International Journal of Scientific Management and Development ISSN:2345-3974

Vol.3 (2), 858-858 February (2015)

Research Paper
The Relationship Between Attachment Styles with Depression in Students
Banafshe Hasanvand*1, Alireza Merati2, Mohamad Khaledian3, Fariba Hasani4
1Department of psychology, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
2Department of psychology, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
3Department of psychology, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
4Assistant Professor, Department of Counseling and Guidance, Tehran Center Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Available online at: www.IJSMD.Com
Received 16th June 2014, Revised 2th August 2014, Accepted 13th August 2014
Abstract
The objective of this research was to investigate the relationship between attachment styles with depression among high school
students. The research society included all male and female students in different majors from Aleshtar medical Science University
during the academic year of 2010-2011.The sample volume involved 296subjects which was selected using simple random Sampling
method. The measurement tools were adult Attachment scale and Beck-depression test, the research method was correlative that is in
the context of practical research. Also, to analyze data result from Collins-Read, and Beck questionnaires, the Pearson correlation
coefficient and multi variant Regression was used. Findings showed that there is a significant negative relationship between secure
attachment styles with depression in students. And also there is a significant positive relationship between insecure attachment
(avoidance) styles and insecure (Anxious- ambivalence) with depression in students.
Key words: Attachment styles, Depression, Aleshtar, and high school.
Introduction: & Noller, 1991). They trust the universe and others, so secure
In transformational psychology the emotional link between attachment reflects rules which allow individual to identify his
the baby and the other is called attachment starts from infancy anxiety and return back to other to achieve support and
and it is stable over time (Bowlby, 1969).Several researches sympathy (Bowlby, 1972) insecure (avoidance) attachment: The
showed that attachment styles as a transformational factor in avoidant people have that characteristic of avoidant children
personal attitudes and the formation of personality is an .They avoid making intimate relations with others and get less
important determinant, as Carlston & Sroufe(1995) emphasized scores in love relation scales (Feeney & Noller, 1991).
on the importance of the attachment organizational system These people deny the importance of the attachment
interaction to unit emotional, motivational, cognitive and relationship in their interviews about adult attachment and try to
behavioral components. keep their distance from attachment topic and inhibit their
The attachment theory takes for granted the lack and initial negative excitations –They have a kind of scrupulous self-
rejection of the child by parents and its role facing with critical esteem. This style reflects rules which limits the anxiety
situations and adulthood shortages. The child succeed to identification and support exploration (Mikulinser & Florian,
establish a psycho, constituent by internalizing the nature of his 1998)
link to the parents, which determines his future relationship -Insecure attachment (anxious –ambivalence): Individual having
patterns .The concerned element is about individual attachment this attachment style are similar to ambivalent children .They are
and the studies about it shows that attachment is the first link exclusive and dependent on their emotional relations with others
that is formed between the child and mother after 6 month, its (Feeney & Noller, 1991):And they permanently are worried
main reaction is to protect the individual from devastation about being rejected by others so that they attempt to reduce
(Besharat, 2004). Attachment is the individual stable tendency their departure anxiety by extreme dependency they are aware of
to special effort to achieve or keep the relationship with one or their negative emotions in relationship with children attachment
more particular persons that is able to provide mental and experiences .As a result they are aware of their anxiety and
physical health and security (Mazaheri, 2000). Feruid, considers distress (Main et al, 1985). Thus anxious- ambivalence
the child attachment to the mother a unique feeling which serves attachment increases the sensitivity in a negative emotional
as the most powerful topic of love in whole life (Shaver & direction and anxiety rate. In some researches, attachment is
Mikulincer, 2005). defined as the young person tendency to explore neighborhood
Ainsworth et al (1978) introduced attachment kinds and with his peers and anxious –ambivalence (Khorram & Mohamad
measured it by observing children in the ((strange situation)) test. khani, 2010).
In this classification the attachment is divided into three kinds, Bowl discovered the process of forming and failure of emotional
secure, avoidance insecure, anxious - ambivalence insecure- relationships; especially he argued how children attached their
secure attachment: Individuals in this style are less afraid of initial protectors and their exciting sadness in departure time
dangers, because they don’t feel alone in risky situations (Bowlby 1969, 1973, 1980). The attachment theory views
(Mikulincer & Florian, 1995). human being as a social entity who has the capacity to
They tend to make intimate relationships with others (Feeney communicate other people .Bowl believes that attachment in
child –parent relationship transfers to the love relation in
*Correspondent Author Banafshe Hasanvand (Ba_hasanvand@yahoo.com)
Manuscript No: IJSMD-KINA-2014-360 adulthood and it can contribute on the excitements and behavior
recognition during life. Any disruption in an attachment

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relationship causes damage and latter risks. Accordingly,
security can be defined as a core of the attachment system in
relationships. A secure relationship taken place with whom to
him we feel attachment (bowlby, 1982).
The attachment theory foundation is just the subjective
relation discussion that arises in psycho-analysis (Harris, 2004).
Psycho-analysts believe that the child's first relationship forms
the basis of his personality (Main et al, 1985). The
psychoanalysis theory considers attachment the normal
resolution of the oral stage of development .If during the initial
months of the child's life, all the needs satisfied regularly ,this
expectation emerges within the child that needs are satisfactory
and the distress induced by not –satisfying needs doesn’t
continue for a long time (Fogel, 1997). In Mahler theory he
emphasizes on the emotional relationship between mother –
child and find out the mother fateful role in the child emotional
transformation .Mahler distinguishes three sequenced stages
during first three years of the child life which include normal
autism, during coexistence and individuality stages (Mahler,
1979 quoted by Dadsetan, 1997). Vini Kat like bowl by points
to the role of separation of the attachment issue and serves it as
the cause of mental problems (Mansour & Dadsetan, 2008).
Ericson states if the first emotional relationship occurs in a good
way, that is a security for the child which provides trust the
external world, the sense of security is a requisite for any latter
advancement. The learning theory doesn’t consider attachment
as inherent; rather attachment is acquired as a result of the
satisfying interaction with important people (Wolff, 1989).
Secure individual consider others as a secure base .Anxious-
ambivalence people are seriously doubtful about other’s
reactions in needy situations (Mikulinser & Florian, 1998). In
other words, secure children are baser than insecure children
.When the mother returns after a short separation, secure
children communicate her easily. Avoidant children react to the
separation and anxious children react with increase in the
uncertainty and ambivalence between attachment and rage
(Besharat et al, 2007). Secure attached nursing mothers often
react to the child crying quickly and when hug the child treat
him kindly. They also adjust their responses to the child needs
(Eticnson, 2008).
The manner a person attached to his mother affects his
attachment to the others during his life (Lugo & Hershy, 1979).
What characterizes the adult attachment is that the sense of
being required and the grant power is based on the sense of
security and lack of then causes the sense of anxiety and
loneliness (Morps, 1982; quoted by Fenny & Noller, 1991).
Depression is a clear example of the extensive decision and
definition about beliefs, periods of fear which are not in reality
such as the fear his family will leave him (Gharache daghi,
2001). Beck (1976) defined the clinical depression(Or single-
pole) as kind of disorder involves changes in 5 elements of
exciting, motivational, behavioral, cognitive and physical areas
.Depression in person is a status which indicates the sadness and
impatience and in the disease diagnosis dimension it involves a
wide range of mood disorders with various sub-branches. The
main characteristic of mood disorders reduced tendency to daily
enjoyable activities such as communication, recreation, exercise,
food and sexual desire. Inability to acquire pleasure is stable and
its extent is dependent on the number of signs and its rate of
International Journal of Scientific Management and Development
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permeability (Hasani, 2008). Facing with a barrier in some
people creates a kind of depression in which the sense of being
abandoned, and the hurtful (memory of departures are revived
again. According to Krock et al (1981), the depressed people
attitudes about themselves might have been caused by an
inappropriate relationship that their parents had with them
during childhood. This relationship can be include parent
rejection, punishment about them, depriving their affections and
making the sense of guilty and anxiety within children by
parents ( quoted by Alavi & Afrooz, 2001).
In psychometric theory, the feelings and reactions to the novel
situations are emphasized based on what had happened in the
past life. Among the childhood relations, the most dependent
one is with the mother. So, one of the historical grounds is
disruptive depression .In early childhood, this initial lack is
excluded from the conscious area due to the agitation quality,
so, it continues its influence, when it is triggered by an
important trend, appears itself in a form of actual depression
(Rickman 2008).
The Result of NoorKhajooi et al (2006) showed that there is a
significant relationship between the lack of parents in childhood
and teenage period with basic depression in adulthood.
The result of Ranjbarnooshari (2010) showed that there are
ambivalent insecure attachment styles and there is a significant
negative correlation with psychological adjustment and secure
attachments are positively associated with psychological
adjustment.
In Borojeni et al(2001) research, findings showed that the
prevalence of the clinical depression in teens is about %43, A
and suicide thinks is %32, 7.The highest mean score of
depression in teenage period is 27, 07%and thinking about
suicide is %58.3 ,in which parent evaluated their behavior as
very hard .Also the least mean score of depression in teenagers
was 10.4%and think about suicide was 11.6%which show the
democratic behavior of parent .It was also observed that the
more the relations being emotional, and the less the control of
teens-parents relations ,the mean depression score and the
frequency of suicide idea decrease. In kourushnia et al (2007)
research the family relation pattern dimensions and the
childhood depression and anxiety rate was investigated. In lali &
Abedi (2008), results showed that various kinds of parent
misconducts during childhood associated to the depression,
emotional (23%), physical (27%) and sexual misconduct has
been the determinant of the adult depressed patients in Isfahan.
The results from zolfaghari et al (2007) research showed that the
interference based on the parent management training and
attachment could children separation statically. The results from
research by Besharat et al (2007) showed that there is a
significant difference between the attachment styles of the
patients with drug abuse and the attachment styles of normal
individual's .Also, there is a positive and negative correlation
respectively between secure and insecure attachment styles with
the rate of disorders relate to the drug abuse. Results from
Brussoni et al (2000) showed that personality abnormalities such
as personality disorder, schizoid, depression, phobia, are related
to the insecure attachment, the anxious –ambivalence attachment
tend to exclusion and internal izatia. In avoidance attachment the
shy person doesn’t trust anybody else. In Bogaerts et al (2006)
research it was shown that youth attachment styles are related to
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Vol.3 (2), 858-858 February (2015)
the personality disorders .Schizoid personality disorder with
insecure attachment style have significant positive correlation.
Pistole (1995) found that people with secure attachment style
have higher correlative satisfaction than avoidance attachment
people (Shokrkon 2006). The results of Handers & Launtieri
(2001) research showed that the excitement inability is seen in
people with insecure attachment patterns and reported more
symptoms of separation anxiety during infancy .In total, Bowl
by idea was confirmed that people with secure attachment are
successful in various tasks and relations include inter individual
relations, solving social problems, facing with difficulties and
metal –physical health (Hakim Javadi & Ezhei, 2004).
In this research the relationship between attachment style
and depression rate among Aleshtar city high school students
during the academic year of 2010-2011 has been examined.
Some recommendations are proposed on the research findings to
the parents, students, authorities to inform then about the
relationship between attachment style with depression .It aimed
at forming the behaviors and actions intelligently and to provide
a context to reduce some problems of education system and to
help students towards a healthier life and take a step in training
efficient forces to construct clear and successful future.
Methodology
In this research, the relationship between attachment styles
with depression is assessed based on Beck questionnaire and
Collins and Read attachment scale (RAAS) questionnaire.
Tools
Beck depression questionnaire
Is a self-reporting questionnaire contains 21 material which
has been designed to evaluate depression. Each question group
includes four options .The sentence scores are between o to
three. Examinee should mark an option is more adjusted to his
current status. Total score is form o to 63 and its designers
consider score 10 and higher as the slight depression and score
20 and higher as the mediate depression .This questionnaire has
been studied by Khalili and Okhovat(1984)in Iran (quoted by
Hasani, 2008). Beck(1972)reported that the questionnaire has
%93 stability grade using halving method with modification of
spearman Brown formula .At the same time, there reported a
significant correlation between questionnaire scores and
psychotic diagnosis(quoted by Hasani, 2008). Poorshahbaz
(1993) studied 176 subjects in Iran with this questionnaire and
reported the internal equivalency coefficient 0/85.In a study to
find norms, this questionnaire was conducted at the
psychological part of Shiraz university .The stability coefficient
using retest method was %86 (quoted by Hasani, 2008). In the
present resent research the refined form of the questionnaire will
be used that is BDI-II. Beck et al (1988), stated that the
reviewed form of the questionnaire show the presence and
intensity of the symptoms of depression in patients and also in
normal people .The internal stability of the questionnaire is
range from %73 to %92 with the average e %86 and the Alpha
coefficient of %86 range for patients and %8 for non-patients
.This questionnaire has been translated to Farsi and its stability
and narration has been examined .In a research on 125 students
from Tehran and AllamehTabatabai universities about BDI-II
stability validity, the result showed an overall score by average
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9.79 and standard deviation 7/96 and Cronback Alfa 0.78.
(Quoted by Hasani, 2008).
Collins and Read attachment scale (RAAS):
First, it was proposed by Collins & Read in 1994 and was
reviewed in 1996. Its theoretical basis is attachment theory test
.It contains 18 phrases .The respondents express their responses
in a range of "agree to disagree" in a 5-grade Likert scale .This
Questionnaire has three subscales includeing: Dependency that
shows the rate of trust to others proxy. It measures the rate of
intimacy and emotional proxy to others .Anxiety, It evaluates
the rate of worry to be rejected by others. The test stability
coefficient for each of these three subscales is %68, %71 and
%52 respectively .Collins & Read (1994)showed that proxy,
dependency D and anxiety A subscales in a 2 months interval
remain stable .Whit respect to the Cronbach Alfa values it is
equal or more than %80 in all cases. The obtained validity is
higher .In Iran also the validity was evaluated using test –retest
method in a form of correlation between two administrations on
a sample include 100subjects.The result s from these two
administrations of the questionnaire in a one month interval
indicated that there was no significant difference between the
two administrations results of scales A, D, C in RAAS .and this
test is valid on level of 95% .But regarding the correlation
between results, the most validated subscale is A(r=0.75), then,
it is c (r=0.57) and D has the lowest validity among then
(r=0.47).On the other hand, calculating Cronbach alfa it was
characterized that the subscale A (anxiety) (%74)and
Dependency (D)are (%28)the highest and lowest validities
respectively .The subscale proxy is moderate (%52) that is
consistent to the study via retest (Hassanvand, 2010).
In this research the statistical society includes all the Aleshtar
city high school male and female students (except first –grade)
who are educating in the academic year of 89-90.They are
300subjects who have been selected from Aleshtar high school
and female students.
In this research the multistep random sampling method has been
used as follow:
Step1: Aleshter city was divided into two surrounding and
central areas geographically
Step2: In each area 10 schools were selected randomly
.1×2×10=20
Step3: In each school one class was selected randomly:
1×2×10=20
Setp4: In each class 15 students were chosen .1×2×10×15=300
Since the continuous measurement scales of the research
hypotheses are two ranges .The reliability %95 of the sample is
determined based on the scientific and correct rules:
N=S2 Z1-Q/2
N=3×(1.962)=23
In order to generalize the sample more, it is increased to
300subjects.It is worth noting that 296 questionnaires were
completed.
This is a (field) research and as it examines the relationship
between variables it is correlative.
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Vol.3 (2), 858-858 February (2015)
Findings
Table1: Averages, and standard deviations of the depression and predictor variable
Mean SD
depression 17.99 10.99
secure 8.7 13.78
insecure (avoidance) 13.67 15.6
insecure (anxious-ambivalence) 11.98 24.17

Table (1), shows the statistical average indexes of the secure,

insecure, anxious –ambivalence and depression scores.

Table 2.The correlation depression with attachment styles

1 2 3 4 Sig
depression 1 -0.185 0.278 0.249 0.001
secure -0.185 1 -0.208 -0.69 0.001
insecure (avoidance) 0.278 -0.208 1 0.248 0.001
insecure (anxious-ambivalence) 0.249 -0.069 0.248 1 0.001
***
P<0.05 N= 296
According to table(2) there is a reverse relationship between depression among Aleshtar high school students findings in
secure attachment and depression scores among Aleshtar city table (2) shows the negative correlation between secure insecure
high school students there is a positive significant relationship- and (anxious-ambivalence).
between insecure attachments and depression scores among Also, there is a positive significant relationship between
Aleshtar high school student. Also, there is a positive correlation insecure (avoidance) and insecure (anxious-ambivalence)
between insecure (anxious-ambivalence) attachment and attachment styles.

Table3. Regression analysis to predict depression based on attachment styles

Variable B β
secure -0.385
insecure (avoidance) 0.567
insecure (anxious-ambivalence)
0.424
R2 =0.242
Simultaneous entrance method and also the obtained regression
coefficients, it can be stated that a positive relationship between
insecure (avoidance) and insecure (anxious-ambivalence)
attachments with (depression) and a negative relationship
between secure attachment and depression is observed.
Therefore the higher the insecure (avoidance) and insecure
(anxious-ambivalence) attachment, the depression will increase
and insecure (anxious-their reduction, depression lowered too.
On the other hand, increasing "Secure attachment ", the
depression decreased and its reduction led depression to increase
.Thereby, the above regression equation is as follow student
depression =%204(avoidance insecure)+0.189(anxious-
ambivalence insecure)attachment -0/130(secure attachment)
Discussion
Results showed that there is a significant negative
relationship between secure attachment style and depression in
students at the level &=0.05. That is, increasing the secure
attachment level in students, the rate of depression will decrease
.This research finding is consistent to the research by
Hakimjavadi & Ezhei (2004), Shokrkon(2006), Kourushnia et
al(2007), Zolfagharimotlagh et al (2007), Besharat et al (2007),
Ranjbarnooshar ( 2010) and Pistole (1995). Results showed that
there is a significant style and depression in student's .That is the
research literature and previous empirical findings demonstrate
t
-0.13 2.324
0.204 3.54
3.357
0.189
the mental disorder differences in two groups with the avoidance
and anxious insecure attachment styles. As an example,
Besharat et al (2007) concluded that people with anxious-
ambivalence insecure attachment style have more personality
disorders include dependent, demonstrative, obligatory-
scrupulous and Violence acting, while people with avoidance
attachment style are more subject to the paranoid personality
disorder .That is consistent to the research by Borojeni et al
(2001), Hajivand et al(2003), Krock et al (1981), Morps (1982),
Brussoni (2000), Handers & Launtieri (2001), Also result
showed that there is a positive correlation between insecure
attachments (Anxious –ambivalence) and depression. That is
increasing it the student depressionrate will increase. which is
consistent to the researches by Noorikhajooi et al (2006),
Besharat et al (2007), Lali & Abedi(2008),
Ranjbarnooshari(2010), Pistole (1995), Brussoni et al (2000),
and Bogaerts et al (2006). Thus it can conclude that self-
confidence and trust to others and realistic expectations of self
and others that is one of the secure attachment styles
characteristic improve people computability (Ranjbarnooshari,
2010), this improvement itself results in reinforcement. people
with insecure and ambivalence attachment style can't find a
supportive social network due to the sense of insecurity in inter
individual relations and anxiety, so it is possible that they
involve in incompatibility and depression .In should be noted

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that the emotional relations dominated on the family and
attachment styles has a very significant relations dominated
process and individual objectivism, confirming it we can point
to the Freud psychoanalysis theory that considers the childhood
initial experiences in parent emotional relations .It states that
some personality attributes of the adults adult result from
unsolved oppositions in childhood induced by relationships with
parent's. As an example the dependency is a confirmed personal
attribute of oral stage in which these people feel insecurity in
their intra individual relationships .so, they have opposed and
inefficiency relationships that is too annoying. Thus they feel
weakness and inefficiency and pave a way to depression
(Rickman 2008). No doubt that social skills and the quality of
adjustment in life are very important. Studies show that children
who were attached securely before entering into 2 years of age
have been more prepared to encounter new experiences and
relationships. As the difficulties since the difficult situations
can't be omitted from life and basically life without difficulty is
no possible or desirable. The objective of most researches is to
refine and increase skill, ability and capacity of people
encountering difficulty. Accepting this, the importance of
attachment and its associations with social skills and preventing
loneness and depression will be obvious. If the quality of
attachment relates to the social skills, mothers training and
awareness about it, is of the main tasks of the training
practitioners. Of the research limitations is the lack of
accessibility to the IQ rate and the exact cultural and economic
position and their effect on the attachment style and depression
in students and lack of knowledge about the rate of their
proportional training and also insufficient access to the student's
emotional problems .In this context there have not been any
research.
Conclusions
Regarding the Lorish culture and language of this research
the future researches can be provided. By this, we can consider
the students in this city and to know the student's depression and
attachment style rates and the influence of the secure attachment
styles in depression reduction to conduct student's to the ability
to use perception capacity and emotional disorders reduction.
Finally, it leads them to the health and a special purpose. If the
expected result accomplishes, it can guide all the parents,
teachers, students in Aleshtar city and lead them to the
development and reduced disorders. It is suggested that the
authorities of education and training hold some workshops and
classes to inform parents and families the impact of attachment
styles on the depression by counsel lore and academic
psychologists and inform parents and families of the problems
caused by insecure and ambivalence attachment styles using
new methods and solve then by planning and specialized
consultation .According to the research finding it is
recommended that the relationship between attachment style
with other dimensions of mental health would be investigated to
be able to identify different disorders .In future researches we
will use more variables or predictions to describe the depression
criterion variable. In is suggested that researchers examine this
topic in adults using adult attachment questionnaire in other
areas. Results from the present research can be applied by clinic
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ISSN:2345-3974
psychologists, consulting psychologists, education and training,
secretary of education affairs and all the students.
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