Introduction to Matrices

GE 122: Lecture 1
June 8, 2013

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Objectives
By the end of the class, students must be able to:
●
Define what a matrix is.
●
Differentiate various types.
●
Perform Basic matrix operations.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Outline
• Definition
• Notation
• Types
• Matrix Algebra/Operations

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 What is a Matrix?
• A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or functions which we
will enclose in brackets (Kreyzig).
• A matrix is a collection of numbers ordered by rows and columns
(Carey).
• A matrix is a collection of numbers arranges in horizontal rows and
vertical columns.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Matrix Notation
• We shall denote matrices by capital boldface.
• Letters A, B, C, or by writing the general entry in brackets.
• By an m x n matrix (read m by n matrix) we mean a matrix with m
rows and n columns.
• m x n is called the size of the matrix.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Matrix Notation
• The numbers (or functions) are called entries or, less commonly,
elements of the matrix.
• Elements are denoted by lowercase letters.
• The first number is the row number and the second is the column
number.
• Ex. a21 is the entry in Row 2 and Column 1.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Types of Matrices
• If m = n, we call A an n x n square matrix.
• Then its diagonal containing the entries a11, a22, Ann is called the
main diagonal of A.
• A matrix of any size m x n is called a rectangular matrix; this
includes square matrices as a special case.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Types of Matrices
• A vector is a matrix with only one row or column.
• Its entries are called the components of the vector.
• We shall denote vectors by lowercase boldface letters a, b, or by
its general component in brackets.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Types of Matrices
• A vector is a matrix with only one row or column.
• Its entries are called the components of the vector.
• We shall denote vectors by lowercase boldface letters a, b, or by
its general component in brackets.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Triangular Matrices

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Special Matrices
• A zero or null matrix is a matrix with all elements equal to 0.
• Diagonal matrices are square matrices that can have nonzero
entries only on the main diagonal.
• Unit matrix is a matrix with all diagonal elements equal to 1, and all
off diagonal elements equal to zero.
• Scalar matrix is matrix whose multiplication with any square matrix
has the same effect as the multiplication by a scalar.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Equality of Matrices
● Two matrices A = [ajk] and B = [bjk] are equal, written A = B,
● if and only if they have the same size and the corresponding entries
are equal.
• Matrices that are not equal are called different.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Addition (Subtraction) of Matrices
● The sum of two matrices A = [ajk] and B = [bjk] of the same size is
written A + B and has the entries ajk + bjk obtained by adding the
corresponding entries of A and B.
● Matrices of different sizes cannot be added.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Addition (Subtraction) of Matrices
● Matrix addition and subraction are both commutative and
associative

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Scalar Multiplication
● Multiplication by a number
● The scalar product of any m x n matrix A = [ajk] and any scalar c
(number c) is written as cA
● The result is a m x n matrix cA = [cajk] obtained by multiplying each
entry of A by c.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Scalar Multiplication
● Scalar multiplication is commutative and associative.
●

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Matirx Multiplication
● The product C = AB (in this order) of an m x n matrix A = [ajk] times
an r x p matrix B = [bjk] is defined if and only if r x n and is then the
m x p matrix C = [cjk] with entries.
●

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Matirx Multiplication
● * matrix multiplication is non-commutative

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Matrix Multiplication

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Matrix Multiplication

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Matrix Transposition

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Matrix Transposition

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Symmetric Matrices
● Symmetric matrices are square matrices whose transpose equals
the matrix itself.
● Skew-symmetric matrices are square matrices whose transpose
equals minus the matrix.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Symmetric Matrices
● Symmetric matrices are square matrices whose transpose equals
the matrix itself.
● Skew-symmetric matrices are square matrices whose transpose
equals minus the matrix.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Short Quiz
• What is the size of the matrix
B?
• What are the elements a22,
b12, and a23?
• What are the diagonal
elements of A?
• Transpose of A
• A*B

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE
 Reference
Kreyszig, Erwin. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 9th Edition. John
Wiley and Sons.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 122 – Mathematical Methods in GE