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by
R. E. BeaITl P. Andris
Northwest rn University Chicago Board oJ Education
Harrison High School
i 01 h it
5) Th Y aT a y 0 tnaul a r
f pap u,rn
-2~
known, t.he impedance of the ant.en a can be computed,. However, the pI' b
In solving for t ~
cur nt distribution and hence im,pedances of two
3
identical coupled antennas, King an.d Harr ison have resolved the applied
T ey utUiz d H 11 n's 4 ur
1
Clapp. graJ equa' ion 1.. :"thod o. determining the
than 0"05 way lengt So They showed that the current dist.riblltions on coupled
parasiiic antennas are different from those on the driven antennas; that the
a ,mp io' s which ar made in camp a' 10 i.nvolv· assumed sinu oidal
5
c r ri uti fall wing +,h procedures given by Cart r and Brown, 6
7 8
Tai and t en Ki.ng in Augus 11952 ha irnpro edthe method used
by King and Harrison. 3 Tai ha shown that for two closely-coupled anti
mentally he cur:r u' and charge distribu '0 ,s predicted theol' tica lyby TaL
of fol d ipol aennas by rat· g' h m as coupl ante as. For .ym-
be essentially the same as thos g n y King and Harrison and Ta.i for
the cur rent dlstribut on'and the inp nee should be the conventional
some of hi associa es ai Cruft Labore::. ry, King gives the following ex-
resonance; 10
z In = Z Z
mutual hnp danc b twe n theIn. B . unp .dances b ing compu.ted by m.e
3
thods for coupled ant nnas" Fa th c n dors d small spacing s. Z
51
and Z do nat diff r grea:'!y so t Z
12 i
Van B Rob rl has c ide dt probl In of d termi.ning the input
H t lizes an leet os atic approac 0 d rxnine how the charge and h nee
two con.du.ctors like the driven element and with the same center-to-centel:'
Inethod of approach has obtained the same result as va.n B. Robe.r.1:s but has
Schell off a.nd FriiE; have extended van B. Roberts' analys·s and
13
give 'the following formula for the input admittance of a folded dipole:
Y in = -i j Y 0 cot Ii h + Y P
developed in this paper and yields approximately the sam.e results for many
This paper will include, in. addition to the d.ev lopmerrt of a formula
for the i put impedan.ce of folded d.ipole ant nas form.ed from conductors
determin.ed Cl~.rves.
.. F'
m\,g, 1')
. (a" E i.s assumed t.hat conductor 1, the driven condudor has a ra.diu.s
aJ) con..dudor 2 has a radius a 2 ; andtha the conducto'l'5 are spaced a dt c.e
-5
b between their axes. Since the system is linear. the principle of Hn.ea,r'
put impedance as seen by the gen.erator V 1 into two less difficult probl~ms.
(1)
o;;::ZV I +Z' I
1Z 1 sZ Z
is V 1 is a point generator, that the currents 11 and I are the currents at.
Z
the midpoints of elements 1 and Z, respectively, and that the impedances
Z 9 I' ZO and Z 8 are based on the actual current distributions on the folded
s 5Z 1Z
dipole. The input impedance determined by Eqs. (l) is given by
(2 )
If the impedances Z~l' z~Z anq, Z liZ were known t.his expression
could be used to determine the input impedance to the folded dipole. How
app oxirnated; the input impedances associated wiJh these componfeuis ill
-6
line stub s with their "receiving ends" shorted and their .. sending ends"
connected in series.
By setting
(3 )
(4)
o = (ZI
52
+ Z 12
I ) I
s
+ (Z'12 - Z s2
' ) I.
a
If we set,
(5 )
VI = VIs + VIa
(6)
o ::: V 2s - V 2a
-7
that
(7)
V la VIa
(8) (b) - = - . - =
V 2s V 2a
V
and (c) ~ =R~
V ~s
Since VI = V Is [1 + (V la/ V h il =V (1
Is
VI
s
= V /(1 + R 11 )
1
V
la
= V 1/[1 + (1/R 11 ~
( 9)
and
V 2 s = •. V 2a = V 15 R
These equations show that for folded dipoles of unequal size con
If Eqs, (9) are substituted into either the first two or the last two
( 10) I
s
=V /[(1+ RI1)(Z, +Z·
1 s1 12
il =(V /2)(Z'
1 s2
-z'12 )/0
.
. I I I 2
where 0 = Zsl Zs2 - Z 12
-8,
The second forms of thesp. expressi n.s indica'ie that I and I can.
S a
also be obta ned by computing the currents in condudo:!:' 1 when push-push
and pu h-pu voltages of magnitude V 1/2 are applied in turn. at the mid
the currents in. conductor 2 will be different from those associated with the
voltages V ,V and V
o'V u.nl as the two c ndll.ctors are of equa.l
2"S la 2a
i.ze. fte c »th curr conduct r 1 and 2wiJl have different magni
theo:r-y. By applying the voltages VIa an.d V 2a of Eqs. (9) to the conductors,
the c rr nts in the two conductor s are equ.al in rnagnitude and opposite in
11
.. J",) 1.
a
= (V la + V )/2Z
2a " sc
.- V R(l +i1). / L'-(J + Rtl )2Z "]-ZV /2Z
l' ' sq l, sc
( 12) Z ~
sc
1 Z tan,
.. 0
Ph
is -he i.nput b:npeda,nc of a shorted f:ra __ i stOll line whose length is equal
to the half length of the folded dipole and whose conductor s are identical
in. size and spacing wUh -those of the folded dipo e. The characteristic irn
du, 0'.,
··9
meth d i computin.g 2 ' Zs2 and Z12 for the case of unequal size con.
s1
duc ors nd to u e the res 1 s t se conlputations i.ll. place of Z~l.Z's2'
and Z 12 t compti.e
. 1s • Also" one is led to use values of self- and mutual
appUcable only under condition.s hat. prO irnity effects on impedances are
. egliglble
.. 4) Z =V /(1
s
+I )
a
[fEg • (6a) (7) d appr irna' xpre slons fox' fhc=> various irn,
that
10
in agr ement with the resu.lts of a previous analysis. Fo!' I a #- 0,
whe. e
(1S)
and
(.I. 9) Z I:::
sc
Z
sc··
(] +R A) /R( 1 +A ) ~ Z
sc
-11
huti.o s a..longt.he axes of'h lern. nts. Thi.s assurnptionleads to the fol.1.ow~
•
mg 'f'
f'·ormu..La -
or' t
e compon.en·s 0f he
·.. . l 'unpe d ance: 14
mu"t;u.a
+ 30 rZSW (r
-
- h) - 2811) (r
. 04' 04
+ h) + SiP(r
. 14
+ 2h)
+ 10 [ 2S1.13 (r + + SiP (r
. 04
- h) -, 2Si~b
...
04
..,
(21' - Si13(r + 2h) -, Si~(:r'14 - 2h}j cos Zj3h
I4
...
+ 0L2C f!(r - h) - 2Ci·p(r- + h) + Cij3(r + 2h)
04 04 14
In thes formulas
and
The lin iting form of Eqs. (20) and 21) for SIna 1 spac ngs b ::: a p
the radiu of he conductor.. yield the following r ~ sions for the self-im'
2
R I ;:: (1/Sln ph) t,60(C + In 2(3 h - Gl2 P ) + 30(Si4 (3 - 2Si2(3 h) si.n 2 Ph
(22)
+ 30(C + In Ph - 2C 213 h + Ci4(3h) cos 2(3 h}
2
;:: (l/sin Ph) t60 Si2 Ph + 30(2SiZph - Si.4ph) c 5 Zf3 h
h'\
- 30(ln-:t - C - In 211" - i4 t+n
2Ci ..
tiLl ill.s·)213]
h
(2.5 )
,
addition~ if Z 1 and Z 12 a p e :resi tallces, t:his expression become
(26 )
Since R and R 12 are approx la' ely equal in. rn.agniiu.d!f':D fhe last equ.a ion.
sl
can be fur her shnpli i.ed to give
(27)
Y. :::iy sc +
Y.:::
ln i + Y"ItA).
(Y S C
1 c ,-2
"2 Y lA ::: y p (1 + Ll)
4 = 1.
Thi.s QD.dit.iOl'_ is satisf" , only U t __e . 0 con.du 'or. formlng the falde
folded d..1p0l.e shown. in Fig. 2 we. e m.ade. Bath n.ntennas P. e made of.
fed element hav-illg the smalle diam. ter. ,'he elements were 2.8 feet
are a sociated with a,n in netiv r a,eta e !nee sh. ed line which a.n~
less tha,n a qu.arter-wav Ie. gth long ar m iv. For the 19. er fre
shorted. 1 _es which are m.or ,t a a rlE~' wa.V I ngth t less ""han a
ha.1f-wd relengt long are capac Hve. Fo_ the ower frequency of antir 50
tenna. element has a.._ i duetiv iInp da. e. Serips res nan e OCClJ.r at a
-'-6
Eq. (2'1) with R = 73.2 ohms the irnpedam:e w ~;l' . be 292.8 ohms.
sl
FiguJ:'{~s 6 a.n 7 give curves' epr s nUn c:om,p ted a d m a ed.
,
values of the i put resistance a d input r acta ceo of the folded dipole of
equal size lern ms. The c ro. "ed curves of Fig. 6 were based on an
Fig. 7 were s 0 ,a. distrih lii of Cl 'l:'r ete mined by T ai 's rn thod
_C I.pled lem.e ts. 7 Both figures c;ontai curv - whic:h show the ff_ct
of a shunt capacitance of 0.65 rrunf across the gap in the excited element.
frequency range for whic compu: ations were made was better vi n. gap
capac ita. ce was 'ta.ken. i oacc unto How ver, the i clusion of a. gap ca
pacitance tend ,d to make the agreement in. t·. e resista.nce values poore.
ele .nts. the exp riIn ntal alu. are c mpa. eo for the wo ant nnas
as th . h r element.
v. on lu.sions
.' e . esu.lts of this invesi' tiOD sho r that t. e inpu.t im.p~ nce
Z'LA
. =.: (Z 51. + Z J..2 6 )
ZI :: Z (1 + Rd)/R(l + 6) Zsc
'c sc
z;~ j
sc
Zo ta.nPh
= 138 log
10
(b/2a) +j(b/2a /
1 . 1
~ 1 '1~·
-~
/2a ) 2 +Ab/2a )2 _ I']
2 2
'.
-18
ap. r oxiIna.t ions are somewhat high as would be expected. At seri 5 T€:-
Bonance. the folded dipole formed from equal size conductors yi Ided a
ohm.s, w en compu a ions utilizing Eqs. (20) ~;o (24) are made, - a fairlY'
1 +
1 +
tJ.::: Z/2 := log (b/a )/log (b/a). The value of fJ.1 is given by he
01 02 1 2
sa,me expression. as 6. if the app opriate radii an spacing are used.
".
··20
Fi.gure Captions
11. W. van B. Roberts, "Inp t Imp da.nee of a Folded Dipole." RCA Rev.,
vol. 8, p. 289; June, 1947.
§:I at
1
N
II
-<
U\
..--. I Q± I
rr
--..
0+ N
I
N
<
(fl
+
..s:.
0
~I ~+
I
+< N
0
11
"\ "87 0.0. TUbing
7 11
--- '8 0.0. Tubi 9
:3 II
'8 0.0.
Tubing
a.
D
(9
a.
0
(9
ltlla> ....: ~ICX) +
,
'+
~
<D.
<D
C\J
C\J
I II
...c ..c=
C\J C\J
Leads Leads
j
(0) (b)
Antenna
RG - 8/U Cable
-VSWR Indicator
.
QJ
01-
c;; c::
a ~
~ a
-o.s:.
IV II)
+
:J II)
Q.
E :JIV
a
u a;>
-0
C-a
a IV
"0 ~
IV II)
... a
:J QJ
III E ...c:
g~
E co..
-1-,.0-----
.
---------
_/
)
-0 _.,--
IV
... IV
:J C' -- -
....
... - --- - - - - -- - - - - '""'1 ... -
c:
II)
aQJ a (l... __ o
E .... ....
....
....
<X)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
o;t N 0 <X) to o;t C\J C\J o;t
I
sW4° eX puo H
A TENNJ\ TRANS LINE
II __ IWC
I X
~
"'0 _
cl-===------t--- {3h
o
a: ---
/
/
I
(0) I
/
f3h < ~ (b)
ANTE R
~_jWLA
TRANS. LI NE
-- - - - - - - - - X
I
c I
CAT
0
LENGTH'" 2..
4 . X
~o
a:
P ----
~-__::".c.----
/
{3h
"
__ -
--
I
/
(C)
f3h ~ 7r (d)
2
x
g1 - - - - - \ - - - - - - -(3h
a: --
I
(e)
7r (f)
f3h > 2
1200 - - - Com uted ithout Gap
Ca CClt nce
Computed With Gop
Capacitance
1000 Measured
800
r"\
600
\
\
(/)
E 400
..c
o
x
g 200 r.~ __ ~~
0::
o t - - - - - - -:-M'----------~-----\-----I
-200
-400 /
0/
X
-600
b
,
.. '1
600
/J'
/ \
\
\
(J)
E
.c.
o
X
"'0
C
o
Cl::
a t--------7c.....r-=""'---'------~.__-----''___i,...__-__l
-200
-400
1200 1
800
o
x
c: x
-400
-8 0
.•