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1. Which of these species would you expect to have the lowest standard entropy (S°)?
A) CH4(g) B) HF(g) C) NH3(g) D) H2O(g)
Ans: B Category: Easy Section: 17.3
2. Which of these species would you expect to have the highest standard entropy (S°)?
A) CH4(g) B) C2H2(g) C) C2H4(g) D) C2H6(g) E) C3H8(g)
Ans: E Category: Easy Section: 17.3
3. Which of these species would you expect to have the lowest standard entropy (S°)?
A) Br2(l) B) Cl2(g) C) F2(g) D) H2(g) E) I2(s)
Ans: E Category: Easy Section: 17.3
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Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
8. Which one of the following reactions would you expect to have the lowest ∆S°?
A) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
B) C2H2(g) + 5/2O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + H2O(g)
C) C2H4(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
D) C2H6(g) + 7/2O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 17.3
9. Which one of the following reactions would you expect to have highest ∆S°?
A) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
B) C2H2(g) + 5/2O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + H2O(g)
C) C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
D) C2H6(g) + 7/2O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 17.3
10. Which response includes all the following processes that are accompanied by an increase
in entropy?
1) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) → SO3(g)
2) H2O(l) → H2O(s)
3) Br2(l) → Br2(g)
4) H2O2(l) → H2O(l) + 1/2O2(g)
A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 2 C) 2, 3, 4 D) 3, 4 E) 1, 4
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 17.3
11. Which response includes all of the following processes that are accompanied by an
increase in entropy?
1) I2(s) → I2(g)
2) 2I(g) → I2(g)
3) 2NH3(g) → N2(g) + 3H2(g)
4) Mg2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) → Mg(OH)2(s)
A) 1, 2 B) 1, 3 C) 3, 4 D) 3 E) 2, 4
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 17.3
12. Which response includes all of the following processes that are accompanied by an
increase of entropy?
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Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
13. Without reference to a table, arrange these reactions according to increasing ∆S.
1) CH4(g) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + 3H2(g)
2) C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
3) H2O2(l) → H2O(l) + 1/2O2(g)
A) 1 < 3 < 2 B) 2 < 3 < 1 C) 2 < 1 < 3 D) 3 < 2 < 1 E) 3 < 1 < 2
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 17.3
Page 360
Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
18. Aluminum forms a layer of aluminum oxide when exposed to air which protects the bulk
metal from further corrosion.
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)
Using the thermodynamic data provided below, calculate ∆S° for this reaction.
S°(J/K·mol)
Al(s) 28.3
O2(g) 205.0
Al2O3(s) 50.99
19. Sulfur can be separated from lead in the mineral galena, PbS(s), by “roasting” the ore in
the presence of oxygen as shown in the following reaction:
2PbS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2PbO(s) + 2SO2(g)
Calculate ∆S° for this reaction using the thermodynamic data provided below.
S°(J/K·mol)
PbS(s) 91.2
O2(g) 205.0
PbO(s) 69.45
SO2(g) 248.5
Page 361
Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
21. Calculate ∆S° for the reaction SO2(s) + NO2(g) → SO3(g) + NO(g).
S°(J/K·mol)
SO2(g) 248.5
SO3(g) 256.2
NO(g) 210.6
NO2(g) 240.5
22. Calculate ∆S° at 25°C for the reduction of PbO(s), 2PbO(s) + C(s) → 2Pb(s) + CO2(g)
given these absolute entropies:
S° (J/K·mol)
PbO(s) 69.45
C(s) 5.7
Pb(s) 64.89
CO2(g) 213.6
23. Which of the following is consistent with a spontaneous process in the forward direction?
A) ∆Suniv > 0, ∆G < 0, T∆Suniv > 0 D) ∆Suniv < 0, ∆G < 0, T∆Suniv < 0
B) ∆Suniv < 0, ∆G > 0, T∆Suniv < 0 E) ∆Suniv > 0, ∆G > 0, T∆Suniv > 0
C) ∆Suniv > 0, ∆G < 0, T∆Suniv < 0
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 17.5
24. Which of the following is consistent with a nonspontaneous process in the forward
direction?
A) ∆Suniv > 0, ∆G < 0, T∆Suniv > 0 D) ∆Suniv < 0, ∆G < 0, T∆Suniv < 0
B) ∆Suniv < 0, ∆G > 0, T∆Suniv < 0 E) ∆Suniv > 0, ∆G > 0, T∆Suniv > 0
C) ∆Suniv > 0, ∆G < 0, T∆Suniv < 0
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 17.5
25. HI has a normal boiling point of –35.4°C, and its ∆Hvap is 21.16 kJ/mol. Calculate the
molar entropy of vaporization (∆Svap).
A) 598 J/K·mol D) 0.068 J/K·mol
B) 68.6 J/K·mol E) 89.0 J/K·mol
C) 75.2 J/K·mol
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 17.5
Page 362
Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
26. With respect to the system only, a reaction with ∆H > 0 and ∆S < 0 is predicted to be:
A) Spontaneous at all temperatures
B) Spontaneous at high temperatures only
C) Spontaneous at low temperatures only
D) Nonspontaneous at all temperatures
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 17.5
27. With respect to the system only, a reaction with ∆H < 0 and ∆S > 0 is predicted to be:
A) Spontaneous at all temperatures
B) Spontaneous at high temperatures only
C) Spontaneous at low temperatures only
D) Nonspontaneous at all temperatures
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 17.5
29. Which of the following is consistent with an exothermic reaction that is spontaneous at
all temperatures?
A) ∆H > 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G < 0 D) ∆H < 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G < 0
B) ∆H > 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G < 0 E) ∆H > 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G > 0
C) ∆H < 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G < 0
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 17.5
30. Which of the following is consistent with an exothermic reaction that is nonspontaneous
at high temperatures?
A) ∆H > 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G < 0 D) ∆H < 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G > 0
B) ∆H > 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G < 0 E) ∆H < 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G > 0
C) ∆H < 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G < 0
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 17.5
31. Aluminum forms a layer of aluminum oxide when exposed to air which protects the bulk
metal from further corrosion.
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)
Calculate ∆G° for this reaction, given that ∆G°f of aluminum oxide is –1576.4 kJ/mol.
A) –3152.8 kJ/mol D) 1576.4 kJ/mol
B) –1576.4 kJ/mol E) 3152.8 kJ/mol
C) –788.2 kJ/mol
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 17.5
Page 363
Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
32. Calculate ∆G° for the reaction 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(l) + NO(g).
∆G°f (kJ/mol)
H2O(l) –237.2
HNO3(l) –79.9
NO(g) 86.7
NO2(g) 51.8
33. Ozone (O3) in the atmosphere can reaction with nitric oxide (NO):
O3(g) + NO(g) → NO2(g) + O2(g).
Calculate the ∆G° for this reaction at 25°C. (∆H° = –199 kJ/mol, ∆S° = –4.1 J/K·mol)
A) 1020 kJ/mol D) –1.42 × 103 kJ/mol
3
B) –1.22 × 10 kJ/mol E) –198 kJ/mol
C) 2.00 × 103 kJ/mol
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 17.5
35. The element oxygen was prepared by Joseph Priestley in 1774 by heating mercury(II)
oxide:
HgO(s) → Hg(l) + 1/2O2(g), ∆H° = 90.84 kJ/mol.
Estimate the temperature at which this reaction will become spontaneous under standard
state conditions.
S°(Hg) = 76.02 J/K·mol
S°(O2) = 205.0 J/K·mol
S°(HgO) = 70.29 J/K·mol
A) 108 K B) 430 K C) 620 K D) 775 K E) 840 K
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 17.5
Page 364
Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
36. For the reaction H2(g) + S(s) → H2S(g), ∆H° = –20.2 kJ/mol and ∆S° = +43.1 J/K·mol.
Which of these statements is true?
A) The reaction is only spontaneous at low temperatures.
B) The reaction is spontaneous at all temperatures.
C) ∆G° becomes less favorable as temperature increases.
D) The reaction is spontaneous only at high temperatures.
E) The reaction is at equilibrium at 25°C under standard conditions.
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 17.5
37. The normal freezing point of ammonia is –78°C. Predict the signs of ∆H, ∆S, and ∆G
for ammonia when it freezes at –80°C and 1 atm: NH3(l) → NH3(s)
A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 17.5
38. The normal melting point sulfur is 113 °C. If a sample of solid sulfur is at 95 °C, Predict
the signs of ∆H, ∆S, and ∆G for the melting process at this temperature.
A) ∆H > 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G < 0 D) ∆H < 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G > 0
B) ∆H > 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G > 0 E) ∆H < 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G > 0
C) ∆H > 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G < 0
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 17.5
39. The normal boiling point of acetic acid is 118.1°C. If a sample of the acetic acid is at
125.2°C, Predict the signs of ∆H, ∆S, and ∆G for the boiling process at this temperature.
A) ∆H > 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G < 0 D) ∆H < 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G > 0
B) ∆H > 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G > 0 E) ∆H < 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G > 0
C) ∆H > 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G < 0
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 17.5
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Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
41. At 1500°C the equilibrium constant for the reaction CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) has
the value Kp = 1.4 × 10–7. Calculate ∆G° for this reaction at 1500°C.
A) 105 kJ/mol D) –105 kJ/mol
B) 1.07 kJ/mol E) 233 kJ/mol
C) –233 kJ/mol
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 17.6
42. Calculate Kp at 298 K for the reaction SO2(g) + NO2(g) SO3(g) + NO(g).
∆G°f
SO2(g) –300.4 kJ/mol
SO3(g) –370.4 kJ/mol
NO(g) 86.7 kJ/mol
NO2(g) 51.8 kJ/mol
43. The equilibrium constant at 427°C for the reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) is Kp =
–5
9.4 × 10 . Calculate the value of ∆G° for the reaction under these conditions.
A) –33 kJ/mol B) –54 kJ/mol C) 54 kJ/mol D) 33 kJ/mol E) 1.3
J/mol
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 17.6
44. Determine the equilibrium constant Kp at 25°C for the reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
[∆G°f (NH3(g)) = –16.6 kJ/mol].
A) 1.52 × 10–6 B) 6.60 × 105 C) 8.28 × 10–2 D) 2.60 E) 13.4
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 17.6
46. Nitrosyl chloride (NOCl) decomposes at elevated temperatures according to the equation
2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g). Calculate Kp for this reaction at 227°C. (∆H° = 81.2
kJ/mol, ∆S° = 128 J/K·mol)
A) 1.59 × 10–2 B) 2.10 × 10–7 C) 62.8 D) 4.90 × 106 E) 3.20 × 109
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 17.6
Page 366
Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
47. The equilibrium constant for the reaction AgBr(s) Ag+(aq) + Br– (aq) is the solubility
product constant, Ksp = 7.7 × 10–13 at 25°C. Calculate ∆G for the reaction when [Ag+] =
1.0 × 10–2 M and [Br–] = 1.0 × 10–3 M. Is the reaction spontaneous or nonspontaneous at
these concentrations?
A) ∆G = 69.1 kJ/mol, nonspontaneous D) ∆G = 40.6 kJ/mol, nonspontaneous
B) ∆G = –69.1 kJ/mol, spontaneous E) ∆G = –97.5 kJ/mol, nonspontaneous
C) ∆G = 97.5 kJ/mol, spontaneous
Ans: D Category: Difficult Section: 17.6
48. For the reaction 2C(graphite) + H2(g) → C2H2(g), ∆G°= +209.2 kJ/mol at 25°C. If
P(H2) = 100. atm, and P(C2H2) = 0.10 atm, calculate ∆G for this reaction.
A) +207.8 kJ/mol D) +17.3 kJ/mol
B) +226.3 kJ/mol E) –16.9 kJ/mol
C) +192.1 kJ/mol
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 17.6
49. For the reaction 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2 SO3(g), if initially P(SO2) = 1.2 atm, P(O2) = 1.8
atm, and P(SO3) = 2.1 atm, calculate ∆G for this reaction at 25°C. The following data is
valid at 25°C:
∆Gf° (kJ/mol)
SO2 –300.4
SO3 –370.4
50. For the reaction 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g) if initially P(NO) = 1.5 atm, P(O2) = 1.4
atm, and P(NO2) = 2.0 atm, calculate ∆G for this reaction at 25°C. The following data is
valid at 25°C:
∆Gf° (kJ/mol)
NO 86.7
NO2 51.8
Page 367
Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
51. Determine the equilibrium constant (Kp) at 25°C for the reaction
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g) ∆G° = –28.5 kJ/mol.
52. Kw for the auto-ionization of water, H2O(l) → H+(aq) + OH– (aq), is 1.0 × 10–14. What
are the signs (+/–) of ∆S° and ∆H° for the reaction at 25°C?
A) ∆S° = (+) and ∆H° = (+) C) ∆S° = (–) and ∆H° = (+)
B) ∆S° = (+) and ∆H° = (–) D) ∆S° = (–) and ∆H° = (–)
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 17.5
54. Which of the following is consistent with a reaction that proceeds spontaneously in the
forward direction?
A) ∆G > 0, Q < K D) ∆G° > 0, Q = K
B) ∆G° = 0, Q = K E) ∆G < 0, Q < K
C) ∆G < 0, Q > K
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 17.6
55. Which of the following is consistent with a reaction that proceeds spontaneously in the
reverse direction (assume all variables are in terms of the forward direction only)?
A) ∆G > 0, Q < K D) ∆G° > 0, Q = K
B) ∆G° = 0, Q = K E) ∆G > 0, Q > K
C) ∆G < 0, Q > K
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 17.6
56. The reaction rates of many spontaneous reactions are actually very slow. Which of these
statements is the best explanation for this observation?
A) Kp for the reaction is less than one.
B) The activation energy of the reaction is large.
C) ∆G° for the reaction is positive.
D) Such reactions are endothermic.
E) The entropy change is negative.
Ans: B Category: Easy Section: 17.4
Page 368
Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
57. The solubility product constant at 25°C for AgI(s) in water has the value 8.3 × 10–17.
Calculate ∆Grxn at 25°C for the process AgI(s) Ag+(aq) + I– (aq) where [Ag+] = 9.1 ×
–9 – –9
10 and [I ] = 9.1 × 10 .
A) +4.4 kJ/mol D) –91.7 kJ/mol
B) +91.7 kJ/mol E) –4.4 kJ/mol
C) 0.0 kJ/mol
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 17.6
58. Calculate ∆G° for the combustion of ethanol vapor, C2H5OH(g), at 750°C in oxygen to
form carbon dioxide and water vapor. The following data is valid at 25°C:
59. Find the temperature at which the reaction N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) will be in equilibrium
when both gases are present at partial pressures of 1.00 atm.
60. Predict the normal boiling point of triethylborane (C6H15B) using the following data:
Page 369
Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
61. A sample of solid naphthalene is introduced into an evacuated flask. Use the data below
to calculate the equilibrium vapor pressure of naphthalene (C10H8) in the flask at 35°C.
62. The standard free energy of formation of gaseous hydrogen iodide is 1.30 kJ/mol at 25°C.
Find Kp for the reaction H2(g) + I2(s) 2HI(g) at this temperature.
A) 7.0 B) 7100 C) 1.0 D) 2.4 E) 2.9
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 17.6
63. Find the temperature at which Kp = 4.00 for the reaction N2O4(g) 2NO2(g). [Given: at
25°C, for NO2(g), ∆H°f = 33.85 kJ/mol, S° = 240.46 J/mol·K; for N2O4(g), ∆H°f = 9.66
kJ/mol, S° = 304.3 J/mol·K; assume that ∆H° and ∆S° are independent of temperature.]
A) 197 °C B) 56 °C C) 36 °C D) 79 °C E) 476°C
Ans: D Category: Difficult Section: 17.6
64. Find the temperature at which Kp = 42.0 for the reaction H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g).
[Given: at 25°C, for H2(g), ∆H°f = 0, S° = 131.0 J/mol·K; for I2(g), ∆H°f = 62.26 kJ/mol,
S° = 260.6 J/mol·K; for HI(g), ∆H°f = 25.9 kJ/mol, S° = 206.3 J/mol·K; assume that ∆H°
and ∆S° are independent of temperature.]
A) 1040 K B) 168 K C) 539 K D) 1400 K E) 34,200 K
Ans: A Category: Difficult Section: 17.6
65. For the reaction HCONH2(g) NH3(g) + CO(g), Kc = 4.84 at 400 K. If ∆H° for this
reaction is 29 kJ/mol, find Kc at 500 K.
A) 5.8 B) 0.17 C) 27 D) 0.88 E) 10.3
Ans: C Category: Difficult Section: 17.6
66. In the gas phase, formic acid forms a dimmer, 2HCOOH(g) (HCOOH)2(g). For this
reaction, ∆H° = –60.1 kJ/mol and ∆G° = –13.9 kJ/mol at 25°C. Find the equilibrium
constant (Kp) for this reaction at 75 °C.
A) 8960 B) 273 C) 0.120 D) 8.33 E) 1.12 × 10–4
Ans: D Category: Difficult Section: 17.6
Page 370
Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
67. In the gas phase, methyl isocyanate (CH3NC) isomerizes to acetonitrile (CH3CN),
H3C–N≡C (g) H3C–C≡N (g)
with ∆H° = –89.5 kJ/mol and ∆G° = – 73.8 kJ/mol at 25°C. Find the equilibrium
constant for this reaction at 100°C.
A) 1.68 × 10–10 D) 4.63 × 10–11
B) 5.96 × 109 E) 8.64 × 1012
10
C) 2.16 × 10
Ans: B Category: Difficult Section: 17.6
68. Using the thermodynamic data provided below, calculate the standard change in entropy
when one mole of sodium nitrate is dissolved in water?
S° (J/K·mol)
NaNO3(s) 116.3
+
Na (aq) 60.25
NO3–(aq) 146.4
Will the solubility of sodium nitrate increase or decrease if the temperature of the system is
increased?
Ans: 90.4 J/K·mol; solubility increases with increasing temperature
Category: Medium Section: 17.5
69. Using the thermodynamic data provided below, calculate the standard change in entropy
when one mole of sodium sulfate is dissolved in water?
S° (J/K·mol)
Na2SO4(s) 149.49
Na+(aq) 60.25
2–
SO4 (aq) 17.15
Will the solubility of sodium nitrate increase or decrease if the temperature of the system is
increased?
Ans: –11.84 J/K·mol; solubility decreases with increasing temperature
Category: Medium Section: 17.5
Page 371
Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
Page 372
Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
78. Assuming ∆S° and ∆H° do not vary with temperature, at what temperature will the
reaction shown below become spontaneous?
C(s) + H2O(g) → H2(g) + CO(s) (∆S° = 133.6 J/K·mol; ∆H° = 131.3
kJ/mol)
Ans: 710°C
Category: Medium Section: 17.5
79. Rubidium has a heat of vaporization of 69.0 kJ/mol at its boiling point (686°C). Calculate
∆S for this process, Rb(l) → Rb(g), at 1 atm and 686°C.
Ans: 71.9 J/K·mol
Category: Medium Section: 17.5
Page 373
Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
80. The free energy of formation of nitric oxide, NO, at 1000 K (roughly the temperature in
an automobile engine during ignition) is about 78 kJ/mol. Calculate the equilibrium
constant Kp for the reaction N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) at this temperature.
–9
Ans: Kp = 7.1 × 10
Category: Medium Section: 17.6
81. Predict the signs (–, +, or 0) of ∆H and ∆S, in that order, for the reaction: O2(g) → 2O(g).
Ans: +, +
Category: Medium Section: 17.3
82. Under what conditions (always, never, high temperature only, low temperature only) is
the reaction O2(g) → 2O(g) expected to be spontaneous?
Ans: high temperatures only
Category: Medium Section: 17.5
83. Predict the signs (–, +, or 0) of ∆H and ∆S, in that order, for the expansion of an ideal gas
into a vacuum.
Ans: 0, +
Category: Medium Section: 17.3
84. Under what conditions (always, never, high temperature only, low temperature only) is
the expansion of an ideal gas into a vacuum expected to be spontaneous?
Ans: always
Category: Medium Section: 17.5
85. Predict the signs (–, +, or 0) of ∆H and ∆S, in that order, for the process: H2O(l) →
H2O(s).
Ans: –, –
Category: Medium Section: 17.3
86. Under what conditions (always, never, high temperature only, low temperature only) is
the process: H2O(l) → H2O(s) expected to be spontaneous?
Ans: low temperature only
Category: Medium Section: 17.5
87. Predict the signs (–, +, or 0) of ∆H and ∆S, in that order, for the reaction: 6CO2(g) +
6H2O(g) → C6H12O6(g) + 6O2(g).
Ans: +, –
Category: Medium Section: 17.3
88. Under which of the following conditions (always, never, high temperature only, low
temperature only) is the reaction: 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) → C6H12O6(g) + 6O2(g) expected
to be spontaneous?
Ans: never
Category: Medium Section: 17.5
Page 374
Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
89. What is the free energy change for the reaction SiO2(s) + Pb(s) → PbO2(s) + Si(s)?
∆G°f (PbO2) = –217 kJ/mol
∆G°f (SiO2) = –856 kJ/mol
Ans: 639 kJ/mol
Category: Medium Section: 17.5
91. For a certain reaction, ∆G° = 87 kJ/mol, ∆H° = 100 kJ/mol at STP. At what
temperature, in K, is the reaction in equilibrium, assuming that ∆S° and ∆H° are
temperature-independent?
Ans: 2,100 K
Category: Medium Section: 17.5
92. The heat of vaporization of water is 2.27 kJ/g. What is ∆Svap per mole at the normal
boiling point?
Ans: 110. J/K·mol
Category: Medium Section: 17.5
93. Calculate the free energy of formation of NaBr(s) given the following information:
NaBr(s) → Na(s) + 1/2Br2(l), ∆G° = 349 kJ/mol
Ans: –349 kJ/mol
Category: Easy Section: 17.5
95. For the reaction 3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g), Kc = 9.0 at 350°C. Calculate ∆G° at
350°C.
Ans: 29.4 kJ/mol
Category: Medium Section: 17.6
96. For the reaction 3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g), Kc = 9.0 at 350°C. In what direction does
this reaction proceed at 350°C under standard state conditions?
Ans: right to left
Category: Medium Section: 17.6
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Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
97. For the reaction 3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g), Kc = 9.0 at 350°C. What is the value of
∆G at this temperature when 1.0 mol NH3, 5.0 mol N2, and 5.0 mol H2 are mixed in a 2.5
L reactor?
Ans: –35.2 kJ/mol
Category: Difficult Section: 17.6
98. For the reaction 3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g), Kc = 9.0 at 350°C. In what direction does
the reaction proceed when 1.0 mol NH3, 5.0 mol N2, and 5.0 mol H2 are mixed in a 2.5 L
reactor?
Ans: left to right
Category: Difficult Section: 17.6
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Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
102. For the reaction H2O2(g) → H2O(g) + 1/2O2(g), ∆H° = –106 kJ/mol and ∆S° = 58 J/K·mol
at 25°C. Calculate ∆G° for this reaction at this temperature.
Ans: –123 kJ/mol
Category: Medium Section: 17.5
103. For the reaction H2O2(g) → H2O(g) + 1/2O2(g), ∆H° = –106 kJ/mol and ∆S° = 58 J/K·mol
at 25°C. Is H2O2(g) stable with respect to dissociation into water vapor and oxygen gas
at 25°C?
Ans: No
Category: Medium Section: 17.5
104. Choose the substance with the higher entropy per mole at a given temperature: O2(g) at 5
atm or O2(g) at 0.5 atm.
Ans: O2(g) at 0.5 atm
Category: Medium Section: 17.3
105. Choose the substance with the higher entropy per mole at a given temperature: Br2(l) or
Br2(g).
Ans: Br2(g)
Category: Medium Section: 17.3
106. Choose the substance with the higher entropy per mole at a given temperature: 1 mole of
N2(g) in a 22.4 L container or 1 mole of N2(g) in a 2.24 L container.
Ans: 1 mole of N2(g) in a 22.4 L container
Category: Medium Section: 17.3
107. Choose the substance with the higher entropy per mole at a given temperature: CO2(g) or
CO2(aq).
Ans: CO2(g)
Category: Medium Section: 17.3
108. ∆Hvap for ethanol is 38.7 kJ/mol at its boiling point (78°C). What is ∆Ssurr when 1.00
mole of ethanol is boiled?
Ans: –110 J/K·mol
Category: Medium Section: 17.4
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Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
109. Using the thermodynamic data provided below, determine the temperature in °C at which
the decomposition of solid calcium carbonate to form solid calcium oxide and oxygen
becomes spontaneous.
Ans: 834.6°C
Category: Medium Section: 17.5
110. Sulfur can be separated from lead in the mineral galena, PbS(s), by “roasting” the ore in
the presence of oxygen as shown in the following reaction:
2PbS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2PbO(s) + 2SO2(g)
Determine ∆G for the above reaction at 850°C.
111. Given the following data, calculate the boiling point of HCOOH (formic acid).
Ans: 115°C
Category: Medium Section: 17.5
112. Given the following data, estimate the boiling point of carbon disulfide, CS2, assuming
that ∆S° and ∆H° are temperature-independent.
Ans: 49.4°C
Category: Medium Section: 17.5
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Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
113. Given the following data, estimate the boiling point of bromine, Br2, assuming that ∆S°
and ∆H° are temperature-independent.
Ans: 59.2°C
Category: Medium Section: 17.5
114. At 700 K, the equilibrium constant for the reaction CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)
is 5.10. What is ∆G° for this reaction at this temperature?
Ans: –9.48 kJ/mol
Category: Medium Section: 17.6
115. Using the thermodynamic data provided below, calculate Ka for HCN(aq) at 25°.
116. Using the thermodynamic data provided below, calculate Ka1 for H2CO3(aq) at 25°.
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Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
117. Using the thermodynamic data provided below, calculate Ka2 for H2CO3(aq) at 25°.
Ans: 4.59 × 10–11 (which agrees well with the experimental value of 4.7 × 10–11)
Category: Medium Section: 17.6
118. Using the thermodynamic data provided below, calculate Ksp for ZnS(s) at 25°.
119. Using the thermodynamic data provided below, calculate Ksp for Mg(OH)2(s) at 25°.
Ans: 8.90 × 10–12 (agrees reasonably well with the experimental value of 1.2 × 10–11)
Category: Medium Section: 17.6
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Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
125. For a given substance the entropy always increases in the following order:
S (gas) < S (liq) < S (solid).
Ans: False Category: Easy Section: 17.3
126. The entropy change ∆S° for the reaction NH4Cl(s) → NH3(g) + HCl(g) will be negative.
Ans: False Category: Easy Section: 17.3
127. The following reaction is spontaneous under standard state conditions at 25°C:
AgCl(s) → Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) (∆G° = 55 kJ/mol)
Ans: False Category: Easy Section: 17.5
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