa viFImU:l Edlmann½yfaemKuNsÞWsüÚÚemRTIenAkñúgsmIkarKImIGacehA)anfaCacMnYn
m:Ulrbs;sarFatunImYy². ]TahrN_ RbtikmµcMehHrvagkabUnm:UNUGuksIutCamYyxül;begáIt)an
CakabUnDIGuksIut.
2CO ( g ) + O2 ( g ) → 2CO2 ( g )

sMrab;karKNnasÞWsüÚÚemRTIeyIgGacGansmIkarenHfa {]sµ½nkabUnm:UNUGuksIutcMnYnBIr
m:UlmanRbtikmµCamYy]sµ½nGuksIuEsnmYym:Ul edIm,IbegáIt)anCa]sµ½nkabUnDIGuksIutcMnYnBIr
m:Ul }.
viFImU:lrYmmanCMhandUcteTAenH ÷
1-sresrrUbmnþ[)anRtwmRtUvsMrab;RbtikrnigplitplTaMgGs;nigføwgsmIkar.

2-bþÚrbrimaNsarFatuEdlsÁal;¬CaFmµtaRbtikr¦eTACacMnYnm:Ul.

3-eRbIemKuNenAkñúgsmIkarmanlMnwgedIm,IKNnacMnYnm:Ulrbs;sarFatuEdlrk

b¤sarFatuEdlminsÁal;enAkñúglMhat; ¬CaFmµtaCaplitpl¦.
4-eRbIcMnYnm:UlEdlrkeXIjnigma:sm:Ul rYcbþÚrbrimaNEdlminsÁal;eTACaxñatEdleK

sYrrk ¬CaTUeTACaRkam¦.
5-cUrRtYtBinitüfacMelIyrbs;Gñksmehtuplb¤eT.

C¿hanTImYyEtgEtekIteLIgmuneKenAkñúgkarKNnatamcMnYnm:Ul¬sÞWsüÚÚemRTI¦. eyIg
RtUvEtsÁal;GtþsBaØaNrbs;Rbtikrnigplitpl ehIyTMnak;TMngrbs;vaRtUvEteKarBeTAtam

3-22
 CMBUkTI3

c,ab;rkSama:s ¬enHmann½yfa eyIgRtUvEtmansmIkarmanlMnwg¦. C¿hanTIBIrKWCaCMhanEdl

eyIgRtUvbþÚrm:asCaRkamb¤xñatepSgénsarFatueTACacMnYnm:Ul. karbþÚreTACacMnYnm:UlenHGac[
eyIgviPaKnUvRbtikmµBitR)akdkñúgcMnYnm:UlEtb:ueNÑaH.
edIm,IsMercCMhanTI 3 eyIgRtUvkarsmIkarmanlMnwgpþl;edayCMhanTI1. cMnucEdl
sMxan;enATIenHKWemKuNenAkñúgsmIkarmanlMnwgR)ab;eyIgBIsmamaRtEdlcMnYnm:UlénsarFatu
mYymanRbtikmµCamYy b¤begáItCacMnYnm:Ulrbs;sarFatumYyeTot. C¿hanTI4 KWmanlkçN³
Rbhak;RbEhlnwgC¿hanTI 2 EtvaxusKñaEtRtg;C¿hanenH eyIgRtUvedaHRsayrknUvbrimaNrbs;
smasFatuEdleKsYrrk. C¿hanTI5eRcInEtRtUvmin)aneKsUvKitKUr b:uEnþvamansar³sMxan;Nas;
eRBaHKImIviTüaKWCaviTüasa®sþBiesaFn_ dUcenHcMelIyrbs;GñkRtUvEtmann½yeTAtamlkçN³Edl
manBit²enAelIsklelak. RbsinebIeyIgdak;lMhat;BuM)anRtwmRtUv b¤k¾mankMhuskMuBüÚT½reyIg
nwgeXIjc,as;enAeBlcMelIyrbs;eyIgERbeTACamanbrimaNeRcIneBk b¤tUceBkeFobeTAnwg
brimaNEdleyIgcab;epþIm.
enAkñúgkarKNnatamcMnYnm:UleyIgeRbInimitþsBaØa ↔ Edlmann½yfa {smmUl
sÞWsüÚemRTI b¤smmUleTAnwg}. enAkñúgsmIkarmanlMnwgsMrab;kMNkabUnDIGuksIut eyIgeXIjfa
kabUnm:UNUGuksIutBIrm:UlmanRbtikmµCamYyGuksIuEsnmYym:Ul dUcenHeyIgGacniyay)anfaBIr
m:UlkabUnm:UNUGuksIutsmmUleTAnwgmYym:UlGuksIuEsn.
2 mol CO ↔ 1mol O2
]TahrN_xageRkamenHbgðajBIkareRbIC¿hanTaMg5kñúgkaredaHRsaylMhat;edayeRbI
cMnYnm:Ul ÷
]TahrN_
TahrN_ 13³13³ elah³Gal;kaLaMg Li manRbtikmµCamYyTwk edIm,IbegáIt)anCa]sµ½nGIuRdUEsn
nig)asGal;kalI. xageRkamenHCaRbtikmµrvaglIcUmnigTwk.
2 Li ( s ) + 2H 2O → 2 LiOH (aq ) + H 2 (g)

k-etIGIuRdUEsnb:unµanm:UlEdlnigkekIteLIgBIRbtikmµsBVrbs; Li 6.23 mol CamYyTwk?

x-GIuRdUEsnb:unµanRkamEdlkekItedayRbtikmµsBVrvag Li 80.57g CamYyTwk?
cMelIy ¬k¦
CMhanTI1 smIkarmanlMnwgRtUv)aneKpþl;[enAkñúglMhat;.
CMhanTI2 eyIgmincaM)ac;rkcMnYnm:UleT eRBaHbrimaNRbtikrRtUv)anpþl;[Ca
cMnYnm:Ul.

3-23
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

CMhanTI3 edaylIcUm 2m:UlbegáIt)anCa 1m:UlGIuRdUEsn b¤

2 mol Li ↔ 1mol H2
dUcenH 6.23 mol ↔ x mol H 2

eyIgGacKNnacMnYnm:UlGIuRdUEsndUcteTA ÷
cMnYnm:UlGIuRdUEsnEdlTTYl)an = 6,23mol Li x 12mol H
mol Li
= 3,12mol H
2
2

C¿hanTI4 CMhanenHeyIgmincaM)ac;eT.
CMhanTI5 eyIgcab;epþImCamYy 6.23 mol Li begáIt)an 3.12 mol H . eday 2

2m:Ulrbs;lIcUmbegáIt)an1m:UlGIuRdUEsn dUcenHcMnYnm:Ulrbs;GIuRdUEsn

TTYl)ancMnYn 3.12 mol CacMelIyEdlsmehtupl.

cMelIy ¬x¦
CMhanTI1 smIkarKWdUcnwglMhat;cMnuc ¬k¦
CMhanTI2 cMnYnm:Ulrbs;lIcUmEdleK[KW ÷
cMnYnm:UllIcUm = 80,57 g Li x 61,941
mol Li
g Li
= 11,61mol

CMhanTI3 edaysar2m:UllIcUmplit)an1m:UlGIuRdUEsn eyIgGacKNnacMnYnm:Ul

GIuRdUEsndUcteTA ÷ 2 mol Li ↔ 1 mol H 2

dUcenH 11.6 mol Li ↔ x mol H 2

cMnYnm:UlGIuRdUEsnRtUv)anplit = 11,61mol Li x 12mol H

mol Li
= 5,805mol H
2
2

CMhanTI4 tamry³ma:sm:UlGIuRdUEsn (2.016g) eyIgGacKNnama:sGIuRdUEsn

EdlTTYl)andUcteTA ÷ m = n × M
ma:sGIuRdUEsnEdlTTYl)an =5.805mol H x 2.016 g H = 11. 70 g H
2 2 2

CMhanTI5 edayma:sm:Ulrbs;GIuRdUEsntUcCagma:sm:Ulrbs;lIcUm ehIyeyIg

RtUvkarlIcUmBIrm:UledIm,IplitmYym:UlGIuRdUEsn eyIgrMBwgfama:srbs;
GIuRdUEsntUcCag 80.57 g.
bnÞab;BIeFVIkarGnuvtþedaHRsaylMhat;mk eyIgeXIjfaeyIgGacbBa©ÚlCMhanTI2 TI3
nigTI4eTACasmIkarEtmYy dUcEdl]TahrN_xageRkambgðaj.

3-24
 CMBUkTI3

]TahrN_
TahrN_ 14 mðÚbGaharEdleyIgbriePaKRtUv)anbMEbkenAkñúgxøÜneyIg edIm,Ipþl;famBl
sMrab;karlUtlas;énnigmuxgarenAkñúgxøÜneyIg.
smIkarTUeTAsrubsMrab;dMeNIrd¾sauMjúaMenHtageGaykarbMEbkKøúykUseTACa]sµ½nkabUnicnigTwk.
C 6 H 12 O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6 H 2 O

RbsinebImnusSmñak;briePaKKøúykUscMnYn856g kñúgry³eBlmYyBitR)akdenaH etI]sµ½n

kabUnicb:unµanRkamRtUv)anplit?
cMelIy
C¿hanTI1 smIkarlMnwgRtUv)aneKR)ab;
C¿hanTI2 TI3 nigTI4 tamsmIkarlMnwg eyIgeXIjfaebIeKeRbIKøúykUs1m:Ul
eKTTYl)an]sµ½nkabUniccMnYn6m:Ul. ma:sm:Ulrbs;KøúykUsnig]sµ½n
kabUnicKW 180.2 g nig 44.01 g tamerogKña.
180.2g C6H12O6 ↔ 44.01 x 6 g CO2
856g C6H12O6 ↔ x g CO2
ma:s]sµ½nkabUnicEdlTTYl)anKw =
856 gC6 H 12 O6 x 44,01x6 gCO2
180,2 gC6 H 12 O6

= 1.25 x 103 g CO2

C¿hanTI5 edaymYym:UlKøúykUs eKTTYl)an 6 m:Ul]sµ½nkabUnic ehIyma:sm:Ulrbs;
KøúykUsFMCagma:sm:Ulrbs;]sµ½nkabUnic4dg dUcenHcMelIyenHKWsm
ehtupl.
9>FatubnÞal;kMNt; (Limiting Reagents)

enAeBlEdlKImIviTUGnuvtþRbtikmµKImI CaFmµtaRbtikrKWBuMmanvtþmantambrimaNsÞWsüÚ
emRTI BitR)akdenAkñúgsmamaRtEdl)anbBa¢ak;edaysmIkarlMnwg. ehtudUcenHehIy)anCa
RbtikrxøHRtUv)aneRbIGs; enAeBlEdlFatudéTeTotenAsl;rhUtdl;cugbBa©b;énRbtikmµ.
RbtikrEdleRbIGs;munenAkññúgsmIkarehAfaFatubnÞ
bnal;
bn Þal
alkM;kN
M t;t; edaybrimaNGtibrmaénplit
plkekIteLIgGaRs½yeTAelIbrimaNRbtikredIm. enAeBlEdlRbtikrenaHRtUv)aneRbIGs;KW
KµanplitplbEnßmeTotRtUv)anbegáIteLIgeT. brimaNFatubnÞ bnal;
bn Þal
alelI
;elIs (Excess reagents)
KWCabrimaNRbtikrmaneRcInCagbrimaNRtUvkarcaM)ac;EdlmanRbtikmµCamYyénFatubnÞal;
kMNt;brimaNénFatubnÞal;kMNt;GgÁFatuRbtikr.

3-25
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

bBaØatiénFatubnÞal;kMNt; KWminxusGVIBITMnak;TMngrvagbursnig®sþIenAkñúgkøibRbkYtraM
enaHeT. RbsinebImanburs14nak; ehIymanEt®sþIEt 9nak; dUcenHmanEt9KUburs¼®sþIeT
EdlGaceLIgRbkYt)an ehIyburscMnYn5nak;eTotnwgsl;edayKµanKU. dUecñHcMnYn®sþICaGñk
kMNt;cMnYnbursEdlRtUveLIgRbkYtraM ehIycMnYnbursRtUvenAsl;ehAfacMnYnelIs.
GicsaPøúyGrYs<an;F½r(SF )CasmasFatuEdlKµanBN’ Kµankøin nigsßitesßrbMput. vaRtUv
6

)anbegáIteLIgedaykarduts<an;F½renAkñúgbriyakasmanPøúyGr.
S ( l ) + 3F2 ( g ) → SF6 ( g )
smIkarenHR)ab;eyIg[dwgfa mYym:Uls<an;F½r(S)manRbtikmµCamYy 3m:UlPøúyGr (F ) 2

edIm,IbegáIt)anCaGicsaPúøyGrUs<an;F½rmYym:Ul. ]bmafaeK[s<an;F½r4m:UlmanRbtikmµCamYy
20m:UlPøúyGr. eday 1 mol S ↔ 3 mol F cMnYnm:UlPøúyGrEdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;edIm,Iman
2

RbtikmµCamYys<an;F½r4m:UlKW ÷
3 mol F2
4 mol S x = 12 mol F2
1 mol S
b:uEnþcMnYnm:Ulrbs;PøúyGrmanrhUteTAdl;20m:UlKWelIsBItMrUvkarRbtikmµCamYys<an;F½r.
dUcenHs<an;F½rRtUvEtCaFatubnÞal;kMNt; ehIyPøúyGrCaFatubnÞal;elIs. brimaNGicsaPøúy-
GrYs<an;F½rEdlekIteLIgKWGaRs½yeTAelIbrmaNs<an;F½redIm. müa:geToteyIgGackMNt;
FatubnÞal;kMNt;edayKNnacMnnYm:Uls<an;F½rEdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;edIm,I manRbtikmµCamYy 20m:Ul
PøúyGr. eyIgGacsresr 20 mol F x 31mol 2
mol S
F
= 6,7mol S
2

edaysarmans<an;FrEt4m:Ul eyIgGacTajsnñidæandUcKñafa s<an;F½rCaFatubnÞal;kMNt;

ehIyPøúyGrCaFatubnÞal;elIs.
]TahrN_
TahrN15 _ 15 G‘uyerRtUv)aneKpliteLIgedayRbtikmµrvagGam:Uja:k;nig]sµ½nkabUnictam
smIkar 2 NH ( g ) + CO ( g ) → ( NH ) CO(aq ) + H O(l )
3 2 2 2 2

enAkñúgRbtikmµmYyeK[Gam:Ujak; 637.2g manRbtikmµCamYy]sµ½nkabUnic 1142g .

k-etIRbtikrNaénRbtikrTaMgBIrCaFatubnÞal;kMNt;?
x-cUrKNnama:sénG‘uyerEdlkekIteLIg.
K-cUrKNnabrimaNFatubnÞal;elIsCaRkamEdlenAsl;enAeBlbBa©b;Rbtikmµ.

3-26
 CMBUkTI3

cMelIy k-edayeyIgminGacdwgedaykaremIlnUvFatuNaCaénRbtikrTaMgBIrCaFatubnÞal;kMNt;
eyIgRtUvEtpøas;m:asrbs;vaeTACacMnYnm:Ul. ma:sm:Ulrbs;Gam:Uj:ak; nig]sµ½nkabUnicKW 17.03g
nig44.01 g tamerog.
cMnYnm:UlGam:Uj:ak;= 17
637,2
,03
= 37,42 mol

cMnYnm:Ul]sµ½nkabUnic= 441142
,01
= 25,95 mol

BIsmIkarmanlMnwgeyIgeXIjfa 2m:UlGam:Uj:ak;manRbtikmµCamYy 1m:Ul]sµ½nkabUnic

dUcenHcMnYnm:UlGam:Uj:ak;caM)ac;cUlrYmRbtikmµCamYy]sµ½nkabUnic25.95mol KW
25.95 mol x 2 = 51.90 mol
edaymanGam:Uj:ak;Et 37.42mol EdlminRKb;RKan;edIm,IeFVIRbtikmµsBVCamYy]sµ½n
kabUnic Gam:Uj:ak;KWCaFatubnÞal;kMNt; ehIy]sµ½nkabUnicCaFatubnÞal;elIs.
x-brimaNG‘uyerEdlkekItKWRtUv)ankMNt;edaybrimaNénFatubnÞal;kMNt;
ma:sG‘uyer= 37.42 x 60.06=1124 g
K-cMnYnm:Ulén]sµ½nkabUnicEdlCaFatubnÞal;elIs
37 ,42
25.95 - = 7 ,24 mol
2
dUcenHma:s]sµ½nkabUnicEdlenAsl;KW 7.24 x 44.01= 319 g
lMhat;
atGnu
;Gnuvtþn³_ RbtikmµrvagGaluymIjÚm: nwgEdk¬III¦GuksIutGacbegáItkMedAdl;
3000 oC nigRtUv)aneKeRbIkñúgkarpSarelah³.

2 Al + Fe2 O3 → Al 2 O3 + 2 Fe
enAkñúgRbtikmµmYy eKeRbIGaluymIj:Úm 124g [manRbtikmµCamYy 601g én Fe O . 2 3

k> cUrKNnam:asCaRkamrbs; Al O kekIteLIg x> etIFatubnÞal;elIsenAsl;b:unµan

2 3

eRkayRbtikmµ?
10>TinñplRbtikmµ (Reaction Yield)

vtþmanbrimaNénFatubnÞal;kMNt;enAcMnuccab;epþIménRbtikmµkMNt;TiTni ñpltamRTw
ltamRTwsþI
rbs;Rbtikmµ enHKWCabrimaNplitplEdlGacTTYl)an RbsinebIFatubnÞal;kMNt;TaMgGs;
eFVIRbtikmµ. dUecñHTinñpltamRTwsþIKWCaTinñplGtibrma EdlRtUv)anrMBwgTukedaysmIkarman
lMnwg b:uEnþenAkñúgkarGnuvtþTiTni ñplBit esÞIrEtmanbrimaNticCagTinñpltamRTwsþICadrab.
manehtuplCaeRcInsMrab;PaBxusKñarvagTinñpltamRTwsþInigTinñplBit. Ca]TahrN_Rbtikmµ

3-27
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

CaeRcInCaRbtikmµbRBa©as dUcenHvamindMeNIrkarBIeqVgeTAsþaM100°eT. eTaHbICaRbtikmµdMeNIr

kareBjelj100°k¾edayk¾vaGacBi)akTajykplitplTaMgGs;BImCÄdæanRbtikmµ ¬]> BIsU-
luysüúg¦. RbtikmµxøHmanPaBsaMjúaMkñúgn½yplitplGacmanRbtikmµCamYyKñab¤µCamYy
RbtikredIm,IbegáItplitplepSgeTot. RbtikmµbEnßmenHnwgkat;bnßyTinñplrbs;Rbtikmµ
dMbUg.
edIm,IkMNt;RbsiT§PaBénRbtikmµmYy KImIviTUeRcInEtKNnaTinñplCaPaKry
lCaPaKry Edlerob
rab;BIsmamaRtrvagTinñplBitnigTinñpltamRTwsþI. TinñplCaPaKryRtUv)anKNnadUcxag
eRkam³
TinñplCaPaKry
lCaPaKry = TinñplBit x 100%
Tinñpltam
ltamRTw
tamRTwsþI
ktþaTaMgLayEdlGacCH\T§iBleTAelITinñplCaPaKryenHmansItuNðPaBnigsMBaF.
]TahrN_
TahrN16³ _16³ TItanKWCaelah³EdlRsalnigmingayERcHcab; eKeRbIvaenAkñúgr:ukEkt
16
ynþehaH ma:sIunynþehaH nigtYkg;. eKTTYl)anvaedayRbtikmµenAsItuNðPaBx<s;rvagTItan
(IV)kørYCamYyelah³ma:ejsüÚmenAsItuNðPaBBI 950 C eTA 1150 C . 0 0

TiCl 4 ( g ) + 2Mg (l ) → Ti ( s ) + 2MgCl 2 (l )

enAkñúg]sSahkmµmYyeK[ 3.54 x 10 g énTItanetRtakørYmanRbtikmµCamYy 1.13 x 10 gén
7 7

ma:ejsüÚm.
k-cUrKNnaTinñpltamRTwsþIrbs;TItanKitCaRkam.
x-cUrKNnaTinñplCaPaKry RbsinebIeKTTYl)anTItanBitR)akdcMnYn 7.91 x 10 g . 6

cMelIy
k-- KNnama:sTItanEdlTTYl)an
dMbUgeyIgrkcMnYnm:UlTItannigma:ejsüÚmEdlmanBIdMbUg
7
-cMnYnm:Ul TiCl = 3,54189x,107 = 1,87 x 10 mol
4
5

7
-cMnYnm:Ul Mg = 1,1324x,3110 = 4,65 x 10 mol 5

bnÞab;mkeyIgRtUvkMNt;sarFatuNaCaFatubnÞal;kMNt;. tamsmIkarmanlMnwgeyIg
eXIjfa 1 m:UlTItan(IV)kørY manRbtikmµCamYyBIrm:Ulma:ejsüÚm. dUcenHcMnYnm:Ulma:ej:süÚm

3-28
 CMBUkTI3

RtUvkarcaM)ac;edIm,ImanRbtikmµCamYyTItan4kørYKW 1.87 x 10 x 2 = 3.74 x 10 mol. 5 5

edaycMnYnm:Ulma:ej:süÚmmanrhUtdl; 4.65 x 10 mol TItan (IV)kørY CaFatubnÞal;kMNt;.

5

tamsmIkar mYym:UlTItan 4kørYplit)an 1m:UlTItan

ma:sTItanEdlTTYl)an = 1.87 x 10 x 47.88 = 8.93 x 10 g
5 6

6
KNnaTinñplCaPaKry= 87,,93 91 x 10
x 10
x 100 = 88,6%
6

lMhat;
atGnu
;Gnuvtþn³_ kñúg]sSahkmµ va:NadüÚmEdlRtUv)aneRbICasMelah³RtUv)anTTYleday
Rbtikmµrvagva:NadüÚmGuksIutCamYykal;süÚmenAsItuNðPaBx<s;.
5Ca + V2O5 5CaO + 2V
V2O5 =1.54 × 10 eFIVRbtikmµCamYy Ca = 1.96 × 10 g
3 3

k- cUrKNnaTinñpltamRTwsþIrbs; V.
x- cUrKNnaTinñplCaPaKry ebIsin V TTYl)an 803g.
KImIGnuvtþn_
CIKImI (Chemical Fertilizer)
karpÁt;pÁg;Gahardl;RbCaCnenAelIBiPBelakEdlkMBugEtekIneLIgy:agqab;rh½s
tMrUveGayksikrplitpldMNaMkñúgbrimaNeRcInCag nigpþls; uxPaBl¥Cag. Caerogral;qñaMeK
)anbEnßmCIKImIrab;rylanetaneTAelIdIedIm,IbegáImKuNPaBnigTinñpldMNaM. bEnßmelIkabUnDI
GuksIutnigGuksIiuEsn rukçCatiRtUvkary:agehacNas;nUvsarFatu6RbePTsMrab;karlUtlas;.
sarFatuTaMgenaHrYmman N. P. K. Ca. S nig Mg. karerobcMniglkçN³énCImanGasUt nig
pUsVrmYycMnYnbgðajeKalkarN_xøHenAkñúgCMBUkenH.
CIGasUtmanGMbilnIRtat(NO )GMbilGam:UjÚm: (NH ) ehIynwgsmasFatudéTeTot.
3
-
4
+

rukçCatiGacRsUbGasUtkñúgTMrg;CanIRtatedaypÞal; b:uEnþGMbilGam:Uj:ÚmnigGam:Uj:ak;RtUv)anpøas;
CanIRtateday)ak;etrIkñúgdIsin. vtßúFatuedImsMxan;énCIGasUt KWGam:Uj:ak;EdlRtUverobcMeday
RbtikmµrvagGIuRdUEsnnigGasUt³
3H2 (g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g)
kñúgTMrg;Cavtßúravrbs;vaGam:Uj:ak;GacRtUv)ancak;bBa©ÚledaypÞal;eTAkñúgdI. epSgBIenH
Gam:Uj:ak;GacRtUv)aneKpøas;eTACaGam:UjÚm: nIRtat NH NO Gam:UjÚm: s‘ulpat(NH ) SO rW
4 3 4 2 4

Gam:Uj:ÚmGIuRdUEsnpUsVat (NH ) HPO tamry³RbtikmµGasIut)asxageRkam³

4 2 4

3-29
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI
NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq)

2NH3(aq) + H2SO4 (aq) ( NH4)2SO4(aq)

2NH3(aq) + H3PO4 (aq) (NH4)2HPO4 (aq)

rebobepSgeToténkarerobGam:Uj:Úms‘ulpatRtUvkarBIrdMnak;kar³
2NH3 (aq) + CO2 (aq) + H2O (l) (NH4)2CO3 (aq) (1)

(NH4)2CO3 (aq) + CaSO4 (aq) (NH4)2SO4 (aq) + CaCO3(s) (2)

viFIenHRtUv)aneKcg;)an BIeRBaHsarFatucab;epþImKWkabUnDIGuksIutnigkal;süÚms‘ulpat
efakCagGasIuts‘ulpYric. edIm,IbegáInTinñpl Gam:Uj:ak;RtUv)aneFVICaFatubnÞal;kMNt;enAkñúgRbti
kmµTI(1) ehIyGam:UjÚm: kabUNatRtUv)aneFIVCaFatubnÞal;kMNt;kúñgRbtikmµ(2).
taragxageRkamcuHbBa¢IsmasPaBPaKryCam:asrbs;GasUtenAkñúgCIniymeRbImYycMnYn.
smasPaBPaKryCama:srbs;GasUtenAkñúgCIniymeRbI5RbePT

RbePTCI %N Cam:
Camas
: as
NH3 82.4
NH4NO3 35.0
(NH4)SO4 21.2
(NH4)2HPO4 21.2
(NH2)2CO 46.7

rUbTI8 Gam:
GamU:jak;
ak:akravRtU
;ravRtUv)aneKdak;
rav aneKdakbEnß
;bEnßmeGaydImunkardaMduH
ktþaeRcInEdlman\T§iBldl;kareRCIserIsCI³
1> tMélvtßúFatuedImEdlRtUvkarsMrab;erobcMeFVICI
2> PaBgayRsYlkñúgkarTukdak; kardwkCBa¢Ún nigkareRbIR)as;
3> smasPaBPaKryCam:asénFatuEdleKcg;)an
4> PaBsmRsbénsmasFatuenaH KWfaGacCasmasFaturlaykñúgTwk nigGacRtUv
)ancab;ykedayrukçCati. edaykarKitBIktþaTaMgGs;enH eyIgeXIjfa NH NO CasmasFatu
4 3

CImannIRtUEsnsMxan;CageKenAkñúgBiPBelak eTaHbICaGam:Uj:ak;manPaKryCam:asx<s;CageK
k¾eday.
CIpUsVatRtUv)aneKTajecjmkBIfµpUsVat ehAfaPøúyGr:a)a:TIt Ca (PO ) F.
5 4 3

3-30
 CMBUkTI3

PøúyGr:a)a:TIt KWminrlaykñúgTwkeT dUecñHCadMbUgvaRtUv)anpøas;eTACasmasFatu

kal;süúÚmDIGIuRdUEsnpUsVat [Ca(H PO )] EdlrlaykñúgTwk.
2 4

2Ca5(PO4)3F(s) + 7H2SO4 (aq) 3Ca(H2PO4)2 (aq) + 7CaSO4(aq) + 2HF(g)

sMrab;TinñplGtibrma PøúyGr:a)a:TItRtUv)aneFIVCaFatubnÞal;kMNt;enAkñúgRbtikmµenH.
RbtikmµTaMgenH eyIg)anBiPakSasMrab;karerobcMeFVICIhak;dUcCagayRsYlKYrsm b:uEnþ
karxitxMRbwgERbg)anBRgwgedIm,I begáInTinñpledaykarpøas;bþÚrlkçxNÐmYycMnYn dUcCa
sItuNðPaB sMBaF niglkçxNÐepSgeTot. GñkKImI]sSahkmµCaFmµtadMeNIrkarRbtikmµenAkñúg
TIBiesaFn_Camunsin nigbnÞal;mksakl,gvaenAkEnøgsakl,gRTg;RTaytUcmunnwgplitvaCa
RTg;RTayFM.
************************

segçbnigsmIkarKnøwH
smasPaB
smasPaBCaPaKryrbs;
CaPaKryrbsFatu
;FatumYy = masm:
:asm
asmU:lénFatu x
nx 100%

masm:
:asmU:lénsmasFatu
asm
Tinñpl CaPaKry = TinñplBit x 100%

Tinñpltam
ltamRTw
tamRTwsþI
segçbehtukarN_nigbBaØtiþ
1. ma:sGatUm KWRtUv)anKitCaxñatm:asGatUm ¬x>G¦ EdlCaxñateFobGaRs½yelItémø12 Kt;
sMrab;GuIsUtUbkabUn12 . tamFmµtama:sGatUmpþl;eGaysMrab;GatUménFatumYyKWCama:s
mFüménr)ayGuIsUtUbekItmanenAkñúgFmµCatirbs;FatuenaH. m:asm:UelKulKWCaplbUkrbs;
ma:sGatUménGatUmenAkñúgm:UelKul. m:asGatUmnigm:asm:UelKulGacRtUv)ankMNt;y:ag
RtwmRtUvedayeRbIs,úicRtUEm:Rtm:as.
2. m:Ul (mol) KWCacMnYnGav:Uka®dU ¬6.022x10 ¦ rbs;GatUm m:UelKul b¤PaKl¥itepSgeTot.
23

ma:sm:Ul¬KitCaRkam¦énFatumYyb¤smasFatumYy KWesµInwgcMnYnma:srbs;vaKitCaxñatma:s
GatUm¬x>G¦ nigmancMnYnGav:Uka®dUrbs;GatUm ¬kñúgkrNIvaCaFatu¦ rbs;mU:elKulb¤rbs;
ÉktarUbmnþgaybMput ¬kñúgkrNIvaCasmasFatuGIuy:Unic¦.

3-31
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

3. smasPaBPaKryCama:sénsmasFatumYy KWCaPaKryCama:srbs;FatunImYy²Edlman
enAkñúgsmasFatuenaH. RbsinebIeyIgdwgsmasPaBPaKryCama:srbs;smasFatumYy
eyIgGackMNt;rUbmnþgayrbs;va)an ehIyrUbmnþm:UelKulrbs;vak¾GackMNt;)anpgEdr
RbsinebIeyIgsÁal;ma:sm:Ulrbs;va.
4. bMErbMrYlKImIehAfaRbtikmµKImIRtUv)antagedaysmIkarKImI. sarFatuEdlTTYlrgbMErbMrYl

ehAfaRbtikrRtUv)aneKsresrenAGgÁxageqVg¬GgÁTImYy¦ nigsarFatuEdlkekItehAfa
plitplRtUv)aneKsresrenAxagsþaMsBaØaRBYj¬GgÁTIBIr¦. smIkarKImIRtUvEtmanlMnwg
¬føwg¦edayeKarBtamc,ab;rkSama:s. cMnYnGatUménRbePTFatunImYy²enAkñúgRbtikrRtUvEt
esµInwgcMnYnGatUménRbePTFatuTaMgenaHenAkñúgplitpl .
5. sÞWsüÚemRTIKWCakarsikSabrimaNBIRbtikr nigplitplkñúgRbtikmµKImI. karKNnatam

sÞWsüÚemRTIGaceFVI)antamry³karkMNt;xñaténcMnYnsÁal;nigcMnYnminsÁal;Cam:UlrYcpøas;va
eTACaxñatepSgeTotkñúgkrNIcaM)ac;. FatubnÞal;kMNt;KWCaRbtikr EdlmankñúgbrimaN
sÞWsüÚemRTItUcbMput. vakMNt;brimaNplitplEdlGackekIt. brimaNplitplEdl
TTYl)ankñúgRbtikmµmYy¬TinñplBit¦GacticCagbrimaN GtibrmaEdlGacekIt)an
¬TinñpltamRTwsþI¦. pleFobrvagTinñplBit nigTinñpltamRTwsþIKWCaTinñplCaPaKry.
BaküKnøwH
TinñplBit Actual yield 3-27

ma:sGatUm Atomic mass 3-1

xñatma:sGatUm¬x-G¦ Atomic mass unit 3-1

cMnYnGav:UkaRdU Avogadro’s number 3-3

smIkarKImI Chemical equation 3-16

RbtikmµKImI Chemical reaction 3-16

FatubnÞal;elIs Excess reagent 3-25

FatubnÞal;kMNt; Limiting reagent 3-25

ma:sm:Ul Molar mass 3-3

m:Ul Mole 3-3

viFImU:l Mole method 3-22

3-32
 CMBUkTI3

ma:sm:UelKul Molecular mass 3-6

smasPaBPaKryCama:s Percentage composition by mass 3-9

TinñplCaPaKry Percentage yield 3-28

plitpl Product 3-17

Rbtikr Reactant 3-17

brimaNsÞWsüÚemRTI Stoichiometric amount 3-25

sÞWsüÚemRTI Stoichiometry 3-22

TinñpltamRTwsþI Theoretical yield 3-27

sMNYrniglMhat;
at;
ma:
masGatU
:sGatUm
sMnYrrlwk
1. etIGVIeTAEdlehAfaxñatm:asGatUm? ehtuGVI)anCacaM)ac;begáItxñatenH?

2. etIm:as¬x>G¦rbs;GatUmkabUn12KWbun : µan? ehtuGVI)anCam:asGatUmrbs;kabUnenAkñúgtarag

esµInwg 12.01 x>G enAkñúgesovePAenH?
3. cUrBnül;[)anek,aHk,ay :ma:sGatUmrbs;masKW 197.0 x>G }mann½yy:agdUcemþc.

4. etIBitmanGVIEdlGñkRtUvkaredIm,IKNnam:asGatUmmFümrbs;FatumYy?

lMhat;
at;
5. ma:sGatUmén Cl ( 75.53% ) nig Cl ( 24.47%) KW 34.968 x>G nig 36.956 x>G erog
35
17
37
17

Kña. cUrKNnam:asGatUmmFüménkør. PaKryenAkñúgvg;RkckbBaöak;BIsMbUrPaBeFob.

6. m:asGatUmén Li nig Li KW 6.0151 x>G nig 7.0160 x>GerogKña. cUrKNnasMbUrPaB
6
3
7
3

rbs;GuIsUtUbTaMgBIrenHenAkñúgFmµCati. m:asGatUmmFüménlIcUmKW 6.941 x>G .

7. etIm:as 13.2 x>G manb:unµanRkam?

8. etIm:as 8.4 g manb:unµanx>G?

ma:
masm:
:smUl: nigcMnYnGav:
sm GavU:kaRdU
sMnYrrlw
rlwk
9. cUreGayniymn½ym:Ul. etIxñatm:UlenAkñúgkarKNnaCaGVI?

3-33
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

10. etIGVICama:sm:Ulrbs;GatUm? etIxñatCaTUeTArbs;ma:sm:UlCaGIV?

lMhat;
at;
11. RbCaCnEpndImanRbEhl6.0 Ban;lanGñk. edaydwgfamnusSRKb;KñacUlrYmkñúgdMeNIrkar

rab;PaKl¥itdUc²Kñakñúgel,ÓnPaKl¥itBIrkñúgmYyvinaTI. etIeKRtUvkarry³eBlb:unµanqñaMedIm,I
rab;PaKl¥it 6.0×10 ? snµtfaman 365éf¶kñúgmYyqñaM .
23

12. kMras;RkdasmYYysnøwkKW9.14x10 cm. edaysnµtfaesovePAmYyk,alcMnYnTMB½rCacMnYn

-3

Gav:UkaRdU cUrKNnakMras;esovePACaqñaMBnøW. ¬tMruy³ 1qñaMBnøWKwCacm¶aydMeNIrrbs;BnøWkñúg

1qñaMb¤365éf¶enAelÇÓn 3x10 m/s¦. 8

13. etImanb:unµanGatUmkñúg 5.10 mol éns<an;F½r.

14. etImanb:unµanm:UlénGatUmkU)al;EdlmankñúgGatUmkU)al;(Co) 6.00×10 ? 9

15. etImanbu:nµanm:UlénGatUmkal;süÚmkñúgkal;süÚm(Ca) 77.4 g?

16. etImanm:asb:unµanRkamkñúgmas(Au) 15.3 mol?

17. etImanma:sCaRkamb:unµankñúgmYyGatUmHg nigmYyGatUmNe?

18. etImanma:sCaRkamb:unµankñúgmYyGatUmAs nigmYyGatUmNi?

19. etImanma:sCaRkamb:unµankñúgGatUmsMN 1.00 × 10 ? 12

20. etImanb:unµanGatUmEdlmankñúgTg;Edg 3.14g ?

21. etImYyNaEdlmancMnYnGatUmeRcInCageK³ 1.10g GatUmGIuRdUEsn b¤ 14.7g GatUmRkUm ?

22. etIGatUménFatuNamYyEdlmanma:sFMCageK³ 2 GatUmsMN b¤ 5.1 ×10 mol eGlüÚm? -23

ma:
masm:
:smUe: lKul
sm
lMhat;
at;
23. cUrKNnama:sm:UelKul¬Caxñat x.G¦ rbs;sarFatuxageRkam
(a)-CH4 (b)-NO2 (c)-SO3 (d)-C6H6
(e)-NaI (f)-K2SO4 (g)-Ca3(PO4)2
24. cUrKNnama:sm:Ulrbs;sarFatuxageRkam³
(a)-Li2CO3 (b)-CS2 (c)-CHCl3 (d)-C6H8O6 (e)-KNO3 (f)-Mg3N2
25. cUrKNnama:sm:Ulrbs;smasFatumYy ebIsin0.372mol rbs;vaman 152g.
26. etImanb:unµanm:UelKulkñúg 0.334géneGtan ?

27. cUrKNnacMnYnGatUmrbs; C , H , nigO kñúg 1.50g rbs;KøúykUs (C H O ) . 6 12 6

3-34
 CMBUkTI3

28. G‘uyer:[(NH ) CO] RtUv)aneRbICaCI nigGIVepSg²eTot. cUrKNnacMnYnGatUmrbs; N, C, O

2 2

nigH kñúg 1.68 10 génG‘uyer.

4

29. epr:UmUn : CaRbePTBiessénsmasFatuEdlbeBa©jedaystVl¥itjIsMrab;Tak;TajstVl¥it

eQµalsMrab;karbnþBUCmanrUbmnþC H O.19 38 CaTUeTAstVl¥itjImYybeBa©jepr:Um:UnenH
RbEhl1.0x10 g. etIvamanb:unµanm:UelKulkñúgbrimaNenH ?
-12

30. dg;sIuetrbs;Twkman 1.00g/mL enA 4 C etImanTwkb:unµanm:UelKulkñúgTwk 2.56mL?

o

s,icú RtUEm:mR: tma:

mas:
sMnYrrlwk
31. cUrBiBN’naGMBIRbtibtiþkaréns,iúcRtUEm:Rtm:as.

32. cUrBiBN’naBIrebobEdlGñkGackMNt;sMbUrPaBGIusUtUbrbs;FatumYyBIs,iúcma:srbs;va7.

lMhat; at;
33. kabUnmanGIusUtUbBIr C , C ehIyPøúyGrmanGIusUtUbEtmYy F .
12
6
13
6
19
9
etImankMBUlb:unµan
EdlGñknwgsegáteXIjkñúgs,úicma:srbs;GIuyug: viC¢man CF ? snµtfaKµankarpþac;CaPaK
+
4

tUc²eT.
34. GIuRdUEsnmanGIusUtUbBIr H , H ehIys<an;F½rmanGIusUtUbbYn
1
1
2
1
32
16S, S, S, S.
33
16
34
16
36
16

etImankMBUlb:unµan EdlGñknwgsegáteXIjkñúgs,iúcma:srbs;GIuyu:gviC¢man H S ? snµtfaKµan

2
+

karpþac;CaPaKtUc²eT.
smasPaBPaKry nigrUbmnþKImI
sMnYrrMlwk
35. cUreRbIGam:Uja:k;edIm,IBnül;BIGtßn½ysmaPaBPaKryCama:srbs;smasFatumYy.

36. cUrBnül;rebobEdlkarsÁal;smaPaBPaKryCama:srbs;smasFatuminsÁal;mYyGacCYy

eGayeyIgkMnt;GtþsBaØaNsmasFatuenaH.
37. rUbmnþgaykñúgPasaGg;eKøsKW empirical formula. BIBakü empiricalmann½yy:ag

dUcemþc?
38. ebIsineyIgdwgrUbmnþgayrbs;smasFatumYy etIBt’manGIVEdleyIgRtUvdwgbEnßmedIm,IkMnt;

rUbmnþm:UelKulrbs;va?

3-35
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

lMhat;
at;
39. sMN)a:haMgmanenAkñúgsMbkEpndICa SnO . cUrKNnasmasPaBPaKryCama:srbs; Sn
2

nig O kñúg SnO . 2

40. CaeRcInqñaMmkehIy kørUp : m(CHCl )RtUv)aneRbICafñaMsnøb;RsUbtamdegIðmeTaHbItamBitvaCa

3

sarFatuBulEdlbNþaleGayb:HBal;dl;eføIm Rkelon nigebHdUgk¾eday. cUrKNna

smasPaBPaKryCama:srbs;smasFatuenH.
41. Gal;kulsIuNamicRtUv)aneRbICacMbg kñúgTwkGb; sab‘U nigeRKOgsMGag. rUbmnþrbs;vaKW

C H O . (a)- KNnasmasPaBPaKryCama:srbs; C . H . O kñúgGal;kulsIuNamiuc .

9 10

(b)- etImanGal;kulsIuNamiucb:unµanm:UelKulkñúgPaKsMNakCama:s 0.49g?

42. sarFatuTaMgGs;xageRkamenHCaCI. etIsarFatuNamYykñúgcMenamFatuTaMgenHmanGasUt

eRcInCageKtamParyCama:s.
(a) G‘uyer (NH ) CO2 2 (b) Gam:Uj:ÚmnIRtat NH NO
4 3

(c) háanIDIn HNC (NH ) 2 2 (d) Gam:Uj:ak; NH3

43. GalIsIn(Allicin)CasarFatupþl;køinrbs;xÞwms. tamkarviPaKmYy)anpþl;smaPaBPaKry

Cam:asdUcteTAenH C= 44.4%. H=6.21%. O = 9.86%. S = 39.5 % . cUrKNnarUbmnþ

gayrbs;va. etIvamanrUbmnþmUe: lKuldUcemþc? eKeGayma:sm:UelKulvaRbEhl 162g.
44. EBr:UsIuya:sIulnIRtat (PAN) CasmasFatumYyénEpSg. vaCasmasFatuman C, H, N nig

O. cUrkMNt;smasPaBPaKryrbs;GuksIuEsnnigrUbmnþgayrbs;vaBIsmasPaBPaKryCa

m:as³ C= 19.8%, H=2.50% nig N=11.6% .

45. rUbmnþERcHEdkKW Fe O . etIEdkb:unµanm:UlmanenAkñúg 24.6g énsmasFatuenH?
2 3

46. cUrKNnama:sCaRkamrbs; I EdlnwgeFIVRbtikmµCamYyGaluymIjÚm

2 : (Al) 20.4g edIm,I
begáItGaluymIjÚm: GIuyU:dY (AlI ) . 3

47. etImans<anF½rb:unµanRkam EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IeFIVRbtikmµeGay)ansBVCamYy)art (Hg)246g

begáItCa)artsu‘lpY (HgS).
48. SnF eRcInEtRtUv)anbEnßmkñúgfñaMduseFµjedIm,IkarBarra:k;sIueFµj. etIm:as Fmanb:unµanRkam
2

kñúgsmasFatuenH 24.6g.
49. etIrUbmnþgayrbs;smasFatuEdlmansmasPaBxageRkamenHya:gdUcemþc?

3-36
 CMBUkTI3

(a) H = 2.1%. O = 65.3% . S = 32.6% (b) Al = 20.2 % . Cl = 79.8 % .

50. etIrUbmnþgayrbs;smaFatuEdlmansmasPaBdUcxageRkamenHya:gdUcemþc?
(a) C = 40.1 % . H = 6.6% . O = 53.3% (b) C = 18.4 %. N = 21.5 % .
K = 60.1 % .
51. ma:sm:Ulrbs;kaehVGIun 194.9g etIrUbmnþm:UelKulrbs;vaCa C H N O rW C H N O ?
4 5 2 8 10 4 2

52. m:UNUsUdüÚmKøúytama:t(MSGb¤b‘Íecg)CasarFatubEnßmrsCatiGaharbgáeLIgeday

C=35.51%, H = 4.77%, N = 8.29%, O = 37.85%, Na = 13.60%. cUrkMnt;rUbmnþ

m:UelKulrbs;vaebIsineKeGayma:sm:Ul 169g.
Rbtikmµningi smIkarKImI
sMnYrrMlwk
55. cUreRbIkMNTwkBIGuksIuEsnnigGIuRdUEsn edIm,IbkRsayBaküRbtikmµKImIRbtikrnigplitpl.

56. etIRbtikmµKImInigsmIkarKImIxusKñaya:gdUcemþc?

57. ehtuGIV)anCasmIkarKImIRtUvEtRtUv)anføwg? etIc,ab;GIVEdlRtUv)aneKarBedaykarføwgsmIkar

KImI?
58. cUrsresrnimitþsBaØaedIm,IbBa¢ak;BIsPaB]sµ½n rwg rav nigsUluysüúgTwk.

lMhat;
at;
59. cUrføwgsmIkarxageRkam
a) C + O2 → CO2
b) CO + O2 → CO2
c) H2 + Br2 → HBr
d) K + H2O → KOH + H2
e) Mg + O2 → MgO
f) O3 → O2
g) H2O2 → H2O + O2
h) N2 + H2 → NH3
i) Zn + AgCl → ZnCl2 + Ag
j) S8 + O2 → SO2
k) NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O
l) Cl2 + NaI → NaCl + I2
m) KOH + H3PO4 → K3PO4 + H2O
n) CH4 + Br2 → CBr4 + HBr
60. cUrføwgsmIkarxageRkam
a) KClO3 → KCl + O2
b) KNO3 → KNO2 + O2
c) NH4NO3 → N2O + H2O

3-37
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI
d) NH4NO2 → N2 + H2O
e) NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
f) P4O10 + H2O → H3PO4
g) HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
h) Al + H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + H2
i) CO2 + KOH → K2CO3 + H2O
j) CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
k) Be2C + H2O → Be(OH)2 + CH4
l) Cu + HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O
m) S + HNO3 → H2SO4 + NO2 + H2O
n) NH3 + CuO → Cu + N2 + H2O
brimaNRbti
aNRbtikrni rnigplitpl
sMnYrrMlwk
61. etIc,ab;GIVEdlsÞWsüÚemRTIGaRs½yelI? ehtuGIV)anCacaM)ac;RtUvføwgsmIkaredIm,IedaHRsay
cMeNaTsÞWsüÚemRTI ?
62. cUrBiBN’naBICMhankñúgviFImU:l(mole method).

lMhat;at;
63. cUrBinitücMehHrbs;kabUnm:UNUGuksIutkñúgGuksIuEsn
2CO(g)+ O2(g) → 2CO2(g)
CamYy CO man 3.60mol cUrKNnacMnYnm:Ulrbs; CO kekItebIsinGuksIuEsnRKb;RKan;
2

sMrab;eFIVRbtikmµCamYy CO TaMgGs;.
64. sIulIsüÚmetRtakørYGacRtUvTTYl)anedaydutsIulIsüÚmkñúgkør³
Si(s) + 2Cl2(g) → SiCl4(l)
sIulIsüÚmetRtakørYEdlTTYl)anKW 0.507mol etIkørb:unµanm:UlEdlRtUveRbIenAkñúgRbtikmµenH?
65. plitplRbcMaqñaMrbs;s<an;F½rDIGuksIutEdl)anmkBIkardutFüÜÚg \n§n³pUlIl EpSgrfynþ

nigRbPBepSgeTotKWRbEhl 26lanetan. smIkarsMrab;RbtikmµKW

S(s) + O2(g) → SO2 (g)
etImans<an;F½rb:unµan EdlmanenAkñúgsarFatuedImkñúgkarbegáItbrimaN SO enH? 2

66. enAeBleeKdutkMedAsUda ¬sUdüÚmb‘ÍkabUNatb¤sUdüÚmGIuRdUEsnkabUNat NaHCO ¦ va 3

beBa©j]sµ½nkabUnic. k- cUrsresrsmIkarlMnwgénRbtikmµenH. x- cUrKNnam:asrbs;

NaHCO EdlcaM)ac;edIm,ITTYlpl CO 20.5g.
3 2

67. eBlb:UtasüÜmsüanIt (KCN) eFIVRbtikmµCamYyGasIut ]sµ½nBuldl;CivitKWGIuRdUEsnsüanIt

(HCN) ekIteLIgtamsmIkar KCN + HCl

(aq) → KCl(aq) + HCN (aq) (g)

3-38
 CMBUkTI3

ebIsinPaKsMNak 0.140g én KCN eFIVRbtikmµCamYyGasIut HCl elIs cUrKNnabrimaN

HCN EdlTTYl)anCaRkam.

68. dMenIrkareLIgCadMenIrkarsaMjaúMénkarplitRsaEdlKøúykUsRtUv)anpøas;CaeGtaNulnig

]sµ½nkabUnic C H O → 2C H OH + 2CO CamYyKøúykUs 500.4g etIbrimaN

6 12 6 2 5 2

Gtibrmarbs;eGtaNulEdlTTYl)anb:unµanRkam nigb:unµanlIRt? dg;sIuetrbs;eGtaNulesIµ

0.789g/ml .

69. Tg;Edg(II)s‘ulpatb:g;taGIuRdat (CuSO .5H O) RtUv)andutkMedAenAkñúgxül;100 C va)at;

4 2
o

m:UelKulTwk ehIyBN’exovrbs;vak¾)atpgEdr³ CuSO . 5H O → CuSO + 5H O 4 2 4 2

ebIsinenAsl;9.60g én CuSO bnÞab;BIdutkMedAsmasFatuedIm15.01g cUrKNnacMnYnm:Ul

4

rbs;TwkEdlmanenAkñúgsmasFatuBIdMbUg.
70. rbkKMehIjmasGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMmkehIyEdlfakarEjkmasBIsarFatuEr:epSg

eTotedaykareRbI KCN:
4Au + 8KCN + O2 + 2H2O → 4KAu(CN)2 + 4KOH
etIbrimaNGb,brma KCN b:unµanm:UlEdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;Ejkykmas 29.0g ?
71. fµkMe)ar CaCO RtUvbMEbkedaykMedAeGayCakMe)ars; CaO ehIynigkabUnDIGuksIut
3

etIbrimaN CaO TTYl)anb:unµanRkamBI 1Kg én CaCO ? 3

72. N O RtUv)anerobcMBIkarbMEbkénGam:UjÚm
2 : nIRtat (NH NO ). plitplepSgeTotKwTwk.
4 3

k- cUrsresrsmIkarlMnwgsMrab;RbtikmµenH.
x- etI N O b:unµanRkamEdlTTYl)anBI 0.46 mol én NH NO ?
2 4 3

73. CIGam:UjÚ:ms‘ulpat [(NH ) SO ] RtUv)aneFVIVBIRbtikmµrvag NH nig H SO :

4 2 4 3 2 4

2NH3(g) + H2SO4(aq) → (NH4)2SO4(aq)

etI NH b:unµanKILÚRkamEdlcaM)ac;edIm,Iplit 1.00  10 kg én (NH ) SO ?
3
5
4 2 4

74. karerobcMFmµtakñúgTIBiesaF]sµ½nGuksIuEsnKWkarbMEbkedaykMedAénb:UtasüÚmkøra:t

(KClO ). ebIsnñtfamankarbMEbksBV cUrKNnacMnYnRkamrbs;]sµ½n O EdlGacTTYlBI

3 2

46g én KClO . ¬plitplKW KCl nig O ¦.

3 2

3-39
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

FatubnÞal;lkM;kN
M t;t;
sMnYrrMlwk
75. cUreGayniymn½yFatubnÞal;kMNt; nigFatubnÞal;elIs. etIGVICasarsMxan;énFatubnÞal;

kMNt;kñúgkarBüakrN_brimaNplitplTTYl)ankñúgRbtikmµ? ebIsinmanRbtikrEtmYy etIva

GacCaFatubnÞal;kMNt;Edrb¤eT?
76. cUreGay]TahrN_EdlbBa¢ak;BIbBaØtþiFatubnÞal;kMNt;.

lMhat;
at;
77. NO eFIVRbtikmµCamYy]sµ½nGuksIuEsn edIm,IbegáItCa NO EdlCa]sµ½nBN’etñat³
2

2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)

kñúgBiesaFn_CamYy NO = 0.886 mol nig O = 0.503mol etImYyNaCaFatubnÞal;kMNt;?
2

cUrKNnacMnYnm:Ul NO EdlTTYl)an.
2

78. kar)at;bg;GUsUnkñúgmNÐlGakass¶b;CabBaðaRBYy)armÖcMbgrbsGñkviTüasaRsþnaeBlfµI²

enH. eKeCOCak;fa vaeFIVRbtikmµCamYy NO EdlecjBIynþehaHRbtikmµ.RbtikmµKW

O3 + NO O2 + NO2
ebIsin 0.740g énGUsUneFVIRbtikmµCamYy NO = 0.670g etI NO b:unµanRkamnwgTTYl)an?
2

etIsmasFatuNaCaFatubnÞal;kMNt;? cUrKNnacMnYnm:UlénFatubnÞal;elIsEdlenAsl;
enAeBlbBa©b;Rbtikmµ.
79. RbU)a:n ¬C H ¦CasmasFatu]sµ½nFmµCati nigRtUv)aneRbIkñúgkarcMGinnigcMehH.
3 8

k- cUrføwgsmIkar C H + O → CO + H O x- etI CO b:unµanRkamEdl

3 8 2 2 2 2

TTYl)anBIcMehHRbU)a:n3.65mol? eKsnµtfaGuksIuEsnCaFatubnÞal;elIskñúgRbtikmµenH.
80. cUrBinitüRbtikmµ MnO + 4HCl 2 → MnCl + Cl + 2H O 2 2 2

ebIsin MnO = 0.86mol eFVIRbtikmµCamYy HCl = 48.2g etIFatuNaEdlRtUv)aneRbIGs;

2

muneK? etI Cl b:unµanRkamnwgRtUv)anTTYl?

2

TinñplRbtikmµ
sMnYrrMlwk
81. ehtuGVI)anCaTinñplénRbtikmµRtUv)ankMnt;EtedaybrimaNénFatubnÞal;kMNt;?

82. ehtuGVI)anCaTinñplBiténRbtikmµEtgEttUcCagTinñpltamRTwsþIesÞIrTaMgGs;?

3-40
 CMBUkTI3

lMhat;
at;
83. GuIRdUEsnPøúyGrY(HF)RtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgeragcRkplit Freons ¬EdlbMpøajRsTab;GUsUn¦
nigplitkmµbegáItelah³GaluymIjÚ:m. vaRtUv)anerobcMedaysmIkarxageRkam³
CaF2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2HF
kñúgdMenIrkarmYy 6.00Kgén CaF eFVIRbtikmµCamYyGasuIts‘ulpYricelIs nigplit 2.86kg én
2

HF. cUrKNnaTinñplCaPaKryrbs; HF.

84. nIRtYKøIesrIn(C H N O )KWCaFatupÞúHy:agxøaMg. RbtikmµbMEbkrbs;vaGactagedaysmIkar³

3 5 3 9

4C3H5N3O9 6N2 + 12CO2 + 10H2O + O2

RbtikmµenHbeBa©jkMedAy:ageRcIn nigbegáIt]sµ½nCaeRcIn. KWkMN]sµ½nTaMgenHy:agrh½sCamYy
karrIkmaDy:agrh½srbs;va EdleFVI[bnÞúHekIteLIg.
k- etIbrimaNGtibrmaénGuksuIEsn ¬KitCaRkam ¦ b:unµanEdl)anmkBInIRtUKøIesrIn
2 x 10 g?
2

x- cUrKNnaTinñplCaPaKryénRbtikmµenH ebIsinCabrimaNrbs;GuksuIEsnEdlTTYl
)anKW6.55g.
85. TItan (IV) GuksuIt ( TiO ) CasmasFatuBN’s EdlRtUv)anbegáItedayRbtikmµrbs;
2

GasuIts‘ulpYricelI ilmenite Er: ( FeTiO ): 3

FeTiO3 + H2SO4 TiO2 + FeSO4 + H2O

lkçN³XµwknigminBulrbs;vaeFVIeGayvasmRsbCaCatiBN’enAkñúg)øasÞicnigfñaMlab. kññúgdMeNIr
karmYy eKeRbI 8.00 x 10 Kg én FeTiO eKTTYl)an 3.67 x 10 Kg én TiO . cUrKNna
3
3
3
2

TinñplCaPaKryénRbtikmµenH.
86. eGTIELn¬C H ¦EdlCasmasFatuKImIsrIragÁEdlmansarsMxan;enAkñúg]sSahkmµGacRtUv
2 4

)anplitedaykardutkMedAGicsanenAsItuNðPaB 800 C : 0

CH 6 C H + plitplepSgeTot
14 2 4

ebIsinCaTinñplbegáIteGTIELnKW42.5% etIm:asGicsanb:unµanRkamEdlrgRbtikmµedIm,IbegáIt
eGTIELn 481g?
lMhat;
atbEnß
;bEnßm
87. cUreRbInimitþsBaØa m Cama:srbs;PaKsMNakénFatumYyCaRkam N CacMnYnGatUmrbs;Fatu
kñúgPaKsMNak n CacMnYnm:Ulrbs;Fatu M Cama:sm:Ulrbs;FatuCaRkamkñúgmYym:Ul ehIy
N CacMnYnGav:UkaRdU.
A

3-41
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

k- cUrKNnacMnYnGatUmkñúgPaKsMNakkñúgn½y n nig N . A

x- cUrKNnama:sm:Ulrbs;Fatukñúgn½y m nig n .
K- cUrKNnacMnYnm:Ulrbs;Fatukñúgn½y m nig M.
X- cUrKNnacMnYnGav:UkaRdUkñúgn½y N nig n.
88. PaKsMNakrbs;smasFatuClnigORbtikmµCamYyH elIseGayplCa HCl 0.233g nig
2

H O 0.403g. cUrkMNt;rUbmnþgayénsmasFatuenH.
2

89. ma:sGatUmrbs;Fatu X KW 33.42 x>G . PaKsMNak X 27.22g pSMCamYyFatu Y 84.10g

epSgeTot edIm,IbegáItsmasFatu XY. cUrKNnam:asGatUmén Y.

90. etIman O b:unµanm:UlEdlcaM)ac;edIm,IbnSMCamYy C 0.212mol edIm,IbegáIt)anCa ¬k¦ CO

¬x¦ CO ? 2

91. tamkarRsavRCavGñkKImIviTüa)aneRbIs,úicRtUEm:Rtma:sedIm,IsikSaGMBIGIusUtUbBIrrbs;Fatu

mYy. Gs;eBlmYyry³Kat;)ankt;Rtas,iúcma:smYycMnYnrbs;GIusUtUbTaMgenH. tamkar

viPaKKat;)ansMKal;eXIjfa pleFobénkMBUlx<s;CageTAnwgkMBUlTabCagekInbnþicmþg²
tameBlevla. ebIsnµtfa s,úicRtUEm:Rtma:sdMeNIrkarFmµta etIGñkKitfaGIVEdlbNþal
eGaymanbMErbMrYlenH?
92. GaluymIjÚm : s‘ulpatGIuRdaet [Al (SO ) .xH O] manGaluymIjÚm: Cama:s 8.20%.
2 4 3 2

cUrKNna x EdlCacMnYnm:UelKulTwkpSMCamYyxñat Al (SO ) nImYy².

2 4 3

93. ]sµ½nMustard(C H Cl S) Ca]sµ½nBuleRbIkñúgs®gÁamelakelIkTI1 ehIyvaRtUv)anham

4 8 2

Xat;bnÞab;BIeBlenaHmk. vabNþalkarbMpøajTUeTACalikarsrIragÁnaMeGaymanBgEbk
eBjxøÜnedayminmanfñaMsMrab;Büa)al. cUrKNnasmasPaBPaKryCama:sénFatukñúg]sµ½n
Mustard.

94. karat;Caxñatma:sEdleRbIkñúgeRKOgt,ÚgeBRC. mYykarat;esµI 200mg. etIGatUmkabUn

b:unµanEdlmankñúgeBRC 24 karat;.
95. bnÞHEdkmYyTMgn; 664g. eRkaymkbnÞHEdkenHRtUv)anTukecalhalxül;ry³eBl1Ex

eKdwgfa 1/8 EdkRtUv)aneLIgERcH (Fe O ). cUrKNnam:ascugeRkayEnbnÞHEdknigERcH.

2 3

96. elah³GuksIutmYycMnYnmanrUbmnþ MO Edl M Caelah³. PaKsMNak 39.46g rbs;

smasFatuRtUv)andukkMedAkñúgbriyakasGIuRdUEsn edIm,IrMedaHGuksIuEsnbegáIt)anCa

3-42
 CMBUkTI3

m:UelKulTwk. enATIbBa©b;elah³enAsl; 31.70g. ebIsin O manma:sGatUm 16.00 x>G

cUrKNnama:sGatUmrbs; M nigkMNt;GtþsBaØaNFatuenaH.
97. PaKsMNakminsuT§rbs; Zn dak;eGaymanRbtikmµCamYy H SO edIm,IbegáItCa ZnSO nig
2 4 4

m:UelKul H . k-cUrføwgsmIkarRbtikmµ x-ebIsinGIuRdUEsnTTYl)an0.0764g BIPaK

2

sMNak 3.86g cUrKNnaPaKrysuT§énPaKsMNak K- etIkarsnµtGVIkñúg ¬x¦EdlGñk

RtUveFVI ?
98. RbtikmµmYyekItmaneLIgelIcRgáanGKÁisnI EdlEr:EdkeGayeTACaEdkdUcRbtikmµxageRkam
Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
snµtfaEdk 1.64  10 g RtUv)anTTYlBIPaKsMNak Fe O 2.62  10 g. edaysnµtfa
3
2 3
3

RbtikmµRbRBwtþeTAcb;sBVRKb; cUrKNnaPaKrysuT§rbs; Fe O kñúgPaKsMNakedIm 2 3

munRbtikmµ.
99. kabUnDIGuksIut(CO )Ca]sµ½ncMbgEdleFIVeGaymankarekItkMedAelIEpndI¬plpÞHkBa©k;¦.
2

kareqH\n§n³pUsIulCamUlehtucMbgénkarekInkMhab; CO kñúgbriyakas. kabUnDIGuksIut

2

k¾CalT§plcugeRkayénemtabUlIspgEdr¬emIl]TahrN_TI14¦. edayeRbIKøúykUsCa
]TahrN¾énGahar cUrKNnaCO EdlplitedaymnusSRbcaMqñaMCaRkam edaysnµtfa
2

mnusSmñak;RtUvkarKøúykUs 5.0x10 g kñúgmYyéf¶ RbCaCnelIEpndIKW 6.0 Ban;lan ehIyman

2

365 éf¶kñúgmYyqñaM.

100. kabUGIuRdatRtUv)anpSMeLIgedaykabUn GuksIuEsn nigGIuRdUEsn EdlpleFobGIuRdUEsn

nigGuksuIEsnKW 2:1. kabUGIuRdatmankabUnCama:s 40%. cUrKNnarUbmnþgay nigrUbmnþ

m:UelKulrbs;smasFatu ebIsinCama:sm:UlKWRbhak;RbEhl 178g .
101. etIma:sbnþbnÞab;enHmYyNaFMCageK O = 0.72g rW 0.0011mol rbs;kørUP
2 : il
(C55H72MgN4O5)?
102. karviPaKelah³kørIt XCl bgðajfaman Cl = 67.2 % KitCama:s. cUrKNnam:asm:Ul
3

rbs; X RBmTaMgkMnt;GtþsBaØaNrbs;FatuenaH .
103. eGmUkøÚb‘Ín (C H N O S Fe ) KWGñkdwknaMGuksIuEsnkñúgQam .
2952 4664 812 832 8 4

k- cUrKNnam:asm:Ulrbs;va x-CamFümmnusSeBjv½ymanQamRbEhl 5 lIRt. kñúgmYy

mIlIlIRtrbs;QammanekasikaQamRkhmRbEhl 5.0 10 ehIyRKb;ekasikaQam 9

3-43
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

RkhmmaneGm:UkøÚb‘ÍnRbEhl 2.810 m:UelKul. cUrKNnama:srbs;mUe: lKuleGm:UkøÚb‘ÍnCa

8

RkamcMeBaHmnusSeBjv½y .
104. mIy:UkøÚb‘ÍnmanGuksIuEsnsMrab;dMeNIrkaremtabUlIskñúgsac;dMu. karviPaKKImIviTüabgðaj

favamanma:s Fe= 0.34%. etIma:sm:UlmIy:UkøÚb‘Ínmanb:unµan? ¬manEdkmYyGatUmkñúgmYy

m:UelKul¦.
105. cUrKNnacMnYnkacugnigGaj:úgkñúgsmasFatunImYy²bnþbnÞab;enH
(a) KBr 8.38g (b) Na2SO4 5.40g (c) Ca3(PO4)2 7.45g
106. PaKsMNakmYyman NaCl Na2SO4ehIy NaNO pþl;nUvkarviPaKFatudUcteTA
3

Na =32.08% O=36.01% Cl=19.51%. cUrKNnaPaKryCama:srbs;smasFatu

nImYy²kñúgPaKsMNakenaH.
107. ¬k¦ sMrab;m:UelKulEdlmanma:sm:UelKultUcs,úicRtUEm:Rtma:sGacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,I
kMNt;rUbmnþrbs;va. edIm,IbBa¢ak;BIcMnucenH cUrkMnt;mU:elKulEdlTak;TgCageKeTAnwgkar
segátkMBUls,úicma:senA 16x>G 17x>G 18x>G nig64x>G .
¬x¦ cUrsMKal;fahak;dUcCamanm:UelKulBIrEdlpþl;nUvkMBUl 44 x>G EdlrYmman
C H .CO . kñúgkrNIdUcenHGñkKImIGacBüayamemIlkMBUlepSgeTotEdlekIteLIgenA
3 8 2

eBlEdlm:UelKulmYycMnYnEjkecjedayELkkñúgs,úicRtUEm:Rt. ]TahrN_ ebIsinCaGñk

KImIemIleXIjkMBUlenA 44x>G ehIymYyeTotenA 15x>G etIm:UelKulNamYyEdlbegáIt
kMBUlenA44x>G? ehtuGIV?
¬K¦ edayeRbIma:sGatUmRtwmRtUvbnþbnÞab;enH H¬1/00797x>G¦/ C¬12/00000x>G¦
1 12

nig O¬15/99491x>G¦ etIma:sRtwmRtUvy:agdUcemþcrbs; C H nigCO EdlRtUvEtRtUv

16
3 8 2

)anvas;edIm,IEbgEcgsmasFatuTaMgenH?
108. cUrKNnasmasPaBCama:srbs;FatuTaMgGs;enAkñúgkal;süÚmpUsVat[Ca (PO ) ] Edl 3 4 2

CasmasPaKsMxan;rbs;q¥wg.
109. lIsIun CaGasIutGamIensMxan;kñúgxøÜnmnusSEdlman C . H . O nigN. tamkar

BiesaFn_mYycMehHsBVénlIsInu 2.175g eGayplCO 3.94g nigH O 1.89g. tamkar

2 2

BiesaFn_mYydac;BIKñalIsInu 1.873g eGaypl NH 0.436g 3

k- cUrKNnarUbmnþgayrbs;lIsuIn.
x- ma:smU:lrbs;lIsInu KWRbEhl 150g etIsmasFatuenHmanrUbmnþmUe: lKulya:gdUcemþc?

3-44
 CMBUkTI3

110. etI 1g énm:UelKulGIuRdUEsnmancMnYnGatUmGIuRdUEsndUc1génGatUmGIuRdUEsnEdlrWeT?

111. cMnYnGav:UkaRdURtUv)anBiBN’naCaktþabMElgmYyrvag x>G nigRkam. cUreRbIGatUmPøúyG

¬19/00x>G¦ Ca]TahrN_bgðajBITMnak;TMngrvagxñatma:sGatUm nigmYyRkam.

112. sMbUrPaBkñúgFmµCatirbs;GIusUtUbBIrrbs;GIuRdUEsn¬GIuRdUEsnnigdWetrüÚm¦KW
1
1 H = 99,985% nig H = 0,015% . cUrsnµtfaTwkmanGtißPaBCa H O nig D O.
2
1 2 2

cUrKNnacMnYnm:UelKulrbs; D O kñúgTwk 400mL. dg;sIuetrbs;TwkesIµ 1.00g/mL .

2

113. smasFatumYymanEt C . H nig Cl RtUv)anBinitükñúgs,úicRtUEm:Rtma:s. kMBUls,iúc

ma:sEdlx<s;CagRtUvnigm:asGIuyug: 52 x>G. kMBUlma:sEdlx<s;CageKbMputemIleTAeXIj

CaRtUvnwgma:sGIuyu:g 50 x>G nigRbEhlbIdgxøaMgCagkMBUlenA 52x>G. cUrrkrUbmnþ
m:UelKulsmehtuplsMrab;smasFatuenH nigBnül;BITItaMgnigGaMgtg;sIueténkMBUlma:s
Edl)anerobrab; ¬kørCaFatumYyEdlmanGIusUtUb Cl : 75,5% Cl : 24,5% cMeBaH H
35
17
37
17

eRbI H cMeBaH C eRbI C ¦.

1
1
12
6

114. kñúgkMNkabUnm:UNUGuksIut (CO) RtUv)aneKrkeXIjfa 2.445g rbs;kabUnpSMCamYy

GuksIuEsn 3.257g . etIma:sGatUmGuksIuEsnb:unµan ebIma:sGatUmkabUnKW 12.01 x>G .

115. etIpleFobénkørm:UelKulCamYyGuksIuEsnm:UelKulb:unµan Edl)anmkBIrbMEbk Cl O 2 7

eTACaFatupSMrbs;va?
116. etIsmasFatubnþbnÞab;enHmYYyNamanma:skørFMCageK? (a)- 5.0g Cl (b)-60.0g
2

NaClO3 (c)- 0.10mol KCl (d)- 30.0g MgCl2 (e)-0.50mol Cl2

117. b:Utas;CaEr:rbs;bU:tasüÚm EdlRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;smasFatub:UtasüÚmrbs;va. plitp;l
PaKeRcInrbs;bU:tas;enAshrdæGaemricRtUveRbICaCI. RbPBcMbgrbs;bU:tasKWbUt: asüÚmkørY
(KCl) nigb:UtasüÚms‘ulpat(K SO ). karplitb:Utas;eRcInEtRtUv)anraykarfaCa
2 4

b:UtasüÚmGuksIut (K O) esµIKñarWb:UtasüÚmGuksIutEdlplitecjBIEr:.
2

k- ebIsinb:UtasüÚmkørYtMél0.055$kñúgmYyKILÚRkam etItMélrbs;bU:tasüÚms‘ulpatb:unµan
EdlRtUvlk;edIm,IpÁt;pÁg;brimaNb:UtasüÚmdUcKña?
x- etIma:s¬CaKILÚRkam¦ rbs; K O mancMnYnm:UldUceTAnwgGatUm K Edrb¤eT eBlEdlman
2

1.00Kg rbs; KCl ?

118. )øaTInbegáItCasmasFatuBIrxusKñaCamYynwgkør. smasFatumYyman Cl Cama:s26.7%

ehIymYYyeTotman Cl Cama:s 42.1 % . cUrkMnt;rUbmnþgayrbs;smasFatuTaMgBIr.

3-45
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

119. edaydutkMedA 2.40 g GuksIuténelah³ X ¬ma:sm:Ulrbs; X = 55.9g/mol¦ kñúg CO

elah³suT§nigkabUnDIGuksIut. ma:selah³Edlplit)anKW1.68g. tamTinñn½ypþl;eGay
cUrbgðajfarUbmnþgaybMputrbs;GuksIutKWX O sresrsmIkarmanlMnwgsMrab;Rbtikmµ.
2 3

120. smasFatu X manm:g;kaENs 63.3% ehIyPaKryCama:srbs; O KW 36.7%. eBl 2

Edl X dutkMedA ]sµ½nGuksIuEsnekIneLIg)ancYlrYm ehIysmasFatufµI YmanPaKry

m:g;kaENs (Mn) 72% ehIyPaKryGuksIuEsn 28.0% ekIteLIg.
k- cUrkMnt;rUbmnþgayrbs; X nig Y .
x- cUrsresrsmIkarmanlMnwgsMrab;bMElgBI X eTA Y .
121. rUbmnþénGIuRdatrbs;)arüÚmkørYK
: W BaCl .xH O. RbsinebI 1.936g rbs;smasFatu
2 2

)anpþl; 1.864g én BaSO eRkaykarmanRbtikmñCamYyGasIuts‘ulpYric cUrKNnatMél x?

4

122. eK)anRbmaNenAPñMSt Helens (May 18. 1980) bnÞúH)anekIteLIg ehIyRbEhl 4.0 x

10 etanrbs; SO RtUv)anbeBa©jeTAkñúgbriyakas. RbsinebI SO TaMgGs;RtUv)anbMEbøg

5
2 2

eTACaGasIuts‘ulpYric etIman H SO b:unµanetanRtUv)anplit?

2 4

123. l,ayénCuSO .5H OnigMgSO .7H ORtUv)aneKdutrhUtdl;hYtTwkGs;. RbsinebI

4 2 4 2

5.02grbs;l,aypþl;2.988grbs;GMbil cUrKNnaPaKryCama:srbs; CuSO .5H O Edl 4 2

manenAkñúgl,ay.
124. enAeBl0.273g énMgRtUv)anduty:agxøaMgenAkñúgbriyakasGasUt RbtikmµKimIekIt

maneLIg. plitplénRbtikmµmanTMgn; 0.378g. cUreGayrUbmnþgay nigeQµaHrbs;

smasFatuEdlmanMg nigN . cUrsresrsmasFatuenH.
125. l,ayénemtan CH nigeGtan C H KW13.43gRtUv)aneKdutenAkñúgGuksIuEsn.
4 2 6

ebIm:assrubrbs; CO nig H O KW 64.84g cUrKNnaPaKryrbs;emtanenAkñúgl,ay.

2 2

126. saMgsMNmansarFatubEnßmedIm,IkarBarkarTgÁicrbs;m:asIun. sMrab;karviPaK

smasFatubEnßmRtUv)aneKrkeXIjfamankabUn GIuRdUEsn nigsMN. enAeBl 51.36g
rbs;smasFatuenHRtUv)aneKdutenAkñúg]bkrN_¬bgðajenArUbTI6¦55.90g énCO nig 2

28.61génH ORtUv)anplit. cUrkMNt;rUbmnþgayrbs;sarFatuEdlbEnßmeTAelIsaMg .

2

127. edaysarEt\T§iBlGaRkk;rbs;vaeTAelIbrisßan

smasFatusMNEdlRtUv)aneKBiBN’na

3-46
 CMBUkTI3

enAkñúglMhat;TI127)anRtUveKCMnYsedayemTIlETb‘uyTIl¬smasFatu C. H nig O¦
edIm,IbegáIn\T§iBlsaMgenAkñúgbu:nµanqñaMeRkayenH. enAeBlEdl21.1grbs;smasFatuRtUv
)aneKdutenAkñúg]bkrN_30.2grbs;CO nig14.8grbs;H ORtUv)anbegáIteLIg.
2 2

etIrUbmnþgayrbs;smasFatuenaHy:agdUcemþc?
128. ]bmafaGñkRtUv)aneKeGayKUb(cube)mYyEdleFVIBIm:aejsüÚmRbEvgEKm 1.0cm.

k> KNnacMnYnGatUmrbs;MgEdlmanenAkñúgKUbenaH.
x> GatUmmanragEsV‘ dUcecñHGatUm Mg minGacbMeBjenARKb;cenøaH)aneT. RbsinebI
RtwmEt74% RtUvbMeBjedayGatUm Mg cUrKNnakaMenAkñúg picometers rbs;GatUmMg.
¬dg;sIuetrbs;Mg KW 1.74 g/cm nigmaDEs‘VénkaM rKW 4/3πr ¦
3 3

129. PaKsMNakmYyrbs;FüÚgfµman1.6%éns‘ulpYKitCam:as. enAeBlFüÚgfµRtUv)aneKdut

s‘ulpYRtUv)anbMEbøgeTACas‘ulpYDIGuksIut. edIm,IkarBarkarbMBulxül;s‘ulpYDIGuksIutRtUv
dak;[eFVIRbtikmµCamYynwgkal;süÚmGuksIiut(CaO)edImÇIbegáItkal;süÚms‘ulhVIt(CaSO ). 3

KNnam:asRbcaMéf¶KitCaRkamrbs; CaO RtUvkaredayeragcRkfamBlmYyEdleRbIR)as;

6.60x 10 kg Cagerogral;éf¶.
6

130. xül;KWCal,ayén]sµ½nCaeRcIn. b:uEnþkñúgkarKNnam:asm:Ulrbs;vaeyIgRtYvkarKit

smasPaKsMxan;²bI mandYcCaGasUt GuksIuEsn nigGakug. ebIeK[ mYymU:lrbs;xül;
enAkMritrbs;TwksmuRTman 78.08% N 20.95 O nig0.97% énGakug etIm:asm:Ulrbs;
2 2

xül;manb:unµan?
131. kUnLúkLak;mYymanRCugRbEvgRbEhl1.5cm. k> etImaDrbs;mYymU:lrbs;kUn
LúkLak;esµInwgbu:nµan? x> snµtfamU:lrbs;kUnLúkLak;GacRtUv)aneKx©b;tamviFIEdlvab:H
KñaBImYyeTAmYy edaybegáItRsTab;KrelIKñaRkbelIépÞEpndITaMgmUl. KNnakMBs;Kit
CaEm:RténRsTab;EdlGacnwgrIk. [kaMEpndI¬r¦esµI6371km nigépÞrbs;EsV‘KW 4πr .] 2

132. xageRkamenHKWCaviFIEdlmanRbsiT§PaBsMrab;):an;sµanBITMhMcMnYnGavU:kaRdU edayeRbI

GasIutesþGaric(C H O ). enAeBlGasIutesþGaricRtYVv)aneKbEnßmeTAelITwk m:UelKul
18 36 2

rbs;vaRbmUlenAelIépÞnigbegáItRsTab;elITwkEdlmankMras;mYym:UelKul ¬vaminrlaykñúg
Twk¦. épÞmuxkat;;énm:UelKulGasIutesþGaric)anRtUveKvas;KW0.21nm . enAkñúgkarBiesaF
2

mYyeKeXIjfa1.4x 10 gGasIutesþGaric EdlRtUvkarbEnßmelITwkkñúgfasbegáItRsTab;

-4

3-47
TMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImI

ragrgVg;mUlkMras;mYym:UelKul EdlmanbnÞat;p©it20cm. eyagtamkarvas;TaMgenH

etIGVIeTACacMnYnGav:UkaRdU? RkLaépÞrbs;rgVg;énkaM r KW πr .
2
2

0.21nm

133. Guktan¬C H ¦KWCasmasPaBrbs;\n§n³. cMehHsBVrbs;GuktaneGayplCa CO

8 18 2

nigH O. cMehHminsBVvijplit)anCOnigH O EdlminRtwmEtbnßyRbsiT§PaBrbs;m:asuIn

2 2

eT b:uEnþvak¾CasarFatuBulpgEdr. enAkñúgkareFVIetsþsakl,gmYy 1 gallon (4.54 L) én

GuktanRtUv)aneKdutenAkñúgm:asIun. m:assrubrbs;CO.CO nigH OKW11.53kg. cUrKNna
2 2

PaKryrbs;GuktaEdlRtUv)anbMEbøgeTACaCO . dg;sIiuetrbs;GuktanKW 2.65kg/gallon.

2

134. enAkñúg]sSahkmµ]sµ½nGIuRdUEsnGacRtUv)aneKerobcMedayRbtikmµ]sµ½nRbU):an(C H ) 3 8

CamYycMhayTwkenAsItuNðPaBRbEhl400 C. plitplKWkabUnm:UNUGuksIut (CO) nig

o

]sµ½nGuIRdUEsn. k> sresrsmIkarmanlMnwgrbs;Rbtikmµ. x> etImanH b:unµanKILÚRkam 2

GacRtUv)anTTYlBI 2840kg énRbU)a:n?

cMelIylMhat;Gnuvtþn_
1. 10.81 x>G> 2. 3.59 mU:l 3. 2.57x10 3
g 4. 8.49x1021 K GatUm 5. 32.04 x>G>
6. 1.66 mU:l 7. 5.81x10 H GatUm 8. 24
H: 2.055%; S: 32.69%; O: 62.25% 9.
KMnO4 10. 196 g 11. B2H6 12. Fe2O3 + 3O2 → 2Fe + 3CO2 13. (a) 0.508
mU:l (b) 2.21 g 14. 235 g 15. k> 234 g x> 234 g 16. k> 863 g x> 93%
cMelIylMhat;
6. 92.51% 8. 5.1 x 10 x G 12. 5.82 x10 qñaMPøW
24 3
14.9.96x10 mol Co -5

16.3.01x 10 g Ag 18. (a) 1.244x 10 g/GatUm As.(b) 9.746 x10

3 -22
g/GatUmNi -23

20.2.98 x10 GatUm Cu 22. sMN

22
24.(a) 73.89g . (b)76.15g. (c) 119.37g. (d)

176.12 g. (e) 101.11g. (f) 100.95g 26. 6.69 x 10 m:UelKuleGtan 28. N: 3.37x10
21 26

GatUm . C: 1.69x 10 GatUm. O: 1.69 x10 GatUm/ H: 6.74x 10 GatUm 30. 8.56x
26 26 26

10 m:UelKul 34. 7 40. C: 10.06%. H: 0.8842%. Cl: 89.07% 42 . NH 44.C H NO

22
3 2 3 5

3-48
 CMBUkTI3
47. 39.6g S 48. 5.97g F 50. (a) CH2O. (b) KCN 52. C5H8O4NNa 58.
(a) 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2 . (b) 2KNO3 → 2KNO2 + O2 . (c)
NH4NO3→ N2O + 2H2O . (d) NH4NO2 → N2 + 2H2O . (e)2NaHCO3 →
Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2. (f) P4O10 + 6H2O → 4H3PO4.(g) 2HCl + CaCO3 →
CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 . (h) 2Al + 3H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2.(i) CO2 + 2KNaOH
→ K2CO3 + H2O. (J) CH4 + O2 → CO2 + 2H2O.(k) Be2C + 4H2O →
2Be(OH)2 + CH4. (l) 3Cu + 8HNO3 → 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O. (m) S +
6HNO3 → H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O.(n) 2NH3 + 3CuO → 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O 62.
1.01mol rbs;Cl 2 63. 78.3g NaHCO3 65. 0.324l 68. 0.294mol KCN 70. 20g NO272.
18g O2 76. 0.709 NO2: 6.9x 10-3mol NO 78. HCl; 23.4g 82. (a)7.05g . (b)92.9% 84.
3.47 x 103g 86. Cl2O7 88. (a) 0.212mol . (b) 0.424mol 90. 18 92. 2.4 x 1023 GatUm 94.

65.4 xG rbs; Zn 96. 89.6% 98. C H 6 12O6 100. Cr 102. 1.6 x 104g/mol 104. NaCl:
32.17%. Na2SO4: 20.09%. NaNO3: 47.75% 106. Ca: 38.76%. P: 19.97%. O: 41.27%
108. yes 110. 2.01x 1021 m:UelKul 112. 16 x G 114. (e) 116. PtCl ; PtCl 118. (a)
2 4

Mn O . (b) 3MnO → Mn O + O 120. 6.1x 10 etan 122 Mn N m:aejsüÚmnIRtIt

3 4 2 3 4 2
5
3 2

124. PbC H 126. (a) 4.3 x10 GatUm . (b) 1.6x 10 pm 128 28.97 g/mol 130 3.1 x
8 20
22 2

10 m:UelKul/ mol 132 9.09x10 Kg

23 2

3-49