Lecture 3

Diodes

1
 Basic Power Supply
• An electronic device that supplies electric energy to an
electrical load.
• Converts standard 120 V, 60 Hz ac voltage at wall outlets
to dc voltage
• Power all types of electronic circuits
- consumer electronics i.e. TV, DVDs, computers,
industrial controllers and laboratory instruments
• Most applications require low voltages

2
 Basic Power Supply
• Transformer - device for reducing or increasing the voltage of an
alternating current
• Rectifier - converts the ac input voltage to a pulsating dc voltage i.e.
half-wave rectifier
• Filter – eliminate fluctuations in rectified voltage, provide smooth dc
voltage
• Regulator - maintains constant dc voltage for variation in input line
voltage
• Load – electric component of a circuit that consumes electric power

3
 Half-Wave Rectifier
• Process of removing one half the input signal to establish a dc level

• What is the wave output of half wave rectifier ?

• Average value of half wave output voltage, =peak value

4

 Half-Wave Rectifier

• What is the average value of the half-wave rectified voltage ?

Solution:

= = 15.9 V

5
 Barrier potential in Half-Wave Rectifier

• Practical diode - barrier potential of 0.7V (Si) taken into account

• During positive half cycle - must overcome for forward
bias
- 0.7 V
• Calculate peak output voltage, ?

Solution:
- 0.7 V = 5V – 0.7V = 4.30 V 6
 Peak Inverse Voltage

• It is the maximum voltage across the diode when it is in

reverse bias
• Can be found applying kirchhoff’s voltage law.
• The diode must be capable of withstanding amount of
voltage

7
 Transformer coupling
• Transformer is usually coupled between ac source and
rectifier
• Two advantages
- source voltage to be step down
- ac source is isolated from rectifier(prevent shock hazard
in secondary circuit)
where, n=turn ratio
if n>1, secondary voltage is greater than primary voltage
if n<1, secondary voltage is less than primary voltage
if n=1,

0.7
8
PIV =
 Transformer coupling
• Determine peak value of the output voltage

Solution:
170 V
= = 0.5 170 = 85
= 0.7 = 85 0.7 = 84.3
9
 Full-Wave Rectifier
• Allows the current to flow during both positive and
negative half cycle or full 360°
• Output frequency is twice the input frequency

• Average value of full-wave rectifier

2 +

10
 Full-Wave Rectifier

• What is the average value of the full-wave rectified voltage ?

Solution:
, , -
= = = 9.55 V

11
 Center Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier
• Allows the current to flow during both positive and
negative half cycle
• This method of rectification employs two diodes
connected to a secondary center-tapped transformer.
• The i/p voltage is coupled through the transformer to the
center-tapped secondary
Coupled input voltage

12
 Center Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier
• What is the wave output of center tapped full-wave
rectifier ?

Solution:

13
 Center Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier
• Effect of turn ratio on the output
./
• If n=1, =
,
0.7
though

• If n=2,
0.7

•In any case, the o/p voltage is always

one-half of the total secondary voltage
minus the diode drop (barrier potential),
14
no matter what the turns ratio.

0.7
2
 PIV in Center Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier

234 234
• Maximum anode voltage , 0- = 1 , 0, =
, ,
• D1: forward-bias – its cathode is at the same voltage of its anode minus
diode drop, likewise in 0,
• PIV across 0,

PIV ,
234
0.7 - ,
234
, PIV = 0.7
234
As, ,
0.7 , 2 1 1.4
15
Hence,
2 1 0.7
 The Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier
• Rectifies mains AC input to DC output

• Used 4 diodes
- 2 diodes forward, 2 diodes reverse
• Without ideal drop (ideal diode)
- =
• With ideal drop (practical diode)
- = 1.4
16
• PIV = 1 0.7