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University of Sonlo Tomos

The Cqiholic Universily of the Philippines
Espono, Monid

Collrce Or Ancxnecrunr

Building Utilities 1

Plumbing qnd Sonilqry Sy stems

Fire Proteelion Systems
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'ARCH. RAFAEL C. ALLI, msorch

 COLfEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
University of Santo Tomas
Espana, Manila

Building Utilities 1 (BU 1) - Plumbing and Sanitary Sysiems

FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING AND PLUMBING SVSTEMS

Arch. Rafly Cleva Alti, msarch

Plumbing
and vent pipss; lhe bujlding drajn and building sewer;lhe st0rm
The art and science 0f creating and maintaining sanitary
water drainage, with their devices, appurtenances and
conditions in building used by humans. lt is als0 detined as the
connections wjlhin the building and outside ihe buildin0 within
art and science 0f jnstalling, repairing and servicing ihe pipes,
the property line.
fixtures and appurtenances necessary for brjnging jn water
supply and removing liquid and water-borne wasles; the art and
Water Supply Syslem
science 0f installing in bujldjngs the pipes, fixtures and 0ther
A system in plumbing which provides and distributes \,!ater t0
appurlenatces lor bringing in the water supply and removing
the differenl parts 0f the building 0r structure, for purposes
liquid and waterborne \4/asles. lt includes the fixtures and fixturi such
as drinking, cleaning, washing, culinary use, etc.; it includes the
traps; the soil and waste pipes; venl pipes; the building drain
water distributing pipes, control devices, equipment, and other
and building sewer; and ihe storm drainage pipes; with thejr
appurtenances.
devices, appurtenances and conneclions t0 allwithin 0radjacent
to the building.
Drainage Syslem
All the piping withjn a public or private premises which conveys
Historical Background
Since the dawn ol cjviljzatior plumbirg and sanitation had been part 0l sewage, rainwater 0r other liquid wastes to a p0int 0f disp0sal. A
hurna! AII hunEn beifigs, regardless of cultute and race had been drainage system does not include the mains 0f public sewer
piacticing
'ives.
lhe act 0f disposing waste sincetime immefiorial. systems 0r a private 0r a public sewage treatment or djsposal
plant.
Hjslorians, in thek attempt t0 trace the hjstory ol pluorbing, everts whjch
had broughl about chang€s that led ioldards the plumbing system that we
how today, had painstakjngly devised records of chronolagic{l events. Sanitary Drainage and Vent piping System
lhe sanitary drajnage and vent piping system are inslalled by the
The iirst adilaci io
have been unearthed was a coppet pipe us€d in awatet plurnber t0 remove wastewarer and water-borne wastes
system in the ancienl palace rujns inthe lndus Valley. ft was estimated to from lhe
be 5,500 yeals old. Such discovery estailjshed the earliest k]own plumbing fjxlures and appliances, and t0 provide
circulaliOn 0f
klowledge on plumbing syst€ms. Around 2,500 BC, the Egyptians used air wilhin lhe drainage pipjng.
copper pjpes in ihek irrigatiot and sewerage systems. ]n the ancient
Babylon, the science 0l hydraulics had been eslablished as evidenced by
Sanitary Drainage pipes
lheir skilllul planning in their network 0i canats. fte inhabitants ot Creb 6
collect wats for drinkng, washing, bathing and cookjng P;pes installed to remove the wastewater and water-borne
purposes,
construcled lreshwaler cisterns. Durjng tie Roman Ernpire (5008C _ wastes from plumbing fixtures and convey these t0 ihe sanitary
455AD), enonrous concerns 0n the lield ol sanitation aod plumbing had sewer and other point of disposal.
been observed lhose tirnes. Aqueducls were built lo convey waler from
sources to houses. ExterEive underground sewer syslen$ were
coflstructed. Notable am0ng thes€ developments ls th€ conslruction oi Ventilation System
underground public wat€r supply system made of cast lead sections. A system 0f pipes, fittings and 0ther devices installed for the
Public balhs had proliferated; one particular exampte is th€ Bath ol purpose 0i providing cjrculatjon of air and creating
Diocletian, a bath ihat could accommodate 3,200 bath€rs at one time.
balanced
atmospheric conditjon within the system thereby preventing
These baihs were lines with cerarnic tiles. ln addition. Foman baihhouses
aso .ncr.de rarge pubJjc tauines, somerrn"es will. marble seals. The siphonage and backpressure.
quality ol p'0mbing declined after the iall of the Romao Empire in
A.D.
478. Dwing lhe middJe ages, pe0ple dispos€d ol waste materials by Soil Pipe
throwing them into the rir€ets. ln j500's, a type oi water closet was
A pipe that c0nveys the discharge 0l water closets or similar
develop€d. Seplic taOks were introduced in the mid_1800's, a|d amoderr
sewerage system began openiing jn Londor in lhe iB60,s. fixtures containing fecal malter, wfih 0r without the discharoe 0i
other fixtures to the building drain 0r bujlding sewer.
De{initions and Basic plumbing principles
Waste Pipe
Plumbing System A pjpe that conrieys only liquid waste free 0f fecal matter.
The plumbing system 0f a building includes the water supply -A waste pipe is generaliy s.rEller than a soil pjpe because 0l th€ ralure ol

Or jnd;'elllv dFnpn.llnO-OnJhah/n'
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Fundamentals of Plumbing
lndirecl Waste
A waste pipe thal does not connect directly wiih lhe drainage
system, btrt that discharges into the drainage system through an
a,r break 0r gap into a trap, fixture receptor 0r interceptor.
Sewage
Any liquid wasle containing animal or vegetable matter in
suspension or solulion. lt may include Iiquids c0ntaining
chemicals in solution.
Drain
A pipe which carries ground and surface water, storm water or
waste water into the building drainage system.
Slorm Drainage System
The storm drainage system is a system 0f pipes, fittings, devices
and appurienances for removing stom waler- rainwater, surface
run-off anil underground seepage resulting from precipitalion.
Basic Plumbing Principles
. All premises intended for human habitation,
occupancy or use shall be provided with a supply ot
pure and wholesome water, neither connected with
unsafe water supplies nor subject to the hazards of
bacKlow or backsiphonage.
. Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shallbe
supplied with waler in sufficient volume and ai
plessures adequate to enable them t0 funcliOn
satislactorily and without undue noise under all
normal conditions of use.
. Plumbing fixtures shall be designed and adjusted t0
use the minimum quantity of water c0nsistent with
proper performance and cleaning.
. Devices tor heating and storing water shall be so
desjgned and stored as t0 prevent dangers from
explosion lhrough overheating.
. Every building having plumblng fixtures installed and
intended for hunun habitation, occupancy 0r use 0n
premises abutting a street, alley or easement in which
there is a public sewer shall have a c0nnection with
the sewer.
. Each lamily dwelling unit on premises 0n a sewer or
with a private sewage disp0sal system shall have, at
least, one water closet and one kitchen-type sink. lt is
ludher recommended that a lavatory and a balhtub or
shower sltall be installed t0 meet the basic
requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene.
' Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth, non-
absorbent material, shall be free ftOm concealed
The drainage shall be desjgned, constructed and
maintained s0 as t0 guard against l0uling, deposjt 0f
solids and cl0gging, and with adequate cleanoltts s0
arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned.
The piping ofthe plumbing system shall be 0f durable
material, free from deJective workmanship, and so
designed and constructed as t0 give satislactory
service tor its reasonable expected life.
Each fixture directly connected lo the drainage system
shall be equipped with a water seal lrap.
The drainage system shall be designed t0 provide an
adequate circulation 0f air in all pipes with no danger
0f siphonage, aspiration, 0r forcing of trap seals under
conditions ol ordinary use.
Each venl terminal shall extend to the outer airand be
so installed as t0 mrnimize the possibiliiies 0f
clogging and the return 0f foul air t0 the building,
The plumbing syslem shall be subjected to such lests
as will elfeclively disclose all leaks and defects in the
work.
N0 substance which will clog the pipes, produce
expl0sive mixures, destroy the pipes 0r their jojnts, 0r
interfere unduly with the sewage disposal process
shall be allowed t0 enter the buijding drainage
system.
Pr0per protection shall be provided to prevent
contaminati0n 0f f00d, water, slerile goods, and
similar materials by backflow of sewage_ When
necessary, lhe fixture, device 0r appliance shall be
connected indirecfly with the building drainage
system.
N0 water closet shall be located in a r00m 0r
compartment that is not properly lighted and
ventilated.
lf water closets 0r other plumbing fixtures are jnstalled
in buildings where there is n0 sewer within a
reasonable distance, suitable provisi0n shall be made
for disposing of the building sewage by some
accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal.
Where a plumbing drainage sysiem rnay be subjected
t0 bacKlow 0f sewage, suitable provisi0n shall be
made to prevenl its overflow in the building.
Plumbing system shall be maintained in a sanitary and
serviceable condition.
Fundamentals of Plumbing
 All plumb,ng lixtures shall be s0 installed with regards
to spacing as t0 reasonably accessible f0r their
intended use.

Plumbjng shall be installed due regard t0 preservation

0f the slrength 0f the structural members and
prevention of damage lo walls and other surfaces
through fixture usage.

Sewage 0r other waste from a plumbing system which

may be deleteri0us lo surface or subsurface walers
shall not be djscharged into the ground 0r any
waterway unless it has first been rendered innocuous
through subjection t0 some acceptable lorm of
treatment.

Plumbing System Components

. Water Supply and Dislribution Syslem

". Cold Water Suppty System

Hot Water Supply System

. Sanitary Piping System

'. Soi' Piping Syslem

Wasle Piping System
. Direct Waste Piping System
. lndirect Waste Piping System
. Ventilation System
'. House Drain
House Sewer
. Drainage Cleanouls
. Plumbing Traps
. Plumbing Vaivss
. Storm Drainage Systems
, Sewage Disposal Syslems
, Plumbing Fixtures
 €OLLEGI OS AR(HITECTURE
University of Santo Tomas
Espana, l\4anila

Building Utilities 1 (BU 1) - Plumbing and Sanitary Systerns

GLOSSARY OF PLUMtsING ]IERMS

Air break
The physical separation between a waste plpe and an indirect of the same diameter for the purpose 0f making a ioint.
waste receptor 0r device indirectly c0nnected.
Bibb
Air gap A term that is synonymous with faucet, cock, plug, tap or
The un0bstructed vertlcal distance through the free' spigot.
atmosphere between the outlet 0f a faucet and the flood levei
rim ofthe fixlure or receptacle. Bidet
A kind of fixiure which is used for bathing
Ang le valve the external genitals and posterior parts 0f
A valve in which the inlet and outlet openings the body.
are at 900 angle to one another.
Branch
Backflow Any part of the piping system other the main, riser 0r stack,
The flow ol water 0r wastewater in pipes in a
reverse direction from that n0rmally intended. Branch interval
A veriical length 0f s0il 0r waste stack at least eight feet in
Back pressure heighi (a storey height), within which ihe horizontal branches
A pressure within the sanitary drainage system or vent piping lrom one storey 0r ll00r of the building 0r structure are
system that is greater than atmospheric pressure (> 14. / psi). connected to the stack.

Back Siphonage Building drain/ House drain

The flowing by negative pressure 0f contaminated or p0lluted That pan 0l the lowest horizontal piping ol a plumbing syslem
waler from a plumbing fixture into a potable water system. which receives the djscharge from soil, waste and other
drainage pipes inside a building and conveys it to the building
Backwater yalve sewer/house sewer.
A device installed in piping to prevent the
reverse flow 0f storm 0r sewage into the Building/ House sewer
drainage system or their branches. That part ol the drainage system that extends fro the end of the
building drain and conveys its discharge to the public sewer,
:--i-
/ -, pall ,,.rr,^ private sewer, individual sewage disposal system, 0r 0ther
*=*lF='-
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appropriate point of disposal.
€ffi-- --
-+e€r
A valve in which tne flow of liquid is
controlled by a rotating driiled ball ihat fits
tightly againsta resilient (flexible) seat in the valve b0dy. Building Supply Pipe
The first section of water supply piping in a building after the
Batlery ol lixtures water meler.
Any group of two 0r more similar adjacent fixtures which
discharge into a common horizontal waste 0r soil branch, Caulking/ Calking/ Cogging

Bell or hub
The end portion of a pipe which for a
short distance is enlarqed to receive
the end of another which mav be

Fundamentals of Plumbing
 Cesspo o I
A non-wateriight lined excavation in the ground which
receives the discharge of a sanitary drainage system 0r part
thereof, designed to retain the organic ma[er and soiids
discharging ihere from, but permilting the liquid to seep
through the sides and bottom of the cesspool.
Cleanout
A fitting with a removable plate 0r plug
that is oiaced in plumbing drainage pipe
lines t0 allow access t0 the pipes for the
purpose 0f cleaning and maintenance.
DWV
The abbreviati0n for drairage, 'lvaste and v€nt.
Fauce!
A valve on a water pipe by means of which water can be drawn
from or held within the pipe. lhe valve is placed on the end of
the Di0e.
Fixture
A receptacle attached to a plumbing system other than a trap
in whjch water 0r wastes may be collected or obtained Jor
ultimate into the plumbing system.

Conductor or Leader Flood level

Part 0f the roofing and/or area gutter system that takes water The level in a fixture at which water begins t0 oveflow the top
from a roof above-sprface area to a storm drain or other or rim of the fixlure.
:l disposal area or system.
i..
Flow rate
Cross connection The volume 0f water used by a plumbing fixture in a given
Any physical connection or arrangement 0f pjpes beiween two amount of time. Usually expressed in gallons per minule
otherwise separate building water supply pipes 0r system (spm).
through which or by means oi which water supply may flow
from one system to the other, the direct;on 0f fl0w depends on Flush valve
! the pressure difference between the two systems. A device located at the bottom 0l a llush tank for flushing
..:i; water closets and similar fixtures.
oeabeho
The extended portion of a pipe that is closed one end to which /L--o_ _:;. FIusho meter valve
no connections are made on the extended poriion, thus -.-:1,g*'+ A device which discharges a predetermined
permitting stagnati0n 0f wastewater 0r air therein.
itfi quantity of water to fiKures for ltushing
jl purposes and is actualed by direct water
Developed length ttt pressure.
The lenglh along the center line 0f pipes and fittings.
Full bath
Diameter A bathroom containing a water closel, a lavatory and a
The nominai commercial designation, normaily the lnside bathtub.
diameter of the pipe, unless otherwise specifically stated in a
i. particular plumbing code. Gate yalve
:*J
: '' Downspo ut gE- A valve in which the ilow of water is cut off by
means 0f a circular disk, fitting against
The vertical porti0n 0f a rajnwater conductor.
t
ln
#--
machine-sm0othed surfaces at right angles to
,HL-_ the direction of flow. The disk ls raised or
--ffiil.
Drain
Any pipe which carries wastewater or waterborne wastes in a ffi lowered bymeans ol a threaded stem
connecied to the handle 0l the valve. The
building drainage sy$em. opening in the valve is usually as large as the full bore of lhe
pipe,
Drainage fixture unit (dfu)
A common measure 0f the probable discharge into the G lobe valve
dr.ainage syslem by various types of plumbing fi*ures 0n the A valve in which the flow of water ls cul ofl
basis 0f one dfu being equal io a discharge rate ol 7.5 gals. by means of a circuiar disk that fits against
per minule or one cubic f00t 0f water oer minute.
the valve seal. The plane of movement of the
disk is parallel t0 the n0rrnal direction of 110w
Fundamentals of Plumbing
 0f water, which is turned ihrough a toftuous passage t0 direci
the fiow normai to the face oi the disk.
Gooseneck
A kind of return bend of small-sized faucet, one end of which
is about one foot long and the other end is about three inches.
li is comm0nly used as a faucet for pantry sink and drinking
fountarn. Also the lead connection between the service pipe
and the water main. Also a P{rap
Piumbing
The art and science of instaliing in buildings the pipes,
fixiures and other apparatus ior bringing in water supply and
removing water and waterborne wastes.
Plumbing fixture/ Sanitary ware
A receptacle attached to a plumbing sysiem other than a trap
in which water 0r wastes may be collected or retained for
ultimate discharge into the plumbing system.

Hall bath Plumbing system

A bathroom containing a water cl0set and a lavatory. All water supply, drainage, and venting systems and all
fixtures and their traps complete with their connections.
Hose bibb
A faucet t0 which a hose may be attached. Potable water
Water that rneets the siandards 0f a government agency and is
Hub used for culinary, d0mest;c and drinking purposes.
See bell
Privy
lndirecl waste pipe An outhouse or structure used f0r the deposition 0f excrement.
A waste pipe thal does not connect directly with the drainage

w&w
system but conveys wastes by discharging into a plumbing P lrapl 1/2 S
fixture or receplacle, which is directly c0nnected t0 the trap/ Gooseneck

vww
drainage system, e.g. refrigerator waste pipe, drinking f0untain
A P-shaped trap
waste pipe, eic,
commonly used

lnsanitary
on most
plumbing
A conditi0n c0ntrary t0 sanjtary principles or injuri0us to .iL fixtures except
health.
lor fixture havinq
integral trap.
Lauatoryl Wash basin
A fixture designed for washing of the hands Public sewer
and face. A common sewer djrectly controlled by public authontv to
which all abutters have equal rights ol connections.
Main
The principal pipe t0 which the branches R iser
may be connected. A water supply pipe that extends verticaliy one full storey or
more t0 c0nvey water to fixture branches or.group of fixtures.
Main vent/ Vent stack
A vertical vent pipe installed prjmarily f0r the purpose of Houghing-in
providing circulation 0f air t0 or frorn any part 0f the building
The installation 0l parts of the plumbing system which can be
drainage system. completed prior t0 installation 0f lixtures 0r finishing. This
includes drainage, water supply ard vent piping and
Manhole necessary f ixtur" supports.
An opening constructed in any part of plumbing system, 0f
sufficient size for a person t0 gain access theret0. Seepage pit/ Cesspool/ Dry weil
A loosely lined excavation in the ground, which receives the
Pipe drscharge of a septic tank and desig,ied to permit the effluent
A cylindrical conduit 0r conductor, the wall ihickness js from the septic tank t0 seep through the bottom and sides of
sufficient l0 receive a siandard pipe. the pit.
Septic tank
A wateriight recepiacl€ whlch the discharge 0i sanitary
plumbing system 0r part thereof, designed and construcled t0
retain solids, digest organic mafter through a period of
detention and t0 allow lhe liquids t0 discharge into the soil
outside of the tank through a system 0f open iointed
subsurface pipings or a seepage pit.
Sewage
Any wastewater containing animal or vegetable rnatter in
suspension 0r solulion and may include liquids contalning
chemicals in solution.
Sewer
A pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and wastelvater.
Siphonage
A suction created by the flow 0f liquids in pipes; a pressure
less than the atm0spheric pressure.
Soil pipe
A pipe which carries the discharge toilets or similar fixtures,
with 0r without the discharge o{ other fixtures, t0 a sewer 0r
approved drain.
Soil stack
Any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closet, urinal
or fixtures having similar functi0n, wiih 0r wilhout the
discharges lr0m other fixtures t0 the building drain 0I building
sewer.
Spigot
The end ol a pipe which {its into a bell; also a word used
synonymously with faucet.
Stack
A general term used lor any vertical line 0f so;l, waste 0r veni
piping.
Sump
A tank or pit below the normal grade of gravity receiving liquid
wastes 0r sewage from which the wastes or sewage must be
mechanically pumped to a higher receiving p0ini,
Trap
A fitting 0r device designed and constructed to provide, when
ptoperly vented, a liquid seal which prevents backflow and
passage of {oul air and gases without maierially affeciing the
flow of sewage or wastewater through it.
A pipe 0r opening used {or ensuring the circulation oi air in a
plumbing system and for relieving the negalive pressure
exeited on trap seals,
Vent slacl( Main vent
The vertical vent pipe inslalled primarily for providing
circulation of air to and from any part of the soil, wasle of the
drainage system.
Wasle pipe
A pipe which conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of
{ecal matter.
Water d istributing pipe
A pipe which conveys potable water from the building s,.ipply
pipe to the plumbing lixtures and other outlets.
Water main
The water supply pipe plovided by the water utility company
where local individual connection are done,
Water service pipe
The first after the water main before the water meter.
Water supply system
ln a building consists 0{ the water service pipe, water supply
line, water distributing pipes and the essential branch pipes,
va'ves and all 0ther appurtenances for the supply of potable
water.
Yoke vent
A pipe connecting upward from a s0il or waste stack below the
floor and below the horizontal conneciion t0 an adjaceni vent
siack at a point above the fl00r and higher than the highest
spill level 0f lixtures lor preventing pressure changes in the
stack.
 C0LLESE OF /iRCH|TECTURE
University of Santo Tomas
Espana, Manila
Building Utilities I (BU 1) - Plumbing and Sanitary Systems
WATER AND WATER SUPPLV SVSTEMS
Aich. Ralfy Cueva Alii, msarcl]
lntroduction
Water is the most basic and fundamental c0mp0nent of life 0n eafih.
Appr0ximately three foudhs of the earth's surface rs covered by
water. Water piays a key role in the metabolic breakdown 0f essential
molecule as proteins and carbohydrates., This process called
hydr0lysis g0es 0n contlnually in living cells.
ln recent yedrs, gtoqnd water has become the central issue in
protecting our water tesources. Ground water is a great source ior
supplying our waler needs, but it is also one that is slsceptjble t0
conlamination. Once a ground water is contaminated, it takes
decades to recover. As human consumpti0n places grcater demands
0n ground waler resources, ii becomes increasingly importanl tor us
t0 keep these systems {ree from c0ntamination.
Properties of Water
Heal Capacity
Water has the abilitylo absorb heat without becoming much warmer
ilself. Ii has greater heat capacity than any other substance except
ammonia.
Surlace Tension
It is the abjlity 0f water 1o siick to itself and pull ltselt together. Water
has an exlremely high surface tension. Water molecules cting
together s0 tightly lhat it can support 0bjects heavierthan itself. This
can be dem0nslrated 0n a dripping tap. As the water drips, each drip
cling t0 the tap, sketches, is released and forms into a tinv ball.
Capillarity
The ability 0f water t0 climb up a surface against the pull 0f gravity.
Dissolving Abilily
Water has the ability l0 dissolve almosl any subslance, it is known
as a universal solvent.
Definitions
Nalurai Waie r
Readily found in nature, as impounded from precipitati0n, c0ntains
impurities (physical, chemical, bacteriol0gical 0r radiol0qical)
Purified Water
Water which undergoes ireatment, either physical, bj0jogical 0r
chemical rneans t0 impr0ve water quality, purificati0n is an afiificial
means of obtaining a chernically pure water.
Contaminated Waler
Waler with any maierial 0r substance thal affects the quality 0f water
and affects the health 0i an individual.
Polluted Water
Water with the presence of any foreign substance (organic,
inorganic, radi0l0gical, biological) which tends t0 degrade its qualjty
s0 as t0 conslitute health hazard and impair the potabilily 0f water.
Hard Waler
Water with the presence 0f elements such as calcjum (Ca),
Magnesium (Mg), lron (Fe) and Alumjnum (At) whjch causes
hardness. This is characterized by the difficulty of pr0ducing lather
from detergents and the presence of scale deposits in pipes and
heaters or boilers.
Soft Water
Water withOut the presence 0f calcium and Magnesium. This is
characterized by easiness 0l producing jather tr0m detergents and
absence oi scale formation in b0ilers, heaters and pipes.
Grey Water
Water from laundries, wash basins, sinks, shower, bathtubs.
Black Waler
Water-plus-human waste that is {lushed out of t0ilets and urinals.
Storm Waler
Rain, surface run-off
Uses ol $/aler
1. Nourishment
l\luch oi the human b0dy is water, the most abundant chemjcal in
our body as well as in our diei. The am0unl 0f really ',pure" water
that we need for drjnking and co0king is very small - only about 3
g/cd.
2. Cleansing and Hygiene
Water is a nearly ideal mediumforthe diss0lutj0n and iransporl0f
organic waste, and ils high heal siorage capacity makes lhe
Fundamentals of Plumbing
 attainrnenl of comfoftable temperaiures for bathing easy. i\y'uch 1.2 Color
larger quantities 0f water are used foi cieani g than for This is oiten caused by dissolved organic mater, as from
nourishment. decaying vegetati0n. Some 0tganic material also coi0r water, as
d0 gro!'/ths 0l microorganjsms. Like turbidity, such c0lor changes
3. Ceremonial Uses usually d0 nol threaten health but often are psychologically
Larg€ly through jts assOcialions with cleaning, water acquired a undesirable.
cerem0nial significance that remains particularly evident in
religious seruices. Examples of the ceremonial use of waier L3 Taste and 0dor
include vessel containing holy water at entrances t0 Catholic It can be caused by organic compounds, inorganic salts, or
churches, pools in the forecourt of mosques, and full immersion dissolved gases. This c0ndition can be treated only after a
baptismal fonts at the altars 0f some Protestanl churches. The chemical analysis has idenlilied which source is responsible.
oppofiunitres for esthetic expression are particularly rich in these
ceremonial applications. L4 Temperature
ln general, water supplied between 50" and 60'F (10'C and 16'
4. Transporlalional Uses C) is preferred.
Even belore land lransportation was discovered man had already
ventursd into the water as a lransporlational medlum. WateMays 1.5 Foamability
had been developed forlhis purpose l0 allow lhe passage of water This is usually caused by conce8tration 0f detergents. The foam
vessels and t0 be.able t0 transport iarge quantities 0f g00ds as itself does not pose a seri0us health threat, but it may indicate
well as peopre, that other, more p0llutants associated wilh waste are also preseni.

5. Coolino Medium 2. Chemical Characteristics

Water has a remarlcble cooling potential: it stores heat readily, Ground waler is particularly to chemical alteration, because as it
removes large quanlilies 0f heat when it evaporates, and vaporizes moves downward from the surtace il slowly dissolves some
readily at temperatures commonly found at the human skin minerals c0ntained in rocks and s0ils. A chemical analysis is
surface. Water is also used in some devices that needs the usually necessary lor individual water sources. These analysis will
indicate (1) possible presence 0f harmful 0r objectionable
substances, (2) the potential for con0si0n with in the water supply
system, and (3) lhe tendency for water l0 stain fjxtures and
clothing.
becornes a center of interest. Our associalion 0l waier with
n0urishing, cleansing, and cooling make water a very powerful 2.1 Alkalinity
design element- a fact tecognized by landscape designers, This is caused by bicarbonate, carbonate 0r hydroxide
throughout history. Especially useful design characteristics ot components. Testing forthese components 0f walers alkaliniiy is
water include its reflectivily, which sets it apart from mosl planl a key t0 which treatmenls t0 use.
and ground materials in garden; its ljquidity, which creates unique
sounds wherever il moves;and its life sustaining potentiai, which 2.2 Hardness
allows the additi0n of both water plants and animals lo a garden. Hardness is a reiative term, hard waler inhibits the cleaning action

7 pr.recrive uses
Water is an essentjal element in fire prolect;on. The vasl
lj#ii,::"1i."'.'ffli;1l3,'li,l1illi"i3liil1ll ::ft"-H
utensrls unusable. Flardness is caused by calcium and
quantities of water potentially required for firefighting must be magnesjum salts and can be classified as temp0rary (carbonate)
delivered quickly; the result is pipes 0f enorm0us sizes regulated and permanent (bicarbonate). Temp0rary hardness is temporarily
by very large valves. Despite its size and guarantee 0f at least removed by heating, it lorms scale. pH is a measure 0f watels
partial exposure jn public places, a fke protection water supply hydrogen ion concentration, as well as its relative acidity 0r
system is ralely treated as a vlsually integral design element. alkalinity. A pH 0f 7 is neutial. Measurements below 7 indicate
g. l':r, '
' +t;tl " r'ilr.v-c-r' , ..J" thal water is acidic: water at natural state can have pHas lowas
Water Ouality t it-'tt "l/S :t - 5.5. with 0 as lhe ultimate acidity; a pH as high as g can be found
*J;;lLl.water
Physical Characteristics
'1. a^
i rrr1 Iff -Lt- t7-
t
t -'s in its natural state, with 14 as the ultimal€ alkalinily.

Water kom surface sources (roof runoif, streams, rivers, lakes,
ponds, eic.) is particularly subject 10 physical pollutanls.
1.1 Turbidit)
Caused by lhe presence 0f suspended materials, such as clay,
siit, other inorganic material, planklons 0r finely divlded organic
2.3 Toxic Substances
Toxic substances are occasi0nally present in water supplies.
Authoritres have established information about conceniration 01
such subslailces such as arsenic (As), Barium (Ba), Cadmium
(Cd), Cyanid€s (CN), Fluoride (F), Lead (Pb), Selenjum (Se) ard
Silver (Ag).
 2.3.1 Chlorides poliution in some water supplies. Since radiological effects are
Chl0rides can enler \ryater as ii
passes lirrough geol0gical cumulati\ie, concentrations oi radioaclive material sh0uld be l0w.
deposits f0rmed by marine sedjment, 0r becaLise 0fp0lluti0n k0m
sea u/ater, brine 0r industrial 0r dornestic wasies. WATER TREAIMENT

2.3.2 Copper
Copper can enter waler from natural c0pper dep0sits 0r irom
copper piping that contains c0rr0sive water.
2.3.4 fton
lron is frequently preseflt in groundwaler. Corr0sive water in iron
pipes will aiso add iron to water.
2.3.5 Manganese
Manganese can both pose a psychological threat (it is a natural
laxative) and produce color and tasle eitects similar lo those
produced by iron.
2.3.6 Nitrates
Nitrates in high concen{rations pose a threat t0 infants, in whom it
can cause "blue baby" disease. In shallow wells,
concentrali0n can indicaie seepage from deposits 0f livestock
manure.
'1.
Sedimenlation
Thls process removes some suspended matter from water simDly
by allowing time and the inactivity 0f water t0 d0 the work of
setiling out heavier suspended parlicles.
2. Coagulation (Flocculation)
This process als0 rein0ves suspended matler, along with some
c0loration. A chemical such as aium (lrydrated aluminum sulfate)
is added to lurbulent waler.
3. Aeration (0xidation)
This process can improve the laste and color 0f water, remove ir0n
and manganese and decrease in corrosiveness. ln aerati0n, as
much 0f the water surface as possible is exposed t0 air. The
methods used are rich in esihetic possibilities- the spraying 0f
nitrate water inio air, the fall of a tubulent str8am of water 0ver a
spillway, and flowforms, sculptural water falls designed t0 carry
water in a rhythmical, pulsating pattern.

2.3.7 Pesticides 4.ozonation

This is a
gr0wing threat to water supplies, are particularly This is less esthetic than aeration but more certain oxidation
cornmon in !'/elis near homes that have been trealed for iermtle process. lt is commonly used in c00lin0 t0wer treatment and in
control. Avoid using pesticides near wells. addition ozonation has a very wide
range of treatment applications.
2.3.8 Sodium
Sodium is ptimarily harmful to people with heart, kidney, or 5. Filtration
circuialory ailments. For a low-sodium dlet, the sodium in water This very common treatment can
should nol exceed 20 mg/l. remove suspended particles, some
bacteria and some color.
2.3.9 Sulfates
Sullates have laxative effects, it can enter qroundwater from Fig, 1 A typical fillration unit
nalural deposils of salts.
5.1 Slow Sand Filters
2.3.10 Zinc Used for rainwater application, low maintenance, easily
ll sometimes enlers 0r0undwaier in areas where it is found in constructed devices ihat shouid be cleaned as often as the
abuildance. Although not a health threat, it can cause an turbidity of water demands. They are cleaned by the removal 0f
undesirable taste at concentrations above 5 mg/|. filters, which are either washed l0r reuse or discarded.

3. Biological Characterislics 5.2 Pressure Sand Filters

Potable water should be kept as free as possjble from disease- It requires conirol and the altenti0n of the operator, and thus are
pr0ducing organisms- bacteria, pr0tozoa and viruses. rarely used for individual water systems.

3.1 Bacteria- Coliform Group (E. Coli), which is present in fecal 5.3 Diatomaceous Earth Fillers
matter 0f hlmans as lvell as th0se of birds and other aflimais This can be either vacuum 0r the pressure lype. They require
causes diseases. perjod;c altention to make it effective.

3.2 Prolozoa 5.4 P0rous Stone, Ceramic 0r Unglazed Porcelain Filters (also
called Pasteur Fillers)
3.3 Viruses These are usually made in small sizes s0 that they can be
ailached to water faucets.
4. Radiological Characteristics
of radioactive and lhe use olsuch mateiials 5.5 Fine Filtraiion
in the indu$ry and power plants have produced
Fundamentals of Plumbing
 A combined process that rem0ves iron and/ 0r manganese ir0m
water. The chl0rine chemically oxidizes ihe iron or manganese,
which form precipitates. Chlorine also kills iron bacteria and
disinfecis.
5.6 ActiYated Carbon Filteis
These are particularly eflective for removing tasles and 0d0rs.
Water is passed ihrough granular carbon, whlch attracts large
quantities ol dissolved gases, soluble organics and fine s0lids.
5.7 Reverse 0smosis
A widely used melhod for desalting seawater, s0mellmes used
reduce the minetal content in water. An inert, semi-permeable
membrane has higher pressure supply water on 0ne side, as the
presslre slowly forces water thr0ugh this fillering membrane,
most of the minerals (diss0lved s0lids) are removed. Dissolved
chemical, however remain.
6. Disinfection
This is the most important health-related waier ireaiment.
Although chlorination has become the standard approach to
removing harmful organism from water, there are other
alternatives: ultraviolet li0ht, bromine, iodine, and heat treatment
among others. Although chlorine affects the laste and 0d0r of
water, it is also eflective in removing less desirable tastes and
odors. Fact0rs affecting chlorine's ability t0 disinfect include:
Chemical Disinf ectants
, Chlorine
This is the m0st widely used disinlectani in municipai waier system
in mosi parts 0l the world. Chl0rine has been under scrutiny
because of its ptOpensity io
lorm p0ssible carcifl0gens
(trihalornethanes) upon reaction with nalurally occurring organic
nalerial sucl as nurr"ic acid hunan-maoe orgJr.c efr'uenl. Bacleria
can be maintained at low levels in the presence 0f 1 t0 2 ppm fiee
0f available chl0dne in the water supply; however, chl0rine is
relatively ineffective against acidjast bacteria such
flontuberculous mycobacteria and cysts such as formed by Giardia
Iambia. Care must be laken beca!se excessive amOunts of chlorine
can cause coffOsion as a result 0f its strong oxidatiOn
characterlstics. Chl0rine is normally pumped int0 the sysiem 1r0m a
solution ol sodium hypochlorjie or as a gas. Chloride is readily
removed by aclivated carbon filters, and can be monit0red with
slmple test kits. lt is easily rinsed 0ui oi ihe systein.
' Ch loramines
These c0mp0unds, resullifig fr0m the reactton oi ammonia with
chlo ne in water solttion, are commonly used in municipal water
supply syslems because 0f iis superior siabiilly 0f chloramines
c0mpounds ovet chl0rine. However, chloramines are not as skong
as chlorine and ihus have less abiliiy to kill bacteria.
' Chlorine Dioxide
Chl0rine dioxide exhibiis sironger dlslnleciing characterisiics than
chloamines, but ti,cre is lillle evidence 0f extensive use 0f the
disinlectanl.
. lodine
This c0mn'lon relativ€ 01 chlorite has been used l0r years by
campers lor disiniecting drinking wat€r 0l unkn0r'Jn qualjty.
Unl0dunateiy, certain gram negative bacteria can become resistant
to iodioe,
7. Dislillation
Ihis is a simple approach t0 purification that produces the
equivalent 0f bottled waler fOr drinking, c0oking and laboratory
uses. ln this process, water is
heated to allow
condensation. As the waler
turns to vapor, vidually all
to
pollutants are left behind.
When this vapor encounters
cooler surfaces, it
condenses, and pure water
alihough flat in taste can be
collected from this su'Jace.
L Fluoridation
The advantage 0{ fluoridati0n is that children who drink fluoridated
water have lower rates of tooth decay. lts disadvantages are that
only children need the fluoride, not adults, and that in amounts
above those used in water trealment, fluoride is toxic and can
cause mottled leelh. Small water systems can be equipped with
fluoridation units. However, fluoride levels in the water supply
must be carefully monitored.
9, Corrosion Control
It is important t0 control corrosiOn in order to keep water systems
0perating freely and to prevenl corrOsive waterfrom increasing the
concenlration 0f hazardous materials (as from copper pipes).
Corrosion is a slow degradation 0f a metal by a flolv 0f eleckic
current f[0 the metal t0 its surr0undjngs.
10. Nuisance Control
Some organisms may be not be injurious to health but can
as
multiply s0 rapidly that piping 0r filters become clogged 0r the
watefs appearance, odor and taste are affected. Algae growths,
the most prevalent nuisance, can usually be controlled by
applying copper sulfale (blue stone 0r blue vjtriol) to the water
body. Cooling towers are a specially difficult water treatment
pr0blem. To treal cooling tower water successfully, a meth0d is
used for micr0bjal conlrol, removing organics and precipitating
inorganics.
'11.
Adsorption
Adsorpti0n is a mechanism of c0ntaminant removal making use of
the adsorption phenomenon, the act 0f physical adhesion 0l
molecules or colloids to the surlace 0i the medium without
chemical reactj0n. Some porous matBrials have the abilily i0
attract c0ntaminants t0 th€ir surfaces, thereby removing them
from solution.
1 2. Uliraviolel lrradiation
Exp0sure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a method 0f treating
relatively small-scale waier supplies. in this process, the water is
rly
 rnomentary exposure is required t0 kill bacteria, but this condilion filtered lhrough the diiferefli Iayers 0f ihe ground and into the
may not be fulfilled if the bacterla are shielded by padicles 0t ground-water reseruoir known as aquifers. The 10p 0f this zone js
sedirnenl in the water. known as the water table, the level at which waier stands in a well
thai is not being pumped.
13. Waler Desalination
The procedure is done by healing seawaler then pumping water 1.1 Dug Wells
inlo a low pressure tank, where ihe water padially vaporized. The These can be conslructed with hand t00ls 0r power l00ls. itcan
water vapor is then condensed and rernoved as pure water. The be dug to a depth of ab0ui 15 meters (50 feel) and can have
process is repeated nrany times. The remaining liquid, called tlre greate$l diameter that a space may allow.
brine, c0ntains a large amount of salt and is removed and often
processed Ior minerals. 1.2 Driven Wells
These are the simplesl and usually the Ieast expensive. A steel
C0mm0n Waler 0uality Problems and its Treatmenl drive-well point is fitied 0n one end 0f the pipe secli0n and
driven into the earth, The drive point is usually 1 114 in.Io 2
Water 0uality Cause Negative coffection inches (32 t0 51 mm) in diameter. The poinl may be driven
Proble m Eifect Method into the ground 10 a deplh 0f up t0 15 meters {50 feet).
Hardness Calcium and Clogging of lon- exchafiler
magnesium salis pipes by scale, (Zeo ite process)
from buning out 01
L3 Bored Wells
I underground llow boilers and These are dug with eairh augers, are usually less than 30
impaired meters (100 feet) deep, They are used when the earlh t0 be
laundering and
bored is boulder free and will not cave in. The diameter ranges
lood preparation
Conosion Acidity, enlrained Closing ol iron Raising the from 2 t0 30 inches_ the well is lined with metal. vitrified tile 0r
orygen and pipe by rusl, all(aline content c0ncrete.
carbon dioxide leaking
(low pH) conn€ctions,
1.4 Drilled Wells
destruclion of
brass pipe These require m0re elab0rate equipment ol several types,
Contamination Contaminationby Diseases Chlorlnation by depending 0n the geol0gy 0f the site. Tl'tey measure up to 300
(biological) organic matt€r or sodium meters (984 feet). The Percussion (0r Cabte T00l) Method
sewage hypochlorite or
involves the raising and dropping of a heavy drill bit and stem.
chlorine gas; or
0zonatt0n Having thus pulv€rized, the earth being drilled is mlxed with
CoJor lron and ol Chlorination or
Discoloration water i0 form a slurry which is peri0dically removed. As drilling
fltanganese lixlures and ozonallon and proceeds, a casing is also lowered (excepl when drilling
laundry line iiltrailon through rock).
Tasie & odor organic maiter Unpleasaftness FiltEUon
through
activaled cafton Rotary Drilling Methods (either Hydraulic or Pneumatic) ulilize
(Purifie0; cutting bit at the lower end 0l the drill pipe; a drilling fluid (0r
aeration
pressurized aiO is constantly pumped t0 he cutting bit lo aid in
Tubidity Sill or suspended Unpleasantness Filtration
malter picked up the removal 0f particles 0f eatth, which are then brought to the
in sudace or surlace. After the drill pipe is withdrawn, a casing is lowered
neat- sudac€ into positi0n. Another method islhe Downlhe-h0le pneumalic
llow
(air) Hammer which combines the percussion effect with the
rotary drill bii.
WATER SOUBCES

Surtace Water
Groundwater
A mixture of suface run-off and groundwater. Sudace s0urces
That p0rti0n 0i the rainwater which has percolated into the eadh t0
include rivers, lakes, p0nds and impounding reservoirs.
form underground deposits called aquifers (water-bearing soil
formations). Groundwater as a source of water can be extracted in
Average Daily Water C0nsumpti0n per Fixlure
many diflerent ways.

Fixtures Amoufit
1. Wells Waterclosei 4 to 5 gals.
Wells are holes in the earth from which a fluid may be withdrawn Lavatory 2 gals.
using manual or mechanical means such as draw bucket, pump, Bathlub 30 gals.
elo. Shower 10 to 40 gals.
0ishwasher 15 gals.

Water Wells Clothes Washer 40 gals.

r,l/ater ihal liows inr0 wells is (aIed gr0urd inaler. This waler
Soltener, Water Treatment I00 gals.
t50
Fundamentals of Plumbing
 Pumps long shaft is tequired between the nrotor and the turbine. li
There are lhree (3) conrm0n types 0i pumps used ln water supply requires substanlial head clearance.
system for conveying water to difierent parts 0fa building, namely:
p0silive displacement, centrifugal and the jel purnps. Submersible Pump
Submersible pumps are desrgned so that
Positive Displacement Pump Fit m0t0r can be submerged al0ng viilh the
turbine wilhout damage t0 itself and the
" Reciprocating Pump
A positive
displacement
:'ffi its internal components. In this case the
use of
eliminated.
lengthy pump shaft is thus

pump having a .. -.'.w

',. tq, r
plunger that ' Jet (or Eiector) Pump
moves back and ln a jei or
forlh within a ejector
cylinder equipped pump, a
wilh check valyes. venturi tube
The cylrnder is is added io
best localed near or below the groundwater level. Water entsrs the the
cylinder throuoh an initial check valve..As the plunger moves centrifugal pump. A portion of lhe
toward this cl^eck valve. waler is l0rced thr0Lgh lne second check water thal is discharged lrom a
valve, l0cated within the plunger itself. Then, as the piston returns centrilugal pump at the wellhead is
to its original positi0n, the waler js f0rced upward toward the forced down to a nozzle and venturi
surface. tube. The iow pressure within the
venturi tube induces well water to
Rotary Pump flow in, and the velocity of the
A rotary purnp waterfrom the nozle it pushes
has a helical or upward loward the centrifugal pump,
spiral rotor- a which can then more easily lift it by
turning verlical suction.
shaft within a
rubber sleeve. As Pumps and Pump Characleristics
the rotor lurns, it Practical Well
traps water between it and the sleeve, thus f0rcing the water t0 the Type of Pump lift pumpinq
suction Pressure heads
upper end of the rotor. depth
Reciprocating Pump
(Positive
Cenlrifugal Pump dlsplacement)
This type of Shallow well 22 251t. 22,25f1. 100- 200 tt
pump contains Deep well 22- 2511. Up to 600 ft Up to 600 ft above
an impeller Rotary Pump
cylind€r

mounted on a (Positive
rotatisg shaft. displacerneni)
The rotating Shallowwell 22ft 22II 50 250 tr
Deep well (helical Usually 50- 500 fr 100 500 fl
impeller or rotary type) submerged
rncreases the water's velocity while forcing the waier into a
casrng, thus converting the watefs velocity into higher pressure. Centrilugal Pump
Each impeller and casing is called a stage; many slages can be Shajlow well 20 ft max 10- 20 fi 100- 500 ft
(siraight centrilugal-
c0mbined in a multi-stage pump. The number 0f stages depends
singl€ stage)
upon the pressure needed t0 0perate ffle water supply system, as Shallow w€il 2B lt max 28ft 'r00- 200 Jr

well as the ileight to which the water must be rajsed. The m0s1 (regen€rative vane
cornmon type 0f centrifugal pumps are th0se used in deep wells. turbine type- multi-
stage)
Deep well (vedical lmpellers 50- 300 ft 100- 800
Turbine Pump Jine shafi submerged '1

A turbine pump has a submerued- multi-

vertical turbine located slage)

below groundwater levels

Deep well Pump and 50- 400 tr 50- 400 tr
(submersible moiol
and a driving motor located lurbine mulli- submerged

well casing at grade level. A

Fundamentals of Plumbing
 l1ftlfl!:x:l'*u**oo'
15- e0- r50 F lli,.?t1[?T':l:il11:L:i:H::T,:ffi
JetPumP
15 20 il uo lo
Shallow well eiector 20 il below
helow Syslems
Water Distribulion
83- 5or
,5-2oi 20011ra(
DeeP well
below ei€ctor '!l'i"Jn 1. Direct Pressure
(UpJeed) Syslem

for Water SUPPIY

Planning Gu!de 2. lndireci Systern
Return
Rate of ConsumPJion 2.1 Up{eed and
Qravity (D0wn{eed)
teioitt pr crPi' r'
D'i.ter./
M'/ Tank System)
System (Pressure

'ill:iT ;;y
1-\
dS:i
11 36'
Capita/
Day
.01136-
2.2 Hydropneumatic

-[f
Passenger)
Airpod (per 18.93
.01893
.2211
60
fidft$rTil]Hb$t''i"i$ffi ]'t
221 1

Aoa4menl (Mult;Ple
familv/resident)
(per bamer)
n , 37.85
.03785
Balh hodses ,',in 3i 9.5 .3785

olubs (Counlryl 'L*"*,."*i1'u'edi.rnotand

Dwellings qn 189.25
.18925 fi:,Hl.iiitfr ii,h'iffi
Boarding HoLSe ,;;- 3/8.5- .3785-
Luxury (oer
person) i50 SOZ./S
.56775
'X,,j|f,''J"H'llffi f :iff
lX
an-7\ 189 25- .18925-
''ifi ::'l,1l'll'i,l*1':l';1fi
Single Fami'Y iper 283.875 .28378
galvanized'
resrdent)per . q-?6 J "- I
56.78' .05678-
shall be galvanized'
Faclories (pel
pers0n
132.48 .13248
malleable iron water fiitings
3. All small-sized
shift) tsalns) I
an 227.1
.2271
t.r anv purp.se
Pnvate
Hotels (tl,Jith
.94625- -
oerson/ loom 250- 946 25-
1.514 l,fr,ll-;ijiillfl;:li'jiff 'i:$:ilvrsed
.)1 HosPitals (PerBed) 400 1514
.18925
self- 50 189.25
,,j#;fi
Laundries (!er washing)
seNice
lvl0lers ($,ith .
Bath) ..
<n
,lin
189.25
26.d95-
.18925
026495-
' liJ,"::T :iT.T#',Iftii1]1 i'ff ##lf' ;ud
fl
grounding
Liectricat
(,rith lo'lel
.Purpose
.03785
Restaurarls 3i.85 shail be o{ like malenals
Iacilities) Per Patron nl'lolll
Schools t\ 94.625 .0s4625
warer pipes anc ti-:l,y;,il1$' j:'f ;:i':::lii'i,.::fl
Dav (wilh calete'ra) i; .03785 e
(pervenlcler
37.8b .i
Percent shall
be Prontuttct ':
service stations
roon'r) ,,in 1514
.514

Storcs (Per loilei 1" 18.925

.018925 systems
lheaters (Per seat) SuPPIY PiPe Sizes
Minimum Fixture
Distlbuti0n Systems Pipe PiPe
Water Supply and
size Size
TYPe ol Fixture {ins.) (mm)
Delinitions
1t2 13
t25
iddli'J:i] ru;rv:T,i,:l'J',*:11ffi #l'l:i;,,;T
il' i Bathtub
Bedpan Washer
Bidei
112 13rr
itz lu
structute 0r prellllscr'
Combination Sink
an0 l€Y 3i8
it. 13
adlacent to ttre Dental Unit or Cuspldor

Dental Lavatory 3is 1o

0r m.re t0 c'nvev Drinking Fountain 112 1r

Kitchen Sink 3/8 10

[]l?: i|'l ;*ilo; iffi 'tl't.rv I avator,J or Washbasln 112 13

LaunOry fray (t 0r 2 c0mparlmerrrsl \12 rr

Shower (each heao) 112 13
""rugr: Slnk' Service t25
'J,';.1[: l;iil]';;ili';i"li[::1"*',' Urinal, Pedestal tYPe 112 13
{ljltliilii'lxi'itJ"'1fr Urinal, LiP iYPe 'l^ 19
urinal, stall upe
Flush tank

Fundamentals of Plumbing
Wash sink, circular 0r m!ltipl€ (€ach set of 112 13
laucets)
Waler Closet
WaF ,Ozmo^R
Flush Tank 3t8 10
Flushometei Valve 1
)8, proben
other $/ater piPings
10
Waler service {from slleet main t0 the u/ater 314
meter)
Building supply pipe (first secti0n 0l water 3/4 19
distributing piping)
First seciion 0l hot water pipe on the 0utlet side 314 19
Concealed water piping 1/2 13
Fixture branci pipe 1t2 13
'10
lndividual lixture water supply pipe 318
Cold waler supply 10 water heater 314 19
'13
Not more than three (3) iixture 112
10
Sill cock or lawn faucet 314

Minimum for Water Distribution

Type of Fixhre When not When
affec'ted by atrec{€d by
sidewalls side walls
(mm) (mm)
Lavatories and other fixtures
with effective openings not 38
qreater than 13 mm dameter
Sinks, laundry trays,
gooseneck, bath faucets and
other fixtures with effective
opening not greater than 19 38
mm in dameter
Ovenim bath lillers and other
lixtures with efiective
openings not greater than 25 51 76
mm in dameter
Effective openings not Two (2) tjmes Three (3)
greater than 25 mm in diameter ol times
diameter effeclive diameter of
opening effective
ooeninq

Color Coding
Pipeline contents Color code
Water Green
Steam Silveraray
Oil-mineral vegetable or animal, llammaue or Brcwn
combustible
Gases in either gaseous or liquelied iorm, Yellowochle
vapors and pneumatically conveyed fumes
and materials
Acids and alkalis Violet
Air Light Uue
Otheriluids ;ncluding drainags pipes unless BIack
the drain is to a Darticular seruice
Fire{ighting materials including detection and Safety Ied
suppresslon systems
Hazardous senvic€s (generally with other ' Sa{ety yellc&v

Electricity Llgnl orange

Whit6
Fundamentals of Plumbing
communications
 The Poniificql qnd Royql
University ol Santo Tomas
qlie CathotX Orieeoiq oJ tfte cPliitippines

Callcge of Arcl*e*we
Espana, lllanila

Building Utilities 1 (BU 1) - Plumbing and Sanitary Systems

SANI1IARV DRAINAGE SVS]IEM

Arch. Rally CuevaAlli, nrsarch

Definitions

Plumbing System Branch

Ihe plunbing system 0f a building includes the water supply
distributing pipes; the fixture and fixture traps; lhe soil, waste
and vent pipes; the building drain and building sewer;lhe stom
water drainage, with their devices, app!ftenances . and
connections within the bUilding and outside the building within
the propsriy line.
Drainage Systen
All the piping v/ithin a public 0r private premises which conveys
sewage, rainwater or other Iiquid wastes t0 a point 0l disposal. A
dra;nage system does not include the mains of public sewer
systems or a private or a public sewage treatment 0r disposal
plant.
Sanitary Drainage and Venl Piping Syslems
The sanitary and vent piping system are installed by the plumber
l0 remove lhe wastewater and water-borne waste from the
plumbing fixtures and appliances, and t0 provide circulati0n of
air wilhin the drainage piping.
Stack
A general term used for any vertical line of soil, waste 0r vent
piping.
Any part 0f the piping syslem other the main, riser 0r stack.
Building drain/ House drain
That part
ofthe lowest horizontal piping 0f a plumbing system
which receives the discharge from s0il, waste and other
drainage pipes inside a building and conveys it t0 the building
sewet/house sewer.
Building/ House sewer
That part of the drainage system that extends from the end 0f
the building drain and c0nveys ils dischar0e to the public
sewer, privaie sewer, individual sewage disposal system,0r
olher appropriate point 0f disposal.
Sewage
Any liquid waste containing animal 0r vegetable matler in
suspension 0r solution. It may include liquids c0ntaining
chemicals in solution.

Soil Pipe Drainage Fiitings

A pipe thal conveys the discharge of water closets 0r similar
fixiures containing fecal matter, with or without the discharge 0f
other fixtures t0 the building drain 0r building sewer.
Soil stack
Any pipe which conveys the discharge 0l y/ater closet, urinal 0r
fixures having similar {unclion, with 0r wilhout the discharges
from 0ther fixtures lo the building draln or building sewer.
Wasle Pipe*
A pipe that conveys only liquid waste free of fecal matter,
A special type 0f fitting 0r filtings utilized in the drainage
syslem. Drainage fittings are similar t0 cast iron fitlings,
except that instead ol having a bell and spigot, drainage
fittings are recessed and tapped to eliminate rjdges 0n the
inside of the installed pip€.
Deadend
A branch leading from a soil, waste 0r vent pipe, a buildlng
drain, or a building sewer, and terminaling at a developed
length 0f 2 feet 0r more by means 0f a plug, cap 0r other
closed fitting.

* A waste pipe is generally smaller ihan a soil pipe becaus€ of the Drain
nature ol matter b€ing discharged into the system. Any pipe that caffies wastewater 0r walerb0rne wastes in a
building drainage system.

Fundamentats ot eluffiffi
lralerials for Excreta Drainage System S'nks, bar, commercial 51 mm min. $,aste 2
Sinks, bar, private 38 mm min. lvaste 1

L Excreta drainage pipings shall be cast iron, ductile iron, Sinks, c0mmercial 0r industrial, sch0ols, 3
galvanized steel, galvanized wrought iron, lead, copper, brass, eic. including dishwashers, wash up sinks
and wash lounlains 50 mm l.{asle
Series 1000 PVC DWV, extra-strength vitrified clay pipe 0r
Sink, llush rim, cliflic 6
other approved malerial having smooth and unilorm bore.
Sink, service 3
2. N0 galvanized wrought iron 0r galvanized sleel pipe shall be
Urinal. Dedeslal. trao arm onlv 6
used underground and shall be kept at least 152 mm above
Urinal, stall, separate fap 2
ground.
LJrinal, l/vall-rnounted, integral trap, trap arm 3
only
3. ABS and PVC DW piping ifistallalions shall be used in high tjrinal, wall-mounted, blowout, inlegral irap, 6
rise buildings, pr0vided thal its use shall be the discretion 0f trap arm only
the Designer and also wiih the full consent 0f the owner. Urinal, wall-mounted, washdown 0r siphon 2
iel, inteoral tap, trao only
4. N0 vitrified clay pipe or fittings for drain 0r sewer shall be lJrinal, wall-m0unted, washout, separate
used ab0ve ground 0r whenever piping is pressurlzed by a trap 50 mm min. waste
pump or eiecl0r. They shall be kept at least 0.30 meler below Wash basins, in sets 2
Wash lrasin (lavatory) lrivate insiallation
finish ground level. I

Water closet, private installation 4

Water closet, 0ublic installation 6
5. Drainage littings shall be 0l cast ir0n, malleable iron, lead,
brass, copper, ABS, PVC, vitrified clay, 0r other approved
Iable 2
materials have a smooth interior wateMay 0f the sam8
Minimum T and T Arm Sizes
diameter as the piping served and all such filtings shall be
compatible with the type 0l pipe used.

6. Fittings 0n screwed prpe joints shall be 0f the recessed

drainage type. Burred ends shall be reamed to the full bore of
the pipe.

7. The threads 0f drainage filtings shall be tapped t0 allow (2)

percent or 20 mm/ m grade.

Table 1

unrt
Fixturee U it Val
vatues
Drainage fixture
TvDe of Fixture unit value
Bathtubs 2
Bidets 2
Clotheswashers 2
Dental unils or cuspidors
Beceptor, indirect waste recepior lc
Drinking lountains
commercial sinks, dishwashers, air
Floor drains 2
lflterceotors l0r qrease, oil. etc. 3
lnt6rce0t0rs lor sand. aut0 wash, etc. 6
Laundry tub 2
Mobile home park traps (one iOr each 6
trailer)
Receptors (fjoor sink), indirect waste l or industrial, school, etc.
receptot I0r relrigerator, cofiee urns, water
including dishwasher, wash up sink and
station. elc.
wash founlain
Recepi0rs, indirect waste receptor l0r
commercial sinks, dishwasher, air washers,
eic.
Shower, single stall 2
Shower, oanq {one unit oer head)
Sinks and/ 0r dishwashers (resid€ntial) 51 2
mm mir. wasi€

Fundamentals of Plumbing
{trao arm onlvl other appr0ved fittings 01 equivalent sweep. Sixy (60')
Urinal, wall mornted, washdOwn 0i siphon 51 22 degree branches 0r offsets may be used only when
iel, inteqnl lrap (kap arm oniy) installed in a true venical p0siti0n.
Urinal, wall mOunted, wash0ui, separate 38 112
trap
Grade oJ Horizonlal Drainage Piping
Wash basin, in sets 3B 1t2
Horizontal drainage piping shallbe run;n practical alignment
Wash basin (lavatory), sing,e 32 1 114
and at a uniform slope 0f not less than 2% 0r 20mm/m
Wal"r closet, private inslallation 16
towards the point 0f disposal, provided that, where jt is
3
Water closet, public jnsiallation 76 3
impractical due to the depth 0f streel sewer 0r to adverse
slructural {eatures or t0 some irregular arrangements oi
Table 3
affected building 0r slructure l0 obtain a slope 0f 2% 0r any
Maximum Drainage Fixture Unit (dlu) Loads l0r H0rizontal
such pipe 0r piping 102 mm 0r larger in diameler may have a
Branches '10
slope 0f noi less I7o 0r mn/m when first approved by the
Diameter of horizontal drain pipe Horizontal branch
drain* in dlu Authorily.
mm ln. {2% slope)
32 1 114
'l Cleanouts
112
5.0 2 6 1. Each horiz0ntal drainage pipe shall be provided wiih a
65 2112 12 clean0ut at its upper terminal and each run cf piping which
75*- J is more than 15 melers in total developed lenglh shall be
100 4 160 provided with a cleanout and at every 15 meler lenglh 0r a
125 5 360 fraction thereof.
150 6 620
200 I 2. Cleanouts may be omitted on a horizontal drain line less
250 10
than 1-5 metets in lenglh unless such line is serving sinks
300 12
'15 or urinals.
375

*- N0 water closet shall discharge into a drain less than 75 mm (3 ins.)

*** Not over lwo (2) water closets
Changes in Oireclion ol Excrela Drainage Fl0w
1. Changes in direction shall be made by tlre appropriate use of
approved fittings and shall be of the angles presented by a 22
1l2 ot 1/16 bend, 45' 0r 1/8 bend and 60" 0r 1/6 bend 0r
other approved fittings ot equivalent sweeps.
2. Horizontal drainage branch lines, connecting with a stack
shall enler through 45 or 60 wye branches, combination wye
and 1/8 bend branches, sanitary tee 0r sanrtary tapped tee
branches 0r other approved iittings 0f equivalent sweeps. N0
fitting having more lhan one inlet at the same level shall be
used unless such fiiiing js constructed s0 the djscharge lr0m
one inlet cannoi readily enter into the 0lher inlet. Double
sanitary tees may be used when the barrel 0{ the fitting is at
least iwo (2) pipe sizes larger than the largest inlet (pipe sizes
recognized tor this purpose are 51, 64, 7 6, 89, 102, 11
and 152 mm diameters).
3. H0rizontal drainage lines connecling with other horizontal
drajnage line shall enter thr0ugh fortyjive degree wye
branches, combination wye and 1/B bend branches 0r othei
approved filtings 0l equivaleqi sweep.
4. Vedjcal drainage lines connectjng wilh the ll0rizonlal drainage
bianches or
3- Cleanout may be 0mitted 0n short horizontal drainage pipe
installed at an angle 0l seventy two degrees or less from
the verlical line.
4. An appr0ved lype 0f two-way clean0ut filting, inslalled
inside the building wall near the connection belween the
building drain and building sewer or installed outside ol a
building at the lower end of the building drain and extended
to grade, may be substiiuted for an upper terminal
cleanoul.
5. An additional cleanout shall be provided 0n a h0rizonlal
line wilh an aggregate offsel angle 0f direction exceeding
one hundred and thirty live (i 35") degrees.
6. Each cleanout shall be inslalled s0 if opens in the direction
0f flow to allow cleaning 0f the soil or waste pipe 0r at righl
angles thereto and, except rn the case of a wye branch and
end-of-line cleanouts, shall be installed vertically above the
4, 127 {low llne of the pipe.
7. Each cleanout extension shall be considet€d as drainage
piping and each ninety (90') degrees cleanOul extension
shall be extended 1t0m a wye lype fitting 0r other approved
fitting oi equivalent sweep.
8. Each cleanout for an interceptor shall be outside 0l such
inlerceptor.

Fundamentals of Plumbing
 9. Each cleanout, unless installed under an approved cover
plate, shal' be abov€ grade, readily accessible, and s0 located
t0 serve the purpose it is lntended. Cleanout located under
cover plates shall be installed t0 provide the clearances and
accessibility required.

10, Each cleanout in piping 51 mm 0r less in size shall be

installed s0 that there is a clearance of noi less than 305 mm
in front 0f ihe cleanout. Cleanouts in pipino larger than 5t
mm shall have a clearance 0f not less than 450 mm in front 0f
the cleanout. Cleanout in underFl0or piping shall be extended
t0 0r above the finish fl00r 0r shall be extended outside lhe
building when lhere is less than 0.45 m vedicai and 0,75 m
horizonlal fr0m the means of access t0 such cleanout. N0
undertloor cleanout in any residential occupancy shall be
localed more than 6.1 m from an access door, trap d00r or
crawlhole.

'1i. Cleanouts shall be provided for pressure

drainage systems.

12. Countersunk cleanouts plugs shall be instalied where ralsed

heads may cause hazard to passing personnel or vehicle.

13. When a hubless blind plug is used for a required cleanout,

the complete coupling and plug shall be accessible for
removai or replacement,

Table 4
Cleanouts
Size ot Pipe (mm) Size of Cleanout lhreads per25.4 mm
(mm) lenqlh
38 11 112
5l 38 11 1/2
64 64 8
76 64 8
102 & larqer B9 B

Sanitary Drainage Pipe Sizing

Fixture Drain Sizes

Fixture drain sizes can be obtained by referring lo Table l
(Minimum Trap and Trap Arm Sizes). These values are pre-
calculated, that is, sizes ol fixture drain pipes were derived
based 0n the actual quantjties of waste that pass through it.
Drainage fixture units (dfu) ar" the basjs by which these pipes
were sized. For example, a lavatory with 1 dfu value requires a
drainpipe size of 32 mm (1 1/4 in.),

Table 5
Fixture Unit Values for Fixture Drains orT

Fundamentals of Plumbing
 SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Definitions
Edited by Arch. Rafly Cucva Alti
Plumbing System
The plumbing system of a buildino includes
lhe water supply distr;buti0g pipes: the fixture
and fixture kaps; the soil, waste and vent
pipes; the buildtng drain and bgilding
sewer,
the storm water drainage, with their devices,
appurtenances and connections within the
building and outside the building within the
property line.
Drainage System
All the piping within a public or private
premtses which conveys sewage, rainwater
or other liquid wastes to a poini of disposal.
A drarnage system does not include the
mains.of public sewer systems or a private or
a public sewage treatment or disposal plant.
Sanitary Drainage and Vent piping
Systems
The sanitary and vent piping system are
installed by the plumber'to remove the
wastewater and water_borne waste from
ihe
plumbing fixtures and appliances, and
to
provide circulation of air within the drainaoe
piping.
Sanitary Drainage pipes
Pipes installed to remove the wastewater
and water-borne wastes from plumbing
fixtures and convey these wastes to the
sanitary sewer and other point of disposal.
Soii Pipe
A pipe that conveys the dtscharge of water
closets or similar flxtures contiining fecal
matter, with or without the discharge of other
fixtures to the building drain or building
sewer.
Waste Pipe
'ffi
A pipe thal conveys only liquid waste free of
lecal matter.
*A wasle-pipe is generally sinbller than a sojl pipe
because of the nature of matter being discharged
into
the system.
lndirect Waste
A waste pipe that does not connect direc y
with the drainage system, but that djscharoes
into the drainage system through an air
break or air gap into a kap, fixture, receptor
or interceptor.
Sewage
Any liquid waste containing animal or
vegetable mafter in suspension or solution, lt
may include liquids containing chemicals in
solution.
Drainage Fittings
A special type of fitting or fittings utilized in
the..drainage system. Drainage fitlings a.e
stmrtar to cast iron fitlings, except that
rnstead of having a bell and spigot, drainage
fittings are recessed and tapped to eliminate
ridges on the inside of the installed pipe.
Drainage Fixture Unit (DFU)
A measure of the probable discharge into the
drainage system by various types of
plumbing fixtures.
Horizontal Pipe
A horizontal pipe is a pipe that makes an
angle of less than 45 deqrees with the
horizonlal
Vertical Pipe
A vertical pipe is a pipe which makes an
angle of 45 degrees or less with the vertieal.
Material for Excreta Drainage System
Fundamentals of Plumbing
 1. Excreta drainage pipings shall be casr
rron, ducljle iron, galvanized sleel,
galvanrzed wrought iron, lead, copper,
brass, Series 1000 pVC DWV, eitra_
slrength vikified clay pipe or other
approved material having smooth and
uniform bore.
2. No galvanized wrought iron or galvanized
steel pipe shall be used underground
and shall be kept at least 152 mm above
g rou nd.
3. ABS and PVC DWV piping installations
shall be used in high rise buildings,
provided that its use shall be the
discretion of the Designer and also with
the full consent of the owner.
4. No vikified clay pipe or fittings for drain or
sewer shall be used above ground or
whenever piping is pressuriied by a
pump 9r ejector. They shall be kept at
least 0.30 meter below flnish ground
level.
5. Drainage fittings shall be of cast iron,
malleable iron, lead, brass, copper, ABS,
PVC, vikilled clay, or other"approved
materials have a smooth interior
wateruay of the same diameter as the
piping served and all such fittings
shall
be compatible with the type of pipi used.
6. Fitrings on screwed pipe joints shall be of
the recessed drainage type. Buned ends
shall be reamed to the full bore of ihe
pipe.
7. The threads of drainage flttings shall be
tapped to allow (2) percent or 21 nnlm
grade
Size of Drainage piping
The minimum sizes of vertical and/ or
horizontal drainage pip:ng shall be
determined from the total of all firture
units connected thereto, and additional.
in the case of verlical drainage pipes, in
accordance with their height or length.
Fixture Connections
Drainage piping shall be provided with
approved inlet liflings for flxlure
connections, correc y located according
to.the size and type of fixture proposei
to be connected.
Two fixtures set back{o-back, or side-by_
side, within the distance allowed
between a trap and its vent, may be
served by a single vertical drainage pipe,
provided -wasies
that each fixture
separately into an approved double
fitting, such as double sanitary tee or
double wye and .1/B bend having inlet
openings at the same level.
Changes in Direction of Excreta Drainage
Flow
1 . Changes in direction shall be made by
the
appropriate use of approved fittings and
sh^all be of the angles presented by a 22
112" or 1116 bend, 45. or 1/B bend and
60' or 1/6 bend or other approved littings
of equivalent sweeps.
2. Horizontal drainage branch ljnes,
connecting with a stack shall enter
through 45 or 60 wye branches,
combination wye and 1/B bend branches,
sanilary tee or saniiary tapped tee
branches or other approved iitlings of
equivalent sweeps, No fifting hiving
more ihan one inlet at the same level
shall be used unless such fiftino is
constructed so the disbharge from"one
inlet cannot readily enter into the other
inlet. Double sanrtary lees may be used
when the barrel of the fitting is at least
two (2) pipe sizes larger than the largest
inlet (pipe sizes recognized for this
purpose are 51, 64, 76, 89, l0Z, 114,
127 and 152 mm diameters),
Fundamentals of Plumbing
 3. Honzontal drainage lines connecting wiih
other horizontal drainage ljne shall enter
through forty-five degree wye branches,
combination wye and 1/B bend branches or
other approved fittings of equivalent
sweep.
4. Vertical drainage lines connecting with the
horizontal drainage lines shall enter
through forty-five (45') degree branches or
other approved fittings of equivalent
sweep. Sixty (60") degree branches or
offsets may be used only when installed in
a true vertical position.
Grade of Horizontal Drainage piping
Horizontal drainage piping shall be run in
practical alignment and at a uniform slope of
not less than 2ok or 21mmlm towards the
point of disposal, provided that, where it is
impractical due to the depth of street sewer
or to adverse structural feaiures or lo some
irregular arangements of aifected building or
s{ructure to obtain a slope of2% or any such
pipe or piping 102 mm or larger in diameter
may have a slope of not less 1% or 10
mm/m when flrst approved by the Authority.
Cleanouts
1. Each horizontal drainage pipe shall be
provided with a cleanout at its upper
terminal and each run of piping which is
more than 15 meters in total developed
Iength shall be provided with a cleanout
and at every 15 meter lengih or a fraction
thereof.
2. Cleanouts may be omitted on a horizontal
drain line less than 1.5 meters in length
unless such line is serving sinks or urinals.
3. Cleanout may be omitted on short
horizontal drainage pipe installed at an
angle of seventy hvo degrees or less from
the vertical line.
4. An approved type of two-way cJeanoul
fitting, installed inside the building wall near
the connection between the building drain
and building sewer or jnstalled outside of a
building at the lower end of the building
drain and extended to grade, may be
substjtuted for an upper terminal cleanout.
5. An additional cleanout shall be provided
on a horizontal line with an aggregate
offset angle of direction exceeding one
hundred and thirty five (135") degrees.
6. Each cleanout shall be installed so it
opens in the direction of flow to allow
cleaning of the soil or waste pipe or at riqht
angles thereto and, except in the case of a
wye branch and end-of-line cleanouts,
shall be installed vertically above the llow
line of the pipe.
7. Each cleanout extension shall be
considered as drainage piping and each
ninety (90') degrees cleanout extension
shall be extended from a wye iype fittrng or
oiher approved fliting of equivalent sweep.
B. Each cleanout for an interceptor shall be
ouiside of such interceptor.
9. Each cleanout, unless installed under an
approved cover plate, shall be above
grade, readily accessible, and so located to
serve the purpose it is inlended. Cleanout
located under cover plates shall be
installed to provide the clearances and
accessibility required.
10. Each cleanout in piping 51 mm or less in
size shall be insialled so that there is a
clearance of not less than 305 mm in front
of the clea.lout. Cleanouis in piping larger
than 51 mm shall have a clearance of not
Iess lhan 450 mm in front of ihe cleanoui
Cleanout in underfloor piping shall be
extended to or above the finish floor or
shall be extended outside lhe buildino
when there is less than 0.45 m vertical ani
0.75 m horizonial from the means of
access to such cleanout. No underfloor
 cleanout in any residentlal occupancy shall
be located more than 6.1 m from an
access door, trap door or crawl hole.

11. Cleanouts shall be provided for pressure

drainage systems.

12. Countersunk cleanouts plugs shall be

installed where raised heads may cause
hazard to passing personnetor vehicte.

13. When a hubless blind plug is used for a

required cleanout, the complete coupling
and plug shall be accessible for removal or
replacement.
 College of Architecture
University of Santo Tomas
Espana, Manila

BU 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems)

Minimum Trao and Trao Arm Sizes

Trap and Trap
Trap Arm and
Fixture Size Trap
(mm) Arm
Size
(inches)
Bathlub 11t2
Bidet 38 11t?_
Clotheswasher 51 2
Dental unitor cuspidor 32 11t4
Drinking fountain 32 11!4
Floor drain 51 2
lnterceptqr (grease, oil, etc.) 51 2
lnterceptor (sq!d, auto wash, etc.) /b 3
Laundry tub 38 11t2
l/obile home park trqr (one for each kaile| 76
Receptor (floor sink), indirect wqste receptor for retrigerator 1 1t2
Receptor, indirect waste receptor for commercial sinks, dishwashers, air washers, etc 51 2
Shower, single stall 2
Shower, gang (one unit per head) 51 2
Sink and/or dishwasher (residential 3B 11t2
Sink, bar (commercial) 38 11t2
Sink, bar (priyate) 38 1 1t2
Sink, commercialor industrial, school, etc. including dishwasher, wasfr up sint anO wasn 11t2
fountain
Sink, flushilg rim (clinic) 78 .1
Sink, service 51 2
Urinal, pedestal type (trap arm only) 76 3
Urinal, stall type (separate trap) 51 2
Udnal, wall mounted, inteqral trap (trap arm onl! 51 2
Urinal, wall mounted, blowout, inteoral trao (trap arm onlt 76 3
Unnal, wall mqunted, washdown or siphon jet, integral trap {trap arm only) 51 22
Urinal, wall mounted, washout, separate trap 11t2
Wash basin, in sets 38 1 1t2
Wash baqin (lavatory), single 32 11t4
Water closet, private installation /b
Water closet, public installation 76 3

Minimum Size of Fixture

Pipe Size Pipe Size
Type of Fixture (ins.) (mm)
Bathtub 1t2 13
Bedpan Washer 25
Bidel 1t2 13
Comoination Sink and Tray 1t2 13
Dentai Unit or Cuspidor 3/8 10

Fundamentals of Plumbing
 Dental Lavatory 1t2 '13
Drinking Foontain 3/8 10
Kitchen Sink 1t2
Lavatory or Washbasin 3/8 10
Laundry Tray (1 or 2 compartments) 1t2
Shower (each head) 1t2 13
Sink, Service 1t2
Urinal, Pedestal type 1 25
Urinal, Lip type 1t2 13
Urinal, Stall type 3t4 19
Urinal, Flush tank
Wash sink, ckcular or multiple (each set 0f faucets) 1t2
Water Closet
Flush Tank 10
Flushometer Valve 1
q!!e! water pipings
Water seMce (from street main to ttie water rneter) 3t4 19
Building supply pipe (flrst section of water distdbutins pipino) a4 ,to
First section of hot water pipe on the outlet side 3t4 19
Concealed water piping 1t2 13
Fixture branch pipe 1t2 13
lndividual fixture water supply pipe 3/8 10
Cold water supply to water heater 3t4 19
Not more than three (3) fixture 1t2 13
Sill mck or lawn faucet 3t4 19

Rate of Gonsumption

Building Gals/ Liters/ M3/

Usage Capita/ Capita/ Capita/
Dav DaY Dav
Airport (per passenger) 1.36-18.93 .0113G.01893
-) Apartment (Multiple family/residenj 60 227 .1 .2271
Bath houses (per batheo 10 37.85 .03785
Clubs (Country) 100 378.5 .3785
Dwellings
Boarding House 50 189.25 .18925
Luxury (per person) 100-150 378.5-567.75 .3785-.56775
Multiple family apartment lpbr resiOentl 40 151.4 .1514
Single Family (per resident) 189.25-283.875 .18925-.28378
Factories (per person per shift) 15-35 56 78-132.48 .05678-.13248
Hotels (with Private Baths) 2 person/ room 60 .2271
Hospitals (per Bed) 250400 946.25-1514 .94625-1.514
Laundries (per washinq) self-service 50 189.25 .18925
Motels (with Bath) 50 189.25 .18925
Restaurants (with Toilet facilities) per patron 7-10 26.495-37.85 .02M95- .03785
Schools
Day (with cafeteria) 94.625 .094625
Servrce sta ons (per ventde) 10 .03785
Theaters 5 18.925 .018925
ffiDefinition
DR,AINAGE PIPE CLEANOUTS
Ediied by Arch. Rafiy Cueva Alli
iffi
A pipe fitting with a removable plug which Other Specific Applications
provides access for inspection or cleaning
of
the pipe run. Also called an access eye or 1. Horizontal drains within buildings
cleaning eye. Types of cleanouts include a All horizontal drains 4 inches in diameter or
removabie plug or cap, a removable fixture
less shall have cleanouts located not more
trap and a water closet,
than 50 ft (15240 n) apart. All horizontal
drains larger ihan 4 inches in diameter shall
Cleanout Material have access cleanouts located not more than
The body of cleanout ferrules shall be made 100 ft. (304B0 mm) aparr.
of standard pipe sizes, shall conform in
th,ckness to that required for pipe and fittings 2. Building Sewers
of the same metal, and extended not leis All building sewers shall have cleanouts
than 38 mm above the hub. The cleanout Iocated not more 100 ft. (30480 mm) apart.
cap or plug shall be of heavy red brass of not
less than 3.175 mm thick and must be 3. Changes of Direction
provided with raised nut or recessed socket
Cleanouts shall be installed at each change
for removal.
of direction of the building drajn or -of
horizontal waste or soil lines, which is greater
Locations of Cleanouts than 45". Where more one cha;ge of
1. At the upper end of every horizontal waste
djrection occur s in a run of pioing. oniy one
or soil pipe.
cleanout shall be required for each 40 fi
2, At every change in direction of horizontal (12192 nn) of developed lengtn o{ the
soil or waste piping when the change of drainage piping. Access shall be provided to
direction is more lhan Menty-two and one_
all cleanouts.
half (22 112") degrees.
3. At a point wiihin i.S m insjde the property
4. Building Drain and Building Sewer
line before house sewer connection.
Junction
4. At the foot of every soil or waste stack There shall be a cleanout at the junction of
unless easily reached convenien y with the building drain and building sewer. The
sewer rod or wire.
cleanout shail be either inside or outside ihe
5. At every 15 m. run of horizontal soil or building wall and shall be brought up to the
waste piping.
{inished ground level or to the basement floor
6. On top of septic vaults immediately above
level. The cleanoll ai the junction of rhe
the invert of the submerged inlet and ouilet
burlding drain and buitdjng sewer shall not be
ot sanitary tees.
require if the cleanout on a 3-inch or larger
7. On top of every grease irap with no diameter vertical soil stack is located wlthin
removable airtight covers.
10 ft. (3048 mm) of the buitding drain and
B. At the end of rhe invert of a garage trap.
burlding sewer connection.
9. At the bottom of u*porud fi*iu.. i,up,
below the water seal.
5. Underground Drainage
10. Ai openings or ou ets and connectjons
Cleanour for an underground drajn nr sewer
intended foi future use.
shall extend to the ground floor or floor level.

Fundamentals of Plumbing
 6. Concealed Piping
Cleanout on concealed piping shall extend
through and termjnate flushed with the
finished wall or floor. Pits or chases, sized to
permit removal of cleanout plug and cleaning
of the system, shall be incorporated in the
wall or floor.

7. Direction of Flow
Every cleanout shall be installed to open in
the direction of the flow of the drainage pipe
at right angles thereto.

Cleanout clearances
Cleanout : n 6-inch and smaller pipes shall
have a clearance of not less than 1B inches
(457 mm) for rodding. Cleanouts on 8-inch
and larger pipes shall have a clearance of
not less than 36 inches (914 mm) for
rodding.

8. Access to Gleanouts
Cleanout plugs shall not be covered with
cennent, plaster or any other permanent
finish material. Where necessary to conceal
a cleanout plug, a cover plate or access door
shall be provided.

9. Prohibited lnstallation
Cleanout openings shall not be utilized for
the inslallation of new fixtures or floor drains,
except where approved and where another
cleanout of equal access and capacity is
provided.
 €OLI.E6E OF,ARCHITICTURE
University of Santo Tomas
Espana, Manila

BU fl (Pflumnhimq amd Sanitary Systemns)

VENTILATION AND VENTILATION SYSTEMS

Ventilation
The process of supplying or removing air by nalural or Circuit Vent
artificial means to or from any space, such ah may or A branch venl which serves two or more traps and
may haye not been conditioned. extends from in front of ihe last fixture connection of a
horizontal branch to the vent stack.
Vent
A pipe installed to provide a flow of air to or fom a Loop VenU Venting Loop
drainage system or to provide circulation of air within A vent arrangement for a group of plumbing fixtures;
such system to protect the tap seal from siphonage and consists of a vent pipe which is connected to the waste
backpressure. . or soil branch immediately before the first fixfure of the
gr0up.
Vent System
A system of pipes or openings used for ensuring the Looped Vent
circulalion of air in a plumbing system and for reducing A type of ventilation system used on fixtures in a room
the pressure exefted on the traps. away from a wall or partittbn.

Vent pipe Yoke Vent

A pipe aftached to drainage pipes near one or more A pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack to a
traps, which lead to outside air, e.g. connection to a vent vent stack for the puryose of preventing pressure
stack. changes in the stack.

Types of Ventilation Systems Wet Vent

A pipe, usually oversized, which functions both as a
Vent Stack, Main Vent ixture branch and as a vent, e.g. waste pipe that also
A verijcal vent pipe installed primarily for the purpose of serves as a vent.
providi*g circulation of air to or fiom any part of the
building drainage system. Fixture Vent
A vent pipe which leads from the drainage pipe to
Stack Vent, Soil and Waste Vent another venl pipe or to the atmosphere.
The extension (to the open air) of a soil or waste stack
above the highest horizontal branch drain or fixture Branch Vent
branch connected to the stack. A vent connecting one or more individual vents with a
vent stack or stack vent.
lndividual /Back Vent
An individual vent (sometimes refened to as individual Revent
back vent or revent) is a type of venting system wtrere Also called an lndividual Vent.
the vent connects with a single fixture lrap, usually at the
back and extends vertically and connects wilh a stack Local VenU Local ventilating pipe/ Vapor vent
vent, a vents stack or a branch vent. A pipe on the fixture side of the trap through which vapor
or foul air is removed from the room or fixfure.
UniU Common/ Dual/ Duplex
Sometimes referred to as dual or duplex vent. As the Ejector Vent
name implies, a common vent pipe connected to the dual A pipe used to provide air in a sump pit and prevent
fixture traps. pressure buildup,
 THE PLUMBING TRAP

Definitions
Arah. Ratty Cueva Alli

Trap
A trap is a fitting or device that provides,
when properly vented, a liquid seal to
prevenl the emission of sewer gases without
rnaterially affecting the flow of sewage
waste water through it.
Trap Seal
The vertical distance between the top dip
and the crown weir of a trap; also the water
in the trap between the top dip and the crown
weir.
Dip
The lowest portion of the inside top surface
of the channel through the hap.
Crown Weir
The highest point of the bottom surface of
the crown.
Trap Seals
1. Common Seal -2 inches between the
overflBw and the top dip
2. Deep Seal - 4 inches deep
iffi
single trap, each such food disposal unit
shall be connected to a separate trap.
Each domestic clotheswasher and each
laundry tub shall be connected to a
or separate and independent trap; except that
a trap serving a laundry may also receive
the waste from clotheswasher sel adjacent
thereto, No clotheswasher or laundry tub
shall be connected to any trap of a kitchen
sink,
Classification of Traps
1. Pernissible Trap
2. Objectionable Trap
2.1 Traps that depend upon moving parts to
maintain seal.
2.2 BellTraps
2.3 Crown-vented Traps
2.4 Separate fixture traps that depend on
interior partitions for the seal.
2.5 S trap
2.6 DrLim traps, except where approved.
Types of Permissible Traps
1. P-Trap, 1/2 S-Trap, Gooseneck

Code Requirements on Traps

L Each plumbing flxture, except those
w#
having integral lraps, shall be separately
trapped by an approved lype waterseal
trap. Not more than one (1) trap shall be
permitted on a trap arm,
2, One (1) kap may serve a set of not more
\ryk
2. Drum Trap
jtg^
w#
vr#
than three (3) single compartment sinks or
laundry tubs of the same depth or ihree (3)
Iavatories immediately adjacent to each
other and in the same room if the waste
outlets are not more than 0.75 m and the
trap is cenhally located when three (3)
compartments are installed.
3, No food wasie disposal unit shall be
installed onany set of restauranl,
commercial or industrial sinks served by a

Fundamentals of Plumbing
 5. lnternal Partition Trap
3. Running Trap

4. Grease Trap 6. Light Metal Fartition Trap

Types of Objectionable Traps

1, Full S-Trap
This is sn .bjectionable tvpe or trap
#q€
7. Beli Trap

h
2. 3/4 S-Trap

3, Bag Trap

B
w
4. Mechanically Sealed Trap

Fundamentals of Plumbing
 SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS

rffi
Ediied by Arch. Raffy Cueva Alli

lndividual Sewage Disposal System A toilet facility located at public places like
An excreta disposal system serving a markets, bus stations, buildings, etc.
dwelling unit intended for public use.

Drainage System Private Disposal Systems

The drainage pipes of a plumbing system 1, Gesspool/ Drywell/ Absorbing Well/
taking the wastewater from the plumbing Seepage Pit
fixtures and delivering it to the sewer or A lined and covered excavation in the ground
some other outlet. which receives the discharge of domestic
sewage or other organic wastes from a
Communal Excreta Disposal System drainage system, so designed as to retain
An excreta disposal system serving a group the organic matter and solids, but permitting
of dwelling units the liquids to seep through the bottom and
sides; also called leaching cesspool or
Digestive Gesspool pervious cesspool.
A pit for the reception or dqtention of sewage
Distance of Gesspool to any of the
Distribution Line of a Leaching Tile following
System 1. Should be located 30 meters from any
The pipe from within the distribution box to domeslic water supply
the drainfield 2. 6 meters from any structure
3. 3 meters from lot line
Distribution Box 4, 3 meters from a septic tank
A small concrete receptacle between the
septic tank and the drain field in which lines Privy
of drain tiles extends and which acts as A structure which is not connected to a
surge tank to distribute the flow of sewage sewerage system and is used for the
equally to each line of drain tiles. reception, disposition and storage of feces or
other excreta from the human body; also an
Domestic Sewage outhouse used for the deposition of
The sewage containing human excrement excrement.
and other liquid household waste, Also called
sanitary sewage. Septic Tank
A watertight receptacle which receives the
Sewage Disposal System discharge of a plumbing system or part
A system of colleclion, transportalion, thereof, and is designed to accomplish the
treatment and disposal of sewage partial removal and digestion of the
suspended solid matter in the sewage
Public Sanitary Sewer through a period of detention.
A common sewer to which all abutters have
equal rights of connection Septic Tank Design
The septic tank capacity may be determined
Public Toilet using sewage flow quantity value per given
occupancy or type of building. For buildings
with occupanls, the number of persons to be
served shall be computed based on the
number of rooms and considering each room
occupied by two persons or on the basis of
the actual number of persons served by the
tan k.
lnlet and Outlet
1, The invert level of ihe inlet shall not be
less than 50 mm above the liquid level of the
tank.
2. A vented inlet baffle or sanitary tee shall
be provided to divert the incoming sewage
downward. The baffles or tee shall penetrate
at least '150 mm below the liquid level, but
the penetration shall,'not be greater than that
allowed for the baffle or the sanitary tee.
3. The outlet shall be fitted with a sanitary lee
or baffle.
4. The outlet baffle or sanitary tee shall
extend through the scum layer above the
liquid level of the tank to approximately 25
mm from the inside top from the tank.
5. The inveri of the inlet pipe shall be at least
not less than 50 mm above the invert of the
outlet pipe.
6. lnlet and outlet pipe littings or baffles,
through compartment partitions shall have a
free vent area equal to the required cross-
sectional area of the house sewer
discharging therein.
Tank Proporlions
1. The septic tank may have various shape
provided the capacity, inlet, outlet and depth
requirements are met. Generally the septic
tank is rectangular in shape. lf two or more
compartments are used, the first
compartment shall have the capacity from
one-half to two-thirds of the total volume of
the tank.
2, The septic tank shall have a liquid drawing
depth not less than 1.20 meters.
3. The vertical distance for the liquid level to
the inside top of the tank shall be at least 200
mm.
lnspection Manholes
The septic tank shall be provided with an
inspection manhole 0.36 sq. m (4 sq. ft.) in
minimum area or by an equivalent removable
cover slab to the inlet and outlet devices and
to the compartment of the tank for inspection
and cleaning. One access manhole shall be
locaied over each compartment. Septic tanks
installed under concrete or block top paving
shall have the required manholes accessible
by extending the manhole openings io grade.
Construction of Septic Tanks
1 . Septic tanks shall be constructed of sound
and durable materials, not subject to
excessive corosion or decay and shall be
watertight. Each tank shall be shucturally
designed to withstand all anticipated earth or
other loads and shall be installed level on a
solid bed. Structural and hydraulic design
shall be in accordance with good engineering
practice.
2, Approved prefabricated septic tanks may
be used. After installation, the tank shall be
filled with sufficient amount of water to
prevent floating.
3. Roof drains, foundation drains, area drains
or cistern overflows shall not be made to
enter lhe septic tank or any part of the
treatment system.
Septic Tank Locations
1. The septic tank shall be located not less
than 25 meters from any well, cistern or oiher
sources of drinking water supply; not less
than 1.5 m from any water service line; and
not less than 3.0 m from any water main.
2. Septic tanks shall be located such that
desludging equipment can have access to
the opening manholes conveniently,
3. Septic shall not be located under the
r u! tud' tet ttdts .r,. t,.r-",ng i-
 Septic Tank Maintenance
1. Septic tanks shall be cleaned before
excessive sludge or scum is allowed to
accumulate and seriously reduce the settling
efficiency,
2. Septic tank shall be inspected at least
once a year and be cleaned when the bottom
of the scum mat is within 75 mm of the
bottom of the outlet device or the sludge and
scum has reduced the liquid capacity by
500/o.
3, Tanks shall not be washed or disinfected
after cleaning. A small residual or sludge
shall be left in the tank for seeding purposes.
4, Sludge from septic tanks shall be disposed
of by burial or by any other method approved
by authorities and shall not be emptied into
an open field, ditches or bodies of water.
Leaching Tile Field
Design
'1. A leaching tile system utilizing trenches
450 mm - 900 mm wide is considered to be a
leaching tile feld.
2, A leaching tile system more than 900mm
is considered to be a leaching bed.
3, Leaching tile fleld or leaching bed or
leaching well or chamber shall not be
installed in any of the following:
3.1 ln swampy area or where ponding or
flooding is likely to occur.
3.2 Where the percolation rate exceeds 60
min. per 25 mm of water fall.
3.3 Where the depth normal to the ground
water or rock strata is less than 1200mm
below the bottom of the device.
House Sewers
introduction
Chicago is credjted with having the first
comprehensive sewerage pfoject in the
York provided the general model for the
development of water supply and sewage
disposal systems across the country.
Design
The size of any house sewer shall be
determined on the basis of the total number
of fixture units drained by such sewer,
Minimum size shall not be less than 100 mm
in diameter.
Materials
1. Vltrified Clay Sewer Pipe
2. Asbestos Cement Pipe
3. Cast lron Pipe
4. Biluminized Fiber Sewer Pipe
5. Glass Pipe
6. Any other pipe approved by the Bureau of
Standards (BS), Department of Trade and
lndustry (DTl).
Installation
1. The house sewer shall be laid in good
alignment and at a uniform slope of not less
than 0.02% toward the point of disposal;
provided that, where it is impracticable, due
to the depth of sewer or to the structural
features or to the arrangement of any
building or structure, to obtain a slope of
0.02%, any such pipe or piping 100 mm in
diameter or larger may have a slope of not
less than 0.01%.
2. Whenever the house sewer is located
within 25 meters of a well or spring or any
drinking water source, the house sewer shall
meet the ten foot head of water test for
fifteen minutes. When water is not available
or when there is the danger of freezing, the
air or smoke test may be used.
3. House or building sewer piping shall be
laid on a firm bed throughout its entire length,
and any such piping laid in ground on a bed
of approved materials and shall be
adequately supported.
 PLUMEING MATERIALS"PIPES AND
Arch. Raffy Cueva AII|
lntroduction
A number of piping materials and fiftings had
been introduced into the market giving
plumbers, pipefitters and clienls the option to
choose from among these malerials is best
suited ior their homes and buildings based
on its applicability and performance. The
influx of imported materials had rendered the
local industry manufacturing plumbing
materials in a disadvantage position. Many of
these materials exhibit superior quality in
terms of materials used and workmanship
not to mention performance.
ln the selection of materials a number of
criteria are set prior to recommending and
specilying. These criteria are scientific in
nature which is based on material properties.
It is also important that code provisions musl
be checked before using such material.
Some of these criteria are provided and
described hereunder such as:
Malleability
The property of a
metal lhai permits
mechanical deformation by extrusion,
forging, rolling, etc. without fracturing.
Hardness
The resistance of a material to deformation
by compression or indentation.
Brittleness
The property of a material which fractures
under low stress without appreciable
deformation.
Ductility
Property of a material described as capable
of being stretched or deformed without
fracturing.
Elasticity
The property of a material that enables it to
deform in response to an applied force and
removal of the force.
FIfi INGS
Weatherability
The property of a material which enables it to
relain its appearance and iniegrity when
exposed to the effects of the sun, wind,
moisture and changes in temperature.
Abrasion Resistance
The property of a material that enables it to
resist being worn away by friction when
rubbed with another object,
lmpact Resistance
The resistance of a surface or a material to
shock, such as hard blow.
Corrosion Resistance
The property of a
piping material that
enables it to wear away by rusting or by the
aclion of chemicals.
Acid Resistance/ Chemical Resistance
The degree of which a surface, such as
porcelain, enamel, will resist attack by acids.
Thermal Conductivity
The rate of transfer of heat by conduction.
Thermal Expansion
The change in length or volume which a
material or body undergoes being heated.
Thermal Resistivity
An index of material resislance to the
transmission of heat.
Fire Resistance
The capacity of a material or construction to
withstand fire or give protection from it.
Electrical Gonductance/ Conductivity
Ability of a material to conduct elechicity.
Tear Resistance
The property of a material that allows it to
for it to be divided
into piecespun6smentals of plumbing
 Heat Resistance A pipe fitting or a
The ability of a piping malerial to withstand preiormed piece of tubing
the effect of heai without causing which provides 180"
deformatlon to the material, change in direction.

Tear Resistance Elbow

A property of a material characterized by its An elbow is a fitting having a
resistance to tearing under shearing stress.
, 90" change in direction with a
very short radius. lt is suitable
Flow Resistance for use in water supply system
A characterislic of a material that causes as well as vent system. Elbows are available
resistance of liquid to flow. with end connections of all similar sizes or in
various combinations of reduced pipe sizes.
Pressure Resistance
The resistance of a material to
rupture Sftaight Elbow
caused by overpressure of air or liquid inside An elbow having both ends internally
the pipe. threaded and of the same diameter.

Definition of Terms StreeU Service Elbow

Fitting
A fltting
isa
device
used to
connect one or more pipes and/or used to
change the direction of a straight run of pipe. Wye or Wye Branch
Codes require that any change of direction of A wye is fitting used to
piping in a drainage system should have a connect a branch pipe into a
radius of curyature large enough to prevent straight run of piping at 45"
solids from accumulating and to provide angle. Wyes are available
good hydraulic flow characteristics. Fittings with end connections that are
that satisfy these characteristics are known of the same size or with
as drainage-pattern fittings or sanitary- various combinations of reduced pipe sizes
type fiftings; they are required by code to be any direction.
used in drainage systems. Vent piping does
not require drainage-pattern fi ftings. Combination Wye Branch
A single fitting which is a
Bends (Sweeps) combination of a wye branch
A bend or sweep is a and 1/B bend; used in a
fitting used to change drainage system in changing
direciion especially in the direction such as from
sanitary drainage system. horizonlal (branch) to stack or from verlical
Fittings are available with (stack) to horizontal (house drain/ building
changes at various angles. drain).
A 114 bend is a 90" fltting; it is available as
eiiher a short sweep or long sweep (i.e. short Upright Wye Combination
or long radius curvature). A 1/B bend is a 45' A one piece fitting composed of
fitting and a 1116is a22112" fitting. 1/B bend and wye branch where
the branch inlet is parallel to the

Fundamentals of Plumbing
provided where one stack is used as a vent
and the other for soil or waste or both soil or
waste stack.
Inverted Wye Combination
A combined fifting composed of
a 1/8 and wye branch but the
branch inlet is provided with
spigot rather than a bell; it is
used in lieu of ventilation
system, usually installed at the uppermost
portion of the vent stack or main vent.
Tee
A tee is a fitting used to
connect a branch pipe into
straight run of piping at a right
: angle. Where flow
characteristics are important, such as in the
drainage system, code requires that a
sanilary tee be used. Where flow is not a
consideration, such as water supply and vent
piping system, standard tees are permitted.
They are available with end connections of
all similar sizes or in various combinations of
reduced pipe sizes in any direction.
Straight Tee
A tee having all openings the same size.
Street Tee/ Service Tee
A malleable iron fitting for
threaded pipe in the form of
a tee having an outside
thread on one end and an
inside thread on the other and on the branch.
Sanitary T ee
A tee used as fitting for a soil
pipe; designed with a slight
Tapped Tee
A bell-end tee, which has a branch that is
tapped to receive a threaded pipe fifting or a
threaded pipe.
Coupling
A short internally threaded section of pipe,
used to loin two pipes. Couplings are
provided with tiny ridges on
the inside surface the fitting to
allow pipe to seat.
Socket
It has similar application as the coupling but
its ends are enlarged to ptovide additional
mechanical strength.
Adapter
A type of fitting used to connect pipes of
different materials such as from galvanized
steel pipe to plastic or synthetic pipe, the
galvanized pipe being threaded and the
plastic having no threads; a type of transition
fifting.
Nipple
A short length of pipe with external threads at
each end; used to join couplings or fittings.
Close Nipple
A type of nipple with the entire length
externally threaded.
Open Nipple/ Shoulder Nipple
A type of nipple having both ends externally
r?F"ffiq threaded and the midsection
*dF unthreaded.
cap
(rt2$) An internally threaded fitting used

W
main flow.
curve in the 90'transition so as
to channel flow from a branch
line ioward the direction of the
Fff
Plug
to.to.u the end of a pipe.

Sanitary Gross Tee

A type of cross pipe used as fitting, designed
with a slight curve in each of the 90'
& An externally threaded
usually with square head; used to
close the end of a pipe.
fitiing

lransitions so as to channel flow from branch Bushing

 A pipe fifting, which is threaded on
both the inside and the outside so
that it can be used to connect two
pipes (or other fittings) of different sizes.
Flange
A fitting with a projecting collar along the
edge; used on installation requiring an
increased arca coverage for added
mechanical strength.
Union/ Union Patente
A pipe fitting, used to
connect
the ends of two pipes, neither of
which can be turned; consist of
three pieces, the two end pieces
(having inner threads). Which are tightened
around the pipe ends to be joined, and a
center piece, which draws the two end
pieces together as it is rotated, effecting a
seal.
Union Elbow
A pipe elbow having a union
type coupling on one end, so
that the coupling end may be
PIPES.AND FITTINGS
Cast lron (Cl) Soil Pipe
Historical Note; The frst recorded use of cast iron piping
was in 1455 at an installation in Siegedand, Germany- lt was
done by melting iron and poudng it into hollo, , pipe although
joints vlere crude because ro hub and spigot was invented
yet- Another recorded use of casl iron pipe vlas at
Langensalza, Gennany in 1562, used to carry water for a
fountain. ln '1738, charcoal was replaced by coke in lhe
manufactudng process of cast iron pipe.
Cast lron Soil Pipe, known technically as
Gray Cast lron, is a pipe fabricated from an
alloy containing carbon and silicon. lt is
manufactured in
lhree classifications:
Service (Standard) Weight, Extra Heavy
Weight and Hubless. This pipe is usually
lined with cement or coal tar enamel and is
coated externally with a variety of materials
to reduce corrosion by soils. Two iypes of
pipe ends are manufactured: Bell (Hub) and
Spigot and liubless. Bell and Spigot is
available in diamelers from 3 to 15 inches
connected to the end of the pipe without
turning the pipe.
Bend Offset
A change in the direction of a pipeline (other
than 90"), e.g. by a combination of elbows or
bends, which brings one section of the pipe
out of line with but into a line parallel to
another section.
Reducer
A pipe fitting with inside threads, larger at
one end than at the olher.
lncreaser
A tapered coupling used for
joining a pipe to another of
larger size.
Adaptor
A fitting used to connect different types of pipes
together; also a fifting that connects threaded
with non{hreaded pipe, e.g. male adaptor,
female adaptor.
diameters 'from 1 112 to 10 inches (38 to 250
mm). Only an external compression
coupling is required to join hubless pipe
while Bell and Spigot can be joined through
caulking.
Historical Note: ln 1785, Sir Thomas Simpson, an engineer
trom Chealsea Water Company, invented ihe bell and
spigoi joint which had been used extensively ever
since. The eady version of the jojnt used butt joints
wrapped with metal bands and a later version used
flanges, a lead gasket and bolts.
Cast lron is well suited for use in any
Drainage and Vent System. lls advantages
include the ability to withstand external
pressure (such as that resulting from burial
in soil), good fire resistance, low flow
reslstance and good corrosion resistance
in most soils. The use of Cast lron, however,
stories in fhnlghtnglddscsf ffsrf$ifie
 caulk joint between pipe lengths, causing it to 31. S Trap with Vent
deflect. Other disadvantages include 32. Crowfoot
briftleness, low corrosion resistance in
aggressive soils and highly septic effluent, Acid Resistant (AR) Gast lron Pipe
heavy weight and high initial cost. Acid Resistant Gasl lron Pipe, commonly
called High-silicon lron Pipe, is a gray cast
Casl iron is manufactured in lengths of 5 iron alloy containing between 14.5 and 15
feet. The leng{hs are cast in two forms, percent silicon and small amounts of
single and double hub of standard and extra manganese, sulfur and carbon. is lt
heavy duty speciflcation. manufactured in the same dimension as cast
iron pipe but only in the extra heavy weight. lt
Variations of Gast lron Pipe is available with two pipe ends: Bell (Hub)
1. Standard Pipe and Spigot or Hubless. Gaulking is used
2. Single Hub (SH) in the Hub and Spigot. Compression
3. Double Hub (DH) Couplings are used in the Hubless Pipes.
4. Hubless Acid Resistant Cast lron Pipe is used for
drainage of conosive liquids and in exposed
Cast lron Fittings or underground applications where it may be
1. ll4Bend subject to physical damage.
114 Bend, Short Sweep (SS)
1/4 Bend, Long S!'reep (LS) Galvanized Steel(GS) Pipes and Fittings
1/4 Bend, Long Low Hub (LLH) Galvanized Steel Pipe is made of mild steel
1/5 Bend that is drawn through a die and welded. To
1/6 Bend accomplish its galvanization, it is dipped in a
f/8 Bend bath of zinc, which treatment serves to some
1/8 Bend Offset extent the pipe against the effects of acids.
1/16 Bend Acids which are harmful to cast iron will
10. Single and Double Wye Branches destroy galvanized iron. This is especially
1 1. Single and Oouble Wye Gombination true if the pipe is not thoroughly galvanized.
12. Single and Double Upright Wye Galvanized Steel Pipe is manufactured in
Branches large number of alloys. It is available either
13. Single and Double lnverted Wye plain (black) or galvanized (zinc coated). lts
Branches wall lhicknesses ranges from Schedule 10
14. Single and Double Sanitary Branches (lightest) to Schedule 80 {heaviest). The
15. Double Hub relationship between schedule and wall
16. Reducer thicknesses depend on the pipe diameter.
17. lncreaser
18. Vent Branches Galvanized Steel Pipes can be obtained with
19. Tapped Tee threaded (for screwed fiftings), plain ends
20. Cross Tee (Iapped) and beveled ends (for welding). Steel Pipes
21. lnverted tillye are used for Veni Systems, for Gravity
22. Cleanout Tee Branch Drainage Systems where human waste is not
23. 112 S or P Trap discharged, for indirect waste lines and for
24. Cleanout Ferrule Water Supply (pressurized or non-
25. Reducing Short Tee pressurized) Systems. Advantages of Steel
26. Reducing Long Tee Pipes include its availability in long lengths, it
27. Reducing 45'Wye availability in varying thicknesses to meet
28. Short Tee Wye almost any design condiiion, and high
29. Long Tee Wye ' internal and external skength. lt has good

F;nd;;d;6is ;i P'il ilbi ;;

 a low initial cost. A disadvantage is its low 3. For Sanitary and Storm Drainage
corrosion resistance, which results in the Piping' Cast lron Recessed Fittings
need for internal and external corrosion Wall Thicknesses
protection- galvanization being the most '1. Standard Wall

commonly used method of such protection. 2. Extra Strong Wall

3. Double Extra Strong Wall
Types of Galvanized Steel Pipes
Galvanized S1eel (GS) Fittings
1. Welded Pipe (Butt Welded and 1.90'Elbow
Continuous Welded Pipe) 2.60'Elbow
Made by drawing flat strip of steel through 3.45o Elbow
die to form the round shape and then electric 4.90'Street Elbowor Service Ell
butt welded down lhe seam. 5.45" Slreet Elbow
Manufactured in 20 foot lengths 6. Straight Elbow
2. Seamless Pipe 7, Straight Tee
Made by piercing red ho1 solid, cylindrical B. Street Tee
billet of steel with a series of mandrels while 9. Coupling
passing the metal through rollers. 10. Socket
Manufactured in 20 fooi lengths, although 1 1. Reducing Socket
random lengths ranging from 16 fl. to 48 ft. 12. Union
may be available. 13. Nipple
Steel Pipe is cleaned and then dipped in a 14. Cap
hot (870" F/ 465' C.) bath of molten zinc. 15. Plug
Nominal Pipe Sizes (NPS) 16. Cross Tee
118", 1t4", 1t2", 3t4", 1 1t4", 1 1n,2",2 17. Hex Bushing
1 n", 3", 3 1i2", 4", 5", 6", 8", 10", 12" A. 18, Face Bushing
'19. Flange

Galvanized Wrought lron Pipe

Galvanized Wrought lron Pipe is better
fifted for plumbing installation than steel pipe.
It is constructed of wrought iron, dipped in
molten zinc, and may be identified by its dull,
greyish color. Tesls have indicated that this
type of pipe resists acid wastes more
favorably than does steel, which is an
important factor to consider when specifying
plumbing materials.

Ductile lron (Dl) Pipe

Uses of Threaded Galvanized Steel Pipes
'1. For water supply piping- galvanized
Malleable lron Fittings
Threaded
Ductile lron is cast iron in which the carbon
is reformed by magnesium inoculation,
resulting in a material having high strength
without olherwise changing its basic
properties. As a result, ductile iron pipe has
largely replaced iron water mains that were
common many years ago. Good conosion
resistance makes this type of pipe
especially useful in underground
undamentals of Plumbing
 The pressure rating of duclile iron pipe
having a nominal diameter between 3 and 24
inches (7.6 and 61 cm) is 350 psi (2413 kPa)
plus a surge pressure of 100 psi (6B9 kPa).
This type of pipe can be joined using
mechanical couplings, gasketed joints or
flange joints.
The advantages of this type of pipe are the
same as those for cast iron pipe. lt has the
additional advantage of having a higher
pressure rating and higher external load-
. bearing capacity when subject to earth load
and olher materials. This material is not as
briftle as cast kon pipe thereby resistance to
damage caused by handling. lnilial cost of
this type of material is higher than that of
cast iron pipe.
Plastic or $ynthetic Pipe
Plastic or Synthetic Pipe is fabricated in
great varieiy of compositions, many of which
are suitable for drainage and vents as well
as for water supply systems- hot and cold
application. The applicable code is usually
the mosl important factor in determining the
, .- !sg..glg :91e9.!.10j- ol plastic pipe for such
purposes.
Plastic pipe is manufactured in two general
types: Theilnoset (fS) and Thermoplastic
(TP). Thermoset piping (Epory and
Phenolic) is not affected by heat and will
remain permanently rigid. lt is more resistant
to solvents than thermoplastics.
Thermoplastic piping softens when subjected
to heat and rehardens upon removal of heal.
This process of heating and rehardening
affects the strength of pipe. Therefore, the
selection of plastic pipe must be ciosely
coordinated wilh the pipe hangers and pipe
support system.
The advantages of plastic pipe in drainage
and vent systems include excellent
resistance to a very wide variety of
sanitary and chemical. effluents,
resistance to aggressive soils, availability
flow and low iniiial cost. Disadvantages
include poor slructural stability,
susceptibility of some type of plastics to
physical changes resulting from exposure
to sunlight, low resistance to solvents,
poor fire resisiance, low pressure ratings
at elevated temperatures and the
produc{ion of toxic gases which are
released upon combustion of some types of
plastic pipes,
Types of Plastic or Synthetic Pipes
1. Rigid Type (10 ft. long)
1 .1 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
A rigid, strong and economical pipe.
This pipe has excellent chemical
resistance, good crush resistance and
impact strength, fire resistant (self-
extinguishing), is functional up to 120"
F in pressure systems and pressure 180o
F in non-pressure systems, such as
Drain, Waste and Vent (DWV) applications;
used in pressure supply and drainage
systems to carry water for uses such as
golf course sprinklers and agricultural
irrigation and in
underground gas
distributioR systems; industrial and
chemical piping, corosive fume ducting
and crude oil transportation.
1.2 Chlorinated Polyvinyl Ghloride
(cPVc)
A kind of plastic pipe which has excellent
chemical, crush and fire resistance,
high impact and tensile strengh, and is
non.toxic; CPVC can be used for hot and
cold waier applications. Funclions at 180"
F in pressure systems and at higher
temperatures in low and non-pressure
systems. CPVC does require a special
solvent cement used for other types of
plastic welding. lt is also used in hot and
cold water supply system and hot and cold
chemical distribution systems,
1.3 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
(ABS)
Fundamentals of Plumbing
 Has good ehemieal rcsistanee, excellent
impaet strength, especially at lolv
temperatures and maintains rigidity at high
iemperatures. Maximum functional
temperature is 180" F for non-pressure
system.
1.4 Rubber Modified Styrene (SR)
It has good crush resistance, fair impact
strength and moderate chemical
resistance. SR is lightweight but brittle at
low temperatures. Functions at a maximum
of 160" F. SR is used for drainage and
sewage systems, underground
downspout drains, underground
electrical cortduits, septic tank
absorption fields and foundation drains.
1.5 Polypropylene (PP)
Excellent chemical resistance, resistant
to sulphur bearing compounds,
lightweight, good tensile strength and
saltwater resistant. Stronger and more
rigid than Polyethylene with a higher
functioning temperature (190'F),
Polypropylene is popular as a material for
tubular products, such as P-traps,
because of its high chemical resistance.
1.6 Polyvinylidine Fluotide (PVDF) Kern-
Temp
This is strong, tough and abrasive-
resistant fluorocarbon material. lt has
excellent chemical resistance to most
acids, bases and organic solvents and is
ideally suited for handling wet or dry
chloride, bromine and other halogens. lt
can be used in temperatures of up to
280'F (220"C).
1.7 Polyacetal (ACETAL)
Excellent resistance to paraffins and
solvents, high resistance to surge
fatigue, non-toxic and approved for
potable unter. ACETAL is used for
process system; soivent handling;
agricultural chemicals, crude oil and
natural gas distribution systems.
Ployacetal is also used foi manufacturing
2. FlExihle Type (3C rn up to 150 meters
long)
2.1 Polyethylene (FE)
Excellent chemical and cruslr
resistance, has impaet strength and
flexibility and good low temperature
performance. Functions in temperatures
from -65' to 120" F in low pressure
applications and up to 200'F in non-
pressure applications. PE is used in low
pressure water sysiem, such as golf
course sprinkler; used to carry corrosive
liquids and gases; as underground
conduits and gas pipe reliners; in
industrial and chernical laboratory
drainage systems and underground gas
piping. Perforated PE is used as a
corugated drainage pipe for foundation
drainage,
2.2 Polybutylene (PB)
Only flexible plastic tubing suitable for use
with hot and cold unter pressure
system. PB has excellent chemical
resistance to acids and alkalis but is not
suited for fuel oil, gasoline or kerosene
distribution systems.
Polybutylene can be joined with heat
fusion, flare or compression fittings.
However, it is not solvent weldable.
Several plaslic {itting designs are available
for use with PB.
Polybutylene has excellent shength
characteristics. Manufacturers of PB claim
that should water freeze inside, lhe tubing
will not burst. However, some fittings used
with PB will break under ice expansion.
PB is rated to function at 180' up to 100
psi; higher temperatures can be tolerated
with relatively small reduction in pressure.
Gopper Tube
Gopper Tube is used in water supply
system- hot and cold, sanilary (drainage,
waste and vent) systems. lt is a seamless
tube made from almost pure copper (99.9
percenl) and is available only in drawn, soft
form wilh plain ends, Joint for this pipe can
Fundamentals of Plumbing
 prcvides adequate sirength: it is also iess availabie only in drawn, soft, form with plain
costly than brazing. lt is pilmarily used in ends. Joints can either be soldered or
residential building for waste lines and for brazed. This type of tubing is available in
larger buildings for loeal branch lines where diameters from 2 to 6 inches (50 to 150 mm),
human waste is not discharged. lt Its advantages include lightweight, ease of
advantages include lightweight, ease of assembly and a smooth interior. lts
assenbly and a smooth interior. lts disadvantages include corrosive aftack by
disadvantages include corrosive attack by ordinary sewage, poor fire resistance and the
ordinary sewage, poor fire resistance and need for dielecfic connections to eliminaie
the need for dielectric connections to galvanic corrosion is necessary.
eliminate galvanic corrosion where lhis 5 Type ACR (Ah conditioning and
material is connected to iron piping. Gopper Refrigeration)
tube is sized according to its inside diameter 50' coils and rigid 20' lengths. Most
rather than its oulside diameter since copper refrigeration copper has mpisture removed
tube has thin wall and it varies slightly and ends sealed for better performance of
depending on the'wall thickness. As a rule refrigerants. Flexiblei brass or soft aluminum
outside dimension is always 1/B inch bigger pipe seems to be efficient for gas
than the given size. Copper fubes are transmission to household heating and
manufactured in rigid (hard temperi and are appliances.
available in lengths by the foot in straight
lengths and the other type which is flexible
(soft temper) which is manufactured in
lengths ranging from 30 feet to 60 feet in
coil form. Hard temper copper tubes are
generally used in exposed areas and resists
dents caused by improper handling during
installation. Soft temper copper tubes are
used where {lexibility is a consideration.

Types of Copper Tubes and its

Application
1. Type K (green) heaviest- used in
municipal and residential installation.
Available in both rigid and flexible forms with
diameters ol 114", 318", 314', 112', 3/4" and
'1'

2. Type L (blue) lighter than K- used often in

resideniial water lines. K and areL
manufactured in hard (rigid 20'lengths) and
sofi (60', 100' and 200', ihe latter in smaller
sizes). Available in both rigid and flexible Brass Pipe
forms in 114" to 1" diameters. Brass is manufactured from an alloy
3 Type M (red)- hard (20' lengths and containing 85 percent copper and 15
unde$. Recommended for light domestic percent zinc. For drainage syslems, tubing
waier lines and is not permifted in some city having plain ends is used. Joints can be
codes. either screwed or soldered. Brass pipe is
4. Type DW (Drain, Waste and Vent) generally used in local branch lines and in
(yellolv)- Rigid only and comes in lengths of alternation to match existing work. The
20'. This is a searnless tube made from advantages and disadvantages of brass pipe
as those for
Fundamentals of Plumbing
 except that brass can be used as a drain
pipe under pressure.
Lead Pipe
Lead pipe is made from 99.7 percent pig
lead; various alloys are available for special
applications, Lead pipe is used for
connections to floor rnounted water
closets, for radioactive wastes, and for
special laboratory corrosive wastes. lt is
rarely used in modern drainage system,
Medical findings showed that the use of this
material should be avoided because of its
harmful effect io human.
Vitrified Glay Pipe
Vitrified Clay Pipe and Fittings are used for
underground public sewerc, house
sewerc and house drains. They are
commonly used for storm as well as
sanitary seuaer installations. The pipe is
made of clay to which water has been added
and cast inio lengths of 2 feet 6 inches. lt is
provided with a bell and spigot end so it can
be joined. After the pipe has been removed
from the mold it is treated with glaze and
fired in large kilns under temperatures of
2500" F. to make it impervious to moisture.
Vitrified Clay Pipe is resistant to most acids
and is well fitted for underground work of this
kind. The joints for example must be acid
resistant. The standard fifting used in
connection with vitri{ied clay pipe are curves,
Y branch, double Y branch and short and
long turn elbows.
Bituminous Fiber Seraer Pipe
Asbestos Cement Pipe
Asbestos Cement Pipe is manufactured in
sizes ranging from 3 to 36 inches in diameter
for pressures of 50 to 200 pounds. lt is
composed of cement and asbestos fibers
and formed under high pressure into a
dense, tough material of good strength and
durability. This material offers excellent
resistance to destructive elements, and its
smooth inner surface promotes ease of
flow. It is not subject to eleptrolytic action
which condition is the
internal corrosion that increases friction and
impedes flow. Unfortunately, this materia! is
avoided in most conslruction as well as
plumbing application because of health
hazards it causes,
Concrete Pipe
Concrete pipe are mostly used for storm
drainage applicalion but sometimes used for
water supply and sewage system installation.
Concrete is the main component of concrete
pipe which is composed of cement, fine
aggregates and water. After mixing these
components the cement hydrates and
eventually dries out into a stonelike material.
Concrete pipe may be classified as
Reinforced Concrete Pipe and Non-
reinforced Concrete Pipe. Reinforced
concrete are those with large pipe diameters
usually diameters more than 300 mm are
those that are usually reinforced smaller lhan
these diameters are usually non-reinforced.
Block Tin
Block Tin is seldom used for water supply
because of ils cost and also because of lhe
difficulties encountered in making joints when
this material is used. Since the metal is
extremely soft, there is the danger that an
inexperienced plumber or a pipefitter may
permit the heat from the iron to destroy
sections of the pipe.
Aluminum Pipe
This rnaterial has appeared in tire market in
quantities only sufficient to augment, in some
sections, the limited supply of galvanized iron
and copper pipe. Two reasons why
aluminum pipe is not used extensively are
that its cost remains high and that chemical
contained in the water may attack the metal.
Stainless Steel Pipe
Magnesium Pipe
Though magnesium is comparatively a new
element, the fact that it can be claimed for
sea water at low cost iends to promote its
use. The magnesium tube or anode, used in
rnost water heaters counleracts electrolytic
Fundamentals of Plumbing
action and prevents precipitation of lime
upon the inner walls of the tank.

Speci al ized Pipe m ate i al Underground Buiiding Drainage and Vent

Glass Pipe
Pipinq Material
Glass Pipe is
fabricated from low Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABSi plastic pipe
expansion borosilicate glass having low Asbestos cement pipe
alkali content. This pipe is primarily used for Cast iron pipe
drainage of various corosive liquids. lt is Concrete pipe
very brittle and should be used where some Copper pipe or coppeFalloy pipe (Type K, L, M or
DW\4
measure of protection is provided against
Polyolefin pipe
damage. Polwinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe (Type DWV)
Source: The
Materials Recommended for Different
Plumbing Systems Application Sewer
Piping Material
Acrvlonitrile buladiene stvrene [ABS) Dlastic DiDe
Asbeslos cement DiDe
Bituminized fiber pipe
Cast iron pioe
Confiete pipe
Copper pipe or copper-alloy pipe fiype K L, M or
DWV)
Polwinvl chloride {PVC) Dlastic pi0e (Tvpe DWV)
Vitrified clav 0i0e
Plumbing

Storrn Sewer
Source: The BOCA National Plumbing Code (1993) Pioinq Material
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic pipe
Asbestos cement Dipe
Bituminized flber oioe
Cast kon pipe
Concrete pipe
Copper pipe or copper-alloy pipe (Type K, L, M or
DWV)
Polwinyl chloride (PVC) piastic pipe {Type DWV)
Vitrified clay pipe
Source: The

Source: The BOCA Na onal Plumbing Code (1993)

Copper pipe or copper-alloy pipe (Type K, L, M or

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe (Type Sewer

Copper pipe or mp0er-alloy pipe (rype K. L, l\,,r or

I
 PLUMBING UALVES

Gate Valve
Gate valves have a wedged-shaped closure member seated into a metal recess. Used for on-and-off control,
4tr-e*i
&
.)E generally for liquids, they are available in a wide variety of sizes, body shapes, stem configuations,
body and
intemal malerials, and pressure ranges. They arc not recommended for throttling service,-and they have low
resistance to flow.

ffi
Globe valves, named
Globe Valve
forthe round shape of the body, have a closure member that is generally a disc sealed on a
resilient seat. Body types include straight through and angle configurations. Used primarily fbr throttling service,
they have a high resistance to flow because 0f the diverted passage 0f fluid around ihe seat.

Check Valve
check valve prevents the reverse flow of_fluids. The most commonly used valves are lift and swing types,
afthough ball closures are also available. Vvhen used for sanitary drainage service, check valves ,reieieneO
to as backwater valves.

Ball Valve
Ball valves are named ior he round closure member that consists of a round port drilled through
therralve and sealed tightly on a resilient seat when tumed. classffied as a quarter turn valve, tie
body is available in one-, two, orthree piece construction. used for throt ing and shutoff service,
ball valves.are suitable for power actuation and have low resistance t0 flow- They are often used
for medical gas service when specifically cleaned and packaged for health care facilities.

t. '.. Plug Valve

Plug valves are named for the tapered, cylindrical closure member, which has a pon through it that

.-
- fluid around the seat.

Butterlly valve

' - . Butterfly valves use a thin, rolating disk in the flow path as the cl0sure member, sealing on a resjlient
seal at the.perim€ter of the valve body. Classified as a quarter tum valve, they are used foi both throt ing
=-
. and shutoff service. V/hen no leakage is desired, a "bubble tight' seat is used. Butterfly valves have loi

i, ...
''..I
Balanced Valve
--. A balanced valve is used on pipelines operating under such high pressurcs that lhe
opening of a gate valve or the closing of a globe valve would be diificu-lt. Balanced valies are used
also on
automatic control devices. The valve has an inlet and an outlet end, and it must be placed in the pipeline
with hs
inlet upstream. Pressure is then exerted equally against both disks, and to move the disXs it is'necessary
io
overcome only the friclion of the valve parts and lhe weight of the mechanism.

,t!i " "'" """

Pressure- reliel or Saleg Valve
l';1:1
l:.ij
. ::
:''
. Pressure relief or safety valves are used to prevent or to relieve dangerously high pressures
plumbing. They are essential 0n hot-water supplies. Ihe contml disk sh6wn is "helci' in 'piace
in
by an
i';{,"iij" r:,{i, adjuslable connection in the spring. when the pressure becomes too high, the disk is forced otf its seat

. ..;ll - and the pressure in the tank 0r pipe is rclieved. i he valve should be designed with a free opening equal
l0 or greater than the cross-sectional area of the pipe ln which lhe pressure is to be relieved.
,,.,, , , , tr.
 Temperature-Pressure-reliel Valve
r:!:; :i rtr/ Temperature-pressure-relief valves open to relive hot-water 0r steam pressure
!) "': when the
temperature has reached a predetermined value. such valyes are more sensitive
r::.liil.- than pressure-
relief safety valves and are prefened for hot-water-heater protection in some plumbing
,. .l
l_ ,,1 l* "'
i
r, codes.
valves are temperature from rising above a predetermined limit. lf the temperature cannot
The
rise, the
]. fl?
lli ril -''''r pressure is controlled. Hence, the selection of the size of the valye is based
'r

; on the heat-unit iBtui

input of the device to be protected.
ill lir.
{ir't'-:lrrirr 1.1
Ait+eliel Valve
1.,,t
'..r:rr
'::r:{r rrnr
These valves are used on water supply syslems in which air may become
entrained to such an extent as to cause tr0uble. water-supply pipes should be
laid on such a slope that air will rise through the pipes t6 ilie valve, which is
placed at the hjghest point on the system. The valve operates as follows: wtien
the vitve is tilteo wittr water, ttte
float presses the vatue shut and no water can escape. A bubble of air, rising through tre air-reriet pipe,'wirj
enter the valve chambel and displace some water. The float will drop, opening the vitve to retease
air. Waiei
will f0llow immediately into the valve chamber, raising the float and closing the valve again.

This consisls of a large number of small valves, similar to the valves for reciprocating pumps,
placed in,the bottom of.the foot piece. Anoth.er type 0f foot valve consists
of a single hing;d flad i;
place of the many smallvalves shown in the figure.

Water-closel Flushometer Valve

water closes can be flushed by admitting water to the closet bowl direcfly from the watersupply pipes.
To
avoid the use of an excessive amount 0f water a should be used that wili remain op*
i^t rong €iilugh io
deliver the required amounl of water and will then close automatically. The valve should 'be
d;ig;il;;th;i
it cannot be held open.

$amples ol Fixture Trims and Valves

Thermoslalic ltlixing Valves BS14i5 Type Valve

. Failsafe thermostatic mixing valve

. Suitable tor carelnursing home use. Subject to dsk assessment
. Meels the requirements of BS 41 S pt ll 1

. ltRC approved
. Suitable for 15mm and 22mm pipe work
. Tamper resistant loeking cap
o lntegral non retum valves and strainers
. Superiorflow characteristics
. Minimum operating pressure 0.1 bar

Ptomix 22 Balh-till Thennostalic Mizing Uake YMVO Ualue (pWD6S0)

 . Fail-safe thermostatic mixing valve approved to the TMV3 Standard
. Suitable for healthcare applications.
. Exceeds the requirements of 8S141 5 pt ll and the NHS Estates Model Engineering specification DOg
. WRC approved
. Suitable for 22mm pipe wori(
. Meets the Tlvlv3 Requirement for low pressure bath fill at T44
. Superiorflow characteristics

Dial Up Sening Pressure Reducing Valve

. Fasy set visual outlet pressure indicator

. BSP male union connection
. Suitable for domestic, commercial and industrial fluid systems
. High flow rates without noise (less than 20db)
. Suitable for water, air, fuel and neutral gas
. Drop tight seal
. WRG approved . .ldil -r
. Maxirnum inlet pressure 25 bar/362psi '..., '' 1

. Adjustable outlet pressure range .bbar/ 22 psi to 6 bar/g7 psi

. Max operating temperature 70" C
1
't#..'
. %' BSPF integral gauge connection point

Pressure Equalizing Valves

'lower
Automatically equalizes hot and coid water pressure by dynamically adiusting the
higher water pressure lo balance wfth the

. Can tum a manual shower into a shower that doesn,t suffer temperature fluctuations
. Provides stable water temperature
. Pressure range Spsi to 150psi
. Eliminates risk of scalding
. Cost effective and easy to install
. Cast brass body, premium nickelfinish
. lsmm compression connections
. Can be used on low and "mains' pressure hot water systems
. ldeal for rest homes, hostels, hotels, private homes, sports clubs, hospitals

FINURE TRIMS

Compression Faucets
A compression faucet is an adaptation of a globe valve. lt is commonly used on.bathfub,
lavatory, and some other plumbifg
fixtures. The faucets are equipped with a soft gisket or packing.
This reqLiires occasionil re;r*rl;i'mry gi;; voubte if exposei
to hot water under high pressure. There are two general
rypeJot these iaucets and nany modifications. in"one type the banel is
threaded to receive a conespondingly thrcaded plunger thlt canies the washer
to the .eir rn r. secono type the ttrreaoeo stem
actuates a s{luared plug which moves up and down inside a banel squared to
recei{e it compression tiuceiJire open to many of
the same objections as the globe valve, parricularly with regard to tortuous passages,
small waleMay, and relatively high l0ss 0f
head' The faucets require a number of tums ol the-handle oi wheel t0 open or
close them. The etfort is sgmetimes bothersome i0
the user, but the slow motion is a preventivi of excessive water hammer.

Fundamentals of Plumbing
 Sell-closing Faucets
Self-closing faucets are used in public buildings and in institutions to conserve water. Their use jn undesirable on lavatories in
sleeping rooms in h0tels without direct connection t0 toilets because the lavatories may be used as udnals and for
0ther
objectionable purposes, and the self-closing laucet forces the legitimate user to place watei in the lavatory for personal washing
purposes.

Mixing Faucets and Temperalute-control Faucels

Mixing faucets are used lo supply from one nozle or opening water 0f any desired temperature between the limjts of the
temperatures ol the cold-water supply.and the hot-water supply. A type of faucet is available that will suppty water at the same pre
determined temperature wheneverthe faucet is tumed on.

Three methods are in use for temperature control in mixing faucets: manual, pressure, and thennostatic. Manually controlled
mixing faucets are sometimes called combination faucets. The cold water and hot the hot water have a common ouflet, the mixture
of waters occuning in the nozzle 0f the faucet. Temperature is conilolled by manipulating each valve handle as required. Such
faucets are usually satisfactory on baihfubs, kitchen sinks, lavatodes, and laundry trays, particularly when equipped with a
long
swinging nozle that permits the discharge of water at various parts of the fixtuie. The iaucets may be obli:ciibnable
in som6
installations where there are marked differences of pressure between the two water supplies, cold and hot. Un'der such
conditions
the waten may not mix and nothing bd cold or hot water flows through the base 0f the mixinb faucet into the lower-pressure
water
supply.

Manually controlled mixing faucets may be objectionable 0n shower heads, particularly when there is a long pipe between
the
mixing taucet and the shower head. After the bather has adjusted the temperature ot th! water to his liking, sudden i
change in
pressure in one of be supply pipes npy chill or scald him. Manual adiustment of the temperature
at the-shower head ma! be
difficuh because of the lag in temperature change after a movement of the hot-water or cold-water handle due t0 the effect
oi the
length of pipe from mixing faucet t0 the shower head.

Murano iasin single bver mixer. Wift pop-up assembly. P€rmatec coated salety ghss dish. Ceramic dlsc cadridge
wilh
adjushble temperature and iow nte limitation. FI€$bl€ conneclion hoses. Mounting hob size dianeter 1-V8". Flo-w rate:
2.2gpm @ 60psi. Reach: &1/2". Abo avaihble with 5-7,i8. spout model 12.S21-042.070 (piccob).

K4 Prep Sink Single Spny Pull-out Kitchen taucet With Singb Lever Handle. Ceramic cartridge. Spout Gach: Z-3/10,. overatl
heighl 11-5/8'. Variable handle posilioning {Ieft, ight, or center and a poinb in betrtren).22 gpm at 60 psi,2.S gpm at80
pst.

OTHER APPURTENANCES
Pressure Regulators
Pressure regulators can be placed on water supply line where the supply pressure is greater than
desired in the plumbing system.
Pressure regulators should be used where the pressure may exceed i0
to g0 psi"for rn rppnri.lt. peiioa ot time. sucl a
c0ndition often arises in tall buildings and occasionally in hilly cities. Pressurc regulators can be made
to ghe any drfference of
plessure desicd, but the regulators available on the market are commonly
limhed t-o a minimum ot 14 psi foia supply pressure of
40 psi and.a minimum of 40 psi for.a supply pressure of 200 psi. Between these limits almost ariy teiireO pieisure can
be
obtained- The principle of operation of olg type of pressure regulator is illustrated beiow. The desired
low pressure is fixed by
tuming the nut at B, ihus opening or closin'g the balanced valve ihat is supported on the flexible disk and
spring C. ln operation, t

Fundamentals of Plumbing
disk up and panly closlng the valve. lf the plessurc below the regriat0r becomes too low, the pressure
0n the flexible djsk is
relleved and the spring C opens the baianced valt€ in the regulator.

Ah inlet Valves, Vaeuum Breakers, and Baeldlow preuenters

AiI inlet valves ale used to admit air t0 a pipe or closed vessel to relieve vacuum. fypes of air-inlet and atr-reliet
are show below.
The type oi valve shown can be used on hot water storage tanks and in other locations where there is
no ilow of liquid under
pressule past the valve. Vacuum breakets or backflow preventers are required
by most codes to prevent siphonage in waier-supply
pipes. Alihough the terms bacfflow preventer and vacuum breaker are noi synonymous,
tirey are sometime used in trade
publications. A check valve is a backfiovr prev€nter. The vacuum breaker admits
aii to preventihe creation of a virurr.
 PLUfuIBiNG VALVES
Arch. Ratiy Cueva Alli

A valve is a fitting installed by plumbers on a

_.-f""- used for individual plumbing
piping system to control the flow of fluid - r f".-- fixture control such as lavatory.
within that system. '!,tL
-.- water closet, eic.
Tr#;.
'f{!
Types of Plumbing Valves E3-
1. Gate Valve/ Fullway Valve 6. Butterfly Valve
Gate valves are valves that control the A valve with a rotating disk (ihe butterfly)
flow of liquid moving through the valve by that fits within the valve body. The rotation
means of a gate-like wedge disc which fits of the disk is by means of a shaft from the
against a smooth machined surface, called disk connected to the handle,
seat, within the valve borly. Also referred to
a Fullway Valve. 7. Backwater valve
A type of check valve installed to prevent
2. Globe Valve the backflow of sewage from flooding the
A compression type valve basement or lower floors of a building,
in which the flow of water is
controlled by means of a B. Pressure Reducing Valve/ Pressure
circular disc that is forced Regulating Valve
(compressed) onto or An automatic device used for converting
withdrawn from an annular high, fluctuating inlet water pressure to a
ring, known as valve seat, which surrounds lower constant pressure.
the opening through which water flows,
9. Relief Valve
3. Check Valve/ No-return Valve/ Reflux A safety device that automatically provides
Valve protection against excessive temperatures,
A valve that permits the excessive pressures or both. This is
flow of water wiihin the pipe installed in water heating equipment to
in only one direction and protect from the danger of overheating and
closes automatically to explosion.
prevent backflow (the flow in
a reverse direction). 10. Foot Valve
A valve that is installed at the base or foot
4. Ball Valve of the suction line of a pump in a water
A valve in which the cistern or reservoir.
flow of fluid is controlled
by a rotating drilled ball 11. Float Valve
that fits tightly against a A valve used to control the water level in a
resilient (flexible) seat in the valve body. A tank or other conlainer. lt is operated by a
ball valve is basically a core cock with a float and the closing or opening of which is
spherical seat. dependent on the rise and fall of the float
ball.
5, Angle Valve
A giobe valve in v'rhich the inlet and outiei
openings are at 90' angle to one another;

Fundamentals of Plumbing
 PLUMEING VALVES
Arch Ralty Cucva All

Definition

A valve is a fitting installed by plumbers on a

piping system to control the flow of fluid
within that system in one or more o{ the
following ways:
1 . To turn the flow on;

2. To turn the flow off;

3. To regulate the flow by permitting flow
in one direction only (that is, to prevent
backflow, to regulate pressure or to
relieve excess temperature andi or
pressure.

Basic Parts of a Typical Valve

1. Valve Body
2. Rising Stem- lnside Screw
2. Disc
3. GaskeU Washer
4. Valve Seat
5. Stem
6. Packing
7. GIand
B, Bonnet
L Handle/ Handwtreel

Types of Plumbing Valves

1. Gate Valve/ Fullway Valve
Gate valves are valves that control the
flow of liquid moving through the valve by
3, Non-Rising Stem- lnside Screw
means of a gateJike wedge disc which fits
against a smooth machined surface, called
seat, within the valve body. Also referred to
a Fullway Valve.

Two types of Wedge Disc Gate valve

1 . Solid-wedge Disc

2, Split-wedge Disc

Three Types of Stems

1 . Rising Stem- Outside Screw and yoke

(os & Y)
2. Globe Valve
A compression type valve in which the
flow of water is controlled by means of a

Fundamentals of Plumbing
 circular dlsc that is forced (compressed)
onlo or withdrawn from an annular ring,
known as valve seat, which sunounds the
opening through which water flows.

Two Types of Check Valve According to

Manner of lnstallation
1 . Horizontal Check Valve

H.*- * 2. Vertical Check Valve

Types of Globe Valve Types of Check Valve According to

1. Plug Type Mechanism
1 . Swing Check Valve
2. Lift Check Valve
3. Ball Check Valve
4. Ball Valve
A valve in which the flow of fluid is
controlled by a rotating drilled ball that fits
2. Conventional Type tightly against a resilient (flexible) seat in
the valve body. A ball valve is basically a
core cock with a spherical seat.

3. Composition Type

5, Angle Valve
A globe valve in which the inlet and outlet
openings are at 90" angle to one another;
used for indjvidual plumbing flxture control
such as lavatory, water closet, etc.
3. Check Valve/ No-return Valve/ Reflux
Valve
A valve that permits the flow of water
within the pipe in only one direction and
closes automatically to prevent backflow
(the flow in a reverse direction).

Fundamentals of Plumbing
 6. Butterfly Valve
A valve with a rotating disk (the butterfly)
that flts within the valve body. The rotation
of the disk is by means of a shaft from the
disk connected to the handle
1 1 Sillcocks and Boiler Drains
.
Si{lcocks and Boiler Drains are two types of
angle, compression stop valves. A siilcock
is installed on the outside of a building so
thal a garden hose may be attached. A
boiler drain is a valve that is installed on a
tank (such as a water heater) for draining
and/or flushing. Boiler drains and sillcocks
are nearly identical, except lhat a sillcock
has a mounting flange and the boiler drain
has a screw threads for direct mounting
onto a lank.

Sillcock

7. Backwater valve
A type of check valve installed to prevent
the backflow of sewage from flooding the
basement or lower floors of a buildino.

Types of Backwater Valve

1. Swing Backwater Valve
2. Ball Type Backwater Valve
B. Pressure Reducing Valve/ Pressure
Regulating Valve
An automatic device used for converting
high, fluctuating inlet water pressure io a
loweI constant pressure.
9. Relief Valve
A safety device that automatically provides
protection against excessive temperatures,
excessive pressures or both. This is
rnstalled in water heating equipment to
protect from the danger of overheating and
explosion,
10. Stop and Waste Valve
A type of compression stop valve with
side porl into the valve body. This is used
to control'the flow of wate'r to fixtures, such
Boiler Drain
1 2. Foot Valve
A valve that is installed at the base or foot
of the suction line of a pump in a water
cistern or reservoir.
13. Float Valve
A valve used to control lhe water level in a
tank or other container. lt is operated by a
float and the closing or opening of which is
dependent on the rise and fall of the float
ball.
14. Flush Valve/ Flushometer/
Flushometer Valve
A valve used for flushing a flxture by using
water directly from the water supply pipes
a or in connection with a special flush tank.
15. Mixing Valve

Fundamentals of Plumbing
 A valve which mixes liqurd, by either Types of Water Meters
automatic or manual reg ulation. 1 . Disk Type Water Meter

.16.
A disk type waler meter is used for
Hydrant Valve measuring the flow of water through small
A valve in a hydrant used for drawing water water services; also called displacemenl
directly from the main; primarily used in meters.
conneclion with fire protection or
suppression system.

Uses of Plumbinq Valves

1. A corporation cock is rnstalled at the
connection of water service to the water
main.

2. A curb cock is located near the curb line of

2. Turbine Meter
the building property to provide a means of
A turbine meter is used in buildings in
conkolling the water service to the building.
which water is used in large and constant
volume.
3. A fullway valve is installed before the
:-. .F-d
water meter. I i ,r'" "',*o ,.ilr;-
.4 .. :- iii,... ".-
**' i'( i vii. -:.eLi.-..n
4. lf necessary, a pressure reducing valve *'" /..liM r!-.-
t4< Er" e: -1": )ry

would be installed between the water . f- )r< .

meter valves. /- -***

5. A fullway valve is installed on the cold 3. Compound Meter
water supply to all hot water heating A compound meter is a meter that unites a
equipment. disk and turbine meter in one body.

6. A relief valve is tnstalled on all hot water

heating equipment.

7. A sill cock should be provided with a

control valve located inside the building.

B. All water closets must have an individual

control valve,

9. ln apartment building, each family dwelling

unit must be equipped with shuloff valves
conkolling hot and cold water supply to
that unit or the plumbing fixtures and
appltances in that unit.

Water Meter
A water meter is a device used to measure
the volume of water that passes through
the water service.
 Piston-b,p€ Flushometer Valve Diaphragm-type Flushometer Vafu e

Types of Flushometer Valves

_nLJn*
ii(lnli][ll]Ig
ffi[-"S].[{{
'""**u*J
BallVatue

Gate Vatue

.ffi4ffiffi
Stop-and-Waste Valve Cornpression Stop Vafue

Butterfly Vatue

c:,+i E

@HF
Corporalion Cock
Pressure Reducing Valve

Bacl$ater valve

Types of Plumbing Valves

Fundamentalsof etrrffiffi
 PLUMBING FIXTURES/ PLUMBING APPLIANCES/ SANITARY WARES
Arch. Raffy Cueva Alli

Definitions

Plumbing Fixture
the bowl back into the water tank, shall be
A receptacle attached to a plumbing system prohibited as well as hough urinal.
other than a trap in which water or waste
Drinking fountains shall not be installed
may be collected or obtained for ultimate inside public toilet rooms.
discharge into the plumbing system.

Water Closet
Sanitary Ware
A water closet is a water-flushed plumbing
Porcelain enamel ware, such as bathtubs,
fixture designed to receive human wastes
sewer pipes, toilet bowls, wash basins, etc,
directly from the user. Also known as toilet or
a room in which the {xture is located,
Plumbing Fixture Trim
The water supply and drainage fittings which
Classification of Water Gloset According
are installed on the fixture to control the flow
to:
of water into the fixture and the flow of wasle
1 . Design
water from the fixture to the sanitary 2. Quality
drainage system.
3. Shape
4. Color
Floor SeU Floor Mounted
Refers to a plumbing fixture that rests on the
According to Design
floor.
1. Flush type Water Closet (Floor mounted
or Wall mounted)
Wall Hung
Refers to a plumbing fixture which is 1,1 Diaphragm type Flushorneter Valve
supported from the wall.
1 .2 Piston type Flushometer valve
Quality of Materials
Plumbing fixtures shall be manufactured of 2. Tank Type Water Closet (provide with
dense, durable, non-absorbent materials Flush Tanks)
and must have smooth, impervious
surfaces, free from unnecessary 2.1 High Tank - a flush tank is located
concealed fouling surfaces. All porcelain high up behind the toilet bowl.
enamel surfaces on plumbing fixture shall 2.2 Close Coupled - flush tank is attached
be acid resistant. Water closet bowls for at the back of the closet bowl.
public use shall be elongated bowl types 2.2 One piece - Toilet is similar to
equipped with open- front seat for the water freestanding model, except that the
closet bowi used. tank and bowi are single piece.
2.3 Freestanding - Toilet has a tank
Prohibited Fixtures sitting on top of bowl; bowl is
Use of water closets having invisible seals or mounted on bathroom floor.
unventilated space or having walls, which are 2.4 Corner Toilet - Has a triangular
not thoroughly washed out al each discharge shaped tank; good for small
shall be prohibited. Any water closet which bathroom,
might permit siphonage of the contents of

57
Fundamentals of Flrrbi"g m
 1.2 Compression Faucet Bathtub Fitting
1.2 Single Handle Bathtub Fitting
2, Combination Bath and Shower Module
2.1 Compression Faucet Fifting
2.2 Single Handle Fitting

Bathtub Drain Fittings

1 . Combination Waste and Overflow
Couriesy Saliwares ufaciurjng Com.
]\4an
Fifting
2. Stall type 2. Lift Waste Fitting
3. w/ Pedestal
4. Trough type Shower Bath
A shower bath is a bath in which the bathing
Types of'Flushing Actions water is showered on the user's body from
1. Washout above.
2. Siphon Jet
3, Blowout Kitchen Sinks
A kitchen sink is a shallow, flalbottomed
Women's Urinal plumbing fixture that is used in cleaning
These are urinals designed for women where dishes and in lieu of food preparation.
the user is in straddled position when using
this flxture. One type of this fixture is the floor Types of Kitchen Sinks
set and the other js the wall-hung which 1. Double Compartment Kitchen Sink
is
supported by a chair canier. Both type have These are manufactured in enameled cast
integral or builtin trap. iron, enameled pressed steel and stainless
steel.
Bidet 2. Single Compartment Kitchen Sink
A bidet is low-set bowl equipped with cold
and hot running water, which is used for Garbage Disposers/ Food Waste
bathing external genitals or posierior parts of Disposer/ Grinder
the body, A garbage disposer, also called food waste
disposer, is an electric grinding device used
Bathtub with water to grind food wastes inlo pulp and
A bathtub is a receptacle for water that is discharge these wastes into the drainage
shaped to flt a human body and is used for system.
bathing.
Dishwashers
Types of Bathtub A dishwasher is an electric appliance for
1. Recessed Bathtub or Built-in Bathtub washing dishes.
2, Bath-Shower Module
Laundry Trays
Bathtub Faucets A laundry kay is a fixed tub, installed in the
1, Overrim Bathtub Fitting laundry area, used for washing and other
Consists of a faucet assembly and a household items such clothes, fabrics, cloth,
mixing spout. These are mounted on the draperies, etc.
wall on the drain end of the tub with the
spoui above the flood level rim of the tub Types of Laundry Trays
(hence the name overrim). . 1. Floor Set Laundry Tray
2. Wall-hung Laundry Tray

Fundamentats or nturffififfi
 2,5 Low Profile - One piece with tank
rising only slightly above height of
the toilet bowl.

Flushing Design
1. Washdom (WD)
2. Reverse Trap (RT)
3. Siphon Jet (SJ/ Siphon Action (SA)
4. Siphon Vortex (SV)
5.Blowout(BO)

Shape
'1
.
Regular Round Front Bowl Type or
Courtesy Saniwares l,4anufactudng Corp.
PIain Bowl
4. Under-lhe-counter
2. Elonjated Type
_*J--_
- --.*=:1iiJ:---
Prohibited Fixtures
Pan, Washout and Valve Plunger Offset, ( __= )
--<-.g-i--
without other water closet having invisible Couriesy Saniwares Manufactudng Coe.
seals or unventilated space or walls not 5. One piece
thoroughly washed at each flush shall not be
used. Long Hopper water closets or similar
appliances shall not be installed. Latrine is Flushing Requjrements & Average Water
also prohibiied by most health authorities for Consumption per Fixture
permanent installation. Fixture Gallons
Water closet & Slop sink 3-5t4-5
Lavatory or Wash Basin Pedestal or sjphon iet urinal 2-21t2
Urinal, trouqh type, 20 in. 2-2 1t2
A lavatory is a plumbing fixture designed for
FIush rim or individual stall urinal 3t4 -2
washing of hand and face.
Lavatory 2
Fillinq averaqe baihtub 30
Forms Usinq a shower 1040
1. Round Automatic dishwasher 15
2. Square Water treatment, softener, each 100
3. Oval cycle
Garden hose, sprinkler 150
4. Rectangular
5. Triangular
6. Trapezoidal
Urinal
Types of Lavatory
A urinal is a water-flushed plumbing fixture
designed to receive urine directly.
1. Wall hung

Types of Urinal
1. Wall- hung
 Flooi Drains i. Shower Drain
A floor drain is a receptacle used to receive 2, Kitchen Drain
water that is to be drained from lhe floorinto 3. Canopy Drain
the drainage system. Floor drains are 4. Balcony Drain
considered plumbing fixtures. S. Deck Drain
6, Plantbox Drain
, Types of Floor Drain 7. Scupper Drain
1. Floor drains with integral trap. B. Roof Drain
2. Floor drain with body lo use a separate p-
trap. Service SinU Mop SinU Janitor's Sink
3. Drypanfloordrain. These are fixtures that are installed in
janitor's closets and building maintenance
Features of a Floor Drain areas for use by the building maintenance
1.The mjnimum outlet size of a floor drain personnel.
shall be 2 inches,
2. The floor drain shainer or grate must be
removable.
3. The combined free area of the holes in
the strainer (grate) must equal the size of
the drain outlet.
4. Floor drain trap must be deep seal with 3
inches minimum trap seal.
5, Floor drains installed below ground level
must be equipped with backwater valve.

Uses of Floor Drains

'1. Home laundry with utility rooms.

2. Basement of all buildings.

3. Public rest rooms.
4, Janitor's closei
5. Entrances and exits to large shower
r00ms.
6. Building entryways.
7. Garages
B. Restaurant kitchens
9. Food markets

Localions of Floor Drains

1. ln toilet rooms containing two or more
contiguous water closets or urinals,
2. ln every kitchen area with floor of
impervious malerial,
3. Near urinals.
4. Near slop sinks.
5, Near bathtubs.
6. ln areas of impervious material where
splashes of water is expected to flow,

Other Types of Drains

 MINIMUM PLUMBING FACILITIES
it?es of Buildibg Water Closets Urinals'" I-avstories Bathtutrs or
occupatrc]l Drioking
or (Fittures per Person) (Filtures per (Fiiures per Penon) Showers Fountainsr,
PersoD) (Fi!tures per l!
Person)
fAssernbly Places - Male Femaler4 Female
lt *to.. l: l-15 l:1-15 0: l-9 I per 40 I ps40
Audjtoriums, 2: 16-35 3: 16-35 11 10-50
Coflvention Halls. 3:36-55 4: 36-55
dr,- for p€rrnanent Orer 55, add I fixture for Add ore (l)
eoployee use each additional 40 persons fixhrre for each
additiodal 50
males
[sernbly Places - Fenrale'a Ma.le teftale I pallt
l}e€te!s, 1: l-100 3: l-50 l: l-100 l: l-200 l: 1-200
Auditoriums, 2:191-200 4: 51-100 2:101-200 2:201400 2.:2A|4AO
Convenlion llalls, 3:201400 8: I01-20o 3:201-400 3:401-'750 3:401-750
etc.- fo. public I l:201-400 4i 401-600
ll5€ Over 400, add I lixtu.e for Over 600, add Over 750, add I fixttne for
each additional 500 males I fixh.Ee for each additional 500
and 2 for each 300 each additional persons.
females 500 rnales
ItrTnutones' Male Femalera Male Female I p€r 8
School or l-abor I pq I0 I p.r8 I per25 I p€r 12 I per 12
Add I fixture for each OYer 150, add Over 150, add I fik1ure for
additional 25 rnales (over I fixture for each additional 20 maies
l0) ard I fo. each each additioaal and I for each l5
additional 20 feoales 50 nEles additional females
(ov6 8)
Dormitories for Male Fearaletc lpff50 Male Feoale I per' 8
slaffuse 1: l-15 l: 1-15 1p€r40 lrf,'40
2: 16-35 3. t6-35
3i 36-55 4:3G55
Over 55, add 1 fixhne for
each additional 40 Def,sons
uwerungs'
Single Dweling I per dwelling po dwelling
Multiple
1 I per dwelling
I per dwelling or I per dwelling or
Dwelling or I p€r dwelling
ap€illl@t utdt apadnent irnit
Departrnent or apartrnent
urit
I nosplat waihnq I per roorn I per room
Rooms t pq 75"
J Male Femalela Male Female
I Hospital for l: l-15 l:1-15 o t-q 1psr40 I per 40
employee use 2: 16-35 2: 16-35 1:10-50 Over 150, add 1 flxa{e for
3:36-55 3:36-55 each additional 20 males
Over 55, add I fixture for Add I fixure and I for each 15
each addilioml 40 p€fsoos for each additional fernales
additional 50
males
rrusl,llals
Individual Room I per person I p€r75r,
I per room I P€{ rcom
Ward Room I p€r 8 patieflts I per 10 patierds I p€r 20 pafierts
 Induslrial" Male emale Up to 100, I p€! l0 1 shower for I pff75
Warehouses l-10
l: I|1-10 peBoDs each 15 persons
Wo.kshops, 2:11-25 2: 11-25 exposed to
Foundries ard 3.26-50 3.26-50 Over loq i per I5 excessive heat
Otier 4: 51-'7 5 4.51-'15 persoos ' or to skin
esiablishments (for 5:76-i00 5:76-100 contamination
employee us€) Over 100, add I fixh-re for with poisolous,
each additional 30 pemom infectious, or
irritating
material
hstitutional- Male Female 0: l-9 Male Female I per 8 I prr15
Other than I .€i25 I per 20 l: 10-50 I per t0 I per l0
Hospita-ls or Pena.l Add I fixture
Institutions (olr for each
each occupied additional50
floor) males
Institutional- Male I emale 0: 1-9 Male Female I per 8 I per 75
Other than l:l-15 1: l-15 1:10-50 i per 40 I p€'40
Hospitals or Penal 2: 16-35 :1: 16-35 Add I fixture
Institution (on each 3: 36-55 4t 36-55 for each
occupied floor) fo. Over 55, add I lixhne for additional 50
emDloye€ use e2ch additional 40 p€rsons males
0Ilice or Public Male Female'n l: l-100 Male Female I p€r ?5
Buildings I:1-100 l: l-200 2t l0l-200 1: l-200 lr l-2Q0
2: l0l-200 2:201400 3:201-400 21201400 2:201400
3:201400 3.401-'750 4:401600 3.401-'750 3:401-750
Over 55, add I fixh{e for Over 600, add Over 750, add I firiiue for
each additional 500 males I fixture for each additiolul 500
and 2 for each 55 females each additional Pe$ons.
300 males
Offce or Public Male Female'" 0: 1-9 Male Female
Buildings-For l:1-15 1:1-15 i: 10-50 1per40 1 per 40
employee use 2t 16-35 3: 16-35 Add I hxturc
3:36-55 4:36-55 for each
Over 55, add I firtrre for additional 50
each additionai 40 oersors males
Peral l8stihrtions - Male Female'" 0: l-9 Male Fernale 1 pex 75
For employee use 1: I -15 1: l-15 1: 10-50 I pei 40 I pe.40
2:16-35 3: 16-35 Add 1 fixture
3: 36-55 4:36-55 for each
Over 55, add I fixtre for additional 50
each additionai 40 oersons males
Penal Institution - I per cell r
!'or Prison use block {loot i
Cell I ps cell 1 per cell Iper tl
Ex€rcis€ Room I p€r exercise room 1 per exercise I per exercise room exercise
IOOm IOOm
Restaurants, Pubs Male Fernale 1:1-150 Male Female'o
ard Louagesll 1: l-50 1: 1-15 Over 150, add l: l-150 l: 1-150
2:51-150 3: 16-35 I fixture fot 2:151-200 2:151400
3: 150-300 4:36-55 each additional 3:201400 3:20140A
Over 300, add I fixtur€ for 150 males Over 400, add 1 fixture for
each additionel200 each additional 400
pefsons persons
.i
.:t
Schools - For sblf Male female 1 per 50 Male Female
us l:1-15 1: l -15 1per40 1 p€r 40
All schools 2:16-35 3r i 6-35
3: 36-55 4:36-55
Over 55, ad I llxhlre fo.
each additional 40 Dersons

62
Fundamentals of Plrrbingffi
l-schools - For Iper75"
I stu&ot use l: l-20 1: l-20 50
li l-i 1:l-25
lr"serl 2:21-50 2.Zl50 2:26-50 2:26-50
I Ovet 50, add I fixtuie for Over 50, add I fixhre for
I
I
el.*"n*ty each additional 50
Pemons I p€r 75
each additional 50
Persom l.pa 7512
Secondary Ma-le Fernale Male Female
I p€! 30 1S*r 25 lpr35 1p€r35 1ptr35 I per75r'?
Others (Colleges, Male Female 4ale .Female
Univetsities, Adult 1 p€r 40 1 pc.30 I per l5 I per 40 I per 30 I w'1512
Cenl€rs, €tc. ) Male Female Male Fernale
I per 40 I per 30 I per 40 I per 30

Worship Places Male Fernale'' I Fe'25 I per 2 water closets I per 75

Edueational and t rfi25 1Ftrf7s
Activities Uni{ 2:126t50 2:'16-125
3: 126-250
Worship Plac€s Male iemale'" I per 150 I per 2 water closets I cff75
Principal l Dq 150 1 Der 75
urinals a re plsYide4 one (l)
water closet is subtmcted from the nrrrntEr specified on the table,
except that the number ofwater clos€ts in such cases shall not b€ reduced to less than two,tfuds (2/3) of
fte minimum specified

t. The figures shorur are based upon one (1) fixture being the minimum required for the number of persons
indicated or any faction thereof.
2. Building categories not sho$n on this table shall be considered sepamtely by the Administ ative Authority.
3. Drhking fountai$ shall not be installed in toilet rooms.
4. lnurdry trays. Ore (1) laundry hay or one (1) automatic wash€r sialldpipe for each dwe[ing unit or two (2)
laundry &ays or two automatic washer staadpipes, or combinatior thereoll for each teri (lO) ap€rbnents.
Kitchen sints, one (l) for each dwetling or apartrnelt unit.
5. As requircd by ANSI 24.1, Sanitation in Places of Emplol,rnent.
6. tr&ere tiere is expgsure to skin cotta-niriation with poisonous, infectious, or irritating malerials, provide one
( li lavalory for each five- (5) persons.
7. wide 609.6 lnm or vash sink 457.2-mnr diameter a circular basirl rtren provi&d with watec outlets for such
space, shall be considered equivalent to one (1) lavatory.
8. laundry trays, one (l) for each fifly (50) persons. Slop sinks, one(l) for each 100 persors.
9. General. ln applying this schedule of facilities, considemtion must b€ given to the acc€ssibi.tity of the
fixhnes. Conformity purely on a numerical basis may not result in an inst€Il8tion flrited to the need of the
individual establishment. For exarnple, schools should be provided with toilet faciiities on each floor haring
clas$ooms. Temporary workingnen facilitieg one (1) wata closet and one (1) urinal for each thirty- (30-)
worLmm.
a. Surrounding materials, wall ample floor spac€ to a point 0.6 meter ilt ftont of urinal lip and 1.2 m
above the floot and at least 0.6 m to each side of the udnal stlall be lined with non-absorbent
materials.
b Trough urinals are prohibit€d.
10. A restaulatt is defined as a business, which sells food to be consumed on the premises.
a. The numbq of ocaupants for a d.iye-in restauatt shall be considsred as equal to the number of
parking stalls.
b. Employee toilet facilities are not be included in the ebove restauant requirements. lfuad washing
facilities must be avaitable in the kitcheq for employees.
ll ffien {bod is consumed indoors, water stations may be substitut€d for drinking fountaifls. Theaiqs,
gulitgriurs, dormitories, omc€s, or public buildings for use by more tha:r six (6) persons shall irave one (lj
drinking fountain for the fust seventy-five (75) persons and one (l) additional fountain for each one hqndred
a.ld fifty ( 150) persons thereafler.
ltere shall be a minimurn of one (1) &inking fountain per occupied Iloor in schools, th€aters, auditoriuns,
do.mitories, oflices or public building.
13. The total numbs ofwater clos€ts for females shall be at ieast equal to the total nurnbff of wate. clos€ts and
urinals required for males.

Fundamentals ot elu.ning M
 G0LLE&E OF ARCIIITECTURI
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Fundamentals of Plumbing
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