TIMBER DESIGN

BENDING STRESS
𝑀𝐶
𝑓𝑏 = 1

6𝑀
𝑓𝑏 =
𝑏𝑑²
𝑀
𝑓𝑏 =
𝑆
𝑓𝑏 = 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝑏 𝑑2
𝑆= (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠)
6
𝐼 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑏 𝑑³
𝐼=
12
𝑑
𝑐=
2
SHEARING STRESS
𝑉𝑄
𝑓𝑣 = 𝐼𝑏

𝑓𝑣 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝑉 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝑄 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝑄 =𝐴𝑦
𝑏𝑑 𝑑
𝑄=
2 4
𝑏 𝑑2
𝑄=
8
𝐼 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑏 𝑑3
𝐼=
12
𝑏 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
1 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
3𝑉
𝑓𝑣 =
2𝑏𝑑
2 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝑏 𝑑³
𝐼=
36
𝑏 𝑑 𝑑
(2) ( 2) ( 3) 𝑏 𝑑2
𝑄= =
2 24
𝑏
𝑏=
2
𝑉𝑄
𝑓𝑣 = 𝐼𝑏

𝑏 𝑑2
𝑉 24
𝑓𝑣 =
𝑏𝑑3 𝑏
36 2
3𝑉
𝑓𝑣 =
𝑏𝑑
2 2
3𝑉
𝑓𝑣 =
2𝐴
3 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝑉𝑄
𝑓𝑣 =
𝐼𝑏

𝜋𝑟 4
𝐼=
4
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑦
𝜋𝑟 2 4𝑟
𝑄=
2 3𝜋
2 3
𝑄= 𝑟
3
𝑏 = 2𝑟
2
𝑉 3 𝑟3
𝑓𝑣 = 4
𝜋𝑟
4 2𝑟
4𝑣
𝑓𝑣 =
3𝜋𝑟 2
4𝑉
𝑓𝑣 =
3𝐴
 Allowable Bending Stress

A) Size Factor Adjustment

When the depth of a rectangular sawn lumber bending member 125 mm or
thicker exceeds 300 mm, the allowable bending stress 𝐹𝑏 shall be multiplied by
the size factor 𝐶𝑓.
300
Where 𝐶𝑓=( 𝑑 )1/9
𝐹𝑏 ′ = 𝐶𝑓𝐹𝑏
𝐶𝑓 = 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

For beams of circular cross section having a diameter greater than 340 mm the
size factor 𝐶𝑓 may be determined on the basis of an equivalent conventionally
loaded square beam.
300
𝐶𝑓=( 𝑑 )1/9
𝜋𝐷²
= 𝑑²
4
𝜋
𝑑 2 = (340)2
4
𝑑 = 301.3 > 300 𝑚𝑚

Note: The size factor adjustment shall not apply to visually graded lumber 50 mm
to 100 mm thick or to machine stress-rated lumber.

B) Form Factor

Beam Section Form Factor

Circular 1.180
Square 1.414

The form factor shall be cumulative with the size factor adjustment except for
lumber I-beams and box beams.
 Allowable Bending Stress for Laterally Unbraced Beams with Less
Variability

Slenderness Factor
When the depth of a bending member exceeds its breadth, lateral support maybe
required and the slenderness factor 𝐶𝑠shall be computed using the relation:

Le d
𝐶𝑠 = √
𝑏²
𝐶𝑠 = 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝐿𝑒 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑏 = 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠

Type of Beam Span and Nature of Effective length Le

Load: Le = 1.61 Lu
1 Single span beam, load concentrated Le = 1.92 Lu
at center Le = 1.84 Lu
2 Single span beam, uniformly Le = 1.69 Lu
distributed load Le = 1.06 Lu
3 Single span beam, equal end
moments
4 Cantilever beam, load concentrated at
unsupported end
5 Cantilever beam, uniformly distributed
load
6 Cantilever beam, uniformly distributed
load with concentrated load at cantilever
end.
7 Single span, or cantilever beam, any
other load.
Lu=unsupported length of beam (mm).

A.Short Beam
When Slenderness factor 𝐶𝑠 < 10 Use 𝐹𝑏 ′ = 𝐹𝑏
B. Intermediate Beam
When 𝐶𝑠 > 10 but less than 𝐶𝓀
𝐸
Where 𝐶𝓀 = 0.956√𝐹𝑏 For glued-laminated beam and machine stress-rated lumber
1 𝐶𝑠
𝐹𝑏 ′ = 𝐹𝑏 [1 − . ( ) ¼]
3 𝐶𝓀
C. Long Beam:
0.609 𝐸
𝐹𝑏 ′ = 𝐶𝑠² For glued-laminated beam and machine stress-rated lumber
48. Problem:

A single span beam having an unsupported span of 20 m. carries a uniform load

of “W” kN/M throughout its span. The beam has a cross section of 150 mm x 600
mm. Allowable bending stress of the wood is Fb = 12.4 MPa with a modulus
elasticity of 13800 MPa.

1 Compute the allowable bending stress with size factor adjustment.

2 Compute the allowable bending stress with slenderness factor adjustment.
3 Compute the load “W” that the beam could carry.

Solution:

1 Size factor adjustment:

𝑑 > 300 𝑚𝑚
300 1/9
𝐶𝑠 = ( )
𝑑
300 1/9
𝐶𝑠 = ( )
600
𝐶𝑠 = 0.926

𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

= 0.926(12.4)
= 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂

2 Slenderness factor adjustment:

𝐿𝑒 = 1.92 𝐿𝑢 (𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)

𝐿𝑒 = 1.92(20,000)
𝐿𝑒 = 38,400 𝑚𝑚

Le d
𝐶𝑠 = √
𝑏²

38400(600)
𝐶𝑠 = √
(150)2
𝐶𝑠 = 32
 𝐸
𝐶𝓀 = 0.811√
𝐹𝑏

13800
𝐶𝓀 = 0.811√
12.4
𝐶𝓀 = 27.06
𝐶𝑠 > 𝐶𝓀 𝑏𝑢𝑡 < 50

Use:
0.438 𝐸
𝑓𝑏 =
(𝐶𝑠)2

0.438(13800)
𝑓𝑏 =
(32)2
𝑓𝑏 = 𝟓. 𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂

3 Safe Load “W”

6𝑀
𝑓𝑏 =
𝑏 𝑑2
6𝑀
5.9 =
(150)(600)2
𝑀 = 53.1 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚′
𝑊𝐿²
𝑀=
8
𝑊(20)2
53.1 =
8
𝑊 = 1.062 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
𝑊 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟐 𝑵⁄𝒎