

Rate of
evaporatioN

INDEX
SL CONTENTS PAGE
NO NO
1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3
2 INTRODUCTION 4
3 EXPERIMENT 1 12
4 AIM 13
5 REQUIREMENT 13
6 PROCEDURE 14
7 OBSERVATION 15
8 CONCLUSION 15
9 EXPERIMENT 2 16
10 AIM 17
11 REQUIREMENT 17
12 PROCEDURE 17
13 OBSERVATION 18
14 CONCLUSION 18
15 BIBLIOGRAPHY 19

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 I express my profound gatitude to Mr
N.G.Babu, the pricipal of our school for
his valuable instruction and
guidance for the submission of this
project.
I am also grateful to Mrs Jyothi, Mrs
sajini and other staff members of
chemistry department for their whole
hearted support.
Finally I like to record my gratefulness
to all my friends and my
parents

INTRODUCTION

Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs from the surf

ace of a liquid into a gaseous phase that is not saturated with the
evaporating substance. The other type of vaporization is boiling, which is
characterized by bubbles of saturated vapor forming in the liquid phase.
Steam produced in a boiler is another example of evaporation occurring in
a saturated vapor phase. Evaporation that occurs directly from the solid
phase below the melting point, as commonly observed with ice at or below
freezing or moth crystals (napthalene orparadichlorobenzene), is called
sublimation.
On average, a fraction of the molecules in a glass of water have enough
heat energy to escape from the liquid. Water molecules from the air enter
the water in the glass, but as long as the relative humidity of the air in
contact is less than 100% (saturation), the net transfer of water molecules
will be to the air. The water in the glass will be cooled by the evaporation
until an equilibrium is reached where the air supplies the amount of heat
removed by the evaporating water. In an enclosed environment the water
would evaporate until the air is saturated.
With sufficient temperature, the liquid would tum into vapor quickly (see
boiling point). When the molecules collide, they transfer energy to each
other in varying degrees, based on how they collide. Sometimes the
transfer is so one-sided for a molecule near the surface that it ends up with
enough energy to 'escape '.
Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. The sun (solar energy)
drives evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil, and
other sources of water. In hydrology, evaporation and transpiration (which
involves evaporation within plant stomata) are collectively termed
evapotranspiration. Evaporation of water occurs when the surface of the
liquid is exposed, allowing molecules to escape and form water vapor; this
vapor can then rise up and form clouds. The tracking of evaporation from
its source on the surf ace of the earth, through the atmosphere as vapour
or clouds, and to its fate as precipitation closes the atmospheric water
cycle, and embodies the concept of the precipitationshed.
 THEORY
For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the
surface, they have to be moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient
kinetic energy to overcome liquid-phase intermolecular forces.When only
a small proportion of the molecules meet these criteria, the rate of
evaporation is low. Since the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional
to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher
temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining
molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the
liquid decreases. This phenomenon is also called evaporative cooling. This
is why evaporating sweat cools the human body. Evaporation also tends
to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates between the gaseous and
liquid phase and in liquids with higher vapor pressure. For example,
laundry on a clothes line will dry (by evaporation) mere rapidly on a windy
day than on a still day. Three key parts to evaporation are heat,
atmospheric pressure (determines the percent humidity) and air
movement.
On a molecular level, there is no strict boundary between the liquid state
and the vapor state. Instead , there is a Knudsen layer, where the phase is
undetermined . Because this layer is only a few molecules thick, at a
macroscopic scale a clear phase transition interface cannot be see .
Liquids that do not evaporate visibly at a given temperature in a given gas
(e.g., cooking oil at room temperature) have molecules that do not tend
to transfer energy to each other in a pattern sufficient to frequently give a
molecule the heat energy necessary to turn into vapor. However, these
liquids are evaporating. It is just that the process is much slower and thus
significantly less visible.

EVAPORATION EQUILIBRIUM
If evaporation takes place in an enclosed area, the escaping molecules
accumulate as a vapor above the liquid. Many of the moleculesreturn to
the liquid, with returning molecules becoming more frequent as the
density and pressure of the vapor increases. When the process of escape
and return reaches an equilibrium, the vapor is said to be "saturated", and
no further change in either vapor pressure and density or liquid
temperature will occur. For a system consisting of vapor and liquid of a
pure substance, this equilibrium state is directly related to the vapor
pressure of the substance, as given by the Clausius-Clapeyron relation
where P1, P2 are the vapor pressures at temperatures T1, T2 respectively,
∆Hvap is the enthalpy of vaporization, and R is the universal gas constant.
The rate of evaporation in an open system is related to the vapor pressure
found in a closed system. If a liquid is heated, when the vapor pressure
reaches the ambient pressure the liquid will boil.
The ability for a molecule of a liquid to evaporate is based largely on the
amount of kinetic energy an individual particle may possess. Even at lower
temperatures, individual molecules of a liquid can evaporate if they have
more than the minimum amount of kinetic energy required for
vaporization.

EVAPORATION IS ONE OF THE TWO FORMS OF

VAPORIZATION

Evaporation is the process whereby atoms or molecules in a liquid state

(or solid state if the substance sublimes) gain sufficient energy to enter the
gaseous state.
The thermal motion of a molecule must be sufficient to overcome the
surface tension of the liquid in order for it to evaporate, that is, its kinetic
energy must exceed the work function of cohesion at the surface.
Evaporation therefore proceeds more quickly at higher temperature and
in liquids with lower surface tension. Since only a small proportion of the
molecules are located near the surface and are moving in the proper
direction to escape at any given instant, the rate of evaporation is limited.
Also, as the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules
have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid thus
decreases.

WHAT OCCURS AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL DURING THE

PROCESS OF EVAPORATION?
Evaporation happens because, at any given temperature, some of the
molecules have higher than average kinetic energy. Recall the kinetic
energy distribution from kinetic molecular theory. Some of the molecules
at the surface of the liquid have enough kinetic energy to escape the
attractions of the neighbours.

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF EVAPORATION IN CHEMISTRY?

Evaporation is one of the two forms of vaporization. It is the process
whereby atoms or molecules in a liquid state or solid state if the substance
sublimes gain sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state.

WHY DOES EVAPORATION OCCURS?

Evaporation happens when a liquid substance become a gas. When water
is heated, it evaporates. The molecules move and vibrate so quickly that
they escape into the atmosphere as molecules of water vapour.
Sometimes a liquid can be sitting in one place (maybe a puddle) and its
molecules will become a gas. That's the process called evaporation. It can
happen when liquids are cold or when they are warm. It happens more
often with warmer liquids. You probably remember that when matter has
a higher temperature, the molecules have a higher energy. When the
energy in specific molecules reaches a certain level, they can have a phase
change. Evaporation is all about the energy in individual molecules, not
about the average energy of a system. The average energy can be low and
the evaporation still continues.
You might be wondering how that can happen when the temperature is
low. It turns out that all liquids can evaporate at room temperature and
normal air pressure. Evaporation happens when atoms or molecules
escape from the liquid and tum into a vapor. Not all of the molecules in a
liquid have the same energy. When you have a puddle of water (H20) on
a windy day, the wind can cause an increased rate of evaporation even
when it is cold out.

Energy Transfer
The energy you can measure with a thermometer is really the average
energy of all the molecules in the system. There are always a few
molecules with a lot of energy and some with barely any energy at all.
There is a variety, because the molecules in a liquid can move around. The
molecules can bump into each other, and when they hit... Blam! A little bit
of energy moves from one molecule to another. Since that energy is
transferred, one molecule will have a little bit more and the other will have
a little bit less. With trillions of molecules bouncing around, sometimes
individual molecules gain enough energy to break free. They build up
enough power to become a gas once they reach a specific energy level. In
a word, when the molecule leaves, it has evaporated.

FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPORATION

CONCENTRATION 0F SUBSTANCE EVAPORATING IN AIR
If the air already has a high concentration of the substance evaporating
then the given substance will evaporate more slowly.
CONCENTRATION OF OTHER SUBSTANCE IN THE AIR
if the air is already saturated with other substance it can have a lower
capacity for the substance evaporating.
FLOW RATE OF AIR
This is in part related to the concentration points above If fresh air is
moving over the substance all the time, then the concentration of the
substance in the air is less likely to go up with time, thus encouraging
faster evaporation. This is the result of the boundary layer at the
evaporation surface decreasing with flow velocity, decreasing the
diffusion distance in the stagnant layer.
INTER-MOLECULAR FORCES
The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in the liquid state,
the more energy one must get to escape. This is characterized by the
enthalpy of vaporization
The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol ∆Hvap) also known as the (latent)
heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the energy (enthalpy) that
be added to the substance, typically a liquid, to transform a quantity of
that substance into a gas. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the
pressure at which that transformation takes place.
The enthalpy of vaporization is often quoted for the normal boiling
temperature of the substance; although tabulated values are usually
corrected to 298 K, that correction is often smaller than the uncertainty in
the measured value The heat of vaporization is temperature-dependent,
though a constant heat of vaporization can be assumed for small
temperature ranges and for reduced temperature. The heat of
vaporization diminishes with increasing temperature and it vanishes
completely at a certain point called the critical temperature
PRESSURE
Evaporation happens faster if there is less exertion on the surface keeping
the molecules from launching themselves.
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface
of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge
pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is the pressure relative to the
ambient pressure.
SURFACE AREA
A substance that has a larger surface area will evaporate faster, as there
are more surface molecules per unit of volume that are potentially able to
escape.
The surface area of a solid object is a measure of the total area that the
surface of the object occupies. The mathematical definition of surface area
in the presence of curved surfaces is considerably more involved than the
definition of arc length of one-dimensional curves, or of the surface area
for polyhedra (i.e., objects with flat polygonal faces), for which the surface
area is the sum of the areas of its faces. Surface area is important in
chemical kinetics increasing the surface area of the substance generally
increases the rate of a chemical reaction.
TEMPERATURE
The higher the temperature of the substance the greater the kinetic
energy of the molecules at its surface and therefore the faster the rate of
their evaporation the actual rate of evaporation from a standardized pan
open water surface outdoors at various location nationwide
A temperature is an objective comparative measure of hot or cold the
temperature is a measure of a quality of a state of material the quality
may be regards as a or abstract entity than any particular temperature
scale the measures it and is called hotness. It is not necessity the case that
a material in a particular place is in a state that is steady and nearly
homogeneous enough to allow it to have a well defined hotness or
temperature.
When two systems in thermal contact are at the same temperature no
heat transfers between them when a temperature difference does not
exist heat flows continuous from the warmer system to the colder system.
EXPERIMENT
NO 1
AIM
To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of acetone
REQUIREMENTS
3 petri dishes of diameter 9.6cm 8cm 5.8cm, stop watch, 10 ml pipette,
covers
PROCEDURE
Clean and dry the petridishes and mark them as A,B,C. Pipette out 10 ml
of acetone in each of the petridishes A,B and C cover them immediately.
Uncover all the three petridishes simultaneously and start the stopwatch.
Note the time when acetone evaporates completely from each petridish.
OBSERVATION
Petridish mark Diameter of Time taken for
petridish Complete
(cm) evaporation

A 9.6 8 4min 30 sec

B 5.8 7min
C 10min

CONCLUSION
It will be observed that maximum evaporation occurs in petridish with
largest diameter followed by smaller and the smallest petridish. It is
therefore, concluded that rate of evaporation increases with increase in
surface area.
EXPERIMENT
NO 2
AIM
To study the effect air current on the rate of evaporation of ether.
REQUIREMENTS
2 petri dishes and ether

PROCEDURE
Take 2 petridish of same size and label them as 1 and 2
Take 10 ml of ether in each of the 2 petridish with the help of a graduated
cylinder. Keep petridish 1 in a place where there is no fan. Place petridish
2 under a fan
Start the stopwatch and note the time taken for the complete evaporation
of ether in both the petridish.
OBSERVATION
Condition Time taken for complete
evaporation

At romm temperature 1min 40sec

Under the fan 7min

CONCLUSION
The observation clearly indicate that the liquid under the fan evaporate
faster. This shows that rate of evaporation increases with air current

BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Text books of class 12 th chemistry
• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.org