CHAPTERII

Review of related literature

The review of Literature for this research study focuses on the benefits of using homemade organic
insecticide and which is relevant to the present investigation. Its composed of related literature and
studies both local and foreign, which contain facts and information on the researeh problem at hand. It
also provides explanations and logical connections between previous researches and the presentwork.

Insecticides have been used for centuries to fight unwanted pests. There are several natural (plant)
insecticides that have been widely used, although compared with modern synthetics the plant
substances are relatively weak. One benefit of a plant insecticide is that many of them are
biodegradable. More than 1500 species of plants have been reported to have insecticidal value, and
many more exist, but two products, rotenone and Pyrethrin, have been economically important.

Rotenone. Before World War I, agricultural nations were ignorant about the plants that contain
rotenone. Rotenone was a mysterious and an unidentificd fish poison(barbasco) of the deep forests of
South America were natives collected roots ot awiney shrub, Lonchocarpus nhcou, and threw the
crushed roots into small streams and pools. The chemical in the root stunned the fish and caused them
to float to the surface, where the fish were easily collected. Humans were not poisoned by consuming
rotenone, which is only toxic in very large doses. Use of otenone as afish poison became widespread in
the 20 century, and it was immortalızed in1954 when a boat captain just happened to have a rotenone
on board to stupety a"monster" in Creature from the Black Lagoon.

The South American rotenone-bearing, leguminous plant is not known now fromthe wild. Nowadays,
Lonchocarpus is Cultivated by hand labor in tropical regions Brazil and Peru. In the Far East. particularly
in Java and Sumatra, a closely related legume, Derris elliptica, which also contains rotenone, was used as
an arrow poison. Derris, which has been grown commercially in P'uerto Rico, has lower yields of
rotenone than does Lonchocarpus. Rotenone also occurs in the egume geus Tephrosa.Rotenone is found
in resin ducts, which occur in the phloem and xylem. The root isdried to 20% moisture content and then
shipped to buyer countries. Rotenone is aterpene, it was applied asa spray on fruits and row crops, even
several timesbetore harvest time, because the chemical residue do not linger. It is a potentiallylethal
toxin for aphids, cockroaches, houseflies, corn borers, Mexican bean beetlesand mosquitoes.

Pyrethrin. yrethrin comes from a perennial daisy of the genus Chrysanthemum(not the cultivated mum).
The biologically active chemcals areesters, which occur in the flower heads. Action of a Pyrethrin is a
contact poison,which paralyzes the insect victim, usually with 90 seconds. Normaly the poison is
administered in emulsion or dust form; as a dust it

The primary physiological reaction of the can de used as a diatomaceous c

toxin is that ventral vagus ganglion shows vacoulization. Acute toxicity inmammals is relatively low,
because the pyrethrin esters are converted in thestomach into nontoxic compounds.Green Pesticdes.
Green pesticides, also caled ecological pesticides,are pesticides derivea rom organe sources which iare
considered environmenalyfriendly and causing less harm to human and animal health, and to habitats
andnc ceosycIn agroecology, pesticides are evaluated for minimal adverse environmentalettects.
BiOCIdes inelude germicides, antibioics, antibacterials, antivirals,antifungals, antiprotozoals and
antiparasites. Pesticides typically come in the tomsprays and dusts.The use of insecticides is believed to
be one of the major factors behind thencrease in agricultural productivity in the 20th century. The
classification ofinsecticides Is done in several different ways. These includes: 5stemic

MALUNGGAY LEA VES AND CHILI FRUIT

Malunggay also known as Horseradish

"Malunggay" in Philippines, "Sajina" in theIndian Subcontinent, and "Moringa"in English, itis a popular
tree. It grows very wildly in a hottropical climate. Both the leaves and fuits arevery nutritious, which may
contain manyvitamins like Vitamin C and other minerals. Itcontains the properties of
galactagogue,rubefacient, antiscorcutic, diuretic, stimulant,purgative, antibiotic and antifugal.
Malunggayis a good source of pesticide because it containrubefacient. It is an active component
ofmalunggay leaves. A substance for externalapplication that produces a redness of the skinby causing
dilation of capillaries and increaseblood circulation.

Chili, is which is spelled differently in manyregions chilli, chile, and chilli. The term chilli inmost of the
world refers exclusively to thesmaller hot types of capsaicim. It is a hotpepper. Eventhough chilis maybe
though asve getable, their culinary usage is, a generallyspice, the part of the plant that is
usuallyharvested is the fruit. Researchers usedcapsaicim from chillies to kill the nerve cellsinthe
pancreas of mice. And Chili also containshotness which can kill cockroaches.

2.1 Hypothesis

This product of ours may face limitations of kiling larger insects The aftereffects of spraying ourproducts
to cockroaches and spider may Just make them dizzy and tainted 1or a wnie Dut theresnoassurance of
instanty killing them. The ingredients used are limited, t is not as strong as win neinsecticides from the
markets. Ours does not cotain any harmtul chemicals compared to others wnccan eliminate insects but
are toxic. We can say that the other products can kill many insects but in ourexperiment, we tried to
have an insecticide that is less in chemicals because one our main objectives which is to have an
insecticide which is safer to humans and environment he sprays in peculprits, But they are harmful to
you and the environment. This insecticide that is more convenient to ordinary people, for is to be more
resourceful in making and thinking different ways to kill or prevent our health from different insects that
we can find in our houses.

2.2 Conceptual Framework

One of the variables presented is the type of insecticide. Homemade Organic Insecticide with the
homemade product we will use towards this expernimentation because we want to create an
homemade alternative insecticide that work as good as commercialy sold repelents through processes
that will not harm the environment and consumers' health. Another variable is the type of insect. It is
one of the viariables Because there you are affected or it you can know what things you should do to
prevail. The variables that we will use are related to our study because we can determine which
insecticide is more effective. We can also determine which insects are killed by the insecticides.

TYPE OF INSECTICIDE-Homemade Organic insecticides

TYPE OF INSECTS -Colony of ants. Aphids, Cockroaches. Moths, Bed bugs, and other crawling insects.
TYPE OF INSECTICIDE- Baygon Insect Killer

TYPE OF INSECTS- cockroaches, aphids,ants, spider, fleas, bettles, silverfish, bed bugs and other crawling
insects