Rise and Fall

of the
Third Reich
William L. Shirer
Book: 1959 • Film: 1968

AP European History
J.F. Walters & G.W. Whitton
1

1
 Shirer’s thesis

William L. Shirer
Source: Wikipedia

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2
 Hitler’s
background

Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)

Source: Wikipedia

3
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 “Chaos can have
gentle beginnings.”
––“Rise and Fall of the Third Reich”

4
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 Hitler born
20 April 1889
in the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Adolf Hitler as an infant

Source: Wikipedia

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 Hitler’s
close friend
August
Kubizek
August Kubizek (1907)
Source: Wikipedia

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 Hitler in
Vienna
(1905-13)

Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna, where

Hitler failed to gain admission
Source: Wikipedia

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Antisemitism
in Vienna

Karl Lueger, anti-Semitic mayor of

Vienna (1897-1910)
Source: Wikipedia

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 Hitler’s move to
Munich, Germany (1913)

Munich is in the German state of Bavaria

Source: Wikipedia
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 Hitler in
World War I
Field Runner

A photo of Hitler during taken

during the Great War
Source: Wikipedia

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 Weimar Germany
(1919-1933)
• democratic republic
• forced to sign Versailles Treaty (1919)
• major economic problems
• challenged by political opponents on the left
(communists) and right (fascists)
L R

communism democracy fascism

(left wing) (right wing)
11

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 Germany after WWI
•economic problems •political instability

Demonstrations against the Treaty of Versailles in

front of the Reichstag, Berlin (1919)
Source: Wikipedia
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Hitler after
WWI

a 1923 drawing of Adolf Hitler

Source: Wikipedia

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Hitler joined the German Workers’ Party (1919)

transformed it into the

National Socialist Workers’ Party (Nazis)

*The Nazis were fascists*
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Ernst Roehm
Head of the
Sturmabteilung:
The Storm Troopers (SA)

Ernst Roehm
Source: Wikipedia

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 Hermann
Goering
would eventually become
head of the Nazi Luftwaffe

Hermann Goering
Source: Wikipedia

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Rudolf Hess
Hitler’s secretary

Rudolf Hess
Source: Wikipedia

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 German
Inflation
(1923-24)

German bank notes being used as

wallpaper (1923)
Source: Wikipedia

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 George Grosz
German Cartoonist

“The Hero,” George Grosz (1918)

Source: Wikipedia

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 Beer Hall Putsch (1923)

Nazis on the Marienplatz, Munich (1923)

Source: Wikipedia
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 Hitler’s Trial (1924)

Defendants in the Beer Hall Putsch Trial.

Hitler is fourth from the right.
Source: Wikipedia
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 Hitler in Prison
(1924)
Wrote Mein Kampf:
• argued that the German Aryan was the master
race
• inferior peoples are destined to be German
slaves
• argued that people were moved by charismatic
speaking
• promoted the use of violence and terror
• declared that France was Germany’s mortal
enemy and must be destroyed
• claimed that Jews were the root of Germany’s
ills
The most common cover of Mein Kampf
Source: Wikipedia

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 Weimar Prosperity (1925-29)

A painting depicting life in Berlin during the “Golden Twenties”

Source: Wikipedia

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 The “Spirit of Locarno” (1925-29)
• The Locarno Treaties
(1925)
• Germany allowed into the
League of Nations (1926)
• Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
• economy grew during the
last half of the 1920s
Gustav Stresemann
Source: Wikipedia

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 The “Spirit of Locarno” (1925-29)
• Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
– Briand (French Foreign
Minister) & Kellogg (U.S.
Secretary of State)
– condemned war as a solution to
international controversies
– countries who signed renounced
war as an instrument of
national policy
– 65 nations signed

Aristide Briand
Source: Wikipedia

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 Paul von
Hindenburg
President of
Weimar Republic
(1925-34)

Paul von Hindenburg

Source: Wikipedia

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 Growth of the Nazi Party
Organization & Membership

“Even to get
power legally, it
is useful to have
a gun pointed at
the government.”
––Hitler as quoted in
“Rise and Fall of the Third Reich”
Hitler and a group of Nazi Party members (c. 1930)
Source: Wikipedia

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 Great Depression
(1929-39)

“Never have I felt so

well disposed.”
––Hitler on the Great Depression

Sign: “Diligent Young Man Seeks Work”

Source: Wikipedia

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 Communist
strength

29
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29
 Nazi
violence
“We are proud
to be called
barbarians.”
––Hitler as quoted in
“Rise and Fall of the Third Reich”

Hitler saluting at a Nazi party rally

Source: Wikipedia

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 Street warfare

vs.

Communists Nazis
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31
SPD24.5%
SPD Nazi
Nazi 18.3% Communist
Communist 13.1%
Centre
Centre 11.8% People’s Party
German People’s 4.5% Others (10+
Other Parties parties)
(10) 27.8%

SPD
11.8% Nazis in the
Reichstag
Nazi
18.3%
(German parliament)

Communist
13.1%
Parliamentary Election Results: 1930 Reichstag
Source: Wikipedia

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 Weimar coalition
governments:
political
instability

coalition: A coalition government is a cabinet of a

parliamentary government in which several
political parties cooperate. (Wikipedia)

Franz von Papen, chancellor of Germany (1932)

Source: Wikipedia

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33
1932 Presidential
Election:
Hindenburg
vs.
Hitler

A 1932 Hindenburg campaign poster

Source: Wikipedia

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34
 Hitler gained
support of
industrialists
Communist-fearing industrialists like Gustav Krupp
(left), owner of Krupp Industries, supported Hitler’s
plans for German rearmament
Source: Wikipedia

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35
 Election of
1932:
Hindenburg won
Hitler lost

Paul von Hindenburg

Source: Wikipedia

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 Weimar
Cabinet Crisis
(1932-33)

Kurt von Schleicher, chancellor of

Germany (1932-33)
Source: Wikipedia

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37
 Hitler
appointed
chancellor
(1933)
Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of
Germany on 30 January 1933
Source: Wikipedia

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 Nazi revolution?

What is it? Where will it lead Germany?

39
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39
 Hitler’s consolidation
of power
(1933-34)
Elimination of enemies
• Parliamentary democracy
• Communists
• German military/SA dilemma
• President Hindenburg
Hitler was known as the Führer (the leader)
Source: Wikipedia

40
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 Nazi
propaganda
against
Communists

Nazi propaganda cartoon (1934)

Source: Calvin.edu

41
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41
Reichstag
Fire
(1933)

Reichstag Fire (1933)

Source: Wikipedia

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42
Reichstag granted Hitler emergency powers (1933):
parliamentary democracy was dead in Germany

Reichstag before the 1933 fire, c. 1900

Source: Wikipedia

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43
Communists and other political opponents arrested

The Karl-Liebknecht-Haus, Berlin: Headquarters of the

German Communist Party (1926-33)
Source: Wikipedia

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 In order for Hitler to
gain the support
of the German military,
he had to destroy the
Storm Troopers (SA),
his personal army

Hitler (L) and Roehm (1933)

Source: Wikipedia

45

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 The Night of the
Long Knives (1934)
Hitler destroyed the SA:
Roehm and other top leaders
were killed

46
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Hindenburg Died (1934)

Hindenburg’s Funeral
Source: Google Images

47
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 The Third Reich (1933-45)

The national insignia for the Third Reich

Source: Wikipedia
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48
German army
pledged
allegiance to
Hitler
(1934)
A helmet decal for Nazi Wehrmacht
Source: Wikipedia

49
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Hitler’s powerful oratory

Hitler speaking to a crowd

Source: Google Images

50
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 Revival of
German
economy
through
corporatism
Hitler at the opening of a section of the
autobahn
Source: german-architecture.info

51
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 The Nazi utopia

A model of Albert Speer’s proposed “People’s Hall”

Source: Wikipedia

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The Aryan
ideal

“The Guard,” Arno Breker (c. 1935)

Source: Wikipedia

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 Antisemitism
&
Nuremberg Laws
(1935)

Sign: “Germans, Attention! This shop is owned by

Jews. Jews damage the German economy and pay
their German employees starvation wages. The
main owner is the Jew Nathan Schmidt.” (1933)
Source: Wikipedia

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 Political purification

Political prisoners at Dachau, a camp created for holding Nazi

political opponents (1933)
Source: Wikipedia

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 Book
burnings:
Nazi
destruction
of ideas
A Nazi book burning (c. 1933)
Source: Wikipedia

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 Berchtesgaden: Hitler’s Alpine retreat

Berghof: Hitler’s summer retreat house above Berchtesgaden in the Bavarian Alps
Source: Wikipedia

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 The personal Hitler

Hitler, Eva Braun (L) and dogs at Berghof (c. 1940)

Source: Wikipedia

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 Joseph
Goebbels
Minister of
Propaganda

Joseph Goebbels
Source: Wikipedia

59
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59
 Heinrich
Himmler
Head of the SS

Heinrich Himmler (1942)

Source: Wikipedia

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 Promotion of violence

Hitler Youth (1933)

Source: Wikipedia

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61
Hitler & the
Nazis:
“Triumph
of the Will”
Leni Riefenstahl (standing on cart),
director of “Triumph of the Will” (1935)
Source: Wikipedia

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 Berlin & the Reichschancellory:
Center of European activity

Albert Speer’s Reichschancellory

Source: Wikipedia

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 Nazi rearmament

The Heinkel He 111, built in the 1930s in violation of the Treaty of Versailles.
Source: Wikipedia

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64
 Cause of WWII:
Nazi Aggression
• Military occupation (remilitarization)
of the Rhineland (1936)
• Austrian Anschluss (1938)
• Czechoslovakia (1938)
• Poland (1939)

65
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Remilitarization of the Rhineland (1936)

The Nazi army crossing the Rhine

Source: ImageShack

66
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66
“Anyone other than myself would
have lost his nerve; what saved us
was my unshakable obstinacy and
my amazing aplomb.”
––Adolf Hitler (1942)
reflecting on the 1936 remilitarization of the Rhineland
Source: “Rise & Fall of the Third Reich”

67
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Austrian
Anschluss
(1938)

Dismantling a border crossing

station along the former border
between Germany and Austria
Source: Wikipedia

68
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 Propaganda against
Czechoslovakia (1938)

A map of Czechoslovakia (1928)

Source: Wikipedia

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69
Germans in the Czech Sudetenland

The Sudetenland area of the Czech section of Czechoslovakia

Source: Wikipedia

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70
 Neville
Chamberlain
British Prime Minister
(1937-40)

“I had the impression

that he could be
relied upon.”
––Chamberlain reflecting on Hitler
as quoted in “Rise and Fall of the Third Reich”

Neville Chamberlain
Source: Wikipedia

71
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 War?

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 Munich
Conference
(1938):
best example of
appeasement

Neville Chamberlain arrives in

Munich (1938)
Source: Wikipedia

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“Our enemies are worms.
I saw them at Munich.”
––Adolf Hitler (1939)
reflecting on the 1938 Munich Conference
Source: “Rise & Fall of the Third Reich”

74
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 Czechoslovakia
occupied
(1938)

Wenceslas Square, Prague (c. 2005)

Source: Wikipedia

75
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75
Hitler mocked
United States
President
Franklin D.
Roosevelt
President Roosevelt with dog
Fala and Ruthie Bie, a friend’s
grandchild (1941)
Source: Wikipedia

76
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 Nazi
propaganda
against
Poland

The Polish army in the late 1930s

Source: Wikipedia

77
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77
 Nazi-Soviet
Non-
Aggression
Pact
(1939)
An American cartoonist’s interpretation of
the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Source: johndclare.net

78
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 Nazi-Soviet
Non-
Aggression
Pact
(1939)

Source: brokenworld.wikispaces.com

79
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79
 Start of World War II (1939-45)
• Nazi invasion of Poland
✓ Germany invaded Poland, 1
September 1939
✓ invasion marks the beginning
of World War II
✓ Nazis used blitzkrieg in their
conquest of Poland
German stamp from 1943
• Britain and France declared celebrates blitzkrieg
war on 3 September 1939 Source: Wikipedia

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80
Occupation
of Poland
(1939)
Jews in occupied Poland were
required by law to wear yellow
badges of identification.
Source: google images

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 Phony War
Winter 1939-40

a British poster that was commonly displayed

during the Phony War phase of World War II
Source: Wikipedia

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82
Nazi conquests (Spring 1940)

Norway
Denmark
Belgium
Netherlands
Luxembourg
German military officers in Oslo, Norway (1940)
Source: Wikipedia

83
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“Miracle at
Dunkirk”
(1940)

British troops being evacuated

from Dunkirk (1940)
Source: Wikipedia

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 Fall of
France
(1940)

Nazi troops march past the Arc de

Triomphe (1940)
Source: Wikipedia

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85
France under the Nazis:Vichy France (1940-44)

Philippe Pétain (L), Chief of State of

Vichy France, shakes hands with
Adolf Hitler in 1940
Source: Wikipedia

France under Nazi occupation

Source: Wikipedia

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Winston Churchill
British Prime Minister
(1940-45)

Churchill offering his trademark “V

for Victory” sign in London (1943)
Source: Wikipedia

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87
 “We have but one aim and one single irrevocable
purpose. We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every
vestige of the Nazi regime. From this nothing will
turn us. We will never parley; we will never
negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang. We shall
fight him by land; we shall fight him by sea; we shall
fight him in the air, until, with God's help, we have
rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its people
from his yoke.”
––Winston Churchill
radio broadcast, 22 June 1941

88
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Battle of Britain (1940): “The Blitz”

An iconic photo of London’s famous landmark

St. Paul’s cathedral during The Blitz (1940)
Source: Wikipedia

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 Hitler at
the peak
of his power
(1940-41)
Hitler (center) on his only visit to Paris
shortly after the fall of France (1940)
Source: Wikipedia

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 Europe
stripped of
art and
resources
Herman Goering was notoriously famous
for looting priceless art from European
museums for his own personal collection
Source: Wikipedia

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91
 Nazi
invasion
of the
Soviet Union
(1941)
A map of German troop movements (1941)
Source: Wikipedia

92
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92
Soviet tactics:
scorched
earth &
retreat
Soviet leader Josef Stalin
Source: Wikipedia

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93
Russian autumn: rain and mud

Nazi Wehrmacht troops struggle to move along a muddy Russian road during World War II
Source: Wikipedia

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94
Russian winter: snow and cold

Soviet troops advance in the harsh Russian winter during World War II
Source: Wikipedia

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95
Hitler declared war on the United States (1941)

Hitler delivering a speech against the United States (11 December 1941)
Source: Wikipedia

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96
 Hitler’s tactical error:
dividing his forces in
order to attack both the
oil-rich Caucasus region
and the symbolically-
important industrial city
of Stalingrad

Field Marshall Paul von Kleist led the

German army in the attack on the Caucasus
region of the Soviet Union
Source: Wikipedia

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 Battle of Stalingrad (1942-43)

The aftermath of a Nazi bombing raid on Stalingrad

Source: Wikipedia

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98
The Holocaust (1942-45): “The Final Solution”

ABOVE: Jews being transported to Auschwitz.

RIGHT: Reinhard Heydrich chaired the Wannsee
Conference (1942), which outlined Nazi plans for
transporting Jews and others to death camps.
Source: Wikipedia

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Women, children and the
elderly keep German war
machine going

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 British victories
in North Africa
(1942-43)

British Field Marshall Bernard “Monty”

Montgomery led the Allied forces to victory at
the Battle of Alamein (1942) in Egypt
Source: Wikipedia

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 Nazi defeat at
Stalingrad
(1943)

German Field Marshall Friedrich Paulus prepares to

surrender to the Soviet Union at Stalingrad (1943)
Source: Wikipedia

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 Allied
invasion of
Italy
(1943)

A map of the Allied invasion

of Italy (1943)
Source: Wikipedia

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Allied air attacks on German cities

The German city of Dresden after the Allied firebombing of 1945

Source: Wikipedia

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German solidarity (unity)
on the home front
“Our walls may break, but
never our hearts.”
––German poster displayed during World War II
Source: “Rise & Fall of the Third Reich”

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D-Day: Allied invasion of Normandy, France (1944)

US troops land at Omaha Beach on the Normandy coast (1944)

Source: Wikipedia

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Stauffenberg
Plot & Trials
(1944)

Claus von Stauffenberg: cruised his way to

a death sentence for treason
Source: googleimages

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 Goebbels’
Nazi
propaganda

Joseph Goebbels
Source: adrianasasson

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 Armaments
Minister
Albert Speer:
kept Nazi military
supplied
Albert Speer (left) working with Hitler
Source: Wikipedia

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 Germany’s new
technology:
jet engines &
V-rockets
(innovative, but developed too
late in the war)

A Nazi V-2 rocket being launched in 1943

Source: Wikipedia

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Nazis in retreat on both fronts
(1944-45)

Soviet trucks drive the Nazi army west toward Berlin

Source: Wikipedia

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 Germans in retreat:
Destruction

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Soviet Red
Army
approaches
German
border
Soviet soldiers use a rocket launcher
Source: Wikipedia

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German defense of homeland (1944-45)

Germans had to defend the country on both the eastern and western borders
Source: Wikipedia
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 Nazi
propaganda
film

An advertising poster for the 1945 film “Kolberg”

Source: Wikipedia

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 Hitler returns to Berlin

Hitler (right) returns to bombed-out Berlin

Source: Wikipedia

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 France & Belgium liberated
and Allies cross the Rhine (1944-45)

A British tank on the River Meuse (1944)

Source: Wikipedia

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Nazi army reduced to child soldiers

Joseph Goebbels shaking hands with a 16-year-old in the German army (1945)
Source: Wikipedia

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 Soviet Red
Army
attacks
Berlin
1945
A photo of a Berlin street taken shortly after the
end of the war
Source: Wikipedia

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 Hitler’s last days
in the
Führerbunker
(April 1945)

Martin Bormann, Hitler’s private secretary, is believed

to have burned Hitler and Eva Braun’s remains after
the couple committed suicide on 30 April 1945
Source: Wikipedia

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 Liberation of
Nazi
death camps
(1944-45)
Prisoners liberated from Mauthausen (1945)
Source: Wikipedia

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 Nuremberg Trials (1945-46)
• trial of leading Nazi “war criminals”
• Allied tribunal (Britain, US, France, SU)
• Nazi defendants
✓ accused of “crimes against humanity”
✓ pleaded “not guilty” (argument: they were
just following orders)
✓ found guilty: individuals can be held
responsible for state-sponsored crimes

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“The wrongs which we seek to condemn
and punish have been so calculated, so
malignant, and so devastating, that
civilization cannot tolerate their being
ignored, because it cannot survive their
being repeated.”
––Robert H. Jackson, American prosecutor
Nuremberg Trials, Germany (1945)

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 Return to
Shirer’s thesis

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 The children of
Teresienstadt
(Terezin)
concentration
camp
Produced by State Jewish Museum, Prague
Source: Amazon.com

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 Reflections
What did you like and/or dislike about the film “Rise
and Fall of the Third Reich” and how it was used as an
educational tool in class?

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 Reflections
What did you learn about this period in history that you
had not known before viewing “Rise and Fall of the
Third Reich”?

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