PHILO REVIEWER

EMOTION- a conscious mental reaction (such as anger or fear)

subjectively experienced as strong feeling usually directed toward a specific
object and typically accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes
in the body

BEHAVIOR- anything that an organism does involving action and

response to stimulation

FEELINGS- the one of the basic physical senses of which the skin contains
the chief end organs and of which the sensations of touch and temperature
are characteristic

ATTITUDE- a bodily state of readiness to respond in a characteristic way

to a stimulus (such as an object, concept, or situation)

HOLISTIC- of or relating to holism

: relating to or concerned with wholes or with complete systems rather than
with the analysis of, treatment of, or dissection into parts

PHILOSOPHIZING- intransitive verb: to reason in the manner of a

philosopher
: to expound a moralizing and often superficial philosophy
transitive verb: to consider from or bring into conformity with a
philosophical point of view

BELIEFS- a state or habit of mind in which trust or confidence is placed in

some person or thing
: something that is accepted, considered to be true, or held as an opinion:
something believed

KNOWLEDGE- the sum of what is known: the body of truth,

information, and principles acquired by humankind

IMAGING- a mental conception held in common by members of a group

and symbolic of a basic attitude and orientation
THOUGHT- the intellectual product or the organized views and principles
of a period, place, group, or individual

ALDO LEOPOLDO- Considered by many to be the father of wildlife

ecology and the United States’ wilderness system, Aldo Leopold was a
conservationist, forester, philosopher, educator, writer, and outdoor
enthusiast. Among his best known ideas is the “land ethic,” which calls for
an ethical, caring relationship between people and nature.

PATRICK DOBEL- J. Patrick Dobel joined the Evans School faculty in

1985. He studies the intersection of politics, institutions, and judgment. He
teaches in the MPA and Executive MPA programs. His teaching covers
strategy, leadership, public ethics, and public management. His main
research explores the integration of values and institutional structure in
articles such as “Holy Evil” or “The Beleaguered Ideal: Defending NCAA
Amateurism.” More recently he has returned to earlier research on the
nature of integrity and political corruption and has also explored the ethics
and culture of athletic achievement and competition.

LYNN WHITE- By the mid 20th century in America, environmentalism

had progressed under two discordant philosophies, preservation
(protecting nature for nature’s sake) and conservation (protecting nature
for human purposes), which are best represented, respectively, by spiritual
naturalist John Muir and pragmatic president Teddy Roosevelt. By the year
1966, the National Park Service had greatly expanded and conservation of
our wild places had political support. However, the nation still remembered
the repercussions of unrestrained agriculture from the Dust Bowl in the
1930s, and Rachel Carson stirred new controversy over nuclear testing and
careless chemical use in Silent Spring. Despite the expanse of national
conservation programs, the sentiment only seemed to apply to tourist
attractions. Decades after Muir’s death, the stage was finally set for
preservation, instead of conservation, to take root. Enter UCLA professor
Lynn White, and his immensely influential paper “The Historical Roots of
Our Ecological Crisis.”

RATIONAL- having reason or understanding

: relating to, based on, or agreeable to reason
ATTITUDINAL- relating to, based on, or expressive of personal attitudes
or feelings

SOMATIC- of, relating to, or affecting the body especially as distinguished

from the germplasm
: of or relating to the wall of the body : PARIETAL

BEHAVIORAL- of or relating to behavior: pertaining to reactions made in

response to social stimuli

ARMANDO BONIFACIO- Armando Bonifacio's 3 Concepts of

Philosophy
- one of the forefathers of philosophy in UP
1. Personal Values System
2. Activity of Reflection
3. Systematic Theory

MAURICE PONTY- Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s work is commonly

associated with the philosophical movement called existentialism and its
intention to begin with an analysis of the concrete experiences, perceptions,
and difficulties, of human existence. However, he never propounded quite
the same extreme accounts of radical freedom, being-towards-death,
anguished responsibility, and conflicting relations with others, for which
existentialism became both famous and notorious in the 1940s and 1950s.

SOCRATES- Socrates is one of the few individuals whom one could say
has so-shaped the cultural and intellectual development of the world that,
without him, history would be profoundly different. He is best known for
his association with the Socratic method of question and answer, his claim
that he was ignorant (or aware of his own absence of knowledge), and his
claim that the unexamined life is not worth living, for human beings. He
was the inspiration for Plato, the thinker widely held to be the founder of
the Western philosophical tradition. Plato in turn served as the teacher of
Aristotle, thus establishing the famous triad of ancient philosophers:
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Unlike other philosophers of his time and
ours, Socrates never wrote anything down but was committed to living
simply and to interrogating the everyday views and popular opinions of
those in his home city of Athens. At the age of 70, he was put to death at
the hands of his fellow citizens on charges of impiety and corruption of the
youth. His trial, along with the social and political context in which
occurred, has warranted as much treatment from historians and classicists
as his arguments and methods have from philosophers.

EDWARD HUSSERL- Father of phenomenology; Although not the first

to coin the term, it is uncontroversial to suggest that the German
philosopher, Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), is the "father" of the
philosophical movement known as phenomenology. Phenomenology can
be roughly described as the sustained attempt to describe experiences (and
the "things themselves") without metaphysical and theoretical speculations.
Husserl suggested that only by suspending or bracketing away the "natural
attitude" could philosophy becomes its own distinctive and rigorous
science, and he insisted that phenomenology is a science of consciousness
rather than of empirical things.

ARISTOTLE- Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy,

making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology,
botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a
student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates. He was more
empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting
Plato's theory of forms.

PLATO- Plato is one of the world's best known and most widely read and
studied philosophers. He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of
Aristotle, and he wrote in the middle of the fourth century B.C.E. in ancient
Greece. Though influenced primarily by Socrates, to the extent that
Socrates is usually the main character in many of Plato's writings, he was
also influenced by Heraclitus, Parmenides, and the Pythagoreans.

SARTRE- The philosophical career of Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980)

focuses, in its first phase, upon the construction of a philosophy of
existence known as existentialism. Sartre's early works are characterized by
a development of classic phenomenology, but his reflection diverges from
Husserl’s on methodology, the conception of the self, and an interest in
ethics. These points of divergence are the cornerstones of Sartre’s
existential phenomenology, whose purpose is to understand human
existence rather than the world as such. Adopting and adapting the
methods of phenomenology, Sartre sets out to develop an ontological
account of what it is to be human. The main features of this ontology are
the groundlessness and radical freedom which characterize the human
condition. These are contrasted with the unproblematic being of the world
of things. Sartre’s substantial literary output adds dramatic expression to
the always unstable co-existence of facts and freedom in an indifferent
world.

MORAL PHILOSOPHY- Moral philosophy is the branch of philosophy

that contemplates what is right and wrong. It explores the nature of
morality and examines how people should live their lives in relation to
others.

MORAL ATTITUDE- Moral attitudes are grounded in moral beliefs of

“Right” and “wrong” action. Moral attitudes are stronger than moral
principles.
Morality speaks of a system of behavior in regards to standards of right or
wrong behavior. The word carries the concepts of: (1) moral standards, with
regard to behavior; (2) moral responsibility, referring to our conscience;
and (3) a moral identity, or one who is capable of right or wrong action.
Common synonyms include ethics, principles, virtue, and goodness.
Morality has become a complicated issue in the multi-cultural world we live
in today. Let's explore what morality is, how it affects our behavior, our
conscience, our society, and our ultimate destiny.

HUMAN CONDITION- part of being a person

HUMAN MIND- 1. the organ or seat of consciousness; the faculty by

which one is aware of surroundings and by which one is able to experience
emotions, remember, reason, and make decisions.
2. the organized totality of an organism's mental and psychological
processes, conscious and unconscious.
3. the characteristic thought process of a person or group.
HUMAN REFLECTION- Human self-reflection is the capacity of
humans to exercise introspection and the willingness to learn more about
their fundamental nature, purpose and essence.

RENE DESCARTES- René Descartes is often credited with being the

“Father of Modern Philosophy.” This title is justified due both to his break
with the traditional Scholastic-Aristotelian philosophy prevalent at his time
and to his development and promotion of the new, mechanistic sciences.
His fundamental break with Scholastic philosophy was twofold. First,
Descartes thought that the Scholastics’ method was prone to doubt given
their reliance on sensation as the source for all knowledge. Second, he
wanted to replace their final causal model of scientific explanation with the
more modern, mechanistic model.

PRAGMATIC THEORY- A Pragmatic Theory of Truth holds (roughly)

that a proposition is true if it is useful to believe. Peirce and James were its
principal advocates. Utility is the essential mark of truth. Beliefs that lead
to the best "payoff", that are the best justification of our actions, that
promote success, are truths, according to the pragmatists.
The problems with Pragmatic accounts of truth are counterparts to the
problems seen above with Coherence Theories of truth.

CORRESPONDENCE THEORY- We return to the principal question,

"What is truth?" Truth is presumably what valid reasoning preserves. It is
the goal of scientific inquiry, historical research, and business audits. We
understand much of what a sentence means by understanding the
conditions under which what it expresses is true. Yet the exact nature of
truth itself is not wholly revealed by these remarks. Historically, the most
popular theory of truth was the Correspondence Theory. First proposed in a
vague form by Plato and by Aristotle in his Metaphysics, this realist theory
says truth is what propositions have by corresponding to a way the world is.
The theory says that a proposition is true provided there exists a fact
corresponding to it. In other words, for any proposition p,
p is true if and only if p corresponds to a fact.
The theory's answer to the question, "What is truth?" is that truth is a
certain relationship—the relationship that holds between a proposition and
its corresponding fact. Perhaps an analysis of the relationship will reveal
what all the truths have in common.

COHERENCE THEORY- Specifically, a Coherence Theory of Truth will

claim that a proposition is true if and only if it coheres with ___. For
example, one Coherence Theory fills this blank with "the beliefs of the
majority of persons in one's society". Another fills the blank with "one's
own beliefs", and yet another fills it with "the beliefs of the intellectuals in
one's society". The major coherence theories view coherence as requiring at
least logical consistency. Rationalist metaphysicians would claim that a
proposition is true if and only if it "is consistent with all other true
propositions". Some rationalist metaphysicians go a step beyond logical
consistency and claim that a proposition is true if and only if it "entails (or
logically implies) all other true propositions". Leibniz, Spinoza, Hegel,
Bradley, Blanshard, Neurath, Hempel (late in his life), Dummett, and
Putnam have advocated Coherence Theories of truth.
ETHICS- study of actions; the discipline dealing with what is good and bad
and with moral duty and obligation a set of moral principles : a theory or
system of moral values
PHYSICS- a science that deals with matter and energy and their
interactions : the physical processes and phenomena of a particular system
: the physical properties and composition of something

METAPHYSICS- a division of philosophy that is concerned with the

fundamental nature of reality and being; abstract philosophical studies: a
study of what is outside objective experience

LINGUISTICS- the study of human speech including the units, nature,

structure, and modification of language

VERBAL- of, relating to, or consisting of words; consisting of or using

words only and not involving action

LOGICAL- capable of reasoning or of using reason in an orderly cogent

fashion
AESTHETICS- of, relating to, or dealing with aesthetics or the beautiful;
pleasing in appearance
EPISTEMOLOGY- the study or a theory of the nature and grounds of
knowledge especially with reference to its limits and validity

ANALYZATION- the act or an instance of analyzing somethin : a result of

analyzing something : ANALYSIS

ST. THOMAS AQUIANAS- St. Thomas Aquinas was a Dominican priest

and Scriptural theologian. He took seriously the medieval maxim that
“grace perfects and builds on nature; it does not set it aside or destroy it.”
Therefore, insofar as Thomas thought about philosophy as the discipline
that investigates what we can know naturally about God and human beings,
he thought that good Scriptural theology, since it treats those same topics,
presupposes good philosophical analysis and argumentation. Although
Thomas authored some works of pure philosophy, most of his
philosophizing is found in the context of his doing Scriptural theology.
Indeed, one finds Thomas engaging in the work of philosophy even in his
Biblical commentaries and sermons.

SYSTEMATIC THEORY- Systems science emerged as a response to the

need for finding ways of understanding and dealing with complexity. The
expanding orientation of systems thinking enables a quest for connections
and meaning that can expand the boundaries of what traditionally has been
considered science.

FUNCTIONALISM- a philosophy of design (as in architecture) holding

that form should be adapted to use, material, and structure
: a theory that stresses the interdependence of the patterns and institutions
of a society and their interaction in maintaining cultural and social unity
: a doctrine or practice that emphasizes practical utility or functional
relations

REALISM- a doctrine that universals exist outside the mind

specifically: the conception that an abstract term names an independent
and unitary reality
: a theory that objects of sense perception or cognition exist independently
of the mind