"Criminology" by

Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

Saturday, October 21, 2017 1
Day 1
 All these slides and their contents are solely
the property of SSP Asmatullah Junejo. Any
unauthorized use of these slides without the
prior permission of the author would lead to
legal action and compensation suit against
the violators and their institution.
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 Dedication

Aitzaz Hasan
• Martyred on January 6th,
Bangash
Shaheed 2014 at Hangu.
Saturday, October 21, 2017 "Criminology" by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 4
 Sequence
 Introduction

 Syllabus

 Criminology

 Social Deviance

 Social Control

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 Introduction
 An optional subject
 Marks 100
 Objectives and MCQs
 Recommended book: “Modern Criminology: Crime,
Criminal Behavior and its Control” by Hagan and “Crime,
Justice and Society: An Introduction to Criminology” by
Ronald and Marvin
 Degree of effort for preparation
 Common sense
 Scoring or Not scoring?

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 Syllabus
 Section-I (25 Marks)
 I. Introduction
 Basic concepts used in understanding crime, criminality and criminal.
 II. Understanding Criminology
 Definition, meaning and scope of criminology, Criminology and criminal law,
Crime as social problem, Crime and social organization, related concepts:
Deviance, Sin and Vice
 III. Crime and Criminals
 Occasional criminals, Habitual criminals, Professional criminals, White-
collar crime, Organized crime, corporate crimes.
 IV. Crime and Criminality: Theoretical Perspectives
 Early explanation of criminal behavior
 Classical School
 Positivist School (Biological and Psychological Explanations)
 Positivist School (Sociological Explanation)
 Social Disorganization theory
 Strain theory
 Social Control theory
 Learning theory
 Labeling Theory
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 Islamic perspective
 Syllabus
 Section-II (25 Marks)
 V. Juvenile Delinquency
 Meaning, definitions (Behavioral Vs Legal), Juvenile delinquent Vs status
offender, Official statistics of juvenile delinquency
 VI. Juvenile Justice System
 Role of police
 Juvenile court process:
 Pretrial, trial and sentencing
 Role of prosecutor, defense counsel, juvenile judge, juvenile probation officer
 Juvenile correctional institutions, probation and non-punitive alternatives
 VII. The Criminal Justice System:
 Police and its role
 Trial and Conviction of Offenders
 Agencies: formal and informal
 Criminal courts: procedures and problems
 Role of prosecutors
 Prisons, Probation and Parole
 VIII. Punitive and Reformative Treatment of Criminals
 Corporal punishment, Imprisonment, Rehabilitation of criminals.
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 Syllabus
 Section-III (25 Marks)
 IX. Criminal Investigation
 Principles of criminal investigation, Manual of preliminary
investigation, Intelligence operations, Data base investigation,
Electronic investigation, Forensic Investigation
 X. Techniques of Investigations
 Gathering information from persons, Interviewing and interrogation
techniques, Criminal investigation analysis
 XI. Legal and Ethical Guidelines for Investigators
 Stop and frisk operations, Arrest procedures, Search and seizure.
 XII. International Policing Criminal Justice Monitoring
Organizations
 UNAFEI, INTERPOL, EUROPOL, UNODC, UNICEF, IPA, etc.

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 Syllabus
 Section-IV (25 Marks)
 XIII. Modern Concepts in Contemporary Criminology
 Terrorism, Radicalism and War on Terror
 Media’s representation of Crime and the Criminal Justice System
 Modern Law Enforcement and Crime Prevention
 Intelligence-led Policing
 Community Policing
 Private Public Partnership
 Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan
 Crime and Urbanization, Organized Crime and White-Collar Crime
 Human Rights Abuses and Protection, especially Children, Women
and Minorities and the role of civil society and NGOs
 Money-laundering
 Cyber Crime
 Role of NAB, FIA, ANF
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 Criminology
 An interdisciplinary profession built around the scientific
study of crime and criminal behavior, including their forms,
causes, legal aspects, and control.
 It is the study of crime, society's response to it, and its
prevention, including examination of the environmental,
hereditary, or psychological causes of crime, modes of
criminal investigation and conviction, and the efficacy of
punishment or correction as compared with forms of
treatment or rehabilitation
 Criminology is the scientific study of crime, including its
causes, responses by law enforcement and methods of
prevention

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 Classification of Criminology
 Penology:
 The study of prisons and prison systems
 Bio-criminology:
 The study of the biological basis of criminal behavior
 Feminist criminology:
 The study of women and crime
 Criminalistics:
 The study of crime detection
 Victimology:
 The study of the victims of crime, the relationships between
victims and criminals, and the role of victims in the criminal
events themselves.
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 Criminologists
 A criminologist is one who studies crime, criminals, and
criminal behavior.
 Criminologists attempt to understand why some people
are more or less likely to engage in criminal or
delinquent behavior.
 Criminologists also examine and attempt to explain
differences in crime rates and the criminal code between
societies and changes in rates and laws over time
 Criminologists consider themselves to be neutral public
policy experts, gathering facts for various governmental
officials responsible for drawing policy conclusions

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 Scope of Criminology
 Criminology involves three different types of problems:
i. The problem of detecting the law breaker, which is the work of the
detective, the police officer, the medical specialist, the
chemist.
ii. The problem of the custody and treatment of the offender once
he is detected and legally judged to be guilty, which is the work of
the penologist. Social workers, psychiatrists, sociologists,
psychologists, juvenile court judges, probation and parole officers,
and others are engaged in correction work in connection with the
prevention and control of delinquency and crime.
iii. The problem of explaining crime and criminal behavior, which is
the problem of scientifically accounting for the presence of crime
and criminals in a society. The legal aspect of crime is of interest to
the lawyer and to the sociologist who is studying the sociology
of criminal law.
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 Green Criminology
 Green Criminology is the analysis of environmental harms from a
criminological perspective, or the application of criminological
thought to environmental issues.
 As elsewhere in criminology, this means thinking about:
 Offences (what crimes or harms are inflicted on the environment,
and how),
 Offenders (who commits crime against the environment, and why),
and
 Victims (who suffers as a result of environmental damage, and how),
and also about responses to environmental crimes: policing,
punishment and crime prevention.
 On a more theoretical level, green criminology is interested in the
social, economic and political conditions that lead to
environmental crimes; on a philosophical level it is concerned
with which types of harms should be considered as ‘crimes’ and
therefore within the remit of a green criminology.
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Saturday, October 21, 2017 "Criminology" by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 18
 Social Deviance
 Some non-conformity is global, i.e.
i. No one conforms completely to status-positions
ii. No one accepts class or culture completely
iii. No one is simply a robot
 This non-conformity is defined as “Anti-Social Behavior” that
departs from group’s normative exceptions or from society’s
accepted ways.
 When human behavior is in a disapproved direction and exceeds
limit of community’s toleration, it is called a “Deviant Behavior”
 Opposite of Deviance is Conformity.

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 A Social Deviant

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 Characteristics of Deviance
 It is the action that society considers outside the
accepted order. It is usually condemned.
 It is condemned because it is considered threat to the
society.
 Conformity means obedience to the norms whereas
deviance is their violation.
 All crimes are acts of deviance but not all acts of
deviance are crimes.
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 Types of Deviance
 Primary deviance
 It is the behavior that people do not treat as deviant
because either:
 They are unaware of it, or

 They regard it trivial

 Secondary deviance
 It occurs when:
 When people are labelled and treated as deviants, and

 Deviance becomes an important part of their identity

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 Forms of Deviance
i. Drug Addiction
ii. Alcoholism
iii. Suicide
iv. Family conflicts
v. Discrimination against minorities
vi. Sexual abuse
vii. Child abuse
viii. Delinquency
ix. Crime
x. Violence

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 Causes of Deviance
I. Individual as a cause

II. Society as a cause

III. Culture as a cause

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 Causes of Deviance cont…
I. Individual as a cause
 Religious theory

 Demonic possession

 Biological theory

 An extra chromosome (i.e. XYX, YXY)

 Psychological theory

 Morally depraved

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 Causes of Deviance cont…
II. Society as a cause
i. Transitional Neighborhood
 Those settling in slum areas

ii. Labelling Approach

 Repeatedly calling deviants as deviants

iii. Differential Association

 The company, the color

iv. Class and Social Structure

 Particular class and social structure lead an individual to be a

deviant
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 Causes of Deviance cont…
III. Culture as a cause
 Robert Merton (1957) presented Strain or Anomie theory.
 He calls deviance a means by which some people adopt to
the dominant culture
 There are five types of Adaptations, four of which are types
of deviance
i. Conformity
 Agreement between an individual's behavior and a group's
standards or expectations. A conformist is one who follows the
majority's desires or standards.
ii. Innovation
 The act of introducing something new.
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 Causes of Deviance cont…
iii. Ritualism
 People obey norms outwardly by “going through the motions,” but
they lack inner commitment to their roles and the underlying
values of the social system.
iv. Retrealism
 The rejection of culturally prescribed goals and the conventional
means for attaining them.
v. Rebellion
 Rebellion, uprising, or insurrection is a refusal of obedience or
order. It may, therefore, be seen as encompassing a range of
behaviors aimed at destroying or taking over the position of an
established authority such as a government, governor, president,
political leader, financial institution, or person in charge.

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 Causes of Deviance cont…
 Merton proposed five ways of responding to (or
adapting to) goals verse the means.
i. Conformity: Most common response

ii. Innovation: Typical criminal response

iii. Ritualism: Habitual response

iv. Retreatism: Typical of drug use

v. Rebellion: Seeking radical change

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Robert Merton’s
Strain Theory

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 Role of Deviance in Society
 “Deviance is even functional for Society” – Durkheim
1. Contribution of deviance to social order
 Durkheim emphasized the function of deviance for social order
not in the deviant act but in the reaction by society
 Such reaction serves as a “Boundary maintenance” function
that reinforces the distinction between acceptable and
unacceptable
 Durkheim regarded reaction to deviance as an important
source of social solidarity
 Fear of punishment discourage divergent tendencies

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 Role of Deviance in Society cont…
2. Contribution of Deviance to Social Change
 Deviant acts are important sources of social change

 Democratic movements were declared as deviant acts by

martial law administrators

 Deviant movements encourage reform and cause social

change

 Quaid-e-Azam, Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King, etc.

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 Role of Deviance in Society cont…
3. Deviance also acts as a threat to Social Order

• “Deviants are rule-breakers who threaten order because their

action is disruptive. They must be curbed, since as sickness

threatens a human body, they threaten society” – Hobbes

• Wide spread deviance causes violence and violence leads to

fear in the society that disrupts interaction in the society

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 Social Control
 All ways that are used by society to control individuals from
becoming deviants

 “Social control is the combination of means and processes

whereby group and society secures its members’ conformity
to its expectations” – Horton and Hunt

 Means of social control

 Social structures, culture, social institutions

 Religion, Laws, government and education

 Collective willingness
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"Criminology" by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 36
 Views of Social Control

I. Social Organization
 It is necessary for social order

 Self-control is necessary for all societies

 Society depends on “mutual agreement” to achieve

individuals’ goals

 Tomatsu Shibutani leads this school of thought

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 Views of Social Control cont…
II. Repression
 Continuous form of repression and exploitation

 Religion, family and government conspire against the individual

 For example, Capitalism

 Karl Marx leads this school of thought

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 Need of Social Control
 Human nature

 Social change

 Competition

 Ideological differences

 Rise of divisive tendencies

 Economic disparity

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 Methods of Social Control
 Direct and Indirect (Karal Mannheim)

 Positive and Negative (Kimbal young)

 Conscious and Unconscious (Luther Bernard)

 Constructive and Destructive

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 Methods of Social Control
I. Formal
 Positive
 Sympathy, love, greed, reward
 Incentives to conformity
 Family, peers
 Negative
 Coercive and punitive measures
 Physical punishments, confiscations, imposing fines, mental
tortures, vilification, defamation
 Police, judiciary, schools

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 Methods of Social Control cont…
II. Informal
 Traditions, norms
 Folkways
 Patterns of acting
 Arise from unconscious
 Fail to hold door open
 Mild ridicule / ostracism
 Customs
 More accepted behavior
 Violated / greater opposition
 Talking in theater
 More stringent warning

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 Methods of Social Control cont…
II. Informal (cont:)
 Mores
 Group’s social norms
 Moral standards
 Considered essential / welfare and preservation
 Unemployed / drinking
 Sanctioned severely

 Socialization
 Develops orderly behavior
 Internalizing culture

 Social Sanctions
 Rewards and punishments
 Deterrence value
 Rumors, criticism, boycott, non-cooperation, excommunication

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 Shaheed Aitzaz Hasan Bangash
Saturday, October 21, 2017 44
 Thank You

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 Please contact for Queries
Asmatullah Junejo (PSP)

Senior Superintendent of Police, Rawalpindi

0300-7064608

0331-7055550

asmatullahjunejo@hotmail.com
Saturday, October 21, 2017 "Criminology" by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 46