LABORATORY REPORT

LABORATORY ACTIVITY #1a

THE MICROSCOPE

I. OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the parts of binocular electric microscope
2. Manipulate the different parts correctly
II. PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT ANSWERS:

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE FUNCTIONS

EYEPIECE The lens where the viewer looks through to see the
specimen.
BODY TUBE Connects the eyepiece to the objective lens.
COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB It allows the stage to move near or far from the
objective lens. It brings the specimen into general
focus.
FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB Used to bring the specimen to sharp focus. It also
increase the detail of the specimen.
REVOLVING NOSEPIECE Holds the objective lens in place. Used to easily
rotate and change magnification.
STAGE Where the specimen is placed for observation.
STAGE CLIPS Holds and secures the specimen to the stage.
ARM Supports and connects the tube to the base.
MIRROR Used to reflect light from an external light source
up through the bottom of the stage.
BULB The light source for a microscope.
DIAPHRAM Controls the amount of light reaching the
specimen.
OBJECTIVES Objectives are the object being observed and
a.) LPO focuses the light rays to produce real image. LPO,
b.) HPO gives the lowest magnification. HPO gives higher
c.) IOI magnification usually 40x OIO gives the highest
Magnification, usually 100x.
BASE Used to support the entire microscope.
Table 1.1 Parts of a microscope and its functions
 III. PROCEDURES:

Materials needed:

1 binocular electric microscope 2 cover glass

2 glass slides 1 needle

1 medicine Letter “e” cut from an old newspaper

2 human hair strands (black and white) Prepared slides of striated muscles

Lens paper Immersion oil

A.) IDENTIFICATION OF MICROSCOPE PARTS (Please refer to Table 1.1)

B.) MICROSCOPE MANIPULATION

1. After familiarizing yourself with the parts of the microscope and the function of each, you may now
manipulate it.

2. Cut out a letter “e” from an old newspaper. Prepare a wet mount of the letter “e” by following the
procedure.
a.) Place the wet mount slide on the stage and make sure that the letter “e” is exactly positioned at
the center of the hole in the stage and is in upright position.
b.) Add a few drop of water on the specimen to fix on the slide. Cover with a cover slip to prepare
for viewing.
3. Now make certain that the low power objective (LPO) is in the position. A slight click will be left
when the objectives is properly positioned in place, which is facing the stage.
4. Slowly turn the course adjustment knob downward, bringing the tip of the LPO almost touching the
slide. Then carefully turn the same knob upward until a sharp image of the letter “e” appear when
you look through the eyepiece.
5. Bring the objective upward and replace the LPO with the high power objective (HPO). Then repeat
the STEP #5. Draw what you have seen. (The illustration can be found in the RESULTS part of this
paper)

C.) FIELD OF VISION

1. Focus again on the letter “e” at the LPO. While looking through the eyepiece, shift to HPO
without adjusting for a sharp image. Compare the brightness of the field.

2. While looking into the eyepiece, move the slide slowly from the side and slightly backward and
forward.
D.) MAGNIFICATION AND RESOLVING POWER OF THE MICROSCOPE

1. Mount a gray and black hair strands across each other on a glass slide. Add a drop of water and
place a cover glass over it.

2. View the slide under LPO and HPO. Draw what you observed under the two objectives (the
illustration can be found in the results part of this paper).

B.) An objective’s magnifying power is engraved on its slide, which might be 4x, 10x, 40x, or 100x. The
eyepiece further magnifies the image produced by the objective according to its power, engraved
also on its slide. Therefore, if an object has a power of 40x, multiplied by the power of the eyepiece
which may be 10x the total magnification of the image of the specimen is 400x.
C.) Compute for the magnification of your letter “e” under the LPO and HPO. Use the formula and
record the data of the following table. (Refer to Table 1.2 in RESULTS part of this paper for the
formula and the answers)
IV. RESULTS
ILLUSTRATIONS

MICROSCOPE MANIPULATION: SAMPLE “e”

LPO 10X HPO 40X

Illustrations 1.1: Sketched image of the observed sample “e” in different magnification

MAGNIFICATION AND RESOLVING POWER OF A MICROSCOPE: BLACK AND WHITE HAIR

LPO 10X HPO 40X

Illustration 1.2: Sketched image of the observed black and white hair strand
 TABLES

Formula (Mb) (Me) = (Mt)

Where Mb magnifying power of the objective
Me magnifying power of the objective
Mt total magnification
objectives Mb Me Mt
LPO 10 10 100x
HPO 40 10 400x
Table 1.2: Total magnifications used for the sample “e”

V. DISCUSSIONS
This section of the paper contains in-depth analysis of the results of the activity. The activity
went as we expected, the procedures as well as the teacher’s instructions were followed
accordingly to avoid oversights and errors. The equipment used in the lab was handled with great
care. We were able to gather satisfactory results and meet the objectives of the activity. The
microscope that we used is the electronic microscope, this type of microscope needs to be
plugged in because it uses electricity to create and transport beam of electrons to the specimen
unlike the light microscope, this type of microscope doesn’t need electricity to operate since it
uses a mirror to reflect light to the specimen from an external light source. Based on the results,
the magnification power of the microscope depends on the objective you used in observing a
specimen and as well as the power of the eyepiece (usually 10x), there are two objective lenses
used in this activity, the LPO, which is the smallest objective and has the lowest magnification
and the HPO which has a greater magnification than LPO but less magnification if compared to
OIO. In getting the total magnification, we followed the formula given to us which is (Mb) (Me)
= (Mt), the total magnification of LPO with a power of 10x is 100x while the total magnification
of HPO with a power of 40x is 400x because the power of the eyepiece attached to the
microscope is 10x. The image of the letter “e” when viewed under the microscope at the LPO is
much clearer since the lower the magnification, the larger the field of vision will be. Similar to
the results from the specimen “e” in LPO objective, the two hair strands that intersects each other
is clearer but has smaller image when viewed in LPO objective which is why it is hard to identify
the one who’s on top of the other. On the other hand, HPO gives a more zoomed in or close up
look of the specimens, in this objective, it is easier to identify which hair strand overlaps the
other strand (the black one overlaps the other strand). As we observed, the image of the specimen
“e” was inverted when being observed through the compound microscope because a compound
microscope is consist of eyepiece and objective lens which are converging lenses. Converging
lenses are often used to produce magnification, if the object is placed in the right position and
 distance from the converging lenses, parallel light rays will converge to a single point which
results to inverted image. Since the image is inverted, when you move the specimen the image of
the object moves in the opposite direction.

VI. CONCLUSION
In summary, the objectives of the activity were obtained, we were able to learn the different
functions of the parts of the microscope and how to manipulate it. In using a microscope, you need to be
attentive especially to the height of the stage because microscope slides and cover slips are fragile, in
changing objectives first lower the stage to avoid damage, this is the reason why using coarse adjustment is
only recommended in low power objective. Finding the specimen in a higher magnification is really hard
that is why you need to check it first in the LPO before proceeding to the next objective.
 LABORATORY REPORT
LABORATORY ACTIVITY #2
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
I. OBJECTIVES:
This study aims to:
a.) develop your keen senses of observing things or events,
b.) test hypothesis through experimentation, and
c.) distinguish the control set-up from experimental set-up.

II. PROCEDURES:
Materials needed:
1 alcohol lamp 1 dropper
2 test tubes Benedict’s solution
1 test tube holder Cooked rice
1 petri dish Spoon
White adhesive Rubber bands

1. Put a spoonful of rice in a petri dish and a small amount of water before crushing in fine texture.
2. Divide the crushed rice into 2 equal parts and place it in separate test tubes labelled Test tube A
and B.
3. Add 2 ml (1ml = 14 drops) of Benedict’s solution in a test tube A.
4. Add 2 ml (1ml = 14 drops) of Benedict’s Solution and 1 tablespoon of saliva in test tube B.
5. Heat Test tubes A and B until color change is observe.
6. Record any color change observed in the table.

III. RESULTS

Set Up Original Color Color Change

TEST TUBE A. Blue Violet
WITHOUT SALIVA
TEST TUBE B. Blue Yellow-green
WITH SALIVA

IV. DISCUSSIONS

This part of the paper includes in-depth analysis of the results of the experiment. Instructions
and procedures were followed accordingly. Two set ups were made for easier comparison, which
 both contains crushed rice and Benedict’s solution. To compare the two test tubes, saliva were
added in test tube B which makes it the experimental set-up and test tube A as the controlled one.

In this experiment we learned and apply the scientific method. A good example of a domestic
activity that can be associated with scientific method is cooking. In cooking foods, the first thing
you need to do is to determine what and how to cook a specific dish just like how you determine
a problem in a scientific method. Right after knowing what and how to cook a specific dish, the
next thing you need to do is to gather the needed ingredients, utensils and equipment, similarly,
in the scientific method the one who will conduct the experiment needs to gather all the needed
materials. Third step in preparing a dish would be following the procedures in cooking the dish
just like how you follow a procedure in an actual experiment. Lastly, after cooking and
everything, the cook will need to taste and determine whether his/her dish was a success or not,
In scientific method, you will also need to observe the result of your experiment and judge it
whether it’s a success or not.

V. CONCLUSION
The color of the experimental set up B which contains saliva has changed after a few minutes of
heating. The Benedict’s solution is used to identify the amount of glucose present, The Benedict’s solution
which is color blue turned into yellow-green, this was after the starch from the rice reacted to the enzymes in
the saliva during heating.