INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND
Satisfy Curiosity
SOCIETY
Science and technology are dynamic processes engaged
in by man to satisfy two basic needs
– the thirst for knowledge and the material
requirements for human survival and prosperity.
What is the meaning of science and technology?
 Science is the systematic way of acquiring
knowledge through observation and
experimentation, whereas technology is the
practical application of science. Technology is
used to design products that improve the
quality of human life.
 Science is a systematized body of based on
facts, gathered thru observations, experiments,
experiences in order to formulate a verifiable
conclusion and law for the benefit of man and
society.
 Technology can be defined as the products,
tools and processes used to accomplish tasks in
daily life.
 It is the application of science to solve a
problem. Technology involves the application of
engineering and applied sciences to solve the
practical problems of human lives.
Infrastructure
Communication
In Vitro fertilization
Sex Reassignment Surgery
Egg Freezing/ Vitrification
SAME SEX REPRODUCTION
Blastocyst -> Stem Cell
1. Cardiac Cells
2. Enterocytes
3. Fat Cells
4. Red Blood Cells
5. Chondrocyte
6. Epithelial Cells
7. Neuron
Society
 People living together in a more or less ordered
community.
 Group of persons joined together for a common
purpose or by a common interest. They come to
learn and perform behavior expected of them.
Benefits of Science
 The process of science is a way of building
knowledge about the universe — constructing
new ideas that illuminate the world around us.
Those ideas are inherently tentative, but as they
cycle through the process of science again and
again and are tested and retested in different
ways, we become increasingly confident in
them.
1. Address Societal Issue
2. Develop Technology
3. Build Knowledge
4.
5. Solve Everyday Problems
6. Inform Policy
Examples :
Hunger
BULLYING
DRUG ABUSE
Scientific knowledge allows us to develop
new technologies, solve practical problems, and make
informed decisions — both individually and collectively.
Because its products are so useful, the process of
science is intertwined with those applications:
New scientific knowledge may lead to new
applications.
For example, the discovery of the structure of DNA was
a fundamental breakthrough in biology. It formed the
underpinnings of research that would ultimately lead to
a wide variety of practical applications, including DNA
fingerprinting, genetically engineered crops, and tests
for genetic diseases.
New technological advances may lead to new scientific
discoveries.
For example, developing DNA copying and sequencing
technologies has led to important breakthroughs in
many areas of biology, especially in the reconstruction
of the evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Potential applications may motivate scientific
investigations.
For example, the possibility of engineering
microorganisms to cheaply produce drugs for diseases
like malaria motivates many researchers in the field to
continue their studies of microbe genetics.
MICROBIOLOGY
Glucose
Pyruvate
Aspergillus Lactobacillus Saccharomyces
Lactic Acid Lactic Acid Ethanol + CO2 Ethanol Car.Dio
(Soy Sauce) (Cheese, (Beer) (Wine) (Bread)
Yogurt)
Features of science
 Science Demands Evidence
 Science Is a Blend of Logic and Imagination
 Science Explains and Predicts
 Scientists Try to Identify and Avoid Bias
 Science Is Not Authoritarian
Scientific Revolution
 Science is an old as the world itself. There is no
individual that can exactly identify when and
where science begun. From the genesis of time,
science has existed. It is always interwoven with
the society. So, how can science be defined?
1. Science as an idea.
It includes ideas, theories an all available
systematic explanations and observations about the
natural and physical world.
2. Science as an intellectual activity.
It encompasses a systematic and practical study
of the natural and physical world. This process of study
involves systematic observation and experimentation.
3. Science as a body of knowledge.
It is a subject or a discipline, a field of study or a
body of knowledge that deals with the process of
learning about the natural and physical world. This is
what we refer to as school science.
4. Science as a personal and social activity.
This explains that science is both knowledge
and activities done by human beings to develop better
understanding of the world around them. It means to
improve life and to survive in life. It is interwoven with
people’s lives.
How do science and technology improve our lives?
Extensive research and investigation have led to
invention/development of technologies. These
technologies help us live comfortably and even prolong
life.
Some of these technologies are:
1. Food Technology
Food preservation process such as canning,
drying, and freezing have prolonged the
shelf life of foods by protecting them from
microbed and other agents of spoilage.
2. Products of Alcoholic Fermentation
3. Nuclear Medicine Technology – diagnosis of
internal parts of our body has been made easier
through computerized axial tomography (CAT),
position emission tomography (PET), and
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
4. Laser Technology – laser an acronym for light
amplification by stimulated emission of
radiation, is used in various field such as
communication, medicine and industry.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. Observation
2. Question
3. Research
4. Hypothesis
5. Experiment
6. Data
7. Conclusion
Scientific Attitude and Behavior
As a science student you
should develop such scientific
attitude as follows:
1. Curiosity
2. Open-mindedness
3. Critical outlook
4. Truthfulness
5. Patience and perseverance
Scientific Revolution was the period of enlightenment
when the developments in the fields of mathematics,
physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed
the views of society about nature. It explained the
emergence or birth of modern science as a result of
these developments from the disciplines mentioned.
It was the golden age for people committed to scholarly
life in science but it was also a deeply trying moment
to some scientific individuals that led to their painful
death or condemnation from the religious institutions
who tried to preserve their faith, religion and
theological views.
THE BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
A. Social Science
• It deals with human beings and their
interactions with each other.
1. History
 Study of human affairs and past events
 Sequence of events important
 Emphasis on cause and effect regarding
decisions made by those in power
2. Geography
 Study of the earth’s surface and physical
features, climate, products and population
 Topics of study may include global warming,
ozone depletion and forestry policies
Geography is focus on the understanding and
resolving issues about environment and sustainable
development.
 To understand basic physical systems that
affect everyday life. (ex. Water cycle, ocean
current)
 To learn the location of places and the
physical and cultural characteristic of those
places in order to function more
effectively.
 To understand the geography of past time
and how geography played an important
role in evolution.
 To appreciate earth as the homeland of
humankind and provide insight for wise
management decisions about the planet’s
resources should be used.
3. Economics
 Study concerned with the use of goods and
services
 Topics of study may include current high gas
prices, the distribution of wealth, and the use of
workers overseas.
 It is how societies use scarce resources to
produce valuable commodities and distribute
them among different people.
4. Sociology
 Study of human society and its development
and institutions
  Topics of study may include drug addiction on
the societal level, the millennial craze and its
effects, or the aging population
 Import in the solution of social problems.
5. Anthropology
 Study of humanity’s origins, customs, and
beliefs
 Topics of study may include early Homo Erectus
society, how the ancient Greeks lived or how
pioneers in the Yukon gold rush lived.
 It focuses on how contemporary human beings
behave in social group. It can offer insight into
the key political and social issues affecting the
world today. It will be able to learn the basic
assumption of human being about life.
All life is interconnected by descent
6. Archaeology
 Study of civilizations through their material
remains
 Closely related to anthropology
 “Ancient Detective” work
7. Political Science
 Study of government policies and practices
 Topics of study may include policies of various
political parties or how governments operate
8. Psychology
 Study of the mind and how it works
 Topics of study may include drug addiction on
the individual level, how people learn, or the
effects of stress on people.
 It will help you understand human behavior and
mental processes and allow you to better
understand how we think act and feel.
B. ABSTRACT SCIENCES
• It deals with abstract ideas and employ the
mental faculties.
Abstract – things that you cannot touch but you can
feel them. Examples : knowledge, self expression,
peace of mind
1. Computer Science
 Study of mathematics and technology in
computers and their applications
 1st computer - analytical engine – British
Charles Baggage 1833- 1871. Abacus – William
Oughtred in 1622
2. LOGIC
 Logic (from the Greek λογική logikē) is the
formal systematic study of the principles of
valid inference and correct reasoning
 Logic examines general forms which arguments
may take, which forms are valid, and which are
fallacies. In philosophy, the study of logic figures
in most major areas: epistemology, ethics,
metaphysics. In mathematics and computer
science, it is the study of valid inferences within
some formal language. Logic is also studied in
argumentation theory.
 Fallacies - mistaken beliefs
Ex. The notion that the camera never lies is a
fallacies
Epistemology – philosophy
Ethics – moral philosophy (right or wrong)
Metaphysics – deals with principles of things
including abstract concepts such as being, knowing,
substance, cause time and space
3. Mathematics
 Mathematics, first of all known as The Science
of numbers which is classified in Arithmetic and
Algebra, is classified as a formal science, has
both similarities and differences with the
empirical sciences (the natural and social
sciences).
 Study of numbers and measurement.
 Pythagoras – discovers math and established
pythagorean school
4. Philology
 The study of written texts, specifically of literacy
works, to establish authenticity.
 The correct interpretation of texts
 To establish the authenticity and original form
and determination of meaning of texts
5. Philosophy
 The study of the truth and principles of being,
knowledge and conduct.
C. NATURAL SCIENCE
• Classified as either Pure or Applied and divided
into Physical or Biological Science, do not simply
describe and explain nature.
• Pure science – depending on deductions from
demonstrated truths such as math or logic or
studied without regard to practical applications
1. Physical Science
 Study of inanimate(not alive) natural objects,
including physics, chemistry, astronomy and
related subjects.
Branches of Science
Diagram
Natural Science
Physical Science Earth and Space Science
Physics Chemistry Geology Astronomy Meteorology
Oceanography
Physical Science
 Physics – The science that deals with the
properties, changes and interactions of matter
and energy.
  Chemistry – The science that deals with  Identifies the distribution of diseases, factors
composition, properties and reactions of underlying their source and cause and methods
substances. for their control; It requires an understanding of
how political, social and scientific factors
Earth and Space Science intersect the exacerbate disease risk.
• Geology – the science that deals with the ENTOMOLOGY
development of the Earth’s crust, its rocks and  Insects (6 legs)
fossils. ETHOLOGY
• Astronomy – The science that deals with the  Animal behavior
origin, size, motion of stars and planets. GENETICS
• Meteorology – the science of the atmosphere  The process by which genetic information is
and its phenomena (the study of the weather) passed from parents to offspring (Genes and
Weather – state of atmosphere at a place and time as heredity)
regards heat, dryness, temperature HERPETOLOGY
Climate – weather conditions prevailing in an area in  Reptiles and amphibians
general or over a long period of time Reptiles Amphibians
• Oceanography – The study of the environment Crocodiles Frogs
of the ocean (plants and animals) Alligators Toads
Turtles Salamander (lizard-like appearance)
Water stratification is when water masses with Lizards Anurans (frog)
different properties ICHTHYOLOGY
a. Salinity (halocline)  Fish
b. Oxygenation (chemocline) MARINE BIOLOGY/ OCEANOGRAPHY
c. Density (pycnocline)  Sea creatures and the underwater environment
d. Temperature (thermocline) MAMMALOGY
 Mammals - (Warm blooded, Have hair, Make
2. Biological Science milk)
 Relating to biology or living organisms MICROBIOLOGY
 Microscopic organisms
ANATOMY MYCOLOGY
 Structure of living things especially revealed by  Fungi
dissection and separation of parts NUTRITION
 Rigor mortis – stiffening of the joints and  Diet and health
muscles of the body a few hours after death ORNITHOLOGY
usually lasting 1 to four days  Birds
 Livor, riogor and algor mortis – the dead body PALEONTOLOGY
becomes heavy because of loss of blood  Prehistoric life/ fossils
circulation as the heart stops beating. The blood PATHOLOGY
begins to settle, by gravity to the lower portions  Diseases caused by organisms (bacteria, fungi,
of the body protist, viruses)
BACTERIOLOGY
 Pathos- sickness
 Bacteria –unicellular microorganism which have SCATOLOGY
cell walls but lacks organelles and organized
 Animal droppings
nucleus
PHYSIOLOGY
BIOCHEMISTRY
 How organisms function and carry out
 Chemical processes in living organisms
physical/chemical processes
 It is used in clinical diagnosis, manufacture of TAXONOMY
biological products, treatment diseases.
 The groupings of living things
BOTANY
VIROLOGY
 Plant life
 Viruses and virus-like agents (prions)
CYTOLOGY
 No consensus on whether they are living
 Cells function, structure, and chemistry
ZOOLOGY
DERMATOLOGY
 The animal kingdom
 Study of Skin and integumentary system
 Skin – the largest organ in the body; act as vital
for early identification and pressure damage
including reddened areas of the skin or light
skinned people.
ECOLOGY
 Interrelationships between organisms and their
environment
EPIDEMIOLOGY
 Epidemics, Widespread diseases