Paleontology–the study of ancient life and ecosystems

Volcanology–the study of volcanoes

Seismology–the study of earthquakes

Hydrogeology–the study of groundwater, its flow, and its pollution and

remediation

Hydrology–the study of surface water flow

Geochemistry–the study of geochemical reactions in rocks and water

Geophysics–the study of all physical aspects of the Earth, including

paleomagnetism, plate tectonics, earthquakes activity

Structural Geology–the study of mountain building and the folding and

faulting of rocks

Paleoclimatology/Paleooceanography–the study and modeling of past

oceans and climates

Oceanography–the study of coastal erosion, sediment transport,

construction of harbors, and other aspects of the modern oceans

Petroleum Geology and Economic Geology: This involves searching for

and helping to mine or exploit Earth’s resources, including ore minerals, oil,
natural gas, and coal.