CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 ABOUT:

Red soil, a sort of soil build up in warm,temperate, moist climate which is beneath
.

deciduous/mixed forest, consisting thin organic, organic--mineral layers of yellowish--brown

resting upon alluvium red layer, generally obtained from crystalline rock. Such soils are poor
. . .

growing, less nutrient, poor humus which is hard to plough because of low capacity to hold
. . .

moist.

1.2 RED SOIL IN INDIA:

.

Being 3rd major soil group in India covering an area of around 3.5lakhs Sq..km i.e 10.68
.

percent of India’s area above peninsula of Tamil Nadu (south) to Bundelkhand (north),
. . .

Rajamahal hills (east), Katchch.. (west).

.

1.2.1 DESCRIPTION:

Red soil in India are also known for the omnibus group of soil due to the presence of ferric
oxides in it, and have devel oped over gneiss, gneiss and many other crystalline rocks, the
. . .

sedimentaries of Vindhyan basi ns are mixed Dharwarian rock groups, whose colour/shade is
. . . .

primarily because of ferric oxi des as thin coating surface of grains, at the same time as iron
. .

oxides occurs because haematite or as a hydrous ferric oxides existence, whose shade is red
. .

occuring in hydrated variety, called limonite whose colour being yellow. In general the
. .

particle surface are red coloured whereas horizon underneath getting yellowish colour.
. . .

1.2.2 DISTRIBUTIONS:

These Red soils originate around huge tracts in western Karnataka, Chennai, southern Andra
. . .

Pradesh AP, Maharashtra-MH, telangana-TS, Chhattisgarh-CG, Odisha-OD & Chotanagpur

plateau (Jharkhand) and dotted patches also seen in West Bengal WB, Jhansi JH, Mirzapur
MZ, Banda, Hamirpur HM (Uttar Pradesh), Udaipur UD, Dungapur, Banswara & Bhilwara
districts of Rajasthan.
1.2.3 CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES

The texture of this soil differs from sand to clay, whereas majority of these soil bei ng loam.
. . .

The other characteristics that includes porous and friable structures, lack/very less content of
. . .

lime, free carbonates and kankar, having small quantities of salts which is soluble.
. .

Chemically it includes non-soluble material of about 90.47%, 3.61% of iron, 2.92% of

. .

aluminium, organic matter of 1.01%, 0.70% of magnesium, lime of 0.56%, 0.30% of carbon
dioxide, potash of about 0.24%, soda being of 0.12%, phosphorous of 0.09% and finally
nitrogen of 0.08%. However this chemical composition significantly differs from region to
region.

1.3 WHY STABILIZATION NEEDED:

Loose soil being unfavourable for the civil engineering constructions are blended with
.

various types of additives to advance the basic nature of th e soil by making it as a favourable
. .

for construction. The added substances can be Natural, Synthetic, Chemical or Solid wastes.
In a developing country like India, industries are getting set up at a quicker pace and
consequently, waste disposal and its management has turned into a problem, which required
great emphasis by various industries. Soil stabilization by using solid wastes conserves
various natural resources and further more brings about environmental friendly circumstance
and this method would give more monetary benefit.
Large amount of soil is utilized as a part of the construction of roads & highways. Anyway
adequate quantity of soil with required quality isn't accessible effortlessly. In this situation
large amount of trees are being cut that cause deforestation, disintegration of soil and loss of
fertility in soils which hampers in agricultural efficiency. Additionally, cost of extracting
good quality construction materials is expanding. These Industrial wastes being produced
were utilized as substitution or partial replacement for regular soil in the construction practice
apart from not just taking care of the issues of disposal and ecological contamination in
addition for helping preserving the natural soil. Currently the challenge for the present and
future of road construction is the proper or effective usage of produced waste or industrial by-
products as construction materials, which will give various noteworthy advantages to the
constructing industry and additionally to the nation in general by saving of natural resources
directly by decreasing volume of waste to empty land-filling, by bringing down the monetary
value of construction materials, by bringing down the cost of waste discarding treatments,
.

the last but not least is by introducing or advancing “Clean -Green” image.
. . .
1.4 ABOUT THE PROJECT
The automobile usage rising day b y day hence production of waste tyres increases. Disposal
. . . . .

scrap tyres is an eco-logical dilemma as use of auto-mobiles is in the increaseing trend

. .

causing imbalance to eco-system. Tyres are synthesized rubber; throwing away these wastes
. . .

is not easier said than done. Evaluation evidences, approximately 60-70% of such waste are
. . . .

disposed in an offensive way in many regions. To pass up such damage utilization of tyre-
. . . .

waste with technical development in fields like using them for constructional projects.
. . .

Although these enhance the properties of soil which is one of major vital material used in
. .

construction. A programmes inclusion of standard-proctor test, Direct shear test, un-confined

. .

compressive strength test, seepage velocity[permeability test], finally California bearing ratio .

number tests were done on samples of soil-tyre mix, by changing stabilizer content like 4.0%,.

8.0%, 12.0% lastly 16.0% by soil weight. This investigation dealt with shear analysis of red
. .

soil, adding assorted percentage of stabilizer.

1.5 OBJECTIVES

1) To find the index Soil-properties. .

2) Comparing un-soaked and soaked-CBR number, using varying tyre powder content.
.

3) Scrutinizing Optimum water content with maximum dry density of soil, shear
. . .

strength properties like un-confined compression param eters, shear characteristics, . .

Permeability on soil reinforced with tyre powder.

.
 VARIOUS SOIL TYPES IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF INDIA

1.6 THE STUDY AREA

The sample of red soil is obtained from the channapatna whose location is at 12.68°-N,
77.24°-E, having moderate elevations of 739.0 mts/2424 feet. This area is Located between
. .

Bangalore –Myso re highway (NH-275) good place for foodies, pit stop for night-out goers.
. . . . .

Restaurant and hotels like Shahara Hotel, Taj-end Hotel, Café-Coffee day, Sherva ki Hotel
. .

are few famous food points. Being Nice place to fresh and hang out, which is just 60 km from
. .

Silicon valley Bangalore or otherwise 80 km from heritage-city Mysore. Total Road length of
. .

108.25 km with a total water supply of 70.55 LPCD means per cap ita supply of 65.50 LPCD.
. .

During summer temperature goes upto 32 °C and during winter falls to 19.0 °C. The town
. . . . .

sited about 622.85 mts above mean sea level(MSL) with a reception of average rainfall
931.58 mm yearly.
CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Tatlisoz, Edil, Benson, (1997): Reported soil-tyre chip mixtures used as unique fill . . .

materials having hi gh compressibility-ductility nature. They also found that these

. . .

mixtures posses unique mechanical properties which are primarily from tyre chip
. .

content and not by type of soil. .

2. Tatlisoz, Edil, & Benson, (2001): Evaluated the shear nature and Geo synthetic
.

interactions of tyr e-chips & the use of soil-tyre chip backfills for geo-synthetic
. .

reinforced walls, embankments have shown a conclusion that these Soil-tyre posses
. .

appreciably hi gh shear-strength properti es than soil alone used in mix.

. . .

3. Zorn-berg, Costa, & Vollen-Weider, (2000): Experimented an investigation to .

obtain mechanical-properties of experimental embankment-fill which is built with

. . . .

tyre shreds, cohesive soils. Suddenly on post-construction, embankment is allowed to

. .

heavy vehicular traffic, settlements were observed for two more years. The results
shows embankment portion built using tyre shred & cohesive soil evidenced
significant satisfactory long-term performance during heavy truck traffic-exposures.
4. Prasad-Raju, Raman a-Murthy, (2008): Performed CBR, shear tests for
. . .

optimization of waste plastics along with waste tyr e rubber in granular sub-base layer. .

Using these results, Study on pavement models was conducted on optimum usage of .

waste-plastics, waste tyre rubber in gravel ly sub-base, on expansive subgrade for

. .

flexible-pavement system. Load bearing capacity of this sculpts significantly .

amplified if gravelly sub-base was reinforced along plastic waste, as well as waste . .

tyre rubber when compared to un-reinforced sub-base layer.

.

5. Hassana, Marei, Hashem, (2005): Carried tests i nvolving tri-axial, CBR on shreded- . . .

tyre reinforced soil, conclusion shows the presence of shredded-waste tyres in sandy
. . .

particle enhance nature of stress-strain properties for different sizes & also stuffing of
. .

shredded ravage tyre over the use of sands alone. Maximum deviating stress of .

randomly re-inforced san d-tyre occurs at higher axial strain, compared to use of sands
. . . .

alone. CBR No. increases with the addition of shredded-tyre limi ting 3 % by soil
. .

weight. Later all, raised CBR diminishes with extra addition beyond limiting tyre .

content in-all soaked, un-soaked condition.

.
6. Mc. Donalds (1996): Prepared rubber-bitumen composition models with inclusion of
limiting to 25% cryogen ically recycled rubber. Results have designated as at raised
.

temperatures, a jelly like material having superior elastic nature is obtained. These
.

blend mix are suggested for preventing reflection cracks in bituminous pavements.
. . .

7. Bosscher-Edil (1992 & 1994): Conducted Experimental studies over soil-tyre chip . .

mixtures; they witnessed an improved frictional behaviour along with increased

. . .

resistance for dynamic loading impact, better drainage characteristics of soil+tyre

. .

mixture. Tyre-chip being used of size < 20 mm.

8. S. Yoon (2006): He has witnessed action evaluation of an embankment built using
Sand+Tyre shredds mixture as a filling material. The embankment kept in observation
with its satisfactory performance exhibiting of 12mm maximum settlement.
9. Alocke-Gregg, Oliver, Jain, Shukla-Nagarajan & Thirunavakkarasu, (1992):
. . .

Efforts are made to explore the effectiveness of Rubber as an Additives for . .

Bituminous Paving material Mixture and results evaluated that partial replacement of
. . .

waste rubber can be capable of without much affecting the existing properties of
. . .

bituminous mix . . Meanwhile Rubber from waste tyre units receives a greater
.

attention in due comparative cost and also preventing air pollution saving
. .

environment.
.

10. Ghazavi (2004): investigation is made for the suitability of recycled granular rubber
material as a lightweight backfilling material. He evidenced a unit weight of un- . .

treated soil reduced nearly begining from 14KN to 8KN with a original for 70 % . .

rubber blend. Researcher concluded that a] Addition of rubber to sand doesn’t . .

improved the shearing resistance of blends. b] An apparent cohesion number of nearly

. . .

10 KPa is obtained from the blends containing rubber grains. C] Initially frictional
angle decreases as we increase the percent of rubber. 4) Unit weight of blend
decreases as we go on adding rubber.
11. Dutta & Rao (2001): Studies have been made on sand+rubber chips. Compressibility . .

tests, tri-axials were carried out, stress v/s strain relation and strength limit are
. .

observed. It was found that internal-friction, effective particle cohesion of mixture . .

boost with inclusion of rubber up to 15%. .

12. Lee (1999): He also obtained the shear strength parameters along with stress-strain
relationship of tyre chip mixed with sand and found that the stiffness and strength
properties of chips shreds and rubber sand mixture being optimum for 7% tyre chips.
CHAPTER III
SOIL STABILIZATION

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Stabilization is a method where in which if the soil is unfavourable for the civil engineering
constructions are blended with various types of additives in improving basic properties of
. . .

soil, to make it as a favourable for the producti on as suitable building material. The added
. .

substances can be Natural, Synthetic, Chemical or Solid wastes. In a developing country like
India, industries are getting set up at a quicker pace and consequently, waste disposal and its
management has turned into a problem, which required great emphasis by various industries.
Soil stabilization by using solid wastes conserves various natural resources and furthermore
brings about environmental friendly circumstance and this method would give more
monetary benefit.

Earlier during Industrial revolution disposal of waste is the difficult challenge before
planning and assembling Industries. Waste items being toxic, ignitable, destructive and
reactive pose causes serious health problems and environmental issues. The way to transfer
industrial wastes could be a major issue in the present scenario. Effective measures should be
made and these measures require a powerful, financial supportive conditioned companion
technique to bring efficiency in transferring the produced industrial waste. One of the
measures is to bring about normal and feasible approaches to use these waste items as
backfilling material and also for road construction, embankments and highways. If such
materials can be suitably used in construction works then the contamination issue by the
industrial wastes can be significantly diminished.

Large quantity of soil is utilized as a part of the construction works. Anyway adequate soil is
required with good quality which isn't available easily. Due to this large amount of trees are
cut causing deforestation, disintegration and loss of soil fertility which increases the
agricultural efficiency. Additionally, cost of extracting good quality material will be higher.
Hence these industrial wastes which are used as a substitute to regular soil in construction
which is not direct measure for the issues of disposal and ecological contamination but also
an additional help to preserve the natural soil. The challenges for the present construction
practices and future of road construction is the proper use of waste or industrial by-products
as building material which will give various noteworthy advantages to the construction
projects and additionally to the nation, generally by conserving natural resources, by reduced
volume of waste to such land-fills, by bringing down construction material cost, also by
. .

bringing down cost of waste disposal, last but not least is advancement of “clean-green”
. .

Image.

In this work, an endeavour has been made to study the bang of automobile tyre waste on red- .

soils. Assessment done on soil altering percentage of tyre powder and their different
. .

properties such as; Compaction, Strength etc. were ascertained.

DEFINITION
“The improvement of stability or bearing capacity of soil by the use of controlled
. . . .

compaction, proportioning process and or by the addition of suitable admi xture or

. . . .

stabilizers”.
3.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SOIL STABILIZATION:
. .

 Evaluation of properties of given soils. 

.

 Analyse and decide the weak properties and choosing effective and economical
.

stabilization method. 
 Design of stabilized mix for the intended steadiness & toughness property. 
. .


3.2.1 CONCEPT OF SOIL STABILIZATION:
Soil, the Nature’s abundant constructional material. Almost all construction is built up
. . . . .

using or up on soil surface. When unsuitable situations exist the contractor has an
alternatives:

Finding new construction site. 

Re-designing structure so building can be erect over poor soil. 
. . .


Removing poor loose soil and replacing suitable one . 
.


Improving the original characteristics of soil. 
.

In practice, both 1st and 2nd options are impractical today, while option 3 has been used from
past. Now a day’s option 4 is being used often today and in future also.
CHAPTER IV

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

4.1.1 SUBGRADE SOIL
For present study, the subgrade soil which is locally available red soil collected from the field
of channapatna town at the depth of 0.7m down from the existing ground surface by disturbed
sampling which is then thoroughly hand sorted to remove vegetative matters, pebbles etc.
. . . .

Figure 2.0 Red soil

Table 4.1 Variation of particle size of red soil for stabilization

Particle size D (mm) % Finer N

Soil Tyre powder

4.75 91.9 96.5

2.36 85.5 82.2

1.18 71.5 68.8

600 micron 60.0 40.3

425 micron 50.2 30.2

300 micron 44.8 26.4

150 micron 20.0 20.6

75 micron 6.8 10.5

PAN 0 0
 Figure 4.1 sieve analysis curve obtained for untreated soil and tyre powder

The value of D10, D30, and D60, for red soil is obtained from above particle size distribution
curve.

For untreated red soil,

i) Cu= D60/D10

= 0.60/0.090

= 6.6

ii) Cc= D30*D30/(D10*D60)

= 0.190*0.190/ (0.090*0.60)
= 0.0576/0.054
= 0.668

Where
D10 is representing size (mm) where 10% of the particles were finer than this limit. Similarly,
soil particles finer than D30, D60 size are 30 and 60 percent of the total mass of the sample
respectively.
For a uniform graded soil, CU nearly equal to unity. And for a well graded soil, CC must lie in
range 1 to 3 and in addition to this, CU must be > 4 for gravel and >6 for sands.
 Table 4.2 PROPERTIES OF UN-TREATED SOIL
Srl No Property of soil Value
.

1 particle size distribution

.

Gravel substance (%) 8.1

Sand substance (%) 85.1
Silt and clay substance (%) 6.8
2 Index-properties
Liquid-limit (%)
. 15.5%
Plastic-limit (%)
. 12.85%
Plasticity-Index (%) 2.65
3 Specific gravity 2.46
4 Max imum Dry-density (kN/m3)
. 18.93
5 Optimum water content (%) . 10.00

UNTREATED SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Figure 4.2 Unified soil classification table

 Since the more soil is > 50% of the total material lesser than 0.075mm size and more
than 50% of grains smaller than 4.75mm, hence it is sub-divided as Sandy soils.
 Regarding laboratory classification the obtained Cu (6.6) is greater 6, and Cc (0.668)
ranges 1 to 3, So the soil classification is Well-graded sandy soils symbolized as.

“SW” ( Well-graded Sand having very little / No fines).

. . .
4.1.2 TYRE POWDER

The collected waste tyre powder used in the study is taken from S R. Tyre Re-trading shop, in
K.R. market Bangalore and it ranges 425 micron to 600 micron in its size.

Figure 4.3 Tyre Re-trading unit and Tyre powder

Table 4.3 PROPERTIES OF TYRE POWDER

Srl No Property of tyre powder Values

1 Colour Carbon Black
2 Form Powdered
3 Specific gravity 1.36
4 Size (mm) 0.600 to 0.425
4.2 METHODOLOGY
4.2.1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST:
.

Test is as conducted according to IS 2720, Part III, Section 2, 1980- for fine grained soil.
.

 Clean pycnometer bottle and dry it properly, Find its weight W1g, with brass cap and its
washer accuracy to 1g.
 Take around 200g to 400g of oven dried sample of soil and fill in the pycnometer,
Find weight W2 g of bottle along with sample.
 Fill the bottle to half its height using water (distilled), mix thoroughly. Add enough water
by replacing the screw top and fill the bottle flush with hole of the conical cap. Dry
bottler on the outside, find its weight W3 g.
 Empty and clean the pycnometer & fill it with water up to the conical cap hole and note
down mass W4 g.
 Tabulate the observations and find the specific gravity.
 Repeat the same procedure with different proportions of soil and tyre powder.

Figure 4.3a conducting Specific gravity test

4.2.2. LIQUID-LIMIT TEST:
.

Examination is as performed according to IS 2720, Part 5, 1970.

 Note the room temperature and weigh 120g sample passed from 425 micron IS sieve.
 Mix sample with the water forming a uniform consistent paste and before test Re-mix it
thoroughly.
 Place the soil paste in the cup, depth is 1cm at the centre.
 Groove making tool is used, to divide soil paste. And drop cup by turning crank at 2
revolutions per second.
 Turn it till the two halves come in contact for 12mm, note the number of blows.
 Add little extra soil mixture to the cup and mix it well in the cup itself.
 Repeat the procedure 6 to 9 times and tabulate the observations.

Figure 4.3b Conduction of Liquid limit Test

4.3.3. PLASTIC-LIMIT TEST:
.

The test is as performed according to IS-2720, Part V, 1970.

.

 Miss soil with different percent distilled water over the glass plate surface.
 Take tiny amount of prepared sample paste between fingers, form a ball. Roll tiny sample
on a glass plate on palm forming thread of uniform dia 3mm.
 Rate of roll is 80 to 90 stokes/min.
 After making thread, it is kneaded together, after all again rolled.
 Repeat rolling and kneading till thread of 3mm dia crumbles- i.e. soil is no longer rolled
to thread.
 Crumbled thread pieces are taken to water content cups for finding moisture content
 Observations are made and tabulated and plastic limit is found.

Figure 4.3c Conduction of plastic-limit

4.3.4. STANDARD COMPACTION TEST:

Test is conducted according to IS 2720, Part VII, 1980.

 3 kgs of air dried pulverized soil passing through4.75mmis taken.

 For light compaction, water added to the soil bringing its moisture content to about 4-6%
.

and condition soil is coarser & ranging 8-10% if it’s finer. For heavy compaction it is
.

about 5-8% for coarser and 12 -14% if finer. We have done heavy compaction in this
project.
 The mould fixed on base plate. The clean proctor mould is dried, greased inside lightly.
. .

Take weight of empty mould with base plate.

. .

 Cast filled with soil about 1/3rd height and compacted giving 25 blow to each layer.
Likewise 3rd layer is placed, compacted after fixing collar.
 The collar rotated in order to break the bond between the soil in mould and that in collar.
 Remove collar, trim of extra soil, Record mould weight along base-plate and soil.
 Remove soil from mould. Representative samples are taken out from the middle for
.

determining water content.

.

 Repeat same procedure for different water contents until soil weight in mould increases
. . .

and decreases after reaching maximum value.

 Find density & moisture content.
 Curve plotted between dry density v/s water content, density peak value is called “Max.
dry density MDD”, relating moisture content as “optimum moisture content”.
 Repeat whole procedure with different proportions of soil and tyre powder.

Figure 4.3d Conduction of compaction Test

4.3.5 PERMEABILITY TEST: .

The test is as conducted as per IS-2720 part XVII, 1980

.

 Calculated soil weight with optimum water contents mixed adding calculated quantity
tyre powder, mixing properly to have consistent an even mix, soil mixture crammed in
.

cylindrical mould of 10cm diameter, 1.7cm height in 3 equal layers nearly.

. .

 Soil being Standard compacted giving 15 such blow to each layer and specimen is
prepared.
 Apparatus such as Porous plate placed both at top and bottom of specimen prepared.
 Connect mould to suitable stand pipe.
 Open bottom outlet, wait till steady state flow reached (i.e. outflow rate constant).
 Then collect quantity of outflow for convenient time interval.
 Weigh or measure collected water V1 ml.
 Alternatively connect inlet at bottom and collect water outlet at top.
 Collect water for same time interval & Repeat for 3 such trials as per IS 2720 part 17.

Figure 4.3e Permeability test apparatus and Test Conduction

4.3.6 DIRECT SHEAR TEST:
. .

This examination is as performed according IS-2720, part 13, 1986

. .

 To find actual field conditions in the laboratory we are selected direct shear test by
applying normal stress of 0.5kg/m2, 1.0kg/m2 and 1.5 kg/m2 and corresponding shear
stress at failures is determined.
Specimen’s preparation and curing
 Testing samples are prepared using their Optimum water content, Max. dry densities and
. .

samples intended to test immediately, also samples planned for varying curing periods
was kept in desiccators and taken out from desiccators 1 hour before conduction of test.

Figure 4.3f Direct shear test samples keep in desiccators

Testing procedure
 For present study, the shear test were conducted according to IS-2720 Part XIII, 1986.
 The samples tested AT constant strain rate 1.25 mm/minute, at different a normal stress
under un-drained condition.
 Proving ring reading was noted for every 50 division on dial gauge. The reading
continued till three consecutive dial readings shows reducing trend attains static stress
rate or with 20% deformation rate whichever is gets earlier.
 Direct shear Instrument is as shown Figure below.
Figure 4.g Direct shear strength test apparatus

Figure 4.1g Digital direct shear test apparatus

.
4.3.7. CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST:
. .

The test is executed according to IS-2720, Part –XVI, 1979.

. .

 California Bearing ratio, a numerical value is a significant soil parameter in designing

. .

flexible pavement, air field runways. The test is performed according to IS 2720 Part-16,
1979.
 A standard mould with removable collar is equipped. Soil-tyre mixture were compacted
at their compaction values and kept soaked in water for four days beneath testing under
2.5 kg surcharge load.

Figure 4.3h CBR mould kept in a soaking condition with a dial gauge is resting on
tripod to determine the swelling pressure of the sample.
4.3.8: UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
. .

The study is done according to IS-2720, Part X, 1991

Preparing Compacted Specimen

 During compaction of disturbed sample, care is taken by using circular cross-section
mould with suitable dimension. Specimen is prepared using predetermined water content
and density.
 Initially specimen’s length, diameter along with specimen weight is measured & .

specimen positioned on bottom plate of load applying device. Upper plate is adjusted just
. . . .

making to contact with specimen’s top.

.

 Deformation dial-gauge adjusted with suitable reading, preferring in multiples of 50.

Force applied just to have an axial strain of 0.5 - 2% per every minute having failure
. .

cause with 5 to 10.

 Force reading taken at suitable intervals on dial. Testing specimen be compressed unless
and until failure surface absolutely developed or stresss strain curve will reach its peak/
.

upto axial strain 20 % reached.

.

 Failure pattern be observed carefully, failure surface angle with horizontal is measured, if
exist & possible, reported in data sheet.
 Water content of the different proportioned specimen is found in accordance with IS 2720
Part II 1973 by using specimens taken out from failure zone of each sample.
. .

Figure 4.3i Unconfined compressive strength test apparatus

4.4 FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGNING AND ANALYSIS:
4.4.1 Design as per IRC:37-2018 4th Revision guidelines:
. . .

Steps for design of flexible pavement as per IRC-37. 2018 guidelines

For designing thickness of the pavement as per the IRC code guidelines the
Following parameters are needed
I. Design traffic in Cumulative standard axle(CSA)
II. CBR Result of subgrade
I. TRAFFIC DESIGN:
Procedure for estimating design traffic is as follows
For design traffic, the following information is needed.
1) Commercial vehicles/day (CVPD) .

2) Growth rate at the time of desi gn period in percentage.

. .

3) Design life (in years)

4) Vehicular damage factor (VDF) .

5) Distribution of CVPD on carriageway.

.

Steps 1: Commercial vehicle/ day:.

Estimation of daily av erage traffic flow of any road is based on minimum a 7 da ys with
. . . . . .

24 hrs classified as traffi c volume counts.

.

Step 2: Growth rate of traffic:

It is estimated using following
i. Knowing past trends of growth
.

ii. Establishing economic model

.

If sufficient dat a is not obtained, recommendation is done with an avg. growth rate of 7.50%
. .

annually is considered.
.

Step 3: Design Life:

IRC recommendation for National highway & State highway shall be designed for 20 yrs.
.

Express-ways & urban roads have design life of 30 yrs.

For other road categories, a design life of 10 - 15 yrs is adoptable.
Step 4: Vehicular damage factor (VDF):
Considered to convert commercial vehicle number of various axle loads also an axle
.

configuaration to no. of Standard axles per every commercial vehicle.

. .

Table 4.4 Indicative VDF values as per IRC-37 for different terrain conditions
Terrain
Initial volume of traffic, type
CVPD Rolling/plain
. . Hill
0 to150 1.70 0.60
150 to 1500 3.90 1.70
>1500 5.0 2.80

Step 5: Distribution of CVPD over the carriageway:

Procedure for estimating commercial vehicle design traffic is as follows
i. Single-lane road.
Design depending on 100% of total no. of CVPD.
. .

ii. Two-lane with single carriageway

Design depending on 75.0% of total number of CVPD (in both Directions).
. .

iii. Four-lane with single carriageway

.

Designing bas.ed on total number of CVPD (both directions).

iv. Dual-carriageway
Designing dual 2 lane carriageway roads depending on 75% of CVPD (in each directions).

Step 6: Computing design traffic: .

Design traffic considered in CSA during thedesign life of roads.

. .

As per IRC:37 2018 code depends on value of CBR which is used for designing flexible
.

pavement thickness.
 ND e S= {𝟑𝟔𝟓×(𝟏+𝒓)n –𝟏}𝑨 𝑫 𝑭-------------------------Eq (1)
r
Where ,
.

ND e S- cumulative number of standard axles to be catered for design period “n” yrs
. . .

(n)- Design life of pavement in year.

(F)- Vehicular damage factor.
(r)- Growth rate of commercial vehicle annually.
(P)- Commercial vehicle number to last count.
(D)- Land distribution factor.
(x)- No. of yr ranging from last count & year of completion
. .

(A)-Initial traffic in yrs [CVPD]

II. CBR VALUE OF SUBGRADE

For determining the CBR, the standard test procedure is strictly adhered to; this is described
in IS-2720, Part-XVI. Recommended loads considered in determination of CBR value as per
the IRC 37-2012 is given in Table 4.5

Table 4.5 Standard load considered for CBR test

. .

Penetrating Standard load Standard load

[Kg/cm2]
Depth, mm (KgF)
2.50 70.0 1370.0
5.00 105.0 2055.0

The swelling pressure in percentage is determined by using the following procedure and
corresponding equation (2) is given below.
Procedures
1. Filter paper placed on the specimen and stem is adjusted after that perforated is placed on
.

prepared soil specimen in mould.

.

2. Standard weight producing surcharge being identical to base material weight to nearest
. . .

2.50 Kg placed over compacted sample.

3. Entire mould with weight shall be immersed in water bath as shown in figure.
. . . .

4. Tripod device used to measure expansion be mounted at edge of mould with its initial dial-
gauge reading be recorded.
5. Whole setup is kept un-disturbed for 96 hrs recording reading.
6. After soaking period, the change in dial reading noted, remove tripod and mould is kept
out from water tank.
Expansion Ratio = (𝑫𝒕-𝑫𝒔)/H ×100.............................................Eq (2)
Where Dt = Final dial reading, mm
.

Ds =Initial dial reading in mm

.

H = Initial hei ght of prepared specimen in mm

. .

Expansion ratio used to qualitatively identify potential expansiveness of given soil. .

CHAPTER−V
SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION

Present research work describes the performance of different combination and comparisons
of the treated and untreated soil stabilized with varying percentage of tyre powder.
The followings are scope for present investigation
1. For examining the basic properties of red soil before and after stabilization with tyre
wastes.
2. To study the compaction behaviour red soil blended with varying content of tyre powder.
Compaction test is executed to know their corresponding OMC and MDD.
3. To know compaction behaviour of optimum replacement of tyre powder in soil treated .

with different tyre powder content.

. .

4. To evaluate and analyse the compaction behaviour of soil treated using varying quantity of
Tyre powder
5. To compare the strength characteristics of the red soil for unique blends with wastes with
various percentage combinations.
6. To know optimum usage of additives (tyre-powder) being used to get maximum strength.
7. To develop regression equation to predict the CBR of red soil stabilized with varying
quantity of tyre powder based on their corresponding laboratory Maximum dry density value.
8. To use the tyre powder in a field of highway construction. That is, tyre powder in the
process of stabilization so as to make use of a waste material effectively.
 Table 5.1 Investigation programme
Mixture Type of test Curing period (d days)
Specific gravity G,
Liquid-limit WL,
.

Plastic-limit PL,
Std Compaction test, Direct Immediate test
shear strength, Unconfined
Red soil (RS) Compressive strength

Permeability test Immediate test

California bearing ratio
Value test 0d, 4d soaking

Tyre powder alone (TP) Specific gravity G , Immediate test

Specific gravity G Immediate test and

California bearing ratio 4day soaking

Direct shear strength 0d, 7d, 30d

RS+4%TP
UCS Immediate test
Permeability Immediate test
Specific gravity Immediate test
California bearing ratio Immediate test and
4day soaking
RS+8%TP
Direct shear test 0d, 7d, 30d
UCS test Immediate test
Permeability test Immediate test
Specific gravity
California bearing ratio Immediate test and
4day soaking

RS+12%TP Direct shear test 0d, 7d, 30d

UCS test Immediate test
Permeability test Immediate test
Specific gravity Immediate test

RS+16%TP California bearing ratio Immediate test and

4day soaking

Direct shear strength 0d, 7d, 30d

UCS Immediate test

Permeability Immediate test

CHAPTER−VI
COMPACTION TEST AND STRENGTH BEHAVIOUR
OF RED SOIL TREATED WITH
TYRE POWDER
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discuss about the Specific gravity, Compaction and Direct shear behaviour for
red soil treated using varying quantities of tyre powder, also discuss about the optimization of
tyre powder in red soil, optimization of tyre powder soil. All the optimization is determined
using direct shear test. This chapter also discuss about California bearing ratio value of
optimal combination of soil and tyre powder, California bearing ratio value comparisons with
soil alone.
6.1: SPECIFIC GRAVITY ANALYSIS
Test for Specific gravity of red soil treated with varying Percentage of tyre powder
Table 6.1 Specific gravity of investigating soil treated by tyre powder
. .

Mixture Specific gravity G at

27º C
RED Soil alone 2.46
RED 2.380
Soil+04%TP
RED 2.320
Soil+08%TP
RED 2.150
Soil+12%TP
RED 2.09
Soil+16%TP
TYRE 1.360
POWDER alone

specific gravity v/s Tyre powder content

3
2.5
specific gravity

2
1.5
1 Series1
0.5
0
0 4 8 12 16 TP
Tyre powder content %

Graph 6.1 Deviation of specific gravity with tyre powder content

Difference in specific gravity of given soil treated using varying percentage of tyre powder
. . .

shown in Table 6.1 and Fig 6.1, it is observed that red soil alone having specific Gravity
2.460 where as tyre powder alone specific gravity is 1.360, the addition of ever-increasing
Percentage of tyre powder (by weight of soil) in red soil reduces specific gravity of matrix,
because of replacement of high specific gravity of soil with lower specific gravity of tyre
. . .

powder.
6.2 COMPACTION ANALYSIS
Compaction is process in which soil particles are made to rearrange, packed together to a
. . . .

closer state of contact by mechanical modifications to decrease porosity of soil and finally
. . . . .

increasing its dry density.

. .

Table 6.2 Compaction Results of red soil with tyre powder

Compaction values
Mixture
Optimum moisture
. . Maximum-dry density in
.

content in % kN/m3
Red Soil alone 10.00 18.933
Red Soil+4%TP 9.75 16.732
Red Soil+8%TP 9.34 14.418
Red Soil+12%TP 8.78 13.78
Red Soil+16%TP 8.60 12.28

COMPACTION ANALYSIS .

20
MAX DRY DENSITY KN/M3

18
16
14
12 Untreated Red soil
10 RS+4%TP
8 RS+8%TP
6
RS+12%TP
4
RS+16TP
2
0
0 5 10 15 20
MOISTURE CONTENT in %
.

Graph 6.2 Variation of Water content–density relationship for

Red soil treated with varying percentage of tyre powder
From Table 6.2, & graph 6.2, it is practical that MDD of untreated sample is 18.933 kN/m3.

and optimum moisture content of 10.0% beyond 4% considerable decrease in Max. dry
.

density also almost constant moisture cont ent notice when compared to soil alone, this fall in
.

Max. dry density in most combination of sample with higher percentage of tyre powder is
.

replacement of higher density soil particle lower density tyre powder, this may be due to
dispersion of clay particle in reduction of lower liquid limit due to increasing lower specific
gravity material in the matrix. Similar trend were observed by Rao and dutta et.al (2001)
since the specific gravity of the tyre powder is smaller than that of ordinary soils and the
particles are permeable in nature, tyre powder has lesser maximum dry density with higher
.

optimum water content than typical soils.

The compaction assets of red soil alone and combinations using tyre powder have been
.

found. Conclusion has made that dry densities of expansive soil assorted with tyre powder
decreases as quantity of rubber increases. This piece of information make tyre rubber a
.

suitable stuff to be used as light-weight filling material. From the above graphs initially red
soil has the maximum dry densities 1.90g/cc and after adding different proportions of tyre
powder the OMC fluctuates and MDD decreases this mainly due to the reason that the tyre
powder’s specific gravity (G) is very low compared to soil.

Figure 6.1 Compaction analysis

 6.3 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DIRECT SHEAR STRENGTH
ANALYSIS FOR RED SOIL USING TYRE POWDER
( UN-SOAKED CONDITION & SOAKED CONDITION )

Proving ring No: PR-02-83190(0-2kN) Max 1361 divisions.

Dial gauge: 0.01mm least count.
 Direct shear experiment is used to know shear strength parameter of soil-tyre mixture.
. .

 Consolidated un-drained conditions are adopted.

 Shear test is performed for different combination by preparing sample to their
optimum water content and max. dry densities.
. .

 Trials Executed at a Normal stress of 0.5 kg/cm2, 1.0kg/cm2 & 1.5kg/cm2 with 1.25
. . .

mm/min strain rate constantly. For each trail three samples were prepared and tested.

6.3.1 Optimization of red soil with tyre powder from direct shear test
(Normal stress 0.5kg/cm2)
 Shear stress carrying capacity of red soil treated with varying percentage of tyre
powder with varying curing periods by direct shear test.
 The Instrument that was used having a proving ring with a proving ring No: PR-02-
83190 with a load carrying limit of 0 to 2kN, maximum of 1361 divisions and dial
gauge has a least count of 0.01mm.
Table 6.3 direct shear test results for 0.5kg/cm2 Normal stress condition
Shear stress in kN/m2 from DST at Normal
stress of 0.5 kg/ cm2
Mixture Curing
period
Immediate 7 days 30 days
test curing curing
Red soil 44.36 48.66 52.36
alone
RS+4%TP 46.36 48.26 57.24

RS+8%TP 38.33 41.09 51.66

RS+12% TP 25.80 28.00 32.77

RS+16% TP 23.10 25.87 28.62

 Figure 6.2 Performing Direct shear strength procedure

Shear stress in kN/m2 from DST

[Normal stress-0.5 kg/ cm2]
.

70

60
4
shear stress(kN/m2)

50 8
0 4
40 4 8
8
immediate test
12
30 12 16
12 16 7 days curing
16
20 30days curing

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
% Tyre powder

Graph 6.3 Shear stress carrying capacity of red soil treated with varying percentage of
tyre powder with varying curing periods
6.3.2 Optimization of red soil with tyre powder from direct shear test
(Normal stress 1.0kg/cm2)
Shear stress carrying capacity of red soil treated with varying percentage of tyre powder with
varying curing periods by direct shear strength test.
Table 6.4 Test results for 1.0kg/cm2 Normal stress condition

Shear stress (kN/m2) from Direct shear test

[Normal stress -1.0 kg/ cm2]
Mixture
Curing
period
Immediate 7 days 30 days
test curing curing

Red soil 56.26 58.26 72.36

alone
RS+4%TP 58.85 62.16 78.24

RS+8%TP 55.35 58.09 61.66

RS+12% TP 48.60 55.40 58.67

RS+16% TP 35.26 51.86 54.61

Shear stress (kN/m2) from Direct shear test at Nor mal .

stress of 1.0 kg/ cm2

90
80 4
shear stress(kN/m2)

70 0
60 4 8
0
0 4 8 12
8 12
12 16
50 16
16
Immediate test
40
30 7 days curing
20 30 days curing
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
% Tyre powder

Graph 6.4 Shear stress carrying capacity of red Soil treated with varying percentage of
tyre powder with varying curing periods
6.3.3 Optimization of red soil with tyre powder from direct shear test
(Normal stress 1.5kg/cm2)
Shear stress carrying capacity of red soil treated with varying percentage of tyre powder with
varying curing periods by this test.
Table 6.5 Test results for 1.5kg/cm2 Normal stress condition.

Shear stress in kN/m2 from DST

at Normal stress of 1.5 kg/ cm2
Mixture
Curing
period
Immediate 7 days 30 days
test curing curing

Red soil 72.26 78.42 85.49

alone
RS+4%TP 82.42 96.16 107.24

RS+8%TP 65.33 68.09 71.66

RS+12% TP 49.80 55.40 58.67

RS+16% TP 49.16 46.86 49.61

Shear stress in kN/m2 from DSTat Normal stress of .

1.5 kg/ cm2

120
4
100
Shear stress (kN/m2)

4
0 4
80 0
0 8
8
60 8
12
12 Immediate test
12 16
16
40 16 7 days curing
30 days curing
20

0
0 5 10 15 20
% Tyre powder

Graph 6.5 Shear stress carrying capacity of red soil treated with varying
percentage of tyre powder with varying curing periods
Shear strength of only soil plus soil combined in company of varying percentage of tyre
powder varying from 4.0 to 16% TP (by soil weight) is evaluated by preparing samples to
their OMC and MDD, perform over a normal stress of 0.50 kg/cm2 for both immediate also
for cured samples, from above Table and above Figure it is concluded that as red soil treated
using tyre powder, strength also increases up to 4.0%, beyond that strength decreases . This
may be due to formation of cluster up to red soil plus 4.0% tyre powder strength increases
beyond red soil plus 4.0% tyre powder due to disintegration of cluster and lack of conformity
in conducting strength decreases, similar observation were also made by M. Ghazavi et.al
(2004).

Figure 6.3 Direct shear test operation

Figure 6.3a Tested direct Shear specimens

 Variation of shear for different normal stress parameters for
Red soil+Tyre powder mixtures under direct shear test
90 conducted immediately.

80
shear stress in kn/m2 70
60
50
Red soil alone
40
30 Red soil+4%TP

20 Red soil+8%TP
10 Red soil+12%TP
0 Red soil+16%TP
0 1 2 3
Normal stress in kg/cm2
.

Graph 6.6: Variation of shear stress for different normal stress parameters for Red soil-
. .

Tyre powder mixtures under direct shear test conducted immediately.

From the above fig the cohesion value decreases as we go on increasing the % of tyre powder
where as internal friction angle increases clearly stating that if we increase % of tyre powder,
cohesion value diminishes as stated by Sri Vasavi (et.al 2016). In real, reduced shear strength
is observed with respect to smaller amount normal stress. This observation was attributed
because of weak bonding between tyre powder with red soil.

Figure 6.4 Specimen after failure .

 6.4 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF RED SOIL BY TYRE POWDER
( UN-SOAKED CONDITION AND SOAKED CONDITION )

Proving ring No: PR-02-83190 (0-2kN) Max 1361 divisions.

Dial gauge: 0.01mm least count.
 The soil passing from 425micron sieve mixed using various % of tyre powder such as
4%, 8%, 12% & 16% are densified to their optimum water content.
 The UCS is executed in accordance to IS:2720 part X, 1991
. .

 Specimen is kept on lower plate of load applying machine also adjustments are made
.

just to touch specimen. Initially pressure is applied producing an axial strain 0.5 to
. .

2%/min, as per codal provision over sample, else until shear failure occurs or until a
. .

vertical strain of 20% is r each ed.

. . . . .

 Displacement is precised by strain measuring gauge, Atlast UCS is deliberated

. .

depending on load at failure using corrected area . . .

Table 6.6 UCS Test results

Unconfined compressive strength (kN/m2)
Mixture
Curing period (Days)
Immediate test 30
Red soil alone 148 148
RS+4%TP 196.37 330.55
RS+8%TP 246.96 465.6.7
RS+12%TP 170.84 241.35
RS+16%TP 144.66 159.80

Figure 6.5 UCS specimen

Preparation
 Figure 6.5b. UCS Specimens kept in Desiccators
. . . .

UCC STRENGTH
( RED SOIL+ TYRE POWDER)
300

250 Red soil alone

STRESS (KN/m2)

200
Red soil+4%tyre
powder
150
Red Soil+ 8%tyre
100 powder
Red soil +12%tyre
50 powder
0 red soil +16% tyre
0 20 40 60 80 100 powder
STRAIN (x 10-2)

Graph 6.7 UCC Stress v/s strain relationship

The effect of tyre powder on UCS values of red soil and red soil tyre mixture posses tendency
to reach peak first, after peak value, UCS value decreases. The test which is conducted on red
soil sample initially low when it is mixed with tyre powder, UCS value of soil is increased up
to 8%, from the above graph as the percentage of tyre powder is increasing weight of soil
decrease gradually, therefore at 16% tyre powder the soil behaves similar to the elastic or
brittle in nature.
Figure 6.6 Specimen after conducting UCC test showing failure plain
 6.5 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO
TEST OF RED SOIL USING TYRE POWDER.
( UN-SOAKED CONDITION AND SOAKED CONDITION )

Proving ring No: HE 8-1000 KGF 82, (capacity=1000KGF)

Dial gauge : 0.02mm least count.

 CBR is conducted to have knowledge regarding the strength of subgrade material.

Therefore CBR was conducted on both un-treated soil sample and soil mixed with
tyre powder in accordance to IS-2720 part XVI, 1987.
 CBR be presented as % of actual load causing penetration of 2.5mm or 5.0mm
. . .

compared to stand ard loads.

. .

 For penetrations 2.5mm and 5.0mm will be recorded by higher value as CBR (R.M
Subramnian and S.P jeyapriya 2009).
.

Table 6.7 CBR Test Results

CBR value (%)

Matrix
Un-soaked sample Soaked sample

Red soil alone 8.89 4.178

RS+4%TP 11.82 3.204

RS+8%TP 13.74 4.255

RS+12%TP 11.3 3.920

RS+16%TP 9.95 2.210

 Figure 6.7 CBR specimen preparation by heavy compaction and operation

CBR ( RED SOIL+TYRE POWDER)

300

250

200
Untreated Red soil
load(kG)

150 RS+4%TP
RS+8%TP
100
RS+12%TP
50 RS+16%TP

0
0 5 10 15
PENETRATION (mm)

Graph 6.8 Variation of CBR Values with different tyre powder content

Initially red soil alone has low CBR value and on addition of tyre powder to soil mixed in
different proportions by the weight of the soil, thereafter it showed development in CBR with
.

addition up to 8%, beyond 8% there is decreased CBR with additional increment in tyre
. . . .

content on un-soaked condition. It may be due to the presence of the more tyre powder up to
16% is higher than with untreated soil. The results agreeing that of P. T RaviChandra (et.al-
2016) who studied the “effect of addition of waste tyre crumb rubber on weak soil”
. .
 6.6 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SEEPAGE VELOCITY BY
PERMEABILITY TEST OF RED SOIL WITH TYRE POWDER.

 Specified soil weight with optimum water content combined with calculated number
of tyre powder methodically to get homogeneous mixture.
 Prepared soil is filled in cylindrical cast (10cm dia. & 11.7cm height).
 Soil is mixed in such a manner that there should not be any lumps formed which
results in an improper mixture.
 Porous plates fixed at both sides of soil specimen. Every layer is desirably densified.
. .

 Specimen is being compacted in 3 equal layers by the standard compaction test.

 Specimen is kept for a saturation period of 24hours
.

 After sample gets saturated, Mould along top soil is linked to constant-head reservoir.
. .

Water is made to run throughout soil.

 Water is collected in measurable jar and this conducted as per IS 272 0 part XVII.
. .

S
Figure 6.8 Specimen preparation for conducting permeability test
 Sl No Red soil +Tyre powder Seepage velocity
(at 270c)
in cm/s

1 Red soil alone 2.12x10-3

2 Red soil + 4% tyre powder 1.899x10-3

3 Red soil + 8% tyre powder 1.856x10-3

4 Red soil + 12% tyre powder 1.822x10-3

5 Red soil + 16% tyre powder 1.810x10-3

Table 6.8 Permeabilty test Results

From the above table it was found to decrease in the seepage velocity of soil. Since,
permeabilty is start to decrease over standard loading condition owing to compressive nature
.

of tyre powder, since resulting drop in volume of voids.

. .

Figure 6.9 Collection of seepage water from the soil mixtures

CHAPTER−VII

PAVEMENT DESIGN AND GENERATING

REGRESSION EQUATIONS

INTRODUCTION

 California bearing Number is most part useful for the design of pavement, as a parameter
indicates the strength of soil. To decide CBR of soil standard methods have been
established in various codes.
 The majority of the test techniques often involve laboratory test procedure to set up the
California bearing ratio values fairly but are more time consuming. For the speedy
estimation of California bearing ratio value, endeavours have made to compare the
California bearing ratio with max dry density which is obtained from laboratory result.
 In literature, there are few or scanty proof of such a correlation between CBR & Max. dry
. . .

density. Henceforth in present examination it is plan to make an endeavour to set up a

connection between the CBR, MDD Significance.
. . .

 If good relationship exists between the laboratory Max dry density value and California
bearing ratio value is built up, it turns out to be extremely helpful in evaluating the
California bearing ratio value rapidly. Such efforts have brought about the improvement
of correlation equation and this equation suitable only for a particular regional soil and
selected tyre powder chosen for the study.
 7.1 GENERATION OF REGRESSION EQUATION BETWEEN THE
PERCENTAGE REPLACEMENT OF RED SOIL BY TYRE POWDER, DRY
DENSITY AT MAXIMUM AND CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO VALUE.
Generating Regression equation of one variable depends on the other variable in linear
variations by using the following general linear correlation equation.

y = a + bx.............................................................Eq (7.1)
Σ y = na + Σ xb
Σ xy = Σ xa + Σ x2b

Table 7.1 Correlation of percentage of black cotton soil replaced by pond ash and their
corresponding value of Maximum dry density.
Maximum dry
Percentage of tyre
density in kN/m3 X2 XY
powder (X)
(Y)
0 18.933 0 0
4 16.732 16 66.928
8 14.418 64 115.344
12 13.780 144 165.360
16 12.280 256 196.480
∑X = 40 ∑ Y=76.143 ∑ X2= 480 ∑ XY=544.112

Substituting the above values, we get

76.143= 5a + 40b
544.112= 40a +480b
Solving of above two equations, obtaining the value of
a = 18.4802
b = -0.40645
Where a and b is a correlation constant
Substituting the values of a and b in equation (6.1)
Y=18.48-0.406X
With actual notation, the above linear regression equation can be written as
ᵧd (kN/m3) = 18.48-0.406× (X)
Where X is a percentage of Red soil replaced by tyre powder.
 Table 7.1B The Maximum Dry Density value by correlation equation with laboratory
. . . . .

obtained Maximum Dry density values.

. . .

Matrix . Predicted MDD . . Laboratory MDD .

(kN/m3) (kN/m3)
Untreated Red soil
. 10.79 18.933
Red soil + 4% tyre . 11.68 16.732
powder
Red soil + 8% tyre 12.62 14.418
powder
Red soil + 12% tyre . 12.88 13.780
powder
Red soil + 16% tyre . 13.49 12.280
powder

 It was conclu.ded that th e dry densities of claye y soil mixed with tyre powder decre.ases
. . . . . . .

as the amount of rubber increases. This fact makes tyre rubber a feasible material for use
. . . . . .

as lightwei ght fill materi al.

. . . .

 From the above tabl e, initially red soil has Max. Dry densi ty 1.9g/cc and by addi tion of
. . . . .

different proportions of tyr e powder Maxi.mum dry density decreases reason is that the
. . . . . .

tyre powder specific grav ity is very low as compareed to soil.

. . . . . .
 Table 7.2 Connection between California bearing ratio and Maxi mum dry density of
. .

red soil with varies percentage replacement by tyre powder.

.

Max dry CBR values

density in in percentage X2 XY
kN/m3 (X) (Y)

18.933 8.89 358.460 168.314

16.732 13.74 279.960 229.897

12.280 9.98 150.800 122.554

∑ X = 47.945 ∑ Y = 32.61 ∑ X2 = 789.22 ∑ XY=520.765

Substituting the obtained above values in the equation (7.1)

32.61 = 3a + 47.945b
520.765 = 47.945a + 789.22b
Solving the above equation, we get the values of
a = 11.145
b = -0.0172
Substituting the values of a and b in equation (7.1)
Y = 11.145-0.0172X
With actual notation, above linear regression equation can be written as
CBR (%) = 11.145-0.0172× ᵧd
Where ᵧd is the value of Max dry density in kN/m3
Table 7.3 The predicted un-soaked California bearing ratio value by correlation
equation with laboratory un-soaked California bearing ratio values.

Matrix Predicted CBR (%) Laboratory CBR (%)

Red soil alone 10.81 8.89

Red soil + 4% tyre 11.00 11.82

powder
Red soil + 8% tyre 12.42 13.74
powder
Red soil + 12% tyre 10.90 11.30
powder
Red soil + 16% tyre 10.933 9.98
powder
 7.3 FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN as per IRC 37-2018 FOR
. . .

UNSTABILIZED RED SOIL,

. .

RED SOIL STABILIZED USING TYRE POWDER.

Design done according to IRC: 37-2018, crust total thickness is obtained for CBR value of
. .

treated and untreated red soil. Obtained CBR value for un-treated red soil is 4.042% and of
. .

treated red soil with an optimum 8 % tyre powder is 8.87%.

1. No. of lanes = 2 lane, two way traffic condition

. . .

2. Initial traffic A=1200 CVPD (assumption) .

3. Design life (n)=20 yrs

.

4. Growth rate (r) = 7.5 %

. .

5. Vehicular damage factor (VDF) = 2.5

. . . .

6. Distribution factor, D = 0.75

ND e S= [𝟑𝟔𝟓×(𝟏+𝒓)n -𝟏] × 𝑨 × 𝑫 × 𝑭
r
ND e S= [𝟑𝟔𝟓×(𝟏+0.075)20 -𝟏] × 1200× 0.75 × 2.5
r
ND e S= 46.483 MSA

Cumulative standard axle N= 46.48 MSA, is taken into considering according to IRC 37-
. . .

2018
7.3. A Composition of pavement for untreated soil having CBR = 8.89%, corresponding
thickness is looked from plate 5 (IRC 37, Pg No 39) and corresponding chart is as shown
. . .

below
1. Bituminous concrete BC = 40 mm.
. .

2. Dense-Bituminous Macadam DBM= 110 mm.

.

3. Base coarse layer= 25 0 mm .

4. Granular Sub--base GSB= 200 mm.

.

Overall thickness = 600 mm.

.

Graph 7.1: Crust thickness chart for 9% CBR in traffic range 2-150 msa
, .

(Courtesy IRC 37-2018)

7.3. B Thickness of pavement for 4 %TP and 8%TP treated soil possessing CBR = 11.82%,
and 11.30% respectively the matching thickness is found from plate 7 (IRC:37 2018 Pg--No
. . ,,

40) and corresponding chart is shown in below figure.

. . .

1. BC = 40 mm
2. DBM = 100 mm
3. Base layer = 250 mm . .

4. Sub-base = 200 mm
.

Overall depth =590 mm

. .

Graph7.2 Catalogue for pavement with bitumi nous surface course and granular
. . . . . .

base course – Effective CBR 12% (Plate-7)

.
7.3. C pavement composition for 8 %TP treated soil consisting CBR = 13.74%,
corresponding thickness is got from plate 8 (IRC:37 2018 Pg-No 41) corresponding chart is
... .. ..

Shown below
.

1. BC = 40 mm.
2. DBM = 85 mm.
3. Base coarse = 250 mm,. .

4. Sub--base = 200 mm,

Entire depth =575 mm.
.

Graph7.3 Catalogue for pavement with bitu minous surface course and granular
. . . . . .

base course - Effective CBR 14% (Plate-8)

7.3. D Pavement layer thickness for 16 %TP treated soil whose CBR = 9.98%, corresponding
thickness is taken from plate 6 (IRC:37 2018, Pg No 40) and corresponding chart is as shown
. . -- .

below
1. BC = 40 mm.
2. DBM = 105 mm.
3. Base = 250 mm.
. .. .

4. Sub-base = 200 mm,

.

Total thickness = 595 mm.

.

Graph7.4 Catalogue for pavement with bituminous surface course wi th CTSB and
. . . . . . .

granular base course – Effective CBR 10% (Plate-6)

. .
7.4 COMPARISON OF PAVEMENT THICKNESS OF NATURAL AND TREATED SOIL.
. . . .

Out-laying pavement thickness among soil stabilized with various percentages of tyre
. . . .

powder.

Table 7.4 comparison of flexible pavement thickness for different tyre powder content

Pavement Layer Un-treated

.
4% TP and 8% treated red 16% treated red
red soil 12% treated soil soil
red soil
BC (mm), 40 40 40 40
DBM (mm), 110 100 85 105
Base (mm), 250 250 250 250
Sub-base (mm), 200 200 200 200
Total thickness (mm), 600 590 575 595
CBR (%) 9 11 14 10

From the above table we can conclude that red soil stabili zed with 8% tyre powder lowers
.

thickness of pavement by 4.16% compared with un-treated red soil.

.
7.5 COST COMPARISONS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT FOR DIFFERENT CBR
VALUES OBTAINED FROM VARIOUS STABILIZED MATRIXES.
Table 7.5 Per Km Cost of flexible pavement thickness for 0 & 16 % tyre powder content
Layers Length Width Depth Volume Rate Cost Total cost
Sl materials (mts) (mts) (mts) (m3) /m3 (Rupee) (Rs)/km
No description
For untreated soil

Bituminous 1000 7.5 0.04 300 10,673 32,01,900

1 concrete

Dense 1000 7.5 0.110 825 8,440 69,63,000

2 bituminous
macadam

Base coarse 1000 10 0.250 2500 1,665 41,62,500 1,67,31,400

3

4 Granular 1000 10 0.200 2000 1,202 24,0,4000

sub-base

Table 7.6 Per Km Cost of flexible pavement thickness for 4% and 12% tyre powder content
Layers Length Width Depth Volume Rate Cost Total cost
Sl materials (mts) (mts) (mts) 3
(m ) /m 3 (Rupee) (Rs)/km
No description
For treated soil with 4% and 12% tyre powder

Bituminous 1000 7.5 0.04 300 10,673 32,01,900

1 concrete

Dense 1000 7.5 0.100 750 8,440 63,30,000

2 bituminous
macadam
1,60,98,400
Base coarse 1000 10 0.250 2500 1,665 41,62,500
3

4 Granular 1000 10 0.200 2000 1,202 24,04,000

sub-base
 Table 7.7 Per Km Cost of flexible pavement thickness for 8% tyre powder content

Layers Length Width Depth Volume Rate Cost Total cost

Sl materials (mts) (mts) (mts) (m3) /m3 (Rupee) (Rs)/km
No description
For treated soil with 8%tyre powder

Bituminous 1000 7.5 0.04 300 10,673 32,01,900

1 concrete

Dense 1000 7.5 0.085 637.5 8,440 53,80,500

2 bituminous
macadam
1,03,06,900
Base coarse 1000 10 0.250 2500 1,665 41,62,500
3

4 Granular 1000 10 0.200 2000 1,202 24,04,000

sub-base

Table 7.8 Per Km Cost of flexible pavement thickness for 16 % tyre powder content
Layers Length Width Depth Volume Rate Cost Total cost
Sl materials (mts) (mts) (mts) 3
(m ) /m3 (Rupee) (Rs)/km
No description
For treated soil with 16%tyre powder

Bituminous 1000 7.5 0.04 300 10,673 32,01,900

1 concrete

Dense 1000 7.5 0.105 787.5 8,440 66,46,500

2 bituminous
macadam
1,64,14,900
Base coarse 1000 10 0.250 2500 1,665 41,62,500
3

4 Granular 1000 10 0.200 2000 1,202 24,04,000

sub-base
From the Table 7.5 to Table 7.7, it is observed, red soil stabilized using optimal tyre powder
considered as a subgrade material, the construction cost is reduced by 38.39 % on compared
with untreated red soil alone is considered as a subgrade material.. If stro nger the sub grade
. .

(having higher CBR reading) lesser is the crust thickness necessary to desi gn and construct
. . . . . .

pavement, this gives a considerable cost discount.

. . .

NOTE: Cost of the materials is reffered from Sched ule of rates 2018-19 P.W.P & IWTD
. . . .

Bangalore.
CHAPTER-VІII
CONCLUSIONS

In view of experimental work followed by technical examination of the outcomes, following

conclusions were drawn, they are as follows

 The optimum water content & max dry density comes down with raise in tyre powder .

additive having light wei ght property.

. .

 With amplifying tyre powder mix we evidenced, there is fall in cohesion value C for
.

16 % tyre powder
.

 High tire powder substance shows that stabilized earth can appreciably demonstrate
greater strength up to 8%, beyond decreases.

 Tyre powder mixed using soil shows an excellence in CBR limiting to 8%, there on
. .

wards decreases with increasing tyre waste.

. .

 With rise in tyre powder content there will be decreased seepage velocity due to the
resulting reduction in voids volume.

 Overall results designates addition of waste tyre powder to red soil will have optimistic
effects on sinking the Atter-berg limits, escalating efficiency, improved confrontation to
permeability, swelling parameter reduction with good settlement properties, finally
tumbling soil density which can be used as soil property improving additive.
 REFERENCES

 M. Ghazavi, “shear strength characteristics of sand-mixed with granular rubber,” Geo-

technical and Geological engineering 22 (3)(2004) 401-416
 R.M. Subramanian and S.P Jeyapriya, “effect of waste tyres in flexible pavement
system,” in Indian geotechnical society Chennai chapter, students paper competition 2009
 Melikbekhiti (et.al 2014, vol(4)) “properties of waste tire rubber powder” engineering,
technology & applied science research.
 P.T. Ravichandran (et.al. 2016 vol 9) “Effect of addition of waste tyre crumb rubber
powder on weak soil stabilization” Indian journal of science and technology.
 IS2720-part 7,(1980), “Determination of water content-dry density relation using light
compaction”, Bureau of Indian standards, New delhi, India.
 IS 1498, (1970, “classification and identification of soils for general engineering
purposes”, bureau of Indian standards, New delhi, India.
 IS2720 part 16 “Methods of tests of tests for soil: Laboratory determination of CBR.”
New delhi: bureau of Indian standards:1987
 IS2720 part 10 “Methods of tests for soil: determination of unconfined compressive
strength.” New delhi: Bureau of Indian standards: 1991.
 IS 2720 part 17 “Methods of test for soil: Laboratory determination of permeability”,
New delhi: bureau of Indian standards; 1986.
 B.Sri. Vasavi (et.al 2016) “Stabilization of expansive soil using crumb rubber powder and
cement”, International journal of innovative research in technology, volume 2.
 Text book of “Quantitative Methods” by Dr. Surekha.I. PRABHU- Professor & HOD of
management studies at KVM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SULLIA.
 GALLERY

Locally available subgrade soil collected from th e field of channapatna town at the
. . .

depth of 0.7m down from the exi sting ground level.

.

Waste Rub.ber Tyre Powder Collected from S R Ty.re Re-trading Sales, K R Mar.ket,
Bangalore
FOLLOWING ARE THE EXPERIMENTS PERFOR MED AT OUR INSTIT UTE
. . . . .

Govt. S.K.S.J. Technological Institute, K.R CIR CLE Bangalore

. . .

Sieve analysis performed on investigating soil and waste tyre pow der
. . . .

Performing Specific gravity of tyre powder and investigating soil

 Performing tests to find index properties of soil
. . . .

Performing Light Compaction and heavy compaction

 PERMISSION LETTER ISSUED BY THE
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BANGALORE
FOLLOWING ARE THE LIST OF EXPERIMENTS PERFORMED AT
BANGALORE INSTITUTRE OF TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE

Direct shear test specimen preparation

. . .

Conduction of direct shear test

. . .
 UCS speci men preparation
. .

Conduction of UCS test and specimen failure respectively

. . . .
Mould preparation for permeability test
. . .

Conduction of permeability test

. .
CBR Specimen preparation
. .

Conduction of CBR test

. .
Calibration chat for CBR proving ring : HE 8-1000 KGF 82, (capacity=1000KGF)
. . .
 Myself with the Instructors of
.

Highway Materials & Geo-technological Laboratories Respectively.

. . . .