AP Feasibility Study

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Project to Promote Overseas Sales of Quality Energy Infrastructure

Systems in Fiscal Year 2016
Feasibility Study of the Development of
New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure
in Andhra Pradesh State, India
Final Report
March 2017
Sumitomo Corporation
Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure
Final Report
Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban

Infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh State, India
Table of Contents
1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1-1

1.1 Project Background .................................................................................................. 1-1
1.2 Project Objectives ..................................................................................................... 1-1
1.3 Project Area .............................................................................................................. 1-2
2 Present Condition and Development Plan of New Capital City and Surrounding Cities
.................................................................................................................................. 2-3
2.1 Present Condition...................................................................................................... 2-3
2.1.1 General Condition ..................................................................................................... 2-3
2.1.2 Infrastructure ............................................................................................................. 2-8
2.2 Existing Development Plan .................................................................................... 2-38
2.2.1 Urban Development Master Plan ............................................................................ 2-38
2.2.2 Relevant Infrastructure Development Plan ............................................................. 2-39
2.2.3 Progress of New Capital City Development ........................................................... 2-39
2.3 Needs of High-End Infrastructure Development .................................................... 2-41
2.3.1 Current Problems which are required High-End Infrastructures............................. 2-41
2.3.2 Required High-End Infrastructure and Advantage of Japanese Technology ........... 2-42
3 Proposal of High-end Urban Development (Creating High Added Value) ............... 3-1
3.1 Preparation of Disaster-Prevention System .............................................................. 3-1
3.1.1 Current Situation and Challenges.............................................................................. 3-1
3.1.2 Project Summary ..................................................................................................... 3-19
3.1.3 Site Proposed for Introduction ................................................................................ 3-20
3.1.4 Introduction of Technology ..................................................................................... 3-23
3.1.5 Issues and Policies for Solution toward Project Implementation ............................ 3-27
3.1.6 Effect of Environmental Improvement and Influence on Environmental and Social
Aspects.................................................................................................................... 3-28
3.2 Data Center and Cloud Computing ......................................................................... 3-32
3.2.1 Present Condition and Issues .................................................................................. 3-32
3.2.2 Project Outline ........................................................................................................ 3-34
3.2.3 Introduction Target Area ......................................................................................... 3-35
3.2.4 Introduction of the Technology ............................................................................... 3-37
3.2.5 Implementation Challenges and Countermeasures ................................................. 3-40
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3.2.6 Environmental and Social Impacts.......................................................................... 3-40

3.2.7 Additional study of applicable applications (Land Registration) ............................ 3-43
3.3 Development of Traffic Congestion System ........................................................... 3-45
3.3.1 Current Status and Issues ........................................................................................ 3-45
3.3.2 Project Outlines....................................................................................................... 3-52
3.3.3 Installation Candidate Sites..................................................................................... 3-53
3.3.4 Introduction of Installation Technology .................................................................. 3-54
3.3.5 Challenges and Solution Policies for Project Implementation ................................ 3-60
3.3.6 Effects of Environment Improvement and Impact on Environmental Society ....... 3-62
3.4 Water Supply System .............................................................................................. 3-67
3.4.1 Current Situation and Challenges............................................................................ 3-67
3.4.2 Project Overview .................................................................................................... 3-73
3.4.3 Potential Site ........................................................................................................... 3-73
3.4.4 Introduction of the technology ................................................................................ 3-75
3.4.5 Challenges and Measures for Implementation of Project ....................................... 3-87
3.4.6 Effect of environmental improvement and influence on society............................. 3-88
3.5 Sewerage System .................................................................................................... 3-93
3.5.1 Present Condition and Issues .................................................................................. 3-93
3.5.2 Project Outline ........................................................................................................ 3-94
3.5.3 Introduction Target Area ......................................................................................... 3-95
3.5.4 Introducing the Technology .................................................................................... 3-95
3.5.5 Implementation Challenges and Countermeasures ............................................... 3-106
3.5.6 Environmental and Social Impacts........................................................................ 3-106
3.5.7 Introduction to Water Reuse Technology .............................................................. 3-108
4 Implementation Plan ................................................................................................. 4-1
4.1 Implementation Structure ......................................................................................... 4-1
4.2 Implementation Schedule ......................................................................................... 4-1
4.2.1 Overall Schedule ....................................................................................................... 4-1
4.2.2 Disaster Prevention System Development Project .................................................... 4-1
4.2.3 Data Center and Cloud Computing Development Project ........................................ 4-2
4.2.4 Traffic Information System Development Project .................................................... 4-2
4.2.5 Water Supply System Development Project ............................................................. 4-2
4.2.6 Sewerage System Development Project.................................................................... 4-3
4.3 Implementable Japanese Government Support......................................................... 4-3
5 Recommendation and Conclusion ............................................................................ 5-1
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List of Tables
Table 2.1.1: 2050 Population for Amaravati by Land Use ................................................................ 2-3
Table 2.1.2: Forecasted Population for Amaravati 2020-2050.......................................................... 2-3
Table 2.1.3: Land Use Allocation in Amaravati ................................................................................ 2-5
Table 2.1.4: Land Use Plan for Vijayawada Urban Area - 2021 ....................................................... 2-6
Table 2.1.5: Population of Guntur City [1961 to 2011] .................................................................... 2-7
Table 2.1.6: Existing Land Use in Guntur ........................................................................................ 2-7
Table 2.1.7: Short Term Project ...................................................................................................... 2-11
Table 2.1.8 Capacity of Existing WTP in Vijayawada .................................................................... 2-13
Table 2.1.9 Projected Water Demand .............................................................................................. 2-15
Table 2.1.10: Demand-Supply Gap in Water Treatment Capacity .................................................. 2-15
Table 2.1.11: Summary of Existing Water Distribution System ..................................................... 2-16
Table 2.1.12: Status of STPs in Vijayawada ................................................................................... 2-17
Table 2.1.13: Summary of Existing Storm Water Drains ................................................................ 2-18
Table 2.1.14: Summary of Planned STPs in VMC ......................................................................... 2-18
Table 2.1.15: Total Generation Capacity at Vijayawada ................................................................. 2-20
Table 2.1.16: List of Substation in Vijayawada Circle .................................................................... 2-21
Table 2.1.17: Distribution of Road Network in Guntur City .......................................................... 2-28
Table 2.1.18: Carriage Way Details ................................................................................................ 2-28
Table 2.1.19: Details of Water Supply System in Guntur City ....................................................... 2-31
Table 2.1.20: Service Reservoir Capacities..................................................................................... 2-32
Table 2.1.21: Water Supply Demand Projections............................................................................ 2-33
Table 2.1.22: Sewerage Future Generation ..................................................................................... 2-34
Table 2.1.23: Summary of Storm Water Drains .............................................................................. 2-35
Table 3.1.1: Amount of Economic Loss the Major Indian Cities Are Predicted to Suffer due
to Flooding Over the Next 10 Years (Estimate) .......................................................... 3-26
Table 3.1.2: Checklist of Environmental and Social Considerations .............................................. 3-29
Table 3.2.1: Weather Observation at Vijayawada City (2013) ........................................................ 3-36
Table 3.2.2: Checklist of Environmental and Social Considerations .............................................. 3-41
Table 3.2.3: Function Overview of Real Estate Registration Services ........................................... 3-44
Table 3.3.1: Processing Scale of Traffic Signal Control System..................................................... 3-57
Table 3.3.2: Main Equipment of which Traffic Signal Control System Consists ........................... 3-57
Table 3.3.3: Processing Scale of Traffic Information System ......................................................... 3-60
Table 3.3.4: Main Equipment of which Traffic Signal Control System Consists ........................... 3-60
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Table 3.3.5: Issues and Solution Strategies concerning Construction Work ................................... 3-61
Table 3.3.6: Issues and Solution Strategies concerning Maintenance and Management of
System......................................................................................................................... 3-62
Table 3.3.7: Reduction of CO2 accompanied by Centralized Control of Signals ........................... 3-62
Table 3.3.8: Effect of Delay Time Reduction by MOVEMENT..................................................... 3-64
Table 3.3.9: Congestion Reduction Effect at Important Intersections (weekday) ........................... 3-65
Table 3.3.10: Congestion Reduction Effect at Important Intersections (weekend) ......................... 3-66
Table 3.4.1: Organization Related to Waterworks........................................................................... 3-67
Table 3.4.2: Basic Policy to Design WTP Facilities (Purpose and Design Policy) ......................... 3-75
Table 3.4.3: U-BCF Specifications ................................................................................................. 3-79
Table 3.4.4: Water Treatment Performance (Average Concentration and Average Removal
Rate) ............................................................................................................................ 3-81
Table 3.4.5: MIB Removal Performance ........................................................................................ 3-81
Table 3.4.6: Comparison between Two Water Treatment Systems ................................................. 3-83
Table 3.4.7: Chemical Reduction Effect ......................................................................................... 3-83
Table 3.4.8: Power Consumption and Facility Capacity of Conventional Type ............................. 3-86
Table 3.4.9: Power Consumption and Facility Capacity of OSF .................................................... 3-86
Table 3.4.10: Comparison between Conventional Type and OSF................................................... 3-87
Table 3.4.11: Expected Influence on Environment ......................................................................... 3-88
Table 3.4.12: Outline of Environmental Effect and Mitigation Measures ...................................... 3-91
Table 3.5.1: Vijayawada City—General Information ..................................................................... 3-94
Table 3.5.2: Details of STPs in Vijayawada City ............................................................................ 3-94
Table 3.5.3: Comparison of Systems 1 ......................................................................................... 3-100
Table 3.5.4: Comparison of Systems 2 ......................................................................................... 3-101
Table 3.5.5: Annual Average ......................................................................................................... 3-102
Table 3.5.6: Influent Water Quality Fluctuations .......................................................................... 3-102
Table 3.5.7: Technology Verification of PTF ................................................................................ 3-103
Table 3.5.8: Treated Water Quality ............................................................................................... 3-112
Table 5.1.1: Summary of Proposal .................................................................................................... 5-1
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List of Figures
Figure 2.1.1: Expected Population Growth Trend in Amaravati ....................................................... 2-3

Figure 2.1.2: Proposed Land Use Plan of Amaravati ........................................................................ 2-4
Figure 2.1.3: Proposed Land Use distribution .................................................................................. 2-5
Figure 2.1.4: Land Use Plan [2021] for Vijayawada......................................................................... 2-6
Figure 2.1.5: Population Trends in Guntur ....................................................................................... 2-7
Figure 2.1.6: Land Use Plan [2021] for Guntur ................................................................................ 2-8
Figure 2.1.7: Barrage Road (Front) and Vijayawada-Guntur Highway (Back) ................................ 2-9
Figure 2.1.8: Current Road Network of Vijayawada City............................................................... 2-10
Figure 2.1.9: Availability of Road Signage Facility in Vijayawada ................................................ 2-10
Figure 2.1.10: Alignment of Bandar Road and Eluru Road in City ................................................ 2-12
Figure 2.1.11: Existing Water Treatment Facility of Vijayawada ................................................... 2-14
Figure 2.1.12: Location of Intake for 16 MGD WTP ..................................................................... 2-15
Figure 2.1.13: Location of 16 MGD WTP in Head Water Works ................................................... 2-16
Figure 2.1.14: Location of Potential Polluting Points in River Krishna ......................................... 2-18
Figure 2.1.15: Potential Polluting Points along River Krishna in VMC ......................................... 2-18
Figure 2.1.16: Plan for Sewage Treatment Plants ........................................................................... 2-19
Figure 2.1.17: Grid Map of AP State .............................................................................................. 2-21
Figure 2.1.18: Grid Map of Krishna District .................................................................................. 2-22
Figure 2.1.19: Grid Map of Vijayawada Zone ................................................................................ 2-22
Figure 2.1.20: Internal Transmission Grid Map of Krishna District ............................................... 2-23
Figure 2.1.21: Land Line Exchange Sites ....................................................................................... 2-24
Figure 2.1.22: Local Telephone Exchange ...................................................................................... 2-25
Figure 2.1.23: Optical Fiber Route ................................................................................................. 2-26
Figure 2.1.24: Transmission Station ............................................................................................... 2-26
Figure 2.1.25: Prominent Junctions in Guntur City ........................................................................ 2-29
Figure 2.1.26: Average Daily Traffic (ADT) at Outer Cordons of Guntur City .............................. 2-30
Figure 2.2.1: Phase Wise Development Plan of Amaravati ............................................................ 2-39
Figure 2.2.2: View of New Secretariat Complex of Amaravati ...................................................... 2-40
Figure 2.2.3: Location Map of Seed Capital of Amaravati ............................................................. 2-41
Figure 3.1.1: Institutional Framework on Disaster Prevention of Federal Parliament, State,
and District .................................................................................................................... 3-4
Figure 3.1.2: Ministries and Institutions in charge of Early Warning for Cyclones,
Tornados, Hurricanes, etc in India ................................................................................ 3-6
Figure 3.1.3: Monitoring of Flood Control and Information Transmission System at Time
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of Disaster ................................................................................................................... 3-11

Figure 3.1.4: Dashboard (Website) that Displays Flood Control Information such as Water
Level of Each Water Gate ........................................................................................... 3-12
Figure 3.1.5: Existing Facilities for Disaster Prevention ................................................................ 3-15
Figure 3.1.6: Emergency Command and Management System in Amaravati as Disaster
Countermeasure Planned in Master Plan .................................................................... 3-17
Figure 3.1.7: Survey Result and Proposed Measures Utilizing Japan’s Technology ...................... 3-19
Figure 3.1.8: Future Image of Project Outline ................................................................................ 3-20
Figure 3.1.9: Conceptual Image of Technology to be Introduced this Time ................................... 3-20
Figure 3.1.10: Conceptual Image of Installation of Urban-type Disaster Prevention Radar .......... 3-22
Figure 3.1.11: Introduction of Weather Radar and Changes in Area Inundated Nationwide .......... 3-23
Figure 3.1.12: Comparison of X-band Phased-Array Weather Radar and X-band
Solid-State Weather Radar .......................................................................................... 3-24
Figure 3.1.13: Urban Disaster Prevention Weather Radar can Release Forecast and
Warning more than 30 Minutes Earlier ....................................................................... 3-25
Figure 3.1.14: Effect of Mitigating Economic Loss by Introducing Early Warning System .......... 3-26
Figure 3.2.1: Coverage Area by Data Center .................................................................................. 3-33
Figure 3.2.2: Utilization Image of ICT Infrastructure (Conceptual) ............................................... 3-34
Figure 3.2.3: Layout Plan of Amaravati and Planned Data Center Construction Site .................... 3-35
Figure 3.2.4: Transport Route (Red Line) from Chennai Port to Planned Construction Site.......... 3-36
Figure 3.2.5: Operating Modes of co-IZmo/I ................................................................................. 3-38
Figure 3.2.6: Critical Components for Data Center ........................................................................ 3-38
Figure 3.2.7: Cold/Hot Area (Left) and High-Density Racks (Right) ............................................. 3-39
Figure 3.2.8: Image of Improved Efficiency by Virtualization ....................................................... 3-39
Figure 3.2.9: PUE Improvement Effect .......................................................................................... 3-41
Figure 3.2.10: City Planning Diagram created by APCRDA.......................................................... 3-44
Figure 3.3.1: Target Area for Traffic State Investigation ................................................................ 3-47
Figure 3.3.2: Traffic Congestion Intersection ................................................................................. 3-47
Figure 3.3.3: Status of Roundabout ................................................................................................ 3-48
Figure 3.3.4: Utilization Status of Motorbikes and Rickshaws....................................................... 3-48
Figure 3.3.5: Status of Disorderly Road Crossing .......................................................................... 3-49
Figure 3.3.6: Status of Ignoring Traffic Lights ............................................................................... 3-49
Figure 3.3.7: Status of Driving Vehicles with Short Following Distance ....................................... 3-50
Figure 3.3.8: Status of Rickshaws Going in Opposite Direction .................................................... 3-50
Figure 3.3.9: Failure of Signal ........................................................................................................ 3-51
Figure 3.3.10: Status of Hand Signals by Policeman ...................................................................... 3-51
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Figure 3.3.11: Traffic Congestion Intersections and Signal Installed Intersections ........................ 3-53
Figure 3.3.12: Distribution of Signalized Intersections for Dispersion of Traffic Congestion
and Crossing of Pedestrians ........................................................................................ 3-54
Figure 3.3.13: System Scheme........................................................................................................ 3-55
Figure 3.3.14: Outlines of MODERATO ........................................................................................ 3-56
Figure 3.3.15: Outlines of Movement Control ................................................................................ 3-57
Figure 3.3.16: Display Image of Traffic Status on Road Traffic Information Board ...................... 3-59
Figure 3.3.17: Image of Traffic Status Display by Smartphone...................................................... 3-59
Figure 3.3.18: Status of Scattering Existing Cables........................................................................ 3-61
Figure 3.3.19: Reduction of Traffic Fatalities accompanied by Centralized Control of
Signals ......................................................................................................................... 3-63
Figure 3.3.20: Target Intersection of Movement Control ............................................................... 3-63
Figure 3.3.21: Phase of Movement ................................................................................................. 3-64
Figure 3.3.22: Target Intersections in Yangon ................................................................................ 3-65
Figure 3.4.1: Existing Water Purification Plants ............................................................................. 3-68
Figure 3.4.2: Homepage of VMC (Water Supply Condition) ......................................................... 3-69
Figure 3.4.3: Guntur Water Purification Plant ................................................................................ 3-69
Figure 3.4.4: Vijayawada Water Purification Plant ......................................................................... 3-70
Figure 3.4.5: Existing Water Supply Facilities of New Capital City Area ...................................... 3-70
Figure 3.4.6: Previous Master Plan Target on Water Supply System.............................................. 3-71
Figure 3.4.7: RFP for Previous MP ................................................................................................. 3-72
Figure 3.4.8: Suggested Water Purification Plant Site .................................................................... 3-74
Figure 3.4.9: Existing Water Pumping Station (Thullur Pump Station).......................................... 3-74
Figure 3.4.10: Suggested Water Purification Plant Site (East Adjacent Area of Thurllur
Pump Station).............................................................................................................. 3-74
Figure 3.4.11: Locations of Raw Water Sampling Points ............................................................... 3-77
Figure 3.4.12: Status of Each Water Intake Point (at First-Time Water Intake).............................. 3-77
Figure 3.4.13: Existing WTP Flow ................................................................................................. 3-77
Figure 3.4.14: Proposed WTP Flow ................................................................................................ 3-78
Figure 3.4.15: U-BCF Facility ........................................................................................................ 3-79
Figure 3.4.16: U-BCF System ........................................................................................................ 3-79
Figure 3.4.17: Daily Variation in Ammonia Nitrogen..................................................................... 3-82
Figure 3.4.18: Life-cycle CO2(LC-CO2) Emissions by Coagulation/Sedimentation and
Sand Filter (LC-C02 Accumulated during Each Process)........................................... 3-84
Figure 3.4.19: Development History of OSF .................................................................................. 3-85
Figure 3.4.20: Comparison of Conventional Type and OSF ........................................................... 3-86
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Figure 3.4.21: Suggested Water Purification Plant – General Layout Drawing.............................. 3-87
Figure 3.5.1: Organization Relationships for New City Development Planning ............................ 3-93
Figure 3.5.2: PTF System and ASP System .................................................................................... 3-96
Figure 3.5.3: PTF System and Trickling Filter System................................................................... 3-97
Figure 3.5.4: PTF System Flow ...................................................................................................... 3-98
Figure 3.5.5: FSF (Floating Sponge Filter) ..................................................................................... 3-99
Figure 3.5.6: HTF (High-rate Trickling Filter) ............................................................................. 3-100
Figure 3.5.7: SLS (Final Solid-Liquid Separator)......................................................................... 3-100
Figure 3.5.8: Layout plan .............................................................................................................. 3-104
Figure 3.5.9: Sludge Treatment Building ...................................................................................... 3-105
Figure 3.5.10: Overview of Water Reuse Technology .................................................................. 3-109
Figure 3.5.11: New Value in Water Reuse Market ........................................................................ 3-109
Figure 3.5.12: Water Reuse Plant in Tokyo (7,000 m3/day) .......................................................... 3-110
Figure 3.5.13: Transparency of Treated Water .............................................................................. 3-110
Figure 3.5.14: Actual Usage of Reclaimed Water in Tokyo ...........................................................3-111
Figure 4.2.1: Outlined Schedule (Disaster Prevention System Development Project) ..................... 4-1
Figure 4.2.2: Outlined Schedule (Data Center and Cloud Computing Development Project).......... 4-2
Figure 4.2.3: Outlined Schedule (Traffic Information System Development Project) ..................... 4-2
Table 4.2.4: Outlined Schedule (Water Supply System Development Project) ................................ 4-3
Figure 4.2.5: Outlined Schedule (Sewerage System Development Project) ..................................... 4-3
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Abbreviations
ADC Amaravati Development Corporation

AMC Amaravati Municipal Corporation
AP Andhra Pradesh
APCRDA Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority
APERC Andhra Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission
APGENCO Andhra Pradesh Generation Corporation Limited
APMDP Andhra Pradesh Municipal Development Project
APSDC Andhra Pradesh Skill Development Corporation
APSDPS Andhra Pradesh State Development Planning Society
APSRTC Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation
APTRANSCO Transmission Corporation of Andhra Pradesh Limited
ASP Activated Sludge Process Technology
BIS Bureau of Indian Standard
BSNL Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CETP Common effluent treatment plant
CGWB Central Groundwater Board
CPCB Central Rivers Conservation Board
CPHEEO Central Public Hearth Environmental Engineering Organization
CTS Comprehensive Traffic Survey
CWC Central Water Commission
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EOC Emergency Operation Center
EPDCL Eastern Power Distribution Corporation Limited
EWC Early Warning Center
EWSD Electronic Worldwide Switch Digital
FSF Floating Sponge Filter
GC Government Complex
GIIC Guizhou International Investment Corp
GIS Geographic information System
GMC Guntur Municipal Corporation
GOAP Government of Andhra Pradesh
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GSI Geological Survey of India

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
HTF High-rate Trickling Filter
ICT Information and Communication Technology
IMD Indian Meteorological Department
INCOIS Indian National Centre for Oceanic Information Services
ITE & C Information Technology, Electronics and Communications Department
ITS Intelligent Transport System
LPCD Litres per Capita per Day
MEF Ministry of Environment and Forest
MLD Million Liters per Day
MODERATO Management by Origin-Destination Related Adaptation for Traffic Optimization
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
MRD Ministry of Rural Development
MTNL Mahanagar Telephone Nigam
MUD Ministry of Urban Development
MWR Ministry of Water Ressources
NDMA National Disaster Management Authority
NDMP National Disaster Management Plan
NGN Next Generation Network
NH National Highway
NMT Non-Motorized Transportation
NPDM National Policy on Disaster Management
NRCD National Rivers Conservation Directorate
ODA Official Development Assistance
O&M Operation and Maintenance
OSF Open Siphon Filter
PTF Pre-treated Trickling Filter
PUE Power Usage Effectiveness
RFP Request for Proposal
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SDMA State Disaster Management Authority
SLS Solid-Liquid Separator
SOP Standard Operating Procedures
SPDCL Southern Power Distribution Corporation Limited
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STIP Short Term Improvement Plan

STP Sewerage treatment Plant
U-BCF Up-flow Biological Contact Filter
UGD Under Ground Drainage
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
USAID United States Agency for Development Programme
VGTM Vijayawada, Guntur, Tenali and Mangalagiri
VMC Vijayawada Municipal Corporation
VTPP Vijayawada Thermal Power Plant
VTPS Vijayawada Thermal Power Station
WTP Water Treatment Plant
WBM Water Bound Macadam
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1 Introduction
1.1 Project Background
In 2014, the former Andhra Pradesh state was divided into 2 states. The west region became a
new state called Telangana and the former capital city Hyderabad remained in it. On the other
hand, the east region became the residual Andhra Pradesh state (hereinafter “AP”) and the
new capital city must be developed in the state. The new capital city will be developed in the
area called Amaravati, which is located in the south of midstream of Krishna River. In this
land, they are going to develop a new capital city with high-end infrastructure representing
India and basic infrastructure from purchase of the land and reclamation work.
Sumitomo Corporation and the former Andhra Pradesh state have been in a good and close
relationship for over 25 years since the construction of hydro power plants and thermal power
plants in the state. In 2014, both parties have concluded a MOU for the development of a new
capital city in AP and we were ready to work together.
In May 2016, Sumitomo Corporation visited AP as a mission of “Public-Private Committee

for AP” which consisted of related government ministries and other private companies in
Japan and made presentation in the field of infrastructure. In September 2016, Ministry of
Economic, Trade and Industry has published a tender for the feasibility study of the
development of new capital city and urban infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh state, India and
Sumitomo was awarded the contract.
On the other hand, Guizhou International Investment Corp (hereinafter “GIIC”) of a Chinese
consulting company and Aarvee Associates architects engineer & consultants pvt, ltd..
(hereinafter “Aarvee”) have been working for the Master Plan of developing infrastructures
for the capital city area. Therefore, we would appreciate it if we could confirm their concept
and content of master plan.
1.2 Project Objectives

The purpose of the study is to investigate the ideas, concept and needs of Andhra Pradesh
state, its relevant authorities and GIIC and Aarvee who are in charge of the Master Plan.
Through this process, we aim to understand the current situation of infrastructure around
Amaravati such as Vijayawada and Guntur and come up with technology and know-how
which brings benefits to AP. Final goal is to suggest AP “high-end Infrastructure package”
with all these Japanese technology and know-how. We will also carry a study for the area
around Amaravati to see if there is any infrastructure project which might expand to
Amaravati in future and bring benefits to AP. If there is a need for those areas, we are ready to
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show our proposal to the relevant parties.
Fields to be studied are the followings:

- Disaster management system
- Traffic control system
- Data center and cloud
- Water treatment plant
- Waste water treatment plant
These fields became our targets as we found our technologies advantageous after our study
and we assume there are several Japanese companies which have interests in these fields.
These fields will be covered by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, NIPPON SIGNAL CO., LTD.,
Internet Initiative Japan Inc., Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd. and METAWATER Co., Ltd. in
order. We also contracted NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.to see if there are any more fields where
we can bring benefits to AP.
1.3 Project Area

The project area is capital city area of 217 square kilo meters called Amaravati where the new
capital will be established.
Also, Vijayawada which is located in the north of Krishna River and Guntur which is located
in the Southeast will be studied.
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2 Present Condition and Development Plan of New Capital City and

Surrounding Cities
2.1 Present Condition

2.1.1 General Condition
A. New Capital City (Amaravati)
(1) Population
The new capital of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati is a green field development with existing
villages and habitations. The forecasted population for the year 2050 with respect to land use
is presented in Table 2.1.1.
Table 2.1.1: 2050 Population for Amaravati by Land Use

No. Land Use Forecasted Population [2050]
1. Residential 3,552,950
2. Commercial 545,032
3. Institutional 507,051
4. Industrial 121,485
Total 4,726,518
Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey
Population forecast is prepared for 30 years considering 2020 as base year. The expected
forecasted population growth trend is presented in Figure 2.1.1 and the population figures are
tabulated in Table 2.1.2.
Source: Master Plan published in APCRDA website

Figure 2.1.1: Expected Population Growth Trend in Amaravati
Table 2.1.2: Forecasted Population for Amaravati 2020-2050
Design Residential Work Force
Total Population
Year Population (Commercial/Institutional/Industrial)
2020 428,747 141,618 570,365
2025 892,951 294,949 1,187,900
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Design Residential Work Force

Total Population
Year Population (Commercial/Institutional/Industrial)
2030 1,219,776 402,902 1,622,678
2035 1,707,387 563,964 2,271,351
2040 2,570,405 849,025 3,419,430
2045 3,237,778 1,069,464 4,307,242
2050 3,552,950 1,173,568 4,726,518
(2) Land Use

The proposed land use by Surbana Consultants is presented in Figure 2.1.2 and Figure 2.1.3.
The total planning area is 21,712 ha and the breakdown is shown in Table 2.1.3.
Source: Master Plan published in APCRDA website

Figure 2.1.2: Proposed Land Use Plan of Amaravati
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Final Report

Figure 2.1.3: Proposed Land Use distribution
Table 2.1.3: Land Use Allocation in Amaravati
Land Use Area (ha) Share (%)
Residential [low/medium] 6,610.97 30.4
Parks & Open Spaces 6,663.18 31.7
Roads & Infrastructure 3,079.67 14.2
Commercial 2,309.55 11.6
Public Facilities 1,771.72 8.2
Industrial 1,276.79 6.9
Total 21,711.88
B. Vijayawada City
(1) Population
Vijayawada is the third largest city in the State of Andhra Pradesh. The main economic
activity of the City Vijayawada is agriculture and commercial. The Vijayawada Municipal
Corporation (VMC) population as per 2001 census is 845,217 and as per 2011 census is
1,048,000. Its urban/metropolitan population is 1,491,202. The contributors to population
growth are mainly the natural increase and the in migration from the surrounding villages.
The total area of the city is 261.88 km2 out of which the VMC area constitutes of 61.88 km2.
(2) Land Use
Master plan has been prepared for Vijayawada city including Guntur, Tenali and Mangalagiri
(VGTM), which is now under Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority
(APCRDA) regional area. Now APCRDA has appointed a new consultant to prepare the
master plan for erstwhile VGTM Urban Development Area. The approved Master Plan [2021]
for Vijayawada city is shown in Figure 2.1.4.
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Final Report
Source: VMC
Figure 2.1.4: Land Use Plan [2021] for Vijayawada
The land use breakup is shown in Table 2.1.4.
Table 2.1.4: Land Use Plan for Vijayawada Urban Area - 2021
Within City Vijayawada Urban
No Land Use
Area (ha) % Area (ha) %
1 Residential including mixed Residential 3,331 54 6,651 48
2 Commercial 274 4 553 4
3 Industrial 151 2 667 5
4 Public & Semipublic including institutional 405 7 1,198 9
5 Recreational including parks and play grounds 177 3 1,623 12
6 Transport & Communication including railways 800 13 1,925 14
7 Water bodies 717 12 821 6
8 Hills 334 5 334 2
Total 6,188 - 13,770 -
Source: Study Team, based on data through the Survey
C. Guntur City
(1) Population
Guntur is one of the largest urban centers and fast-growing cities in the state. The comparison
of Guntur city’s population to the total population and urban population in the state and
district is presented in Table 2.1.5 and the variation is presented in Figure 2.1.5.
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Final Report

Figure 2.1.5: Population Trends in Guntur
Table 2.1.5: Population of Guntur City [1961 to 2011]

Year Area (km2) Population Decadal Change Decadal Growth (%)
1961 30.01 187,122 - -
1971 30.01 269,991 82,869 44.29
1981 30.01 367,699 97,708 36.19
1991 45.71 471,051 103,352 28.11
2001 45.71 514,461 43,410 9.22
2011 159.50 763,821 249,360 48.47
(2) Land Use

The city has about 47% of area under the developed/built category and the rest 53% of the
area is under undeveloped categories such as agriculture, water bodies or forests. The existing
land use break-up has been presented in the following Table 2.1.6 and the approved master
plan is presented in Figure 2.1.6.
Table 2.1.6: Existing Land Use in Guntur

S Old
o Parameter Ankireddipalem Venejedla Perecherla Nambur
GMC Total %
u Zone Zone Zone Zone
Limit
r
Developed
c
e Residential 20.5 3.64 0.41 5.16 3.53 33.24 22.87
: Commercial 2.70 0.94 0.04 1.03 0.64 5.35 3.68
Industries 1.13 1.25 0.02 1.03 0.32 3.75 2.58
S Public and
t Semi Public 2.70 0.62 0.04 1.16 1.82 6.34 4.36
u
Transportation 6.75 3.95 0.10 4.52 4.39 19.71 13.56
d
Undeveloped
y
11.75 36.11 9.60 15.80 3.70 76.96 52.95
T Total 45.5 46.5 10.3 28.7 14.4 145.35 100
eam, based on data obtained through the Survey
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Final Report
Source: GMC
Figure 2.1.6: Land Use Plan [2021] for Guntur
2.1.2 Infrastructure
A. New Capital City (Amaravati)
Based on field investigation, it was confirmed that the current condition is mostly farm land,
no urbanization area with urban infrastructure services, such as water supply. Existing villages
have own underground water supply facilities. Wastewater is treated by septic tank. Moreover,
the road also not yet prepared in many places, which means infrastructure still limited and
there are huge development needs for new capital city. APCRDA was established to develop
necessary infrastructure. APCRDA is subletting infrastructure development master plan for
Capital City Area with 217km2 land size to GIIC and Aarvee joint venture. Therefore, it was
necessary to discuss with GIIC-Aarvee to prepare the proposal on infrastructure development
for New Capital City. In addition, ADC as an infrastructure implementation agency, ITE&C
as an informatics relevant agency, Irrigation Department as for water management body, are
related to this project. Discussion with Police of Vijayawada City, where will be linked by the
transportation system, was conducted as well.
During our study, construction of some trunk road was started, but infrastructure development
master plan is still under preparation by GIIC-Aarvee, and it seems the development of new
Capital City is still required curtain time. To reply the needs of AP State Government,
Japanese side is required to accelerate the implementation of infrastructure project
immediately.
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Final Report
B. Vijayawada City
(1) Road Network
(i) Sector Overview
As total 92km of road network covers Vijayawada city area, due to highly traffic volume,
traffic congestion is occurred from junctions along trunk roads such as NH-5 and NH-9
during peak hour. As of 2009, intensity of the traffic was estimated as 0.2 million
vehicles (enter & exit) a day.
Since economic connection between Vijayawada and Guntur is traditionally strong,
many workers and traders are moving between these cities. However, because Krishna
river runs between, only one railway line and 2 roads (Barrage road (NH-5) and
Vijayawada-Guntur highway) are connecting cities. Amaravati is also planned in Guntur
side (south-western bank of Krishna river), connectivity over Krishna river has to be
well planned and enhanced for further development as shown in Figure: 2.1.7.
Source: Study Team

Figure 2.1.7: Barrage Road (Front) and Vijayawada-Guntur Highway (Back)
(ii) Existing Facility

1) Road Network
According to the traffic and transportation study conducted by VMC in 2009, 92km
of road network consisting arterial roads, sub-arterial roads, and collector roads are
covered Vijayawada city as shown in Figure 2.1.8.
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Figure 2.1.8: Current Road Network of Vijayawada City
2) Road Facility
• Footpath Facility
Only limited roads such as arterial roads have footpath and majority of other
roads don’t have any footpath facility.
• Street light
Streetlight facility is covered 73% of road length in Vijayawada city.
• Traffic light
About 80% of road length doesn’t have traffic light in 2006.

Figure 2.1.9: Availability of Road Signage Facility in Vijayawada
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(iii) Existing Development Plan

Short Term Improvement Plan (STIP) for the city of Vijayawada is proposed to address
urgent traffic problems through low cost traffic engineering, enforcement and
management measures, as shown in Table 2.1.7.
Table 2.1.7: Short Term Project

Project Item Quantity Cost (Mn Rs)
• Carriageway widening/strengthening 6.8 km
• Provision of median and channelisers 6.0 km
• Provision of footpaths 6*2.0km
• Pedestrian guard rails 2.7 km
Improvement • Provision/upgradation of signal 5 nos.
of control system 301
Eluru Road • Traffic signage 58 nos.
• Marking & directional arrows All corridor
• Street lighting 201 nos.
• High mast lighting 7 nos.
• Parking management 3 km
• Carriageway widening/strengthening 4.3 km
• Provision of median and channelisers 4.0 km
• Provision of footpaths 4*2.0km
• Pedestrian guard rails 3.0 km
Improvement • Provision/upgradation of signal 6/ 2 nos.
of control system 215
Bandar Road • Traffic signage 123 nos.
• Marking & directional arrows All corridor
• Street lighting 132 nos.
• High mast lighting 8 nos.
• Parking management 8,400 m2
• Provision of footpath 9.0 km
Improvement • Lane marking & zebra cross N/A
of • Traffic signage 59 nos. 50
central area • Street light N/A
• Road strengthening 8.5 km
Improvement of Eluru road, Bandar road and Central area are proposed. Stretches of
Eluru road and Bandar road are shown in Figure 2.1.10.
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Final Report
Source: Study Team

Figure 2.1.10: Alignment of Bandar Road and Eluru Road in City
(iv) Constrains and Challenges

Constrains and Challenges on road and transport development are listed as below:
• Installation of signal control system for all roads to improve traffic congestion.
Especially operation improvement of junctions is a key issue. Not only traffic control
by roundabout, but also introduction of traffic lights with Intelligent Transport
System (ITS) is one of the solutions.
• Connection to Guntur over Krishna River has to be improved for further development
of new capita area, Amaravati. In addition with this, harmonization of metro should
be considered.
(2) Water Supply

(i) Sector Overview
At present, VMC is supplying water to the city utilizing (i) surface water (River Krishna),
(ii) ground water, and (iii) infiltration galleries. Currently, VMC supplies water for
residential use, commercial purposes and limited industrial use in three circles whose
demarcation is as shown in Figure 2.1.13. The raw water quality from River Krishna is
less than 5 NTU, expect during the monsoon season.
Water demand assessed based on 2011 census population is 181 MLD (Million Liters per
Day) including 15% water losses as per Central Public Health Environmental
Engineering Organization (CPHEEO). At present, the installed capacity of water
treatment capacity is 181.84 MLD. There are 4 treatment plants constructed with
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Final Report
capacities 22.73 MLD installed in the year 1965, 72.74 MLD, one module of it is
operated from the year 1980 and other module operated from 1994. Additionally, new
Water Treatment Plant (WTP) of capacity 36.37 MLD has been in operation from 2004
and other WTP of capacity 50.01 MLD installed and operational from 2009. The
schematic diagram showing the layout of existing WTPs sketch is shown in Figure
2.1.11 and the capacity of existing WTP is shown in Table 2.1.8.
Table 2.1.8 Capacity of Existing WTP in Vijayawada

S.No. Capacity Location
1 5.00 MGD/22.73 MLD WTP at Head water works at Prakasham barrage
3 11.00 MGD/50.01MLD WTP at Head water works at Prakasham barrage
5 10.00 MGD/45.40 MLD WTP at Gangireddula Dibba
Total 50.00 MGD/227.30 MLD
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Final Report
Source: VMC
Figure 2.1.11: Existing Water Treatment Facility of Vijayawada
However, it has been reported that VMC supplies potable water to the city for few hours
(1.5 to 2 hours) twice in a day and sometimes, once in a day. This is due to the problems
encountered in distribution system due to insufficient capacity as informed by VMC.
Projected water demand is as shown in Table 2.1.9 and the demand-supply gap for the
treatment capacity is as presented in Table 2.1.10.
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Table 2.1.9 Projected Water Demand

Projected Water Demand (MLD)
Sl. No Item
2017 2032 2047
1 Vijayawada City 213.30 274.95 409.95
2 Floating Population at 10% 21.33 27.49 40.99
3 Fire Fighting 10.66 13.74 20.49
Institutional, Commercial &
17.06 21.99 32.79
Industrial
4
Sub- Total 262.35 338.17 504.22
UFW at 15% 39.35 50.73 75.63
5 Total Clear Water Demand 301.70 388.90 579.85
Total Raw Water Demand at
6 331.87 427.79 637.84
10% Excess
Table 2.1.10: Demand-Supply Gap in Water Treatment Capacity

Sl. No Year Demand-Supply Gap in Treatment Capacity (MLD)
1 2011 -
2 2017 74.40
3 2032 161.60
4 2047 352.50
Based on the demand-supply gap, it is necessary to create new water treatment capacities
to meet the present water demand (2017), prospective (2032) and ultimate (2047) water
demands.
Source: Study Team

Figure 2.1.12: Location of Intake for 16 MGD WTP
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Final Report

Figure 2.1.13: Location of 16 MGD WTP in Head Water Works
Summary of existing water distribution system in Circle-I, Circle-II & Circle-III is

presented in Table 2.1.11.
Table 2.1.11: Summary of Existing Water Distribution System

Length of Roads Length of Water Unserved Road
Sl. No Zone
(km) Distribution Pipe (km) Length (km)
1. Circle-I 373.64 353.04 20.60
2. Circle-II 435.10 292.77 142.33
3. Circle-III 421.28 312.21 109.07
Total 1230.02 958.02 272.00
(i) Existing Development Plan

Andhra Pradesh Urban Infrastructure Asset Management Limited (APUIAML) has been
formed as JV between Government of Andhra Pradesh (GoAP) and Infrastructure
Leasing & Financial Services (IL&FS). IL&FS is conducting a study to find solution for
new development of 24x7 water supply for Vijayawada city.
(ii) Constrains and Challenges
The constraints in the view of water supply system are:
• Demand-supply gap and existing infrastructure capacity arising due to the steep
increase in the immediate urban growth caused by migration of state employees,
floating population and construction workers and supplementation of additional water
treatment capacity to meet this demand-supply gap.
• Absence of monitoring system for the existing water supply system, including
assessment and Evaluation of current capacity of the existing water supply
distribution system.
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Final Report
(3) Sewerage and Storm Water Drainage

(i) Sector Overview
Absence of proper drainage system and proliferation of slums all over the city have
adversely affected the hygienic environment in the city in general.
In most part of the city, there are no separate systems to carry the sewage, sullage, and
storm water separately. Except for 392 km length of the roads, where UGD exists, the
rest of the road side drains serve as sewers to collect sewage and sullage. Also, during
the monsoons, the wastewater from the kitchen and toilets mix with storm water and get
diluted and become potential health hazard.
For the purpose of providing and maintaining the sewerage system, Vijayawada City is
divided into four zones namely, central zone, western zone, eastern - southeastern zone
and northern zone. The existing UGD system mainly covers the central zone.
The functional sewage treatment capacity of the city is 80 MLD at a sewage generation
rate of 126 LPCD, which is 80% of the water supply service level and losses due to
infiltration. At present, 60% of the city is covered with sewerage system, leaving out the
remaining sewage to drain in to open channels, ultimately disposing to the existing water
bodies, becoming a threat for the source of pollution.
Location and capacity of STPs are as shown in Table 2.1.12.
Table 2.1.12: Status of STPs in Vijayawada

Capacity Inflow in STP Efficiency
Sl. No Location
(MLD) (MLD) (%)
1 Ramalingeswara Nagar 10 10 100
2 Ramalingeswara Nagar 20 16 80
3 Auto Nagar 10 10 100
4 Ajit Singh Nagar 40 35 87
VMC has a plan to mitigate the pollution of water bodies by connecting all households in
the city through service connections. The total length of the collection network is 798 km
and length of the pumping main is 35.50 km.
A survey was conducted by VMC along the longitudinal section of River for a length of
18.00 km within the city limits and 11 polluting points have been identified discharging
in to River as shown in Figure 2.1.14 and Figure 2.1.15. The summary of the existing
storm water drains is provided in Table 2.1.13.
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Final Report
Source: Study Team

Figure 2.1.14: Location of Potential Polluting Points in River Krishna
Source: VMC
Figure 2.1.15: Potential Polluting Points along River Krishna in VMC
Table 2.1.13: Summary of Existing Storm Water Drains
Length (km) Share (%)
Total Road Length in VMC 1240.72 -
Length of Roads with Drain on one Side 86.68 6.99
Length of Roads with Drain on Two Sides 517.88 41.74
Total Length of Roads with Drains 604.56 48.73
At present, the STPs are under construction and expected to be commissioned by March
2017. The city is planned with 4 nos. of Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) as shown in
Table 2.1.14. And Figure 2.1.16 shows the sewerage zones along with planned STP
locations.
Table 2.1.14: Summary of Planned STPs in VMC

Sl.No Location STP Capacity (MLD) Remarks
1. Auto Nagar 10
STPs are expected to be
2. Jakkampudi 2 x 20
functional by March 2017.
3. Ajith Singh Nagar 20
Total 70
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Final Report
Source: VMC
Figure 2.1.16: Plan for Sewage Treatment Plants
Subsequently there is a demand-supply gap of 45.94 MLD which is necessary to develop

a treatment capacity of 45.94 MLD immediately.
(iii) Constrains and Challenges
The possible constraints and challenges in the development of comprehensive sewerage
system will be:
• Prevention of possible pollution of River Krishna and Canals by discharging sewage
and sludge;
• Identification of new locations for creating new treatment facilities to meet the short
and long term demand-supply gap;
• Diversion of sewage from storm water drains to the sewer collection network will be
challenge, as location of such disposal points will be difficult to identify and trace
them on ground.
(4) Power Supply

(i) Sector Overview
The power sector of Andhra Pradesh is divided into 4 categories namely Regulation,
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Final Report
Generation, Transmission and Distribution. Andhra Pradesh Electricity Regulatory

Commission (APERC), APGENCO is the regulatory body, deals with the electricity
production and also maintenance, proposes new projects and upgrades existing ones as
well.
APTRANSCO is set up for transmission of power and is divided into two divisions,
namely Eastern Power Distribution Corporation Limited (EPDCL) and Southern Power
Distribution Corporation Limited (SPDCL), which distributes the power to the
households and the industries.
The total installed utility power generation capacity is nearly 20,000 MW in the state.
Only 11,400 MW is the committed power supply to the state. Rest of the capacity is
exporting electricity mainly to Telangana state depending on fuel availability.
1) Dr Narla tatarao Thermal Power station at Ibrahimpatnam near Vijayawada
Dr Narla Tatarao Thermal power station is located on the left bank of river Krishna.
Vijayawada Thermal Power Station (VTPS) complex consists of 4 stages as per the
dates shown in Table 2.1.15.
Table 2.1.15: Total Generation Capacity at Vijayawada

Stage No. Unit No. Capacity (MW) Date of Commissioning
1 210 01/11/1979
1
2 210 10/10/1980
3 210 05/08/1990
2
4 210 23/08/1990
5 210 31/03/1984
3
6 210 24/02/1995
4 7 500 06/04/2009
Total 1,760
APGENCO has taken up the proposal for establishment of 1x800 MW thermal

power project at VTPS as an expansion unit.
2) Transmission line
Grid map and substation of AP State is shown in Figure 2.1.17 and Table 2.1.16
respectively.
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Final Report
Source: APTRANSCO
Figure 2.1.17: Grid Map of AP State
Table 2.1.16: List of Substation in Vijayawada Circle

Sl. No. Name of Sub-Station Date of Commissioned
220 KV Sub-Stations
1 Gunadala 26/04/1952
2 Kondapalli 11/11/1989
3 Chillakallu 15/03/1997
4 Nunna 20/01/1992
5 Gudivada 28/03/2005
132 KV Sub-Stations
1 Vijayawada 28/01/1994
2 Ganguru 31/12/2000
3 Pamarru 05/04/1978
4 Kanumolu 05/03/1978
5 Nuzvidu 29/08/1978
6 Machilipatnam 17/12/1993
7 Kambhampadu 08/07/2004
8 Nandigama 09/08/2006
9 Avanigadda 31/03/2010
10 Auto Nagar 21/05/2013
The detailed transmission map of Vijayawada zone showing the lines and
substations is shown in Figure 2.1.18, Figure 2.1.19 and Figure 2.1.20 for the
district. All the transmission lines in the district are overhead.
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Final Report
Source: APTRANSCO
Figure 2.1.18: Grid Map of Krishna District
Source: APTRANSCO
Figure 2.1.19: Grid Map of Vijayawada Zone
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Final Report
Source: APTRANSCO
Figure 2.1.20: Internal Transmission Grid Map of Krishna District
(iii) Constraints and Challenges

1) Generation
The Government of India has started promoting increasing use of renewable energy
in the total energy mix, in which cannot solve this issue completely. In the 13
districts, the installed capacity of renewable energy sources is 1,216 MW, with wind
accounting for 663 MW and solar 57 MW, the rest comprising mini hydel, biogas
and others.
2) Sub transmission and distribution
In urban areas, the supply distance of an 11kV feeder is generally 1.5 - 3.0 km and
20.0 - 80.0 km in rural areas. Unduly long supply distance caused power
distribution losses and low voltage at the consumer end.
3) Bottlenecks in Ensuring Reliable Power
Also for rural feeders, the 33KV substations are mostly manned by private people
on contract basis. No infrastructure like monitoring, recording of data (manual
recording of load, voltage and temperature of transformers done) and computerizing
the information is done leading to lack of information at the base station (33kV
sub-station) on the loading and health status of the 11kV/433V transformer and
associated feeders, is one primary cause of inefficient power distribution.
Today over 15 to 20% of the total electrical energy generated in India is lost in
transmission (4-6%) and distribution (15-18%). The electrical power deficit in the
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Final Report
country is currently about 18%.
(5) Telecommunications infrastructure underlying data center and cloud computing

(i) Sector Overview
Telecom companies which operate in India are listed as below:
• Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL): The oldest operator in the telephone
business
• Tata Indi com: Formerly Tata Teleservices
• Reliance Infocomm: Reliance is part of the relanil dhirubhai ambani group
• Air Tel: newest of the landline operators
• Idea
• Vodafone
• Telenor
• Aircel
1) Switching
The present switching capacity of Vijayawada is 120,000 lines, with 3 main
exchanges and 33 remote switching units spread all over the city urban and rural
areas. This is sufficient for the present demand. The working connections are
around 59,000. The technology used in this area is NGN (Next Generation
Network) and EWSD (Electronic Worldwide Switch Digital).

Figure 2.1.21: Land Line Exchange Sites
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Final Report
Source: Study Team

Figure 2.1.22: Local Telephone Exchange
2) Cable Network
Underground copper cables of length around 2,800 km of different sizes were laid
in all urban and rural areas.
3) Optical Fiber Network
Optical fiber cables were laid length and breadth of Vijayawada at a total length of
300 km and around 3,000 fibers, consisting different sizes (96, 48, 24, 12 and 6
fiber cables) in all main and sub routes.
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Final Report

Figure 2.1.23: Optical Fiber Route
Source: Study Team

Figure 2.1.24: Transmission Station
4) Broadband Network
This has got one Broad Band Network Gateway of 32K capacity, 3 Tier1 nodes of
10G capacity and 7 Tier2 nodes of 10G capacity in different areas and 275
DSLAMs (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer) of different capacities (64,
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Final Report
120, 240 and 480), for providing good quality of Internet service to the customers.
5) GSM
2G and 3G services are existing. However, most of the Mobile services are
provided through GSM Technology.
6) CDMA
Fixed wireless services were provided through CDMA Technology mostly used in
rural areas, where cable pairs not available.
(iii) Existing Development Plans
The GoAP has an ambitious plan of implementing e-Governance and establishing
environment conducive for development of IT industry in the State over the next 5 years.
To this end, GoAP has published a Blueprint, has notified an IT Policy and is in the
process of developing an Enterprise Architecture for e-Governance. The Vision of the
Government is:
“To develop Andhra Pradesh as a knowledge society of global repute, with a focus on
enhancing the quality of life of its citizens, through high-quality education and
healthcare, increased productivity in agriculture and allied activities, creation of requisite
employment potential by promoting electronics and IT industries, and above all, by
providing good governance.”
• Introduction of new technology in telecom sector
• Replacing switching system with NEW GENARATION NETWORK SWITCHES
• Providing internet facility to all needed and encouraging rural public to join the main
stream using technology
• Getting ready to meet requirements world class smart city
• Upgrading mobile network to 4G
• Providing WIFI facility at public places
(iv) Constrains and Challenges
Constrains and Challenges on telecommunication development are listed as below:
• Sharing of Towers is just started and may go in way in future to cut down expenses;
• Initial development cost burden to procuring sites with all amenities, installation of
equipment and laying cables in the developing areas;
• Coordination with private service providers and related agencies who require
e-Government system;
• Early entering, commissioning and starting services as early as possible and getting
customers by entering first in the newly developing areas with attractive tariff will
give good results;
• Introduction of new technology with better facilities and competitive prices will be an
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Final Report
added advantage;
• Simple and easy way to get connection and good customer support will get better
customer base and trust;
• Computability with existing technologies is to be taken care for interconnection.
C. Guntur City
(1) Roads
(a) Existing road Network
Table: 2.1.17 provides the length and width of the various roads in the city, and details
of the carriage way is shown in Table 2.1.18.
Table 2.1.17: Distribution of Road Network in Guntur City

Road Category Length (km) Width of Roads (m) Share (%)
Arterial Roads
44 30-50 4
(National Highway, State Highways)
Sub Arterial Roads
175 20-25 16
(District Roads, and other Major Roads)
Collector Roads 200 15 18
Other Roads 685 10 62
Total 1,104 - 100
Table 2.1.18: Carriage Way Details

Carriage Way (m) No. of Lanes Share (%)
5.0 Single 10%
7.0 Double 19%
10.5 Double 28%
14.0 Four 16%
18.5 Four 27%
Out of the total road network, about 502 km of roads are prepared with Water Bound
Macadam (WBM) base layer, about 440 km of roads having Black Top (BT) including a
few roads with Cement Concrete (CC). Further, 162 km of the roads are unsurfaced.
The primary road network in the city has 48 junctions out of which only 8 junctions have
signalized junctions and rest are neither signalized nor manned.
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Final Report

Figure 2.1.25: Prominent Junctions in Guntur City
(b) Constrains and Challenges

• In many areas, the collector roads and narrow lanes are directly connected with the
NH/SH.
• The collector roads in the city core have narrow widths with side drains and electric
poles along the road.
• The typical characteristic of the arteries in the core city is – free for all – road with
nearly 50% of the carriage way occupied by vendors and on street parking.
• About 15% of the road network are still gravel roads (with earthen or morrum
surface). Further, amongst the newly merged areas, majority of the internal roads are
non-formed roads.
• Majority of the junctions are not geometrically designed and controlled.
• The pedestrian trips in the city are very high. However, 70% of the road network is
devoid of footpaths. Also, the city lacks foot over bridges or sub ways for safe
pedestrian movement.
• Absence of any road management system for developing and maintenance of roads
assets is a matter of concern.
(2) Traffic and Transportation System
(a) Existing Transport system
The Comprehensive Traffic Study (CTS) carried out traffic volume counts at 7 entry/exit
points namely, NH5 [Guntur-Chennai & Guntur-Vijayawada], Amaravathi, Narasaroapet,
Nandigama, Tenali and Prathipadu roads as shown in Figure 2.1.26.
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Final Report

Figure 2.1.26: Average Daily Traffic (ADT) at Outer Cordons of Guntur City
Out of the total trips made in the city, the cycle and walking trips are account for 24.1%
and 22.5% of total trips, respectively. The Non-Motor Transport (NMT) trips are account
for 51.4% of the total trips made. This indicates the need for improving pedestrian and
NMT infrastructure in the city.
Within the city, the private operators are operating the city bus service in 11 routes. As
on date, 93 private city buses are running on daily basis out of which 63 buses are 22
seat buses and 30 buses are 44 seat buses.
Guntur attracts huge floating population and daily visitors due to presence of wholesale
markets, health care and education facilities and district level organizations. While
Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) is operating intercity
public transport facilities, private operators run city level services. In order to facilitate
the public transportation system in the city, 33 bus shelters have been developed across
the city. Further, the city has three major bus terminals namely APSRTC bus terminal,
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Final Report
Railway station bus terminal and NTR bus terminal.

The RTC bus stand handles a total flow of 4,760 buses and 1.1 lakh passengers per day.
The NTR bus terminal caters to significant intercity movement of bus traffic. As on date,
about 280 buses and 14,000 passengers move in and out from this bus complex. This is
creating demand for public/para transit operations from these terminals.
(b) Constrains and Challenges
• The city lacks organized intra city public transportation system.
• The buses are run by private operator’s lacks the tariff rationalization and proper
routing assessment.
• The private city buses are not operated during the off-peak hours which creating the
demand for para transit vehicles.
• The city lacks the designated parking area for the vehicles, buses and auto rickshaws.
• Most of the arterial and sub arterial roads are experienced the encroachments,
congestion, poor geometrics, on-street parking and pedestrian vehicular conflict
affecting the road safety as evident from the fatality rate in road accidents.
(3) Water Supply System
(i) Existing water supply system
The total installed water supply capacities in the city is 119.27 MLD, out of which the
infiltration gallery of 2.27 MLD is not functioning effectively. The key problem will be
the shortage of water resource surrounding the city, system losses due to old distribution
network, and uneven water supply distribution across the city.
At present, the functional water supply capacity of the source is limited to 90 MLD. The
head works for the system are located at Takkellapadu at 3 km from the city. The raw
water drawl is made through one intake well of 12 m diameter and 5 m water depth.
From the intake well, raw water is pumped to the two WTPs of 45 MLD capacity each
situated at 3 km from the pump house.
City Development Plan estimates the water demand in the ultimate year (2041) to be 253
MLD and water distribution network for a length of 650 km will be necessary to meet
the city water requirements. The existing water supply systems in Guntur are shown in
Table 2.1.19.
Table 2.1.19: Details of Water Supply System in Guntur City

Raw Water
Water Supply WTP Year of Operational
Source Transmission
System Capacity Commissioning Status
Length (m)
Takkellapadu 5,000m GRP Water is
45.00 1987 available only
Guntur (Old) pipe from
for 9 months in
Canal Takkellapadu Takkellapadu a year from July
45.00 2006
(New) to the WTPs to March
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Raw Water
Water Supply WTP Year of Operational
Source Transmission
System Capacity Commissioning Status
Length (m)
17,200m
pumping main
Undavalli Raw water Water is drawn
from
intake from Mangalagiri treated at for balance 3
1987 Mangalagiri months from
Krishna system Takkellapadu
pump house to April to June
River WTP
Takkellapadu
pump house
S.J.Mundi Water is
9.10 1958 available only
(Original)
for 10.5 months
in a year from
16th June to 30th
S.J.Mundi April and for the
Buckingham pump house to remaining 0.5
Canal S.J.Mundi summer months, the
18.20 1971
(Upgraded) storage tank WTP is operated
from the water
pumped from
the impounding
reservoir located
nearby.
Infiltration During summer
Infiltration period, the
gallery at 2.27 1905 NA quantity reduces
Gallery
Vengalayapalem substantially.
Table 2.1.20: Service Reservoir Capacities

Zone Elevated Service Reservoir
Distribution
Area Capacity Feeding
Zone Location Number
(ha) (kL) CWPH/Booster
I 331.78 Gujjanagulla 1 1,350 Booster at HLR
900
Stambalagaruvu 2 Booster at HLR
1,364
II 386.90
Booster at
Hanumaiyya Nagar 1 1,350
Sharda Colony
Gravity main
AT Agraharam 1 1,590 from HLR sump
III 675.62 and local
Booster at
AMC Colony 2 1,000
Agraharam
1,250
Sharda Colony 2 Booster at Nehru
1,250
IV 377.81 Nagar sump and
Vasanthraya Puram
1 650 local boosters
(Bongarala Beedu)
1,200 i) Booster at
1,200 Nehru Nagar and
HLR (Lakshmi local booster
V 169.90 3
Nagar) CWPH at SJ
1,200
Mudi WTP and
inline booster
Gravity main
VI 173.95 Court Compound 1 1,364 from HLR sump
and local booster
VII 764.15 Nehru Nagar 2 1,250 Trunk and
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Zone Elevated Service Reservoir

Distribution
Area Capacity Feeding
Zone Location Number
(ha) (kL) CWPH/Booster
1,250 sub-trunk mains
1,370 from
Takkellapadu
BR Stadium 2
1,590 WTP and local
booster
VIII 722.29
CWPH (old)
from
LB Nagar 1 1,000
Takkellapadu
WTP
1,200
1,200 CWPH at SJ
IX 585.87 LLR (Naaz Center) 4
1,200 Mudi WTP
1,200
Trunk and sub-
trunk mains from
Nallacheruvu 1 1,590
Takkellapadu
X 359.93 WTP
Booster at
Srinivasa Rao Thota 1 1,000 Nallacheruvu
sump
Total 24 29,618
Table 2.1.21: Water Supply Demand Projections

Year Projected Population (Lakh) Water Supply Demand (MLD)
2021 9.4 166
2031 11.7 205
2041 14.6 253
(ii) Planned Water supply project

In order to address the water demand for the ultimate population of 2041, GoAP has
taken up a water supply project for Guntur, and the Detailed Project Report has been
prepared with an amount of Rs 460 Crores. The project was taken up under the Andhra
Pradesh Municipal Development Project (APMDP) and funded by the World Bank.
The project has the following key components:
• Provision of additional water supply source by drawl of raw water from Undavalli
and then raw water conveyed by gravity flow to WTP at Takkellapadu;
• Development of transmission lines (28 km) from Undavalli to Takkellapadu;
• Development of additional WTP capacity of 65 MLD by 2026 and 46 MLD capacity
by 2041;
• Rehabilitation of the existing distribution system within the core city and provision of
household level metering;
• Construction of additional 10 service reservoirs.
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The water supply source is far from the city, and water is not available in the canals
throughout the year.
(4) Sewerage System
(i) Existing Sewerage System
Guntur city is predominantly dependent on storm water drains for disposal of waste
water. The underground drainage system is available in parts of the core city. In the rest
of the areas, the sewage is disposed into storm water drains or un-lined trenches. The
sewerage treatment plant which is located at Suddapalli donka is not in operation due to
technical issues. Hence, the sewage collected through the storm water channels is being
let into the agricultural fields.
(Sewerage network and coverage)
The total generation of sewage in the city is estimated to be about 72 MLD, which
includes sullage, grey water, and night soil. The total number of individual toilets in
Guntur Municipal Corporation (GMC) is 88,569. Of the individual toilets, 71,130 are
connected to septic tanks and the remaining 17,239 are connected to sewer lines.
The analysis of distribution of households as per toilet facility shows that 48% of
households have on site treatment facility; 12% of the households are connected to sewer
lines; 12% of the households are dependent on community or shared toilets and 28% of
the households lack access to safe sanitation facility.
(Sewerage treatment)
Sewage collected from the main drains is discharged into Peekalavagu, and other drains
discharge into Suddapalli Donka at the south-west of the city. A 9 MLD STP is located at
Suddapallidonka. Presently, the plant is defunct since the outfall sewer, screening
chambers, and grit channels are choked up. Hence all the sewage is being diverted to
Peekalavagu through a network of lined and un-lined drains.
(ii) Future Sewage Generation
The sewage generation has been estimated at 80% of the water supplied. The sewage
generation projected has been presented in Table 2.1.22 below.
Table 2.1.22: Sewerage Future Generation

Year Projected Population (Lakh) Sewage Generation (MLD)
2021 9.4 133
2031 11.7 164
2041 14.6 202

• About 28% of the properties are not covered with safe sanitation facility;
• The newly merged area lacks both Sewerage Network Coverage and Treatment;
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• The 9 MLD STP at Suddapallidonka is presently defunct due to which the untreated
sewage from open drains and effluent channels is disposed into agricultural fields;
• The existing sewage disposal system is emerging as an environmental threat for the
city and the neighboring villages.
(5) Storm Water Drainage
(i) Existing Drainage System
There are about five major outfall drains, namely, the Peekala Vagu Drain, Nandhiveelgu
Drain, Suddapalli Donka Drain, Budampadu Drain, and the Kankaragunta Drain. Out of
the total length of the existing outfall drains of 31 km, only about 0.8 km is lined outfall
drains. The rest of the streams are earthen trenches. About 84% of the roads in the city
are covered with the storm water network. However, only 15% of the road length is
covered with lined drains. The rest of the areas have either un-lined drains or open
trenches for collection of storm water. The summary of Storm water drains within the
city is presented in Table 2.1.23.
Table 2.1.23: Summary of Storm Water Drains

Sr. No. Category of Drain Length (km)
1 Open Drains (Lined) 839
2 Open Drains (Un-lined) 351
3 Length of Underground Drainage Network 87
Total 1,277
(Areas prone to water-logging)

The southern and eastern parts of the city get flooded even during medium-intensity
rains.
(ii) Constrains and Challenges
Guntur city does not have a separate storm water drainage network, and the drains in
most of the areas get clogged with solid waste and silted. Many areas on the southern
and eastern sides get flooded/inundated during medium to high intensity rains. Roads
have been laid without providing access channels to storm water networks. The storm
water drains in most of the areas get clogged with solid waste and silted.
(6) Power Supply
(i) Existing Power Supply
Guntur district is an administrative district in the Coastal Andhra region of
the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The administrative seat of the district is located
at Guntur, which is also the largest city of the district in terms of area and population.
The requirement of electricity, i.e. both energy and peak demand are expected to increase
significantly in Andhra Pradesh from the present level of 43,684 MU & 6,158 MW to
82,392 MU and 13,436 MW respectively by FY 2018-19.
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The total installed utility power generation capacity is nearly 20,000 MW in the state.
However, only 11,400 MW is the committed power supply to the state. Rest of the
capacity is exporting to Telangana state depending on fuel availability. The per capita
electricity consumption is 1,003 units, 48,323 million KWh of electricity supplied in the
year 2014-15.
Andhra Pradesh has total 127.53 lakhs households (Rural - 88.59 lakhs, Urban - 38.94
lakhs), out of which around 5.84 lakhs are un-electrified. At present, the un-electrified
households are being electrified under RGGVY scheme of Govt. of India.
Guntur district is having 1 numbers 400/220 kV substation, 3 numbers 220/132 kV sub
stations and 15 numbers 132/33 KV substations. The city of Guntur meets its power
needs mainly from 2 numbers 132KV substation. The max demand met to Guntur district
is 1,549.9MVA and for Guntur town is 133.87 MVA.
(ii) Planned Power Supply Project
AP Transco is proposed to construct 1 no. 400/220KV substation in Ainavolu, 3no.
220/132KV substations in Malkapuram, Maddur and upgrade Tadepalli substation and 9
no. 132/33KV substations in Dondapadu, Uddandarayapalem, Krishnayanapalem,
Navuluru, 6th Battalion area, Nagarjuna university, Amaravathi, Peddaparimi and
Atchempet.
The 400KV transmission line from VTPS to Sattenapalli connected to proposed
Ainavolu 400/220KV substation as LILO. The 220KV transmission line from VTPS to
Podili connected to proposed Malkapuram 220/132KV substation as LILO and 220KV
transmission line from VTPS to Tadepalli connected to proposed Amaravathi 220/132KV
substation as LILO. It is also Proposed to upgrade existing Tadepalli 132KV substation
to 220/132KV and connect it to 440KV Ainavolu substation and 220KV Malkapuram.
(7) Telecommunications infrastructure underlying data center and cloud computing
(a) Overview
Guntur Telecom District provides services to Guntur city, municipal corporations Tenali,
Narasaraopeta, Chilalakaluripeta, Repalle, Bapatla and other potential areas Sattenpalli,
Macherla, Vinukonda, the upcoming AP Capital Region and all other villages in Guntur
district.
The present switching capacity Guntur is 40,000 Lines, with 1 main exchange and 9
remote switching units spread all over the city urban and rural areas. This is sufficient for
the present demand. The working connections are around 36,749. The technology used in
this area is EWSD. Trunk Switching Center is also located in Guntur city with capacity
of 24k.
Underground copper cables of length 631.097 km of different sizes and 128,902.5 CKM
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were laid in different parts of Guntur city and 437.767 km of various sizes and 60,535.76
CKM in Capital Region. Through these cables voice and data connections are being
provided.
Optical fiber cables were laid length and breadth of Guntur at a total length of 354.182
km, consisting different sizes (96, 48, 24, 12 and 6 fiber cables) in all main and sub
routes.
Broad Band network provides internet connection to the public, through Gateway of 16
G capacity, three (3) Tier1 nodes of10G capacity and eight (8) Tier2 nodes of 10G
capacity in different areas and 52 DSLAMs (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer)
of different capacities (64.120, 240,480 and 960) with a total port capacity of 6,000, for
providing good quality of Internet service to the customers in both urban and rural areas.
A total of 36,000 subscribers were provided data connection through BSNL BROAD
BAND.
Most of the Mobile services are provided through GSM Technology with good quality
and reliable network. Both 2G and 3G services are being provided. BSNL mobile
services are spread over rural areas also. The customer base is around 4 lakhs in Guntur
District.
Fixed wireless services were provided through CDMA Technology, where cable pairs not
available, mostly in rural areas.
(b) Constrains & Challenges
Constrains and Challenges on telecommunication development are listed as below:
• Sharing of Towers is just started and may go in way in future to cut down expenses;
• Initial development cost burden to procuring sites with all amenities, installation of
equipment and laying cables in the developing areas;
• Coordination with private service providers and related agencies who require
e-Government system;
• Early entering, commissioning and starting services as early as possible and getting
customers by entering first in the newly developing areas with attractive tariff will
give good results;
• Introduction of new technology with better facilities and competitive prices will be an
added advantage;
• Simple and easy way to get connection and good customer support will get better
customer base and trust;
• Computability with existing technologies is to be taken care for interconnection.
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2.2 Existing Development Plan

2.2.1 Urban Development Master Plan
Capital City Detailed Master Plan have been prepared by Surbana Consultants for Amaravati
and approved by APCRDA in Dec 2015. To enable successful implementation of the Capital
City Master Plan, a development phasing has been proposed for guiding the implementation
and government budget requirements for the immediate and future projects.
Detailed Master Plan proposes 3 development phases catering to the city’s short, medium and
long term requirements. MP proposes the following three phases to be developed:
• Phase 1: Catalyze
Phase 1 will span for the first 10 years for catalyzing urban developments within the
Capital City. This phase will include a large number of infrastructure projects in order to
create the critical base for development.
• Phase 2: Momentize
Phase 2 will focus on the medium term development (2025-2035) in order to momentize
urban development within the Capital City.
• Phase 3: Sustain
Phase 3 will focus on the long term development (2035-2050) to complete the vision and
goals for the Capital city as shown in Figure 2.2.1.
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Source: APCRDA
Figure 2.2.1: Phase Wise Development Plan of Amaravati
2.2.2 Relevant Infrastructure Development Plan

At present, a draft version of the Infrastructure Master Plan for various components has been
prepared, including (i) Water supply system, (ii) Wastewater system, (iii) Road, (iv) Power,
(v) Telecommunications infrastructure underlying data center and cloud computing, (vi)
Transportation, (vii) Storm Water Drainage, (viii) Gas, (ix) Disaster Management, and (x)
Smart integrated component, though the MP has not been published as of March 2017.
2.2.3 Progress of New Capital City Development

Based on consultations with APCRDA officials, following
(a) Temporary Government Complex
The temporary complex construction has been completed and become functional for lead
governmental agencies including Chief Minister’s office. There are 7 blocks in the
government building complex.
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Final Report
Source: Study Team

Figure 2.2.2: View of New Secretariat Complex of Amaravati
(b) Construction of roads in Capital Area

ADC has commenced the procurement works for the construction of roads in Amaravati
Capital Area. Major spine road in Phase-I for a length of 19 km and the concessionaire is
NCC, a Hyderabad based company. APCRDA has planned 7 roads under Phase-1, being
implemented for a length of 65 Km with a total cost of INR 10,200 million. As per the
information of ADC officials, it is expected to release Request for Proposal (RFP) for
Phase-2 roads for a total length of 75 km with overall cost of INR 12,000 million.
Further ADC officials have informed that Phase-2 & Phase-3 roads may likely be
combined along with all utilities to be procured under ICB method, based on latest
update from Chief Minister meeting. Hence, the procurement process for phase-2 roads
has been kept on hold, which was scheduled to be latest by the end of December-16. The
roads in Phase-2 include E2, E4, E6, E12, E15, E18, N1, N2, N5, N7, N11.
(c) Architectural works for Iconic Buildings
At present, APCRDA is focusing on the development of seed capital area of 16.9 km2.
Master Plan for the seed capital is already prepared by Surbana consultants. APCRDA
has recently appointed Norman Foster and Hafeez Contractor as Master Architect for
Government Complexes and Iconic buildings and the Master Architect started working
the preparation of Urban Development guidelines and macro level planning of the
Government complexes and Iconic Buildings in Seed Capital.
Also, APCRDA has invited the architectural design services for VIP housing, comprises
minister bungalows, residences of top government officials etc., Secretariat and Head of
the Department [HoD] offices. Three RFPs have been called for simultaneously to
appoint three architects for saving the time and accelerate the development process.
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Source: APCRDA
Figure 2.2.3: Location Map of Seed Capital of Amaravati
(d) Infrastructure Master Plan

The draft version of the infrastructure master plan is under review from APCRDA and
APCRDA officials inform that the Infrastructure master plan will still undergo
modifications based on their primary assessment. Initial comments on the draft master
plan were provided to the consultants by APCRDA officials and expect the revised
version of the MP will be submitted within January 2017.
2.3 Needs of High-End Infrastructure Development

2.3.1 Current Problems which are required High-End Infrastructures
(1) Disaster management system
Since water level of the River is higher than the existing ground level in new capital city area,
countermeasures against flooding have been implemented along the River. However, these
measures are not sufficient enough to safeguard against the damage due to breakdown of
breakwaters has been reported in recent years.
In order to further enhance safety and promote development by private sector, it is necessary
to implement the flood and disaster management measures, such as reinforcement of existing
embankments, improvement of rainwater drainage system and introduction of early warning /
disaster prevention system.
(2) Traffic
In the new capital city, where rapid development of new government office buildings, urban
housing and industrial parks are expected within next 5 years, it is necessary and essential to
develop a public transport system to meet the short-term development requirements targeted
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to be completed by the end of the year 2018.

In conjunction with the completion of the government office building, a means of commuting
for the state staff being relocated from Hyderabad is necessary besides floating population
from Hyderabad. In this regard, a dedicated public corporation may be set up for new capital
city and respond by introduction of buses.
Also considering the commuting traffic from and within Vijayawada city, it is to be noted that
traffic congestions occur due to shortages in traffic infrastructure, such as traffic lights in the
city etc., which alarms urgent action is required to solve the problem.
(3) Telecommunications
It is expected that the registration work of residents and companies will occur enormously in
the short term including the relocation of government officials in the near future. In
accordance with this, it is necessary to simplify the work and procedures by digitalization, and
to improve the infrastructure that enables various data aggregation and batch management.
In the development of the new capital city, the land rights are is organized and authorized by
land pooling system, so it is important to introduce the electronic register, which will facilitate
land sales and development activities to progress smoothly.
(4) Tap water

Due to special needs from high-class oriented urban developers and hospitals, improvement of
drinking water supply system which can be consumed directly from the faucet is required to
promote global practices.
(5) Sewage
For effective utilization of existing water sources, it is necessary to introduce the water
recycling technology to recycle sewage and industrial effluents from the upcoming
developments in capital city.
2.3.2 Required High-End Infrastructure and Advantage of Japanese Technology

(1) Disaster management system
A disaster management system for the new capital city is especially required for downtown
area. A comprehensive disaster management system including monitoring, forecasting and
warnings has been developed by Japanese companies are so far highly reliable in view point
of their experience as earthquake prone country. Therefore, induction of real time advanced
technologies for disaster management will be necessary for new capital city.
(2) Traffic
As a measure to mitigate congestion in the existing cities, it is ideal to increase the road
capacity by widening roads and lanes. These measures require considerable time and expenses
are required for land acquisition, hence, as a prompt countermeasure, traffic lights, traffic
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Final Report
information provision equipment, signal control system shall be considered as alternative

solution. These are effective from the viewpoint of cost effectiveness and introduction of
advanced Japanese traffic control systems to new capital city and other urban cities around
new capital city.
(3) Telecommunications
It is necessary to introduce infrastructure that enables aggregation, management and
utilization of city big data collectively. Japanese technology including data centers and smart
city practices that make use of this technology make it possible to create the cities that
contribute to housing, jobs and academics.
(4) Tap water

The stable supply of water in the seed capital area and the improvement of the drinking water
supply system, which can contribute to highly reliable quality of water, which can be
consumed directly from the faucet, which will be a value addition for attracting global
investors, where Japanese technology will contribute significantly to realize such systems.
(5) Sewage
It is possible to develop highly advanced treatment facilities, which greatly exceed the
standard values prescribed in India, thereby contributing to water savings and provide
reusable water resources.
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3 Proposal of High-end Urban Development

(Creating High Added Value)
3.1 Preparation of Disaster-Prevention System

3.1.1 Current Situation and Challenges
I. Position of Disaster Prevention in Development Plan
1. Policy for Disaster Prevention in India (Measures at the Federal Government Level)
The Indian government established the Medium-term National Development Plan, which is a
five-year plan indicating a national-level strategic vision, targets, and projects. It is stipulated
in the Constitution and describes India’s strategic targets and projects to meet those targets in
a wide range of areas such as the economy, finance, employment, education, social security,
the environment, industry, agriculture, transportation, urban development, and energy.
In the current Twelfth Five-Year Plan (April 2012 – March 2017), matters related to disaster
prevention are mainly explained in the chapters of Water, Science and Technology, and
Governance.
In particular, the chapter of Governance, clearly stating that “there is a consensus that
investing in prevention and mitigation of disasters is economically and socially more
beneficial than expenditure in relief and rehabilitation 1,” suggests converting the policy to
measures with the emphasis on prevention and mitigation of disasters.
The aforementioned plan also examines more comprehensive measures including
cross-sectoring types of development strategy, with the visions of the development plan set as
“Faster, More Inclusive and Sustainable Growth.”
The principal development plans in disaster prevention include (1) construction of early
warning systems for disasters, (2) implementation of capacity building for mainstreaming
disaster prevention in all sectors, (3) assessment of flood damage, (4) development of a flood
control model in basin units and integrated mathematical model in water, and (5)
implementation of assistance for disaster management in the areas of earthquake research and
science and technology.
In addition, based on the Disaster Management Act of 2005, the National Disaster
Management Authority (NDMA) has been founded with the aim of improving the capacity of
disaster prevention. It has been constructing early warning systems in areas vulnerable to
disasters, mainstreaming disaster-prevention schemes, and conducting activities aiming to
enhance people’s awareness of the need for disaster prevention at the national, state, and
1
Planning Commission, Government of India. “Twelfth Five-Year Plan 2012–17. Faster, More Inclusive
and Sustainable Growth Volume 1”: 171
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regional levels. So, the need to invest in disaster prevention including mainstreaming
disaster-prevention and early warning systems has been recognized not only at the national
level but also the federal government.
2. Conversion of Flow from Emergency Response to Disaster Prevention: Preparation of

Disaster-Prevention Policy in Organizational System of Each State under the Disaster
Management Act, 2005
Before the year 2005, disaster management acts were established independently by a few
states, and therefore the circumstances were not yet matured for each state to tackle disaster
prevention at a national level. However, the Disaster Management Act, 2005 came into force
on December 23, 2005 as a comprehensive law for disaster management, and as a result, the
measures for disaster prevention have started being carried out in earnest.
The enforcement of the Disaster Management Act, which calls for the development of an
organizational framework for disaster prevention at each administrative level of the central,
state, and district governments, triggered a turning point to gradually shift from the
conventional post-disaster emergency response to a more proactive and holistic approach to
emergency management, one that includes prevention and mitigation of disasters in the
emergency management lifecycle.
In 2010, a special committee to review the Disaster Management Act was established to
enable the state government to form a disaster management committee in metropolitan areas.
It published a report in June 2013 that contained proposals including making a revision to
Article 6 of the Disaster Management Act. As of January 2017, however, the revision of the
Disaster Management Act has not been realized.
3. Mainstreaming Disaster Prevention and Disaster Mitigation

As described above, through the enforcement of the Disaster Management Act since 2005, the
focus of disaster-prevention measures in India has been transformed from a scheme centering
on emergency evacuation after the occurrence of a disaster to preliminary efforts to prevent
the occurrence of a disaster.
The following will discuss on the passage of mainstreaming the prevention and mitigation of
disasters at the national level since 2005 from the perspective of efforts such as legislation and
structural countermeasures to disasters.
(1) National Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM)
Following the Disaster Management Act of 2005, the National Policy on Disaster
Management (NPDM) was issued in 2009. NDMA, established in 2005, formulated
NPDM, which is one of the measures to materialize policy conversion in the
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disaster-prevention sector2. NPDM is composed of the following 10 sectors, explaining

the strategic measures in each sector, responsibility of the parties concerned, and
activities that should be taken by the relevant organizations.
1) Development of framework and legislation system
2) Finance
3) Prevention, mitigation, and preparation for disaster
4) Development of technical law system
5) Emergency response
6) Restoration
7) Reconstruction
8) Capacity development
9) Knowledge management
10) Research and development
(2) National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP)

In 2009 when the NPDM came into force, the National Disaster Management Plan
(NDMP) was also formulated based on the Disaster Management Act, and it covers the
whole of India.
The NDMP consists of ten chapters: the first chapter “Introduction” and the second
chapter “Hazard Risk and Vulnerability” give a summary of disaster-prevention plans in
India, and the third chapter 3 and subsequent chapters explain the policy for reducing
risk through concrete measures of disaster prevention.
It is indicated in the executive summary of the NDMP that the objective of formulating
the NDMP is to demonstrate an outline of measures regarding disaster prevention,
preparedness for disasters, disaster mitigation, and emergency response against natural
and human-induced disasters in the country. In addition, the body of the NDMP suggests
mainstreaming disaster-prevention activities into the development plan by pointing out
that preparedness and damage mitigation are important to reduce the risk of natural
disasters.
4. Organizational Framework of Disaster Prevention by the Central Government and the Local
Government
The institutional framework for disaster prevention in India is composed of three
administrative levels (central, state, and district) in accordance with the Disaster Management
Act and the NPDM. Its distinctive feature in comparison with other countries is that each state
2
Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd. 2015, “Data Collection Survey for Disaster Prevention in India: Final
Report (Summary)”
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government is entitled to have extensive authority since the federation government system is
adopted in India.
In such an institutional framework on disaster prevention in India, the NDMA is responsible
for making policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster prevention, and coordinating to
implement them.
The central ministries and agencies as well as the state governments are required to create
their respective disaster-prevention plan. In the state governments, the State Disaster
Management Authority (SDMA) is drafting policies and plans for the disaster prevention of
each state, and a state disaster-prevention plan has to be formulated in conformity with the
guidelines issued by the NDMA 3.
Source: Made by Study Team from “Data Collection Survey for Disaster Prevention in India: Final Report
(Summary)” Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd. 2015
Figure 3.1.1: Institutional Framework on Disaster Prevention of Federal Parliament,
State, and District
5. Guideline for Disaster Prevention and State Disaster Management Plan

The main contents of the guidelines issued by the NDMA for preparing a disaster-prevention
plan are as follows. In the part relating to the plan for making the state disaster management
plan, a draft of the framework of the plan is indicated; however, the majority shows
emergency response and communication flows in the event of a disaster. And, the matters
necessary for disaster reduction and reconstruction, and a comprehensive plan such as disaster
prevention, disaster mitigation, and the concept of Build Back Better are not included.
 Emergency response system
3 Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd. 2015, “Data Collection Survey for Disaster Prevention in
India: Final Report (Summary)”
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 Information and communication system for national disaster management

 Flood management
 Urban flood management
 Landslide disaster and avalanche disaster management
 Cyclone disaster management
 Earthquake disaster management
 Tsunami/seismic sea wave disaster management
 Earthquake-resistant building and structure
 Preparation of a state disaster management plan
 Model framework to prepare a district disaster management plan
6. Standard Operating Procedures and Emergency Management Center for Emergency Response
The Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) have been made by the Ministry of Home Affairs
in order to respond to natural disasters. They stipulate actions that should be taken by the
central, state, and district governments at the time of an emergency. SOP mainly consists of
text on an institutional structure, preparedness for disaster, early warning, and emergency
response and rescue.
In addition, the Emergency Operation Center (EOC) has been set up in the central, state, and
district governments with responsibility to receive and announce the disaster information
from or to the relevant organizations, to communicate with the specified institutions, and to
coordinate with the ministries, agencies, and institutions that monitor emergency activities
and carry out emergency activities 4.
7. Relevant Ministries and Agencies by Disaster Type

In India, ministries or agencies that are responsible for measures and disaster mitigation in
each respective field vary according to the disaster type. The responsible ministries and
agencies by major disaster type are shown below. These ministries and agencies also conduct
observations on each disaster type and provide observation data and prediction information.
 Flooding: Ministry of Water Resources Central Water Commission (CWC)
 Landslides: Ministry of Mines Geological Survey of India (GSI)
 Cyclones/Tornados/Hurricanes: Ministry of Earth Sciences Indian Meteorological
Department (IMD)
 Tsunami/Seismic Sea Waves: Ministry of Earth Sciences Indian National Centre for
Oceanic Information Services (INCOIS)
4 Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd. 2015, “Data Collection Survey for Disaster Prevention in
India: Final Report (Summary)”
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Source: Made by Study Team from page 8 of “Final Report of Data Collection Survey for Disaster
Prevention in India (Summary)” Yachiyo Engineering 2015
Figure 3.1.2: Ministries and Institutions in charge of Early Warning for Cyclones,
Tornados, Hurricanes, etc in India
8. Overview of Natural Disaster and Flood Control in India

(1) Overview
India is affected by various disasters due to its geographical and socio-economic
conditions. Including natural disasters and other disasters (accidents, contagious diseases,
industry-related incidences, etc.), more than 400 disasters have occurred in the past 30
years, causing enormous damage to people and the economy. Among all those, the
majority of disasters that caused serious losses to humans and the economy were derived
from meteorological conditions such as floods, storms, and droughts 5.
Among the climate-induced disasters (earthquakes, droughts, extreme temperatures,
flooding, landslides, and forest fires) in the past 20 years (1996–2016), flooding has
marked the highest frequency as well as scale of damage (the number of deaths and the
amount of damage). In terms of the number of affected people and the trend in amount of
damage by the disaster type in the past 10 years, the sum of damage owing to an
overflow of rivers between 2011 and 2015 was approximately double the amount of
damage between 2006 and 2010 while the number of victims halved. Despite the fact
that the number of flood disasters affecting people’s lives has been reduced, it is still
important to continue efforts towards eliminating loss of human life in the future.
Meanwhile, efforts to deal with the expanding economic loss are also indispensable. On
the other hand, damage due to cyclones have been continuously increasing both in terms
5
Ministry of Home Affairs 2011, “Disaster Management in India”
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of the amount of damage and the number of victims 6.

(2) Situation and Challenges for Flood Control
As mention above, flooding is the most frequently occurring natural disaster in India;
therefore, the central government has made guidelines on flood control with the NDMA,
and used various means to combat flooding such as increasing the budget for flood
control under the Twelfth Five-year Plan. The relevant ministries and authorities
including the Ministry of Water Resource, the Central Water Commission, the Port
Authority, and the State Disaster Management Authority are conducting countermeasures
including the construction of embankments, dams, reservoirs, drainage systems, and
watercourses. However, such efforts are not catching up with the pace of urbanization
due to a population increase and demand for infrastructure development due to
urbanization, resulting in continuous damage being caused by inundation. Since
urbanization and population growth are expected to continue in the future in India, it is
necessary to pursue not only engineering measures to build infrastructure but also ways
to mitigate the flood damage itself by predicting floods in advance. The National Water
Policy, formulated by the Ministry of Water Resource, also states that advance measures
and responses, including flood forecasting, are highly essential for flood control. The
policy calls for close and extensive monitoring prior to flooding, and that all
preparedness efforts and planned countermeasures be based on that observed
information.
II. Current Status of Disaster management in Andhra Pradesh (AP) State
1. Recent Situation of Natural Disasters in AP State

The Telangana region including Hyderabad was divided from AP State in 2014, and became
independent as Telangana State. The natural disasters that have most frequently occurred in
AP State including the former AP State area in the last decade are due to cyclones and floods.
The most serious damage was seen in Hubhad in 2014. In 2015, Krishna River was inundated
due to the influence of a large-scale monsoon hitting AP State and Tamil Nadu, resulting in
massive damage that led to 470 deaths and cost 150 billion Indian rupees 7.
2. Current Situation of State Disaster Management Plan by Independent Segregation of

Telangana State
Due to the recent separation and independence of Telangana State from Andhra Pradesh, the
disaster-prevention plan in AP is in transition. Planning is now shifting focus from
6 EM-DAT: Data referred to The International Disaster Database <http://www.emdat.be/>

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Vijayawada, to the new planned capital, Amaravati.

Although the former AP State government recognized that the frequent natural disasters in the
state such as floods and droughts had negative impacts on the agricultural sector, no specific
measures or strategies were suggested.
Meanwhile, with the state’s independence, Vijayawada, with the assistance of the United
States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP), has already formed the State Disaster Management Plan in accordance
with the Disaster Management Act, 2005 and the guidelines issued by the NDMA. In this
State Disaster Management Plan, urbanization of Vijayawada is foreseen to exceed 50% in
2025, and as a result, disaster risk is expected to become greater.
Currently, an alarm sounds in the case of continuous rain. People who receive this warning,
however, are unable to judge the degree of urgency of any flood event.
Further, as cellular phones serve as primary communication tools for the greater public in
Vijayawada, communication with and between local and state authorities could be intermittent
in the event of cellular service disruptions in an emergency. Thus, the Disaster Management
Plan points out that it is necessary to establish more reliable methods of communication
between Chief Engineers, District Controllers, and other persons and offices in charge of
water, river management and control, government authorities and institutions, and the greater
public of Vijayawada. Specifically regarding notification of information on water control
including floods and water levels, the following requirements have been laid out: to announce
warnings at an appropriate timing, to strengthen the communication link among the
governmental institutions, to establish a method of communication besides VHF radio and
cellular phones, and to diversify the means of information dissemination.
3. Institutional Framework on Disaster Prevention in AP State

The Andhra Pradesh State Development Planning Society (APSDPS) is in charge of
disaster-related observations and data analysis in AP State.
The APSDPS consists of two divisions: the Development Planning Division and Disaster
Mitigation Division. The Development Planning Division carries out crosscutting research
and evaluation as well as data assessment. And, the duties of the Disaster Mitigation Division
are to conduct risk analysis based on observation information and reports issued by the federal
government officials in charge of irrigation who are stationed at sluice barrages, and to issue
disaster warnings to the related divisions of AP State and residents through the website
(dashboard) of the APSDPS.
The Irrigation Department and Water Resources Department has the actual authority over
water control, and conducts daily measurements of the water level at sluice barrages and
reservoirs, and in the event of a disaster, passes the information to the executives of AP State.
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III. Current Situation and Challenges and Proposal for Measures in AP State
1. Current Situation and Challenges of River Management and Information Transmitting System
in the Event of a Disaster
Actual conditions of flood control and information-transmitting system in AP State that are
confirmed through the field survey are as follows.
(1) Normal Times
River management and transmission of disaster information are under the authority of
the Irrigation Department and Water Resources Department of AP State, which measures
the water level on a daily basis and conveys the information. At normal times, an officer
in charge of measuring the water level who is stationed at sluice barrages and reservoirs,
measures the water level visually from 6 a.m. to 8 a.m. every day, and transmits the data
to the Assistant Engineer via an SMS text message. Then, the Assistant Engineer records
the data in a dedicated water level log, while writing information about a sluice barrage
in a “sheet”, and reports to his/her superior Executive Engineer. The Executive Engineer
confirms the given information and reports to the Super-Independent Engineer who
ranks higher. Then, the Super-Independent Engineer organizes the information on water
level gathered in the sheet and the book to publicize it on the APSPDS website
(dashboard) for the residents.
Further, the dashboard provides not only information on the water level of sluices and
reservoirs but also other information such as the water level of Krishna River and rainfall
predictions. The Chief Engineer who is ranked the highest in the information
transmitting system at normal times, judges whether the information on water level is
ordinary or at a disaster level based on information from the Super-Independent Engineer.
Water levels are measured at normal times not only by the Irrigation Department and
Water Resources Department of AP State but also responsible officers of the Water
Resources Department of the Federal Government of India who are stationed at sluice
barrages. However, the information produced by the officers in charge of measuring is
reported directly to CWC without passing through the above transmission route within
AP State. If the CWC judges that given information is comparable to a disaster, the
information measured by the federal government officer in AP State will be reported
directly to the Government of India.
In this way, water gate information is transmitted through a cellular phone network;
however, the network will be interrupted in the event of a cyclone, etc. So, there is a
possibility that data may not be obtainable, and it could be hard to transmit information
on water levels. Securing multiple data communication routes is a future task. Further,
the barrages are manually opened and closed according to the water level, and
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automating this is a major issue in river management.
(2) At the Time of Disaster

When the water level rises and the occurrence of a disaster is foreseen, depending on the
judgment of the Chief Engineer, information on the water level will be reported to the
Engineering Chief. The Engineering Chief is in a position to receive emergency
information on all water gates and river systems in AP State, and the details will be
conveyed to the Minister in charge of irrigation in the Chief Secretary of AP State.
Information such as the rise of water level will be transmitted from the Chief Secretary
to the District Collector, who is in charge of crisis management. The District is the
administrative unit under the State and the District Controller holds the secretary
position at the District government level and has authority, including legal authority, to
order compulsory evacuations. The District Controller determines whether it is necessary
to evacuate the residents, and provides instructions in such instances. If the District
Collector judges that an evacuation is necessary, he/she gives evacuation instructions to
the Deputy District Collector.
In the case of heavy rainfall and a remarkable rise in water level, etc., water level
observations and information transmission are more frequently performed than in normal
times. However, after the officer in charge of measuring has measured the water level of
the river, the information has to go through many levels of hierarchy. Therefore, even if a
water level rise is confirmed and the risk of flooding becomes greater, it takes time
before an actual warning and evacuation direction are issued. The damage may increase,
and thus a system that enables an early preliminary warning to be issued is necessary.
Furthermore, although it passes through a great number of hierarchies, the role of
transmitting water level information overlaps among some of the hierarchies; therefore,
it is necessary to review the division of roles in the organization. On the other hand, this
information transmission system has been maintained for a long time by the firm
bureaucracy system that is distinctive to India, and thus it seems that it is not easy to
modify it, for example, by reducing the posts.
(3) Handling Evacuation Instruction and Infrastructure at the Time of Disaster

In AP State, Deputy District Collectors are normally posted in each district in the
following twelve sectors: planning, health and sanitation, education, urban development,
rural development, engineering and infrastructure, integrated tribal development, welfare,
general affairs, marketing/cooperative association, industry/mining, and
agriculture/agriculture-related products. And they issue evacuation instructions to public
facilities, infrastructure, and the relevant residents in each responsible sector.
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Since information sent to relevant district authorities, institutions and persons

responsible for roads, railroads, and other infrastructure during a disaster is
communicated through more traditional and manual methods (such as cars mounted with
loudspeakers, and through public broadcasting systems installed throughout the
community), this may cause inefficiencies in how infrastructure is attended to during and
after a disaster. And there is a fear that the damage may spread because of this. Hence, it
is desirable to have a unified control and connection system using IT based on data such
as meteorological information.
• Related organizations and their roles, flow of information ■：AP state governmental org. ■：GOI →:information（SMS）
Normal Times At the Time of Disaster
3 4 5 6 7
AP State AP State AP State AP State AP State
Irrigation Dept./ Irrigation Dept. / Irrigation Dept./ Irrigation Dept. /
Water Resources Water Resources Water Resources Water Resources
Dept. Dept. Dept. Dept.
Chief Secretary
Executive Superintendence Chief Engineering (in charge of
Engineer (“EE”) Engineer (“SE”) Engineer (“CE”) Chief (“ENC”) Irrigation)
Input the information into Summarize the info of
the dashboard based on
the information of the book
each barrage
2 AP State
and paper 8 • Decide/instruct the
Irrigation Dept./ AP State residents' evacuation
Water Resources
Complete the water level
Dept. District • Has legal authority on
Assistant
information, enter details
in the book and Collector evacuation
Engineer (“AE”)
summarize in paper to
report it to EE
1 9 • Execute evacuation
AP State
Measure the water AP State instructions (in charge
Irrigation Dept./
Water Resources level at bridge/dam of instruction
Deputy
Dept. and barrage transmission to the
District Collector
Gazing Guy mandals/villages)
• Deputy District
1 2 Collector is located in
Government of Government of 13 departments of
India (“GoI”) India (“GoI”),
Central Water
･In case of disaster, the information will be police, hospitals,
Commission escalated to GOI education, etc.
Gazing Guy
(“CWC”)
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.1.3: Monitoring of Flood Control and Information Transmission System at Time
of Disaster
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Source: APSDPS website

http://core.ap.gov.in/cmdashboard/UserInterface/Irrigation/IrrigationCommonReport.aspx
Figure 3.1.4: Dashboard (Website) that Displays Flood Control Information such as Water
Level of Each Water Gate
2. Situation and Challenges Facing Disaster Warning System

Rainfall information is obtained from meteorological sensors installed in various locations
within AP state, however this sensor information does not directly relate to the water level of
rivers, reservoirs, and dam barrages. Water level information is monitored and collected by
direct observation by flood management staff, who transmit the information to the
Super-Independent Engineer, who then manually enters and publishes water level data on the
APSDPS dashboard. The APSDPA dashboard also includes rainfall forecast information.
However, the published information on rainfall prediction is a forecast for 24 hours to 48
hours. This rainfall prediction presents the possibility of rainfall any time from 24 hours to 48
hours thereafter. However, it is difficult to predict the timing of sudden and intensive weather
such as local downpours. Under the current disaster management system, it is difficult to
predict rainfall at an early stage, and there may be inundation inside the levee and torrential
downpours, resulting in disaster in urbanized areas.
According to APSDPS’s website, APSDPS established The Early Warning Center (EWC) in
2003, with assistance from the World Bank. The EWC predicts cyclones and floods based on
meteorological data. However, as Amaravati's Disaster Master Plan calls for advanced
technologies that have capabilities including real-time observation and monitoring and
forecasting around the clock, the EWC now needs further sophistication.
IMD is responsible for measures and damage mitigation against cyclones, hurricanes, and
tornados as well as observations and predictions with meteorological radars installed in AP
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State. However, the meteorological radars of the IMD are primarily aimed at issuing
preliminary warnings for cyclones at an international level, and thus they are not suitable for
issuing appropriate warnings at the regional level.
Since issuing early preliminary warning to control the water gate leads to mitigation of flood
damage, AP State also thinks that it is desirable to issue preliminary warnings earlier than
under the current system. So, it can be said that the introduction of an early warning system
utilizing Japan’s technology matches the current situation and issues of AP State (the details to
be explained later).
3. Current Situation of Flood Control Management in Amaravati Area

As of December 2016, before the transfer of the new state capital functions in the Amaravati
area, buying and selling land titles and housing construction had partially started.
Since the new capital area faces Krishna River, one of the two major rivers in AP State,
disaster-prevention embankments with a height of 12 meters and a width of 13 to 15 meters
have already been built along the riverside.
The GIIC/Aarvee are currently planning for the development of new disaster prevention
infrastructure designed to mitigate and respond to flooding. Similar to other jurisdictions
within AP State, Amaravati is also prepared for flood disasters by controlling the water level
of streams and rivers through the management of barrages and reservoirs.
Krishna River is the third largest river in India, and a large gate built during the British rule
controls the water volume. However, floods and inundation caused by heavy rain and local
downpours are still causing dozens of deaths and tens of thousands of displaced people every
time they occur. So, it is assumed that disaster-prevention dikes will be constructed ahead of
the development of the new capital. In the future, the plan is to construct several new
reservoirs in the same area, and control floods through small-scale streams. But, from now on,
housing land development and conversion of agricultural land are expected to accelerate
because of population growth and urbanization with the development of the new capital.
Therefore, AP State also recognized it was necessary to take further measures against natural
disasters and to establish a preliminary warning system at an earlier stage since urban-type
disasters such as inundation inside levees, landslides, and flooding are anticipated to increase.
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Water gauge of Krishana River Gate of Krishana River
Looking over the low land along Krishana River The top of the disaster-prevention embankment
from the disaster-prevention embankment functions as a roadway
Barrage
Reservoir of Amaravati area Water volume of a stream is controlled by a
barrage at the eastern end of Amaravati area
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Office of AP State Irrigation Dept. and Water

Resources Dept. & Office of the official of the
Branch office of Irrigation Department
Federal Government of India, responsible for
at barrage
flood control (on the same premises, but
different information transmission routes)
Storehouse of control panel

Gate pump of barrage gate
of barrage gate
SMS to convey information on the water level Sheet that compiles information of a barrage
Source: Study Team
Figure 3.1.5: Existing Facilities for Disaster Prevention
IV. Summary of the New State Capital’s Master Plan for Disaster Prevention
Regarding the infrastructure development of the new state capital, master plans for other
matters besides disaster prevention have been formulated by GIIC/Aarvee, such as plans
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concerning water and sewage, roads, railways, electricity, and ICT. The master plan for the
disaster-prevention sector as of December 2016, the “Draft Concept Plan-Disaster
Management Planning,” states that the new capital aims at urban development adopting
advanced technology as a smart city model of India, and emphasizes the need to tackle
disaster mitigation in a comprehensive manner, considering the increasing risk of urban-type
disasters owing to urbanization. In particular as measures against natural disasters caused by
weather such as floods, it says that efforts at normal times are more important than those in
the time of a disaster, and emphasizes the need to adopt advanced technology. In addition, it
compiles the responses that should be taken in the field of transportation, water, shelter, and
fire prevention, according to disaster levels that are prescribed in the NDMA’s guidelines.
Points of Master Plan for Disaster Management

 The new state capital will be constructed as a smart city model of India and a tourist city
of a world-scale and international standard.
 It is assumed that the population and economic activities will be concentrated in the
capital, and the safety of the town is a prerequisite for urban construction and sustainable
development.
 Urbanization will progress with the rapid development, and the city will become more
susceptible to influences of the natural environment than ever before. As a result, the city
will be exposed to serious disasters and so stable urban management with the
“Amaravati Disaster Management System” is indispensable.
 Not as one of the pillars of the disaster prevention and management plan, but from the
perspective of disaster prevention, there is a need to have a comprehensive disaster
mitigation approach.
 It is necessary to expand the monitoring and early warning system for risks of natural
disasters; specifically, there is a need to observe torrential downpours, hurricanes,
tornados with a 24-hour real-time system, and use advanced technology for monitoring
and prediction.
 Dissemination of disaster-related information including flood control is currently
conducted manually using SMS, but by utilizing smart applications and knowledge
databases as shown in the figure below, it will become a more coordinated system for
disaster warning and management.
 Responses to be taken at the time of disaster are compiled according to the disaster level
specified in the NDMA guidelines, and they relate to disaster-prevention roads, shelters,
provision of emergency goods and water supply, and arrangement of a supply network.
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Source: Draft Concept Plan Disaster Management Planning

Figure 3.1.6: Emergency Command and Management System in Amaravati as Disaster
Countermeasure Planned in Master Plan
V. Issues with Flood Countermeasures of the New State Capital based on the Current
Situation and Development Plan
(1) AP State is already trying to implement the disaster management system development
plan of the Amaravati area.
The survey revealed that the AP State government is planning advanced
disaster-prevention infrastructure, taking a lead over others cities, based on the concept
of mainstreaming disaster prevention, and it has already started some disaster
countermeasures in the new state capital, including (1) formulation of the master plan of
disaster management including advanced disaster countermeasures and reconstruction
plan, etc., (2) establishment of flood control plan including installment of small-scale
streams and reservoirs, (3) construction of disaster-prevention dikes, and (4)
development plan of information transmitting system through control command center.
(2) Disaster-Prediction and Early Warning System is Undeveloped in the Current System of
AP State
On the other hand, the following situations are found in the existing flood control and
disaster information transmission system.
1. The main flood countermeasures are information dissemination, warning, and
evacuation instructions based on water level information, while systems for weather
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forecasts, disaster prediction, and early warnings are not developed.

2. Flood management is operated in a manual method and not a 24-hour system.
3. The main means of information transmission is private communication using
cellular phone networks such as SMS, and thus it takes time.
4. Infrastructure such as roads and railways, which are vulnerable to floods, are
managed by a manual operation method based on information from the disaster
information transmission system.
(3) Need for 24-hour Observation and Early Warning System is Also Stressed in the Master
Plan
Given this situation, the disaster management master plan emphasizes the need to have
comprehensive disaster mitigation from not only the standpoint of post-disaster
operations but also during normal times, and the introduction of advanced technology
such as expansion of the early warning system based on observation and monitoring with
a 24-hour real-time system.
(4) Applicable Range of Japanese Technology and Highly Applicable Urban-type

Disaster-prevention Radar
As stated above, AP State has already planned and implemented various flood
countermeasures, considering the need to mainstream disaster prevention. As for an early
warning system, however, it is still undeveloped although AP State recognizes its
necessity. Under such circumstances, if we examine the possible scope of applicability of
Japanese technology, the scope of the project proposal this time would be prevention and
mitigation measures against floods, accompanied by infrastructure control including
water-gate management and transportation-infrastructure control. These may produce
high-end development (create added value) and have the possibility of future expansion.
We have discussed what would be able to realize the disaster prevention that is
emphasized in the disaster master plan of Amaravati, and what sort of disaster
management system could produce higher added value by being attached to the existing
disaster management system. As a result, we came to the conclusion that what is highly
applicable is an urban-type disaster prevention meteorological radar.
By introducing this radar (X-band solid-state weather radar or X-band phased-array
weather radar), 24-hour real-time observation and prediction, and proper flood prediction
and judgment for issuing early warning and evacuation will become possible.
Moreover, in the future, this technology may possibly expand, and enable a unified
disaster risk management using the disaster-prevention radar and the warning system,
through the connection and control of urban-type disaster prevention meteorological
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radars and infrastructure.
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.1.7: Survey Result and Proposed Measures Utilizing Japan’s Technology
3.1.2 Project Summary

As explained above, based on the importance of mainstreaming disaster prevention in India as
well as in AP State, and the prior investment towards the construction of the new capital of AP
State, we have analyzed the issues and measures in the disaster-prevention field in AP State.
And we reached the conclusion that strengthening the disaster preliminary warning system on
the assumption of cyclones would be measures with the highest priority and feasibility. Amid
this effort, an urban-type disaster-prevention radar can be proposed as one of the technologies
with the highest applicability of Japanese technology. A project summary utilizing the
urban-type disaster-prevention radar is as follows.
As the first phase, the project will introduce an urban-type disaster-prevention radar (X-band
Solid-State Weather Radar or X-band Phased-Array Weather Radar) in the new state capital,
and upgrade the existing early warning and disaster-prevention system. While utilizing the
existing flood control information management and transmission mechanism of AP State, the
project aims to improve the system’s function by adding observation and prediction
information from the meteorological radar to the APDSPS website (dashboard) that is sending
out information.
In the second phase, the project will make it possible to expand the disaster-prevention system
and make it a comprehensive one that can operate and manage roads, water gates, and sewage
infrastructure based on predictions and an early warning system. This will be done by
introducing new Japanese technology in a way that complements the existing system and
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linking it with a datacenter that will be established in the new state capital in the future.
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.1.8: Future Image of Project Outline
For example,
information that can be
added to the
dashboard includes:
1) River water level forecast
Amaravati
(1-hour advance forecast)
2) Alarm etc.
Phased Array
Weather Radar
urban platform
(data center)
Conduct analysis by utilizing data center
AP state
dashboard
META Rainfall Early
Analysis Analysis
Alarm/alert
warning
System extensibility
in the future
IMD Weather
Radar Network Alarm
lamp
ON Sewage pump
Sewage Mgmt. activated
Road Mgmt.
Underpass
closed
River Mgmt.
Evacuation
advisory issued
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.1.9: Conceptual Image of Technology to be Introduced this Time
3.1.3 Site Proposed for Introduction
1. Method of Introducing Disaster-Prevention System

It is not realistic to introduce the urban-type disaster prevention meteorological radar, to
upgrade early warning system, and to make connections with infrastructure all at once, in
terms of budget and operation as well, because the infrastructure of Amaravati is currently at
the planning stage. Instead, it is necessary to introduce systems and technologies step by step.
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Final Report
In addition, the AP State government has also requested comprehensive cooperation including
capacity building in order to operate the system. By introducing advancements gradually, it
will be possible also for Japanese corporations not only to sell the urban-type
disaster-prevention radar but also increase business opportunities even more by being
involved in future system expansion, infrastructure connection and control.
In the first phase, the project will install the urban-type disaster prevention meteorological
radar, and in addition to the information provided by the present dashboard, disseminate the
information on observations and predictions from the disaster-prevention radar through the
dashboard to achieve preliminary warnings at an earlier timing. Simultaneously, it will
centralize information with the observation data from the past India IMD radar, analyze the
observation data at the datacenter, link it to the early warning system of the APSDPS, and
send out more precise early warnings in the dashboard to the residents of Amaravati and the
related ministries and agencies of AP State. At the same time, it will systematize
communication on preliminary warning information between the disaster-prevention and
flood control and other disaster-related institutions.
In the second phase, basic infrastructure such as transportation, roads, and water gates will be
connected with the early preliminary warning system in the future, and automatic control will
be made possible at the time of a disaster.
2. Location of Radar Installation

In the Amaravati area, places like the rooftop and top of a steel tower on the buildings owned
by AP State in the governmental zone would be a candidate site. According to AP State, the
new government office building that will be constructed will be excluded from the candidates
since it will be difficult to install a radar there due to the adoption of high security in the new
office. In the first phase, one radar may provide sufficient coverage. If two radars are installed
in the Amaravati area, however, it would enable nearly complete observation coverage in
almost all areas of the new state capital.
Each radar has a coverage of 60 km to 100 km radius and will contributes to the observation
of the upper part of the Krishna River. In addition, the introduction of radar eliminates the
need to construct a rain gauge network.
Furthermore, since AP State pointed out the need to install radars on coastal areas besides the
Amaravati area, there is a possibility that disaster-prevention measures will be achieved by
using the urban-type disaster prevention meteorological radar outside of the Amaravati area.
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Final Report
Source: Public relations magazine of Company A

Figure 3.1.10: Conceptual Image of Installation of Urban-type Disaster Prevention Radar
3. Situation of Infrastructure Development Needed for Introduction

(1) Electricity Infrastructure
The electric power required for Amaravati in 2050 is estimated to be a total of 3,809 MW,
and the nearest power plant, Vijayawada Thermal Power Plant (VTPP, capacity of 1,000
MW), is expected to supply it. Since VTPP plans to expand its capacity to 1,800 MW, it
is considered that this power plant will be able to meet the demand and supply for this
area 8. As power consumption of a meteorological radar is 15 kVA (equivalent to 0.015
MW) per radar, the electric power supplied by VTPP would be sufficient for the
operation 9.
(2) Communication Infrastructure

The current main infrastructure for communication in AP State is the 3rd generation (3G)
network, and we cannot say that this is sufficient infrastructure for the operation of the
urban-type disaster-prevention radar system. According to the master plan of Amaravati,
the plan named “AP Fiber Grid” is under way, and it aims to establish wide-area
broadband throughout AP State by 2018. Depending on the progress of communication
infrastructure development in the future, it is expected to be available for home and
office use. Development of communication infrastructure based on this plan is a
precondition for the operation of the urban-type disaster-prevention radar system 10.
8
Draft Detailed Master Plan of Capital City AMARAVATI
9
Based on an interview with the company that owns urban-type disaster prevention weather radar
technology
10
Based on an interview with the company that owns urban-type disaster prevention radar technology
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Final Report
3.1.4 Introduction of Technology

(Superiority of Japanese Companies and Benefit to Japan)
I. Technical Advantage of Japanese Companies
1. Advantage of Disaster-Prevention System using Meteorological Radar
In Japan, various types of urban infrastructure were developed in line with the country’s
economic growth. However, due to the rapid population increase, urbanization, and
conversion of agricultural land to residential land, even big cities equipped with infrastructure
suffered damage from urban-type natural disasters such as inundation inside a levee,
downpours, and floods.
Against this backdrop of social conditions, the Japan Meteorological Agency completed its
meteorological radar network covering the whole country in 1972, and began making
observations by meteorological radar started on a full-scale basis 11.
In Japan in the 1990s, the number of flood-affected areas was rapidly reduced due to the
advancement of disaster-prevention meteorological radar technology as well as the progress
of infrastructure development related to urban-type disaster prevention. From 2010 onward,
the development of “X-band solid-state weather radar / X-band phased-array weather radar”
has been proceeded with, and it enables direct observation of the detailed structure and
precursors of localized and sudden atmospheric phenomena such as local downpours
(so-called guerilla downpours) and tornados.
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.1.11: Introduction of Weather Radar and Changes in Area Inundated Nationwide
2. Technical Advantage of X-band Solid-State Weather Radar / X-band Phased-Array Weather
11
Osamu Suzuki 2010, “Furukute Atarashii Kannsoku Souchi Radar no Hanashi” (Old and new stories
about observation device weather radars)
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Final Report
Radar 12
Compared with weather radar using electron tubes, the prevailing type in India, the X-band
solid-state weather radar has the following advantages: lower operation costs (the
introduction cost is the same), higher energy efficiency, and more environmentally friendly.
Furthermore, the X-band phased-array weather radar can perform 3D observation and rapid
analysis 20 times faster than the conventional X-band solid-state weather radar. Using it, early
prediction and announcement of preliminary warnings for local downpours becomes feasible.
This X-band phased-array weather radar is a product that Japanese companies succeed in
developing for the first time in the world, and it has international competitiveness.
The X-band Phased Array Weather Radar has already been introduced in Japan in great
numbers, and Japanese products have been introduced in India as well.
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.1.12: Comparison of X-band Phased-Array Weather Radar and X-band
Solid-State Weather Radar
The X-band phased-array weather radar is currently operating in Japan for research purposes,
but it has been proved that it can issue a warning one hour earlier than the conventional
prediction system.
By introducing weather radars (X-band phased-array weather radar and X-band solid-state
weather radar), which enable accurate weather observation and early warnings, the following
disaster-prevention measures are expected.
12
Based on an interview with the company that owns urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar
technology
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Final Report
 Inundation of rivers and inland water can be prevented by controlling water gates in
advance.
 Damage to humans can be mitigated by evacuating people from dangerous zones.
 Economic loss can be reduced by moving out facility equipment and important assets.
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.1.13: Urban Disaster Prevention Weather Radar can Release Forecast and
Warning more than 30 Minutes Earlier
II. Effect of Introduction of Urban-type Disaster-Prevention Weather Radar: Mitigation of

Economic Loss
It is expected that being able to issue an early warning with an urban-type disaster-prevention
weather radar may also lead to reducing economic losses caused by disasters.
The verification result found that economic losses due to disasters is reduced by 20% when a
disaster-prevention radar and early warning system is introduced, compared to the case
without an early warning system.
According to a calculation by Lloyd’s, the British insurance company, an estimate of
economic loss, etc. due to floods, which is a disaster the major cities in India will suffer in the
next 10 years, is as follows.
Assuming that Amaravati may suffer the one tenth level of flood damage as that of Bengaluru
(since the future population sizes are about one tenth of the Bengaluru), the economic loss in
Amaravati due to flooding over the next 10 years is estimated to be about 126 million U.S.
dollars. By introducing the urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar and early preliminary
warning system, this economic loss may be reduced to 100 million U.S. dollars.
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Table 3.1.1: Amount of Economic Loss the Major Indian Cities Are Predicted to Suffer
due to Flooding Over the Next 10 Years (Estimate)
GDP@Risk Affected Population
(US$ million) (million)
Delhi 11,280 18.6
Kolkata 2,460 5
Chennai 1,207 9.8
Hyderabad 1,710 11.7
Bengaluru 1,260 11.5
Amaravati 126 1.2
Source: Reference—Lloyd’s City Risk Index 2015–2025 & Demographic World Urban Areas 12th
Annual Edition: 2016:04
Damage simulation between 2015-2025

for Amaravati
Potential flooding-related damage for 10 years
from 2015 in Amaravati (in million US$.)
26m
126m* (-20%)
100m
No With Early
Warning Warning
1 hour ahead
•DPS can reduce 20% of annual

economical damage, which is US$ 26
million.
Source: Study Team
Figure 3.1.14: Effect of Mitigating Economic Loss by Introducing Early Warning System
III. Benefit to Japan

Introducing Japan’s urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar technology into Amaravati
will benefit Japan in the following ways.
(1) Contribution to “Sendai Cooperation Initiative for Disaster Risk Reduction” toward
Mainstreaming Disaster Prevention by the Japanese Government
In the Sendai Cooperation Initiative for Disaster Risk Reduction, the basic idea is
presented as placing importance on mainstreaming disaster prevention. It introduces the
standpoint of stopping disasters into all development policies and plans, and aims to
build a society that can withstand disasters together with the international community
while sharing Japan’s knowledge and technology with the world as Japan is a developed
country in the field of disaster prevention. Further, its basic policy suggests the long-term
perspective of making investment in disaster prevention, and prior investment in disaster
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prevention, which is more cost effective than post-disaster emergency response and
reconstruction. Therefore, introducing the urban-type disaster-prevention radar at the
early stage of urban development will contribute to the initiative that Japan and
international society agreed upon 13.
(2) Possibility of Sales Expansion into Other Areas in India and Surrounding Countries with
Amaravati Being Showcase
From AP State, the needs for introducing the urban-type disaster-prevention weather
radar system into areas other than Amaravati have been confirmed. Introducing the
urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar and early warning system into the new state
capital that advocates a smart city model town of India may act as a showcase. There is a
possibility of expanding sales into other areas in India as well as the surrounding regions
in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It will contribute to the “G7 Ise-Shima Principles for
Promoting Quality Infrastructure Investment” advocated in the Ise-Shima Summit in
2016.
3.1.5 Issues and Policies for Solution toward Project Implementation

1. Lack of Capacity of AP State-related Institutions for Utilizing Urban-type Disaster Prevention
Weather Radar and Early Warning System
As pointed out in Amaravati’s disaster master plan, AP State personnel in charge of disasters
are at the developmental stage of building capacity to operate a disaster-prevention system.
Therefore, it is necessary to upgrade the urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar and
early warning system together with capacity building, and AP State also hopes for
comprehensive assistance including capacity building.
Specifically, it can be assumed that technical assistance and human resource dispatch services
will be provided by Japanese-related institutions such as the following.
 Inviting the relevant personnel of the AP State government to Japan so they can learn
about use and application of an actual urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar.
 Providing advice and guidance from Japanese experts through Japan’s technical
cooperation project, on issues such as collaboration between the disaster-prevention
radar and early preliminary warning system, and the existing flood control management
information transmission system of AP State, and in the future, the connection between
the early preliminary warning system and infrastructure control.
2. Response to Issue that Detailed Design Plan is Not Formulated Only in Disaster-Prevention
13
“Sendai Cooperation Initiative for Disaster Risk Reduction”
http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/files/000070615.pdf) (information as of Feb. 2, 2017)
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Sector
Regarding the basic infrastructure development in Amaravati, such as roads, transportation,
water and sewage, electric power, and Information and Communication Technology (ICT), in
addition to the concept master plan by GIIC/Aarvee, there is a plan to formulate a detailed
design in the future.
As for disaster-prevention-related infrastructure, however, the formulation of a detailed design
plan only covering disaster-prevention facility development is not scheduled, since it is said
that at the time of a disaster, cross-sector initiatives are required to manage roads, dams and
rivers, and railways.
On this account, continuous and specific efforts to persuade the state government as well as
constant governmental-level consultation among Japan, India, and AP State are required in
order to introduce the urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar and early warning system.
3. Necessity of Step-by-step Implementation

It is important to make an investment in disaster prevention at an early stage of urban
development. Although the AP State’s plan aims at completing part of the development
project by the end of 2018, as of December 2016, even the detailed design plan of basic
infrastructure has not been achieved yet. Future progress on full-scale development of basic
infrastructure and urban development are awaited.
For this reason, AP State also suggested that it is desirable to introduce the urban-type
disaster-prevention weather radar and early warning system in the first phase, then to carry
out flood control management and management and control of infrastructure utilizing that
system in the second phase when the infrastructure such as road transportation, dams, rivers,
and water gates will be fully prepared, since these are the things to be controlled.
3.1.6 Effect of Environmental Improvement and Influence on Environmental and Social

Aspects
I. Effects of Environmental Improvement
The urban-type disaster-prevention radar (X-band phased-array weather radar and X-band
solid-state) is an environmentally friendly product that uses less resources and power thanks
to an improvement in product value.
The X-band solid-state weather radar can operate for longer than the conventional
vacuum-tube weather radar normally used in India, and disposal of a vacuum tube is
unnecessary, realizing the proposal on eliminating harmful substances. Furthermore, amid the
yearly increasing demand for use of radio waves, it is also an environmentally friendly
product that considers the radio wave environment, since it has a narrowed frequency band
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Final Report
while maintaining the observation function 14.

The X-band phased-array radar is more energy efficient than the most prevalent radars in
India. Compared to the case where the same performance is achieved with a weather radar
with an electron tube, the weight has been reduced by 93% and the power consumption by
91%. This is because the time to acquire a certain amount of observation information has been
reduced to one-twentieth of the conventional case. If we were to perform this with the X-band
solid-state weather radar, it would require 20 radars. This means that the weight and power
consumption of 20 sets of X-band solid-state weather radars are comparable to one X-band
phased-array weather radar (based on an interview with the company possessing the
urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar technology) 15.
II. Influence on Environmental and Social Aspects

The X-band solid-state weather radars and the urban-type disaster-prevention weather radars
have already been delivered to local governments and universities in Japan as well as inside
India. In all those cases, it is installed on top of the existing buildings, thus resettlement of
residents or expropriation of land will not be necessary. Moreover, no negative impacts on
water quality, air pollution, or noise exposure have been reported, and there are no particular
matters of concern from environmental and social aspects. (For details, refer to the checklist
of environmental and social considerations, presented later; based on an interview with the
company possessing the urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar technology 16.)
Table 3.1.2: Checklist of Environmental and Social Considerations

Environmental Confirmation of Environmental
Category Main Check Items
Item Considerations
① Have EIA reports been officially completed? ①-④not yet
② Have EIA reports been approved by authorities of the host
country’s government?
1 Permits and Explanation
(1) EIA and ③ Have EIA reports been unconditionally approved? If

Environmental conditions are imposed on the approval of EIA reports, are the
Permits conditions satisfied?
④ In addition to the above approvals, have other required
environmental permits been obtained from the appropriate
regulatory authorities of the host country’s government?
① Are contents of the project and the potential impacts ①-②not yet
adequately explained to the public based on appropriate
(2) Explanation to procedures, including information disclosure? Is understanding
the Public obtained from the public?
② Are proper responses made to comments from the public and
regulatory authorities?
① Do air pollutants, (such as sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen no
Meas
gatio
Miti
(1) Air Quality oxides (NOx), and soot and dust) emitted from the proposed
n
infrastructure facilities and ancillary facilities comply with the
14
Masakazu Wada, Ryuichi Muto, and Junichi Horikomi 2008, “5GHz Solid-State Weather Radar
Contributing to Efficient Use of Radio Wave Resources”
15
Based on an interview with the company that possesses the urban-type disaster-prevention radar
technology
16
Based on an interview with the company that possesses the urban-type disaster-prevention radar
technology
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Final Report

Item Considerations
country’s emission standards and ambient air quality standards?
① Do effluents or leachates from various facilities, such as no

infrastructure facilities and the ancillary facilities comply with
(2) Water Quality
the country’s effluent standards and ambient water quality
standards?
① Are wastes from the infrastructure facilities and ancillary no
(3) Wastes facilities properly treated and disposed of in accordance with the
country’s standards?
① Are adequate measures taken to prevent contamination of soil any contamination will not occur
(4) Soil
Contamination and groundwater by the effluents or leachates from the
infrastructure facilities and the ancillary facilities?
(5) Noise and ① Do noise and vibrations comply with the country’s standards? no
Vibration
① In the case of extraction of a large volume of groundwater, is extraction of ground water will
(6) Subsidence there a possibility that the extraction of groundwater will cause not occur
subsidence?
① Are there any odor sources? Are adequate odor control there are no odor
(7) Odor
measures taken?
① Is the project site located in protected areas designated by the project site is not fixed yet, but
country’s laws or international treaties and conventions? Is Phased Array Weather Radar and
(1) Protected Areas its surrounding system will be
there a possibility that the project will affect the protected areas?
sited at non-protected area
① Does the project site encompass primeval forests, tropical rain ①no
forests, ecologically valuable habitats (e.g., coral reefs, ②no
mangroves, or tidal flats)? ③significant ecological impacts
② Does the project site encompass the protected habitats of are not anticipated
3 Natural Environment
endangered species designated by the country’s laws or ④the amount of water is not used.
international treaties and conventions? We just observe the water level
(2) Ecosystem ③ If significant ecological impacts are anticipated, are adequate
protection measures taken to reduce the impacts on the
ecosystem?
④ Is there a possibility that the amount of water (e.g., surface
water, groundwater) used by the project will adversely affect
aquatic environments, such as rivers? Are adequate measures
taken to reduce the impacts on aquatic environments, such as
aquatic organisms?
① Is there a possibility that hydrologic changes due to the no
(3) Hydrology project will adversely affect surface water and groundwater
flows?
① Is there a possibility the project will cause large-scale no
(4) Topography and
Geology alteration of the topographic features and geologic structures in
the project site and surrounding areas?
① Is involuntary resettlement caused by project ①no
implementation? If involuntary resettlement is caused, are ②-⑦involuntary resettlement
efforts made to minimize the impacts caused by the resettlement? will not happen
② Is adequate explanation on relocation and compensation given
to affected persons prior to resettlement?
③ Is the resettlement plan, including proper compensation,
restoration of livelihoods and living standards developed based
4 Social Environment
on socioeconomic studies on resettlement?

④ Does the resettlement plan pay particular attention to
(1) Resettlement
vulnerable groups or persons, including women, children, the
elderly, people below the poverty line, ethnic minorities, and
indigenous peoples?
⑤ Are agreements with the affected persons obtained prior to
resettlement?
⑥ Is the organizational framework established to properly
implement resettlement? Are the capacity and budget secured to
implement the plan?
⑦ Is a plan developed to monitor the impacts of resettlement?
① Is there a possibility that the project will adversely affect the no
(2) Living and
living conditions of inhabitants? Are adequate measures
Livelihood
considered to reduce the impacts, if necessary?
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Item Considerations
① Is there a possibility that the project will damage the local no
archeological, historical, cultural, and religious heritage sites?
(3) Heritage
Are adequate measures considered to protect these sites in
accordance with the country’s laws?
① Is there a possibility that the project will adversely affect the no
(4) Landscape
local landscape? Are necessary measures taken?
① Does the project comply with the country’s laws for rights of ①not confirmed yet but should
(5) Ethnic
ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples? comply with the laws
Minorities and
Indigenous Peoples ② Are considerations given to reduce the impacts on culture and ②N/A
lifestyle of ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples?
① Are adequate measures considered to reduce impacts during
construction (e.g., noise, vibrations, turbid water, dust, exhaust
gases, and wastes)?
② If construction activities adversely affect the natural
environment (ecosystem), are adequate measures considered to ①yes
(1) Impacts during
Construction
reduce impacts? ②-④construction activities will
③ If construction activities adversely affect the social not happen adversely affect
environment, are adequate measures considered to reduce
impacts?
④ If necessary, is health and safety education (e.g., traffic safety,
5 Others
public health) provided for project personnel, including workers?

① Does the proponent develop and implement monitoring ①-④Since any adversely effect
program for the environmental items that are considered to have will not happen, specific
potential impacts? monitoring program will not be
② Are the items, methods and frequencies included in the developed
monitoring program judged to be appropriate?
(2) Monitoring ③ Does the proponent establish an adequate monitoring
framework (organization, personnel, equipment, and adequate
budget to sustain the monitoring framework)?
④ Are any regulatory requirements pertaining to the monitoring
report system identified, such as the format and frequency of
reports from the proponent to the regulatory authorities?
① Where necessary, pertinent items described in the Roads and ①-②N/A
Railways checklist should also be checked (e.g., projects
including access roads to the infrastructure facilities).
Reference to
Checklist of Other ② For projects, such as installation of telecommunication cables,
Sectors power line towers, and submarine cables, where necessary,
6 Note
pertinent items described in the Electric Power Transmission and

Distribution Lines, and Oil and Gas Pipelines checklists should
also be checked.
① If necessary, the impacts to transboundary or global issues no transboundary issues will
Note on Using
Environmental should be confirmed (e.g., the project includes factors that may happen
cause problems, such as transboundary waste treatment, acid rain,
Checklist
destruction of the ozone layer, or global warming).
* For the communication infrastructure projects, applicable items are １(1)(2), 3(1)(2), ４(1)-(5) and 5(1)(2), and only these items
should be checked.
1) Regarding the term “Country’s Standards” mentioned in the above table, in the event that environmental standards in the country
where the project is located diverge significantly from international standards, appropriate environmental considerations are made, if
necessary.
In cases where local environmental regulations are yet to be established in some areas, considerations should be made based on
comparisons with appropriate standards of other countries (including Japan' experience).
2) Environmental checklist provides general environmental items to be checked. It may be necessary to add or delete an item taking
into account the characteristics of the project and the particular circumstances of the country and locality in which it is located.
notes：
・The contents of the checklist below are based on the premise that urban disaster prevention weather radar is installed on the roof of
the already constructed building. When it is necessary to construct a tower for installation of a radar, environmental consideration
may be required separately.
・For the assumed influence on environments, it is based on the environmental impact in general at the time of installation of the
urban disaster prevention weather radar. It is based on the development plan of the Amaravati Area obtained at the time of entry
(February 2017) and the field survey. It is also based on hearing information from companies with urban disaster prevention weather
radar technology.
Source: Study Team
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3.2 Data Center and Cloud Computing

3.2.1 Present Condition and Issues
The AP State is aiming at building a new state capital "Amaravati" as a smart city, a smart city
that provides comfortable living and is environmentally friendly. The AP State is preparing
the planning of social infrastructure using wide-range of cutting-edge technologies such as
ICT and energy savings.
Especially, high-efficient data center and cloud computing platform which are the core of
Smart City are considered as “the must prepare infrastructure” in their ICT Detailed Master
Plan.
In our study, we met with APCRDA and ADC which are the organizations responsible for the
development of Amaravati, along with Information Technology, Electronics and
Communications Department (ITE & C) which has jurisdiction over IT policies and IT
facilities, and have conducted an interview survey to understand their needs and interests for
high-efficient data center and cloud computing platform. We also visited the existing APSDC
in Hyderabad to have a better understanding of the current data center, IT infrastructure and
their operation.
The needs of APCRDA, ADC and ITE & C regarding data center preparation were as follows:
- A data center to begin operation by the end of 2018, at the same timing of the completion
of AP State Government Complex Area, with the necessary capacity.
- Expand the data center facility in accordance with the growth of the Capital City Area
(217km2) (an estimated 3.5 million populations by 2050).
- Further expand the data center facility to hold systems and data belonging to the AP State
before the shifting of capital (scheduled in 2024).
The study revealed that ITE & C and GoAP desire the data center built in the new state capital
Amaravati should be shared by both Amaravati and the AP State from investment point of
view and OPEX point of view to reduce costs.
The area to be covered by the new data center is both the Capital City Area (217 km2) and the
AP State (160,200km2). The coverage area is shown in Figure 3.2.1.
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Source: ITE & C

Figure 3.2.1: Coverage Area by Data Center
APSDC in Hyderabad renovated an office building and converted it into a data center by
covering the windows with plywood boards and had little consideration of power efficiency.
IT racks were placed randomly in a large room and had no hot aisle, cold aisle configuration.
According to the operator at APSDC, PUE (Power Usage Effectiveness) which is the key
indicator commonly used to measure data center efficiency, is over 2.0 (This numeric value
will be explained more in detail in the latter part of this report.)
In addition, the IT equipment installed in APSDC, is in general owned and operated by ITE &
C, does not use virtualization technology. Therefore, the operating conditions of IT equipment
were significantly different, some high, some low, resulting in uneconomical and inefficient
usage.
The ICT Detailed Master Plan planned by GIIC and Aarvee which are covering the upcoming
capital city are yet very much conceptual. Although the Plan mentions the necessity and
importance of having and introducing the highly efficient data center and cloud computing
platform and various smart applications that realizes the smart city, specific functions and
implementation timings are not specified. For this reason, details of the technology to be used
and the scale of each component are also not included in the Plane. This fact that the Plan is
yet very much at its conceptual level has been confirmed by the AP State officials which is
why they strongly desired the support from Japan.
Based on the above, we proposed to the AP state officials the "high-efficient data center and
cloud computing platform", which will be the core of the Smart City.
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3.2.2 Project Outline

The project outline is to prepare a "highly-efficient data center and cloud computing platform"
using cutting-edge energy-saving and cloud computing technology.
At the same time, measures for technology and knowledge transfer for building local support
will be taken as long-term stable operation is required for data center and IT infrastructure.
It should be noted that this "high-efficient data center and cloud computing platform" shall be
a common ICT infrastructure for the following (1) to (3) systems and applications objected
for providing administrative enforcement and resident services.
(1) Japan Package
"Disaster prevention system", "Transportation infrastructure system", "Water and sewage
management system" and “Land Registration system”, systems and applications included
in this feasibility study report
(2) Smart City Application
Those Smart City Applications planned to be introduced by APCRDA/ADC.
(3) AP State Application
IT systems and applications belonging to the AP State, including the AP State
administrative application "e-Pragati"
Utilization image of this common ICT infrastructure is shown in Figure 3.2.2.
Study Area in this

paragraph
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.2.2: Utilization Image of ICT Infrastructure (Conceptual)
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3.2.3 Introduction Target Area

(1) Planned construction site
Data center will be constructed in U1 Reserve Zone nearest to the Government Complex Area,
along the existing road. The transportation route to the construction site from Chennai port
was confirmed to have no problem.
Planned construction site Existing road

Source: APCRDA (above), Study Team (below)
Figure 3.2.3: Layout Plan of Amaravati and Planned Data Center Construction Site
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Final Report
Source: Study Team based on Google Map

Figure 3.2.4: Transport Route (Red Line) from Chennai Port to Planned Construction
Site
(2) Topography
The planned construction site was previously agricultural land and a solid rock layer is
present at 8m below the ground surface. The altitude using GPS shows that the planned
construction site is not located in a depression and that water is not likely to remain even if
flooding occurs. AP State officials stated that flood control measures are expected to be
implemented in preparation for river flooding and similar problems. For example, 500m2 area
capable of storing water will be provided for every 10,000m2 land. This flood control
measures shall be sufficient to deal with water levels that could come once in a hundred years
from the nearby Krishna River.
(3) Climate and temperature
According to the annual weather data of Vijayawada City (2013), the lowest temperature is
13 C, therefore, energy saving measures utilizing outside air cooling can be utilized.
Meanwhile, the highest temperature is 48 C and there is intense sunlight from the southwest
direction at around 12 noon, thus, measures for shielding direct sunlight in the direction of the
setting sun in order to achieve efficient cooling shall be taken.
Table 3.2.1: Weather Observation at Vijayawada City (2013)

Item (month) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
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Item (month) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Average high
30.7 3 1.2 3 2.9 3 4.7 38.3 37.2 33.3 33.6 33.2 31.7 30.7 29.9
temperature (degC)
Average lowest
18.7 19.4 21.5 26.3 28.5 26.1 25.1 25.1 24.7 24.5 21.3 17.9
temperature (degC)
Highest temperature
34.4 37.8 43.3 44.4 47.6 46.7 41.0 38.3 38.6 37.9 35.2 34.2
(degC)
Lowest temperature
13.6 15.4 17.0 19.4 20.3 20.2 21.5 21.5 18.2 17.6 14.6 13.0
(degC)
Source: APCRDA Facts & Figures, Edition No: 2 Status: April 2016
(4) Power
Power will be received at a power receiving voltage of 33kV by a loop power receiving
system (configuration in which the distribution network of substations and multiple customers
is connected in a ring) as a power receiving system. There are several power facilities that
must be acquired locally.
(5) Earthquake countermeasures
The foundation to support this data center is possible to ensure earthquake resistance
through improvement of the ground by striking piles into the solid rock layer. In addition,
seismic isolation devices manufactured in Japan can be installed on site in order to improve
earthquake resistance.
3.2.4 Introduction of the Technology

The proposed “highly-efficient data center and cloud computing platform” will fully leverage
IIJ's IT/cooling all-in-one packaged modular data center "co-IZmo/I" and IIJ’s cloud
computing knowledge “IIJ GIO” to provide the state-of-the art, international standard ICT
infrastructure that will be the core of Smart City Amaravati.
(1) Energy saving technology of indirect outside air cooling method
IIJ's IT/cooling all-in-one packaged modular data center "co-IZmo/I" fully utilized outside air.
It cools the inside heat using heat exchanger. When the temperature of the outside air is low,
cooling is performed only by heat exchangers, and when the temperature is high, the cooling
coils run as additional cooling. Compared to conventional air conditioning systems (CRAC),
it is possible to achieve high energy savings by reducing the running time of compressors or
refrigerating machines.
Indirect outside air cooling system is free from influence of the outside air quality, and
therefore, this system is applicable to various environmental conditions including cold
locations, high temperatures and/or high humidity locations as well as locations with poor
outside air quality while still realizing its’ high energy efficiency.
Having three operating modes mentioned below, the co-IZmo/I system is designed to
automatically select the optimal operation mode in accordance with outside air conditions.
(i) Indirect outside air + chiller cooling hybrid operation mode (interim season)
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(ii) Indirect outside air cooling mode (winter season)

(iii) Chiller cooling mode (summer season)
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.2.5: Operating Modes of co-IZmo/I
(2) Reduction in construction period by pre-design

Critical components required in the data center have been designed and pre-fabricated in
Japan to minimize the on-site work, thereby reducing the construction period, which normally
takes more than one year, achieving a reduction in time while maintaining quality.
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.2.6: Critical Components for Data Center
(3) Efficient cooling and high-density IT load

In conventional data center, IT racks are installed in a large room which makes it difficult to
completely separate the suction inlet side (cold area) and the exhaust side (hot area) of the
server, resulting in the difficulty to improve cooling efficiency. In contrast, co-IZmo/I is a
20ft sized container which makes it easy to completely separate the cold area and the hot area,
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thereby achieving efficient cooling. Moreover, co-IZmo/I can provide 8kW per IT rack, which
is required for cloud computing era.
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.2.7: Cold/Hot Area (Left) and High-Density Racks (Right)
(4) Flexible expansion with cloud computing infrastructure

IIJ provides and operate its’ own cloud computing service brand “IIJ GIO” in Japan, US,
Europe and in several countries in ASEAN. The cloud computing platform provided in this
project for Smart City Amaravati is based on this knowledge acquired overtime, the cloud
platform that can expand in accordance with the expansion and development of Amaravati.
The virtualization technology enables to combine numerous numbers of physical machines
and create a virtual machine that acts like one single resource. This will enable the reduction
of numbers of physical servers. The current situation in APSDC in Hyderabad was that it had
no adoption of virtualization platform which were resulting as excessive investment for IT
equipment. With the virtualization platform, the overall power consumption of IT equipment
will also be reduced, leading to less power needed at data center for the cooling of IT
equipment.
The virtualization technology has been widely used in enterprises, etc., in recent years.
According to 2015 Communication Usage Trend Survey, the percentage of companies using
cloud services at least in part amounts to 44.6% on the 2015 year-end, 5.9 points higher than
38.7% at the 2014 year-end.
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.2.8: Image of Improved Efficiency by Virtualization
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3.2.5 Implementation Challenges and Countermeasures

(1) Changes such as conditions of planned construction site
The eco-friendly data center shall be provided by placing and installing modules at the
location selected, leveled and prepared (ground improvement, basic infrastructure
construction, etc.) by AP State officials. In case such problems listed below occurs, the project
implementation schedule and design, project cost and other components may be different
from those at the time this study was conducted. In such a case, there is a need to closely
communicate with the AP State officials and make adjustments for carrying out the project.
 If the preparation of basic infrastructure (road, electric power, communication line, etc.)
of the planned construction site is delayed.
 If the conditions (geology, flooding, etc.) of the planned construction site are different
from those at the time this study was conducted
 If the ground improvement work and the foundation work cannot be carried out by the
AP state.
(2) Validity of sizing

In this project, we have proposed that the sizing and timing for introduction to cover the
following three items: (1) system required for the introduction of the "Japan Package"
proposed in this FS; (2) application and system for the Smart City whose introduction is
considered by APCRDA/ADC; and (3) AP State administration system on the basis of the
results of this survey.
If the system and application introduced by APCRDA/ADC significantly changes or the
introduced timing of the system and application significantly change in the future, validity of
the sizing proposed by this project may be impaired. In particular, concerning cloud
computing platform, since the life cycle of IT equipment is generally five to six years, it is
necessary to closely communicate with the AP State officials up to the time of the
implementation of this project.
(3) Operation technology after introduction
Since this highly-efficient data center has no track record of implementation in India, there are
not enough knowledge for operating this data center after it is completed. Therefore, we shall
conduct a hands-on education in AP State as well as in Japan to encourage technology and
knowledge transfer through education and guidance.
3.2.6 Environmental and Social Impacts

The data center is, by nature, a large power consumer, and the power consumption will only
increase in accordance with the spread of ICT along with the development of the smart city.
Therefore, energy-saving measures and approaches for data center is an important element to
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take into consideration.

The PUE value of existing APSDC in Hyderabad is between 2.0 to 3.0. This means that the
same amount or twice the amount of power is used for cooling to cool IT equipment.
In contrast, PUE of this highly-efficient data center provided by this project is 1.4 (calculated
average), and therefore, compared to the existing APSDC in Hyderabad, power consumption
can be reduced by roughly 30% to 50%.
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.2.9: PUE Improvement Effect
In addition to the above, such as solar panels can be installed on the top of the modular data
center or in open spaces of the data center to take advantage of renewable energy, and
additionally, carbon sinks can be created by forestation in open spaces in the facility.
Table below is the checklist of environmental and social considerations.
Table 3.2.2: Checklist of Environmental and Social Considerations

Item Considerations
① Have EIA reports been officially completed?
② Have EIA reports been approved by authorities of the host
country’s government?
1 Permits and Explanation
(1) EIA and ③ Have EIA reports been unconditionally approved? If conditions
Environmental are imposed on the approval of EIA reports, are the conditions N/A
Permits satisfied?
④ In addition to the above approvals, have other required
environmental permits been obtained from the appropriate
regulatory authorities of the host country’s government?
① Are contents of the project and the potential impacts adequately
explained to the public based on appropriate procedures, including
(2) Explanation
information disclosure? Is understanding obtained from the public? N/A
to the Public
② Are proper responses made to comments from the public and
regulatory authorities?
① Do air pollutants, (such as sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides
2 Mitigation Measures
(1) Air Quality (NOx), and soot and dust) emitted from the proposed infrastructure N/A
facilities and ancillary facilities comply with the country’s emission
standards and ambient air quality standards?
① Do effluents or leachates from various facilities, such as
(2) Water
infrastructure facilities and the ancillary facilities comply with the N/A
Quality
country’s effluent standards and ambient water quality standards?
① Are wastes from the infrastructure facilities and ancillary
(3) Wastes facilities properly treated and disposed of in accordance with the N/A
country’s standards?
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Item Considerations
① Are adequate measures taken to prevent contamination of soil
(4) Soil
and groundwater by the effluents or leachates from the N/A
Contamination
infrastructure facilities and the ancillary facilities?
(5) Noise and ① Do noise and vibrations comply with the country’s standards? YES: Data Center Emergency
Power Generator Complies with
Vibration
India and Japan's standard
① In the case of extraction of a large volume of groundwater, is
(6) Subsidence there a possibility that the extraction of groundwater will cause N/A
subsidence?
① Are there any odor sources? Are adequate odor control
(7) Odor N/A
measures taken?
① Is the project site located in protected areas designated by the
(1) Protected
country’s laws or international treaties and conventions? Is there N/A
Areas
a possibility that the project will affect the protected areas?
① Does the project site encompass primeval forests, tropical rain
forests, ecologically valuable habitats (e.g., coral reefs, mangroves,
or tidal flats)?
② Does the project site encompass the protected habitats of
3 Natural Environment
endangered species designated by the country’s laws or

international treaties and conventions?
(2) Ecosystem ③ If significant ecological impacts are anticipated, are adequate N/A
protection measures taken to reduce the impacts on the ecosystem?
④ Is there a possibility that the amount of water (e.g., surface
water, groundwater) used by the project will adversely affect
aquatic environments, such as rivers? Are adequate measures
taken to reduce the impacts on aquatic environments, such as
aquatic organisms?
① Is there a possibility that hydrologic changes due to the project
(3) Hydrology N/A
will adversely affect surface water and groundwater flows?
① Is there a possibility the project will cause large-scale alteration
(4) Topography
of the topographic features and geologic structures in the project N/A
and Geology
site and surrounding areas?
① Is involuntary resettlement caused by project implementation?
If involuntary resettlement is caused, are efforts made to minimize
the impacts caused by the resettlement?
② Is adequate explanation on relocation and compensation given
to affected persons prior to resettlement?
③ Is the resettlement plan, including proper compensation,
restoration of livelihoods and living standards developed based on
socioeconomic studies on resettlement?
(1) Resettlement ④ Does the resettlement plan pay particular attention to vulnerable N/A
groups or persons, including women, children, the elderly, people
below the poverty line, ethnic minorities, and indigenous peoples?
⑤ Are agreements with the affected persons obtained prior to
resettlement?
⑥ Is the organizational framework established to properly
implement resettlement? Are the capacity and budget secured to
implement the plan?
⑦ Is a plan developed to monitor the impacts of resettlement?
① Is there a possibility that the project will adversely affect the
(2) Living and
living conditions of inhabitants? Are adequate measures considered N/A
Livelihood
to reduce the impacts, if necessary?
① Is there a possibility that the project will damage the local
archeological, historical, cultural, and religious heritage sites? Are
(3) Heritage N/A
adequate measures considered to protect these sites in accordance
with the country’s laws?
① Is there a possibility that the project will adversely affect the
(4) Landscape N/A
local landscape? Are necessary measures taken?
(5) Ethnic ① Does the project comply with the country’s laws for rights of
Minorities and ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples?
N/A
Indigenous ② Are considerations given to reduce the impacts on culture and
Peoples lifestyle of ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples?
(1) Impacts ① Are adequate measures considered to reduce impacts during
Othe
during N/A
rs
construction (e.g., noise, vibrations, turbid water, dust, exhaust

5
Construction gases, and wastes)?
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Item Considerations
② If construction activities adversely affect the natural
environment (ecosystem), are adequate measures considered to
reduce impacts?
③ If construction activities adversely affect the social
environment, are adequate measures considered to reduce impacts?
④ If necessary, is health and safety education (e.g., traffic safety,
public health) provided for project personnel, including workers?
① Does the proponent develop and implement monitoring program
for the environmental items that are considered to have potential
impacts?
② Are the items, methods and frequencies included in the
monitoring program judged to be appropriate?
(2) Monitoring ③ Does the proponent establish an adequate monitoring N/A
framework (organization, personnel, equipment, and adequate
budget to sustain the monitoring framework)?
④ Are any regulatory requirements pertaining to the monitoring
report system identified, such as the format and frequency of reports
from the proponent to the regulatory authorities?
① Where necessary, pertinent items described in the Roads and
Railways checklist should also be checked (e.g., projects including
access roads to the infrastructure facilities).
Reference to
Checklist of ② For projects, such as installation of telecommunication cables, N/A
Other Sectors power line towers, and submarine cables, where necessary, pertinent
6 Note
items described in the Electric Power Transmission and Distribution

Lines, and Oil and Gas Pipelines checklists should also be
checked.
① If necessary, the impacts to transboundary or global issues
Note on Using
Environmental should be confirmed (e.g., the project includes factors that may N/A
Checklist cause problems, such as transboundary waste treatment, acid rain,
destruction of the ozone layer, or global warming).
* For the communication infrastructure projects, applicable items are １(1)(2), 3(1)(2), ４(1)-(5) and 5(1)(2), and only these items
should be checked.
1) Regarding the term “Country’s Standards” mentioned in the above table, in the event that environmental standards in the country
where the project is located diverge significantly from international standards, appropriate environmental considerations are made, if
necessary. In cases where local environmental regulations are yet to be established in some areas, considerations should be made
based on comparisons with appropriate standards of other countries (including Japan' experience).
2) Environmental checklist provides general environmental items to be checked. It may be necessary to add or delete an item
taking into account the characteristics of the project and the particular circumstances of the country and locality in which it is
located.
Source: Study Team
3.2.7 Additional study of applicable applications (Land Registration)

In response to the request from AP State officials, we also conducted a study on the
applicability of land management application for Capital Area (217km2). The land was
readjusted using Land Pooling Scheme.
Amaravati, the upcoming Capital City area, is using GIS (Geographic Information System: a
map information system) software provided by ESRI Inc. which enables the reading of
existing parcel boundaries and readjusted parcel boundaries.
It is essential that AP state prepare an application that is in line with the real estate registration
scheme and also enables online land separations, hold historical ownership data and other
critical features. This application will be the step to realize the idea shared by AP state
officials, to realize online land purchase and selling scheme using this application in the
future.
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Source: APCRDA
Figure 3.2.10: City Planning Diagram created by APCRDA
Under these circumstances, we examined functional outlines and a perspective view of IT

system usable in real estate registration services in the new state capital Amaravati.
Table 3.2.3: Function Overview of Real Estate Registration Services

Name of
No. Contents
Operation/Function
Deploying map services such as acceptance and survey of registry
1 Map services
(map), map registrations/changes.
Deploying real estate registration services such as acceptance of
2 Registration services registry, survey/examination support, entry, and notification
/confirmation.
Online application Deploying online applications in map services and registration
services (including services as well as securing long-term storage of certificates for
3
electronic contract electronic contracts on land dealings and management of original
function) documents that are currently being performed.
Deploying system monitoring, monitoring of performance such as
Operation and
4 capacity, security measures against viruses and unauthorized access,
maintenance services
etc., and maintenance management such as backup.
Source: Study Team
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3.3 Development of Traffic Congestion System

3.3.1 Current Status and Issues
(1) Current status of Vijayawada
In late years, public transit such as subways is being developed and constructed in the urban
areas of India. In Vijayawada, construction of subways is planned also. However, completion
of subways is a matter for the future and buses are the only current public transit in the city.
For this reason, many citizens use private automobiles, motorbikes, and rickshaws as a means
of transportation, so that there is much dependence on road transportation, which causes
chronic congestion on main roads.
Besides, Chennai, where the automobile industry is thriving, is in the same state, and
Vijayawada is expected to become a next manufacturing hub of automobiles. Furthermore,
Amaravati, the planned capital city, is one of the surrounding cities, so that development of
public facilities as well as concentration of population is expected. Based on these things,
increase of physical distribution vehicles and through-traffic to Amaravati is expected in
future in Vijayawada, so that aggravation of congestion should be assumed.
On the other hand, study for identifying the factors of the congestion in Vijayawada and
analysis for countermeasures have not been conducted. Therefore, we conducted traffic state
investigation to identify the traffic congestion intersections and congestion factors in a
qualitative manner.
i) Investigation contents
We conducted visual investigation of traffic state targeting all areas of Vijayawada
(Figure 3.3.1). The investigation items are as follows:
 Traffic congestion intersections (Figure 3.3.2)
 Running state of vehicles, motorbikes, and rickshaws at intersections
 Lane utilization status
 Green interval, etc. of signals
 Status of parking and stopping
 Conflict status of vehicles and pedestrians in intersections
 Status of ignoring traffic lights
ii) Main congestion factors

a) Insufficient road traffic infrastructure development
 Drivers cannot perform satisfactory path selection because the road networks are
insufficient. For this reason, traffic demand tends to occur at specific points, and
chronic congestion occurs at many intersections and roundabouts. (Figure 3.3.3)
 Public means of transportation such as public bus have not been developed enough
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and efficient transportation is not provided. Utilization rate of private automobiles,

motorbikes, and rickshaws is high. (Figure 3.3.4)
 Some private companies provide traffic information, but transportation managers do
not.
 The number of cross walks is extremely few. Therefore, pedestrians are crossing
roads disorderly. (Figure 3.3.5)
 The number of lanes on roads are too few to manage the current traffic demand.
b) Traffic manners
 Vehicle drivers and pedestrians ignore traffic lights. Therefore, vehicles and
pedestrians are often mingled at intersections. (Figure 3.3.6)
 Many drivers are driving vehicles with an extremely short following distance
(Figure 3.3.7). They increase or decrease the speed extremely much especially at
lane change.
 At intersections, the number of stopped vehicles is more than the number of lanes.
 Motorbikes and rickshaws are going through vehicles. They are going in the
opposite direction on some roads. (Figure 3.3.8)
c) Inadequate maintenance/control of road traffic infrastructure equipment

 There are many failures of signals. Besides, many failures have not been repaired
(There was a failure at 61 intersections out of 66). (Figure 3.3.9)
 At the intersections where the signals are out of order, policemen are conducting
traffic control using hand signals. (Figure 3.3.10)
 Operation for signal phases, green intervals, etc. is not appropriate for the traffic
demand. Since the green interval for vehicles is abnormally long, the waiting time
of the crossing side becomes long and congestion occurs.
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Figure 3.3.1: Target Area for Traffic State Investigation

Figure 3.3.2: Traffic Congestion Intersection
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Source: Study Team

Figure 3.3.3: Status of Roundabout
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.3.4: Utilization Status of Motorbikes and Rickshaws
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Source: Study Team

Figure 3.3.5: Status of Disorderly Road Crossing
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.3.6: Status of Ignoring Traffic Lights
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Source: Study Team

Figure 3.3.7: Status of Driving Vehicles with Short Following Distance
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.3.8: Status of Rickshaws Going in Opposite Direction
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Source: Study Team

Figure 3.3.9: Failure of Signal
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.3.10: Status of Hand Signals by Policeman
(2) Issues
We have sorted out the issues based on the traffic state investigation result.
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i) Development of road traffic infrastructure

In order to reduce congestion, it is necessary to increase traffic capacity by development
of new roads, lane widening, etc. However, it needs much time and cost for performing
these things. In order to achieve an effect in a short period, the following things are
considered effective:
 Installation of more signals
 Installation of traffic information collecting device
 Installation of traffic signal control & traffic information system
ii) Improvement of traffic manners

In order to improve traffic manners, not only drivers but also all people from children to
seniors should follow traffic rules. Furthermore, not only the inside of Vijayawada but
also the level of the state or the country needs to be targeted, so that long time is needed
as with development of road traffic infrastructure. In order to achieve an effect in a short
period, the following things are considered effective:
 Strengthening crackdown and guidance on traffic violation
 Installation of speed regulating devices
 Installation of intersection monitoring camera
iii) Maintenance/control of road traffic infrastructure equipment.

In order to continuously reduce congestion and the number of traffic accidents,
continuous effective utilization of road traffic infrastructure is necessary. To conduct this,
the following things are necessary:
 Secure and foster transportation management engineers
 Strengthen maintenance scheme
3.3.2 Project Outlines

(1) Goal
As far as it goes now, in Vijayawada, congestion often occurs due to insufficient development
of road traffic infrastructure and others. Besides, more congestion is expected due to
concentration of population in neighboring Amaravati in future. Therefore, we are going to
develop the road traffic infrastructure for the purpose of reducing congestion and the number
of traffic accidents in Vijayawada.
(2) Project description
i) Development of traffic signal control system
A traffic signal control system is to be developed that can perform appropriate signal
control for varying traffic demand. The system consists of terminal units and a central
unit. Terminal units consist of terminal equipment installed on roads such as signal
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controllers, traffic lights for vehicles, traffic lights for pedestrians, vehicle detectors, etc.
Central units consist of equipment that conducts appropriate signal control based on
information collected by vehicle detectors and equipment that checks the status of signal
control.
ii) Development of traffic information system
A system is to be developed that provides traffic status in Vijayawada to drivers in order
to disperse traffic demand into the entire road network. This system consists of road
traffic information boards and a central unit, and the central unit consists of equipment
for generating traffic status based on information obtained by vehicle detectors, that for
providing traffic status to road traffic information boards and others, and that for
checking information provision status, etc.
3.3.3 Installation Candidate Sites

Based on the traffic state investigation in Vijayawada, all areas of the city are selected as a
target candidate for the following reasons: Traffic congestion intersections and signal installed
intersections are shown in Figure 3.3.11.
 Congestion intersections (bottleneck intersections) are scattered about all around the city.
 Traffic volume at positions of major roads and minor roads is large, and intersections that
need control (Figure 3.3.12) by signals are scattered all around the city.
 Intersections that need readjustment of control over signal phases, green intervals, etc. are
scattered about all around the city.

Figure 3.3.11: Traffic Congestion Intersections and Signal Installed Intersections
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Distribution of signalized intersections for dispersion of traffic congestion and crossing

of pedestrians
If congestion occurs at intersections without signals, entering the main road from the crossing
side and crossing the main road by pedestrians are difficult and the likelihood of accidents is
high. In such a case, there is a need to disperse traffic congestion and make entering the main
road from the crossing side and crossing the main road by pedestrians easy.
Dispersion of traffic congestion will be achieved by installing signals at intersections around
the traffic congestion intersections. On top of that, in order to prevent accidents at
intersections, lights for pedestrians will be installed so that pedestrians can cross the road
safely.
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.3.12: Distribution of Signalized Intersections for Dispersion of Traffic Congestion
and Crossing of Pedestrians
3.3.4 Introduction of Installation Technology

The traffic signal control system and the traffic information system that are actually used in
Japan are shown in Figure 3.3.13.
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Source: Study Team

Figure 3.3.13: System Scheme
(1) Traffic signal control system

i) Signal control method
The traffic signal control system contains "MODERATO", which controls broad area,
and "MOVEMENT", which deals with varying traffic demand at each intersection.
a. Outlines of MODERATO
MODERATO (Management by Origin-Destination Related Adaptation for Traffic
Optimization) (Figure 3.3.14) calculates the congestion level of each entrance road
based on information obtained from vehicle detectors installed on roads and determines
the signal control timing (cycle length, split, and offset). By means of this, longer green
intervals are set for the direction whose congestion level is higher (the direction with
worse congestion).
MODERATO is currently the standard signal control method in Japan and has been
installed in the entire country.
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Source: Study Team

Figure 3.3.14: Outlines of MODERATO
b. Outlines of MOVEMENT
MOVEMENT is a control that sets a green interval for each stream line (movement) at
respective entrance roads such as straight stream line (straight movement) and right-turn
stream line (right-turn movement). It calculates the congestion level for each movement
and determines the signal control timing such as cycle length, and green interval of
movement. At signal controllers, extension/shortening control of the green interval of
each movement can be done according to the existence of vehicles. By means of this,
finely tuned control can be done based on variation of the traffic state (Figure 3.3.15).
Furthermore, by the signal display that keeps right-turn vehicles away from vehicles
coming straight in the opposite direction, effect of preventing traffic accident occurrence
can be expected.
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Source: Study Team

Figure 3.3.15: Outlines of Movement Control
ii) Processing scale

The processing scale of the traffic signal control system is shown in Table 3.3.1.
Table 3.3.1: Processing Scale of Traffic Signal Control System

Item Processing scale
Number of intersections 128
Number of MODERATO intersections 32 of them
Number of MOVEMENT intersections 64 of them
Number of accommodated detectors 640
* The processing scale can be increased by adding equipment.
Source: Study Team
iii) Main equipment

The main equipment of which the traffic signal control system consists is shown in Table
3.3.2.
Table 3.3.2: Main Equipment of which Traffic Signal Control System Consists
Classification Main Equipment Main Functions Remarks
 Communication connection with Control is done
central unit based on
 MOVEMENT instructions from the
Signal controller
 Progressive control central unit.
 Vehicle-actuated control
Terminal unit  UPS built-in
Traffic light for  Lighted based on instructions from
vehicle/pedestrian signal controller
 Measurement of traffic Shared with the
Vehicle detector volume/occupancy time traffic information
 Measurement of speed system
 MODERATO Information for
Central unit Signal control server  MOVEMENT signal control is sent
 Pattern selection control to signal controllers.
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Classification Main Equipment Main Functions Remarks

 Manual intervention control
 Accumulation of collected information Shared with the
of detector traffic information
DB server
 Accumulation of signal control status system
 Accumulation of equipment abnormity
 Inquiry of collected information of
detector
HMI device  Inquiry of signal control status
 Intervention of signal control
 Inquiry of equipment abnormity
Source: Study Team
(2) Traffic information system

The traffic information system generates traffic status and provides it to road traffic
information boards and mobile terminals such as smartphones. On top of that, it can collect
and display image information of roads from the CCTV center.
i) Generating information to provide
Traffic status is generated based on information obtained from vehicle detectors, and the
information is provided to road traffic information boards, smartphones, etc.
a. Road traffic information board
Information provided on road traffic information boards is the traffic status (congestion
information) of the road sections where drivers who go through the spot of the road
traffic information board installation are supposed to go (Figure 3.3.16). If there are 2 or
more road sections where congestion has occurred, the information is provided according
to the priority order.
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Source: Study Team

Figure 3.3.16: Display Image of Traffic Status on Road Traffic Information Board
b. Smartphone
Information provided to smartphones is on a deformed map so that users can intuitively
grasp the information of the road sections where congestion can be measured (Figure
3.3.17).
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.3.17: Image of Traffic Status Display by Smartphone
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ii) Processing scale

The processing scale of the traffic information system is shown in Table 3.3.3.
Table 3.3.3: Processing Scale of Traffic Information System

Item Processing scale
Road traffic information board 32
* The processing scale can be increased by adding equipment.
Source: Study Team
iii) Main equipment

The main equipment of the traffic information system is shown in Table 3.3.4.
Table 3.3.4: Main Equipment of which Traffic Signal Control System Consists
Classification Main equipment Main functions Remarks
 Text display Control is done
Road traffic  Design display based on
Terminal unit
information board instructions from
the central unit.
 Generating traffic information
Traffic information
 Providing information to road traffic
generating server
information board
 Generating information to provide
Traffic information
 Providing information to
providing server
smartphones
Image collection  Collecting images from the CCTV
server center
 Accumulating traffic information
Central unit  Accumulating information to
DB server provide
 Accumulation of equipment
abnormity
 Inquiry of traffic information Shared with the
 Inquiry of information to provide traffic information
 Image display of CCTV camera system
HMI device
 Intervention to road traffic
information board
 Inquiry of equipment abnormity
Source: Study Team
3.3.5 Challenges and Solution Policies for Project Implementation

Since development of the traffic signal control system and the traffic information system is
conducted in this project and the construction environment is very different from that of Japan,
construction work is expected to be protracted. Therefore, construction work has to be done
efficiently.
In addition, maintenance and management of the system are necessary in order to
continuously reduce congestion and traffic accidents.
(1) Construction work
For the traffic signal control system, since signals are assumed to be installed at more than
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100 intersections, construction work has to be done efficiently. In order to do the work
efficiently, heavy equipment, construction tools, and construction members need to be
procured quickly and the work needs to be conducted under a clearly defined construction
work organization.
Besides, since cables for existing equipment are scattered about at intersections where
infrastructures are provided (Figure 3.3.18), construction needs to be done after sorting out
the existing cables. The issues and solution strategies concerning construction work are shown
in Table 3.3.5.
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.3.18: Status of Scattering Existing Cables
Table 3.3.5: Issues and Solution Strategies concerning Construction Work
Issue Solution strategy
Building construction work  Construction management by construction management
organization engineers with much experience in Japan
 Guidance and education by construction management engineers
Safe construction work  Advance training for managers of construction work and
workers in Japan
Efficient construction work  Guidance and education about procurement and use of heavy
equipment and construction tools
 Information management for existing cables
Source: Study Team
(2) Maintenance and management of system

To continue reduction of congestion and traffic accidents, response actions to traffic status
change with age are necessary. Especially for reduction of congestion, design and operation
need to be conducted by transportation management engineers with knowledge of signal
control such as signal phases according to the traffic status and green interval design.
For reduction of traffic accidents, what is most important is continuous operation of road
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traffic infrastructure. In order to continue this operation for long time, periodic maintenance
of equipment and quick response at the time of failure are necessary. The issues and solution
strategies concerning maintenance and management of the system is shown in Table 3.3.6.
Table 3.3.6: Issues and Solution Strategies concerning Maintenance and Management of
System
Issue Solution strategy
Strengthening  Clarification of operation organization
operation  Guidance and education by transportation management
organization engineers with much experience in Japan
 Advance training for engineers in Japan
Strengthening  Building organization capable of maintenance for 24 hours per
maintenance day and 365 days per year.
organization  Guidance and education for engineers by maintenance engineers
with much experience in Japan
 Advance training for engineers in Japan
Source: Study Team
3.3.6 Effects of Environment Improvement and Impact on Environmental Society

(1) Effect in Japan
i) Effect by MODERATO
In Japan, centralized control of signals by the traffic signal control system is
continuously done by each prefectural police department (Currently, centralized control
of signals using MODERATO is generally adopted). Reduction of CO2 accompanied by
the centralized control of signals in recent years is shown in Table 3.3.7. In Table 3.3.7,
you can find that CO2 is reduced by centralizing signals.
Table 3.3.7: Reduction of CO2 accompanied by Centralized Control of Signals
Number of Reduction of CO2
Year
centralized control (t- CO2 /year)
2012 1,681 37,722
2013 1,966 44,117
2014 2,004 44,970
2015 1,844 41,379
Source: National Police Agency, Various Effect by Advancement of Signals
Furthermore, you can find the traffic fatalities also decrease by centralized control of
signals (Figure 3.3.19).
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Final Report
信号機の集中信号制御機数
Number of central signal controllers
Number of central signal controllers and
number of fatalities by traffic accidents 人口10万人当たりの死者数
Fatalities per population of 100,000
No. of central signal controllers introduced (unit) 80 10
Fatalities caused by traffic accidents per population of

70 9
8
60
7
50 6
100,000 (person)
40 5
30 4
3
20
2
10 1
0 0
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Source: Excerpt from White Paper on Transport, Traffic Bureau, National Police Agency, 2015
Figure 3.3.19: Reduction of Traffic Fatalities accompanied by Centralized Control of
Signals
ii) Effect by MOVEMENT

The effect of MOVEMENT for the east-west direction (up lanes and down lanes) at one
intersection (in Yokkaichi, Mie Prefecture) (Figure 3.3.20, 3.3.21) is shown in Table
3.3.8. By this table, you can see the delay time to the west direction, which has large
traffic volume, has been decreased much. If this effect is converted to amount of CO2
emissions, approximately 100 tons of annual CO2 reduction can be expected.
x
e
t le
u e p
o To Nagoya
h
t h
t m
R
u
o o o
l
s T
cl
a ia
n rt
io
� ��
t 23 s
a u
N d
o in
T o
T
To the east
To the west
1
th
r
o
n
e
h
t
o
T
To Tsu
Source: Study Team
Figure 3.3.20: Target Intersection of Movement Control
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Source: Study Team

Figure 3.3.21: Phase of Movement
Table 3.3.8: Effect of Delay Time Reduction by MOVEMENT

Average delay time (seconds/vehicle)
Direction Movement
Before After
Straight/left-turn 49 84
To the east
Right-turn 63 81
Straight/left-turn 334 110
To the west
Right-turn 237 86
Source: Study Team
(2) Effect in Yangon, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar

For the purpose of congestion reduction in Yangon, improvement of intersections and
readjustment of phases are conducted targeting 10 intersections in the city (Figure 3.1.22) and
MODERATO was executed (Project completion report for the project of traffic environment
improvement and dissemination/demonstration by traffic signal installation in the Republic of
the Union of Myanmar, May in 2015, Japan International Cooperation Agency). The reduction
amount at important intersections is shown in Table 3.3.9 and Table 3.3.10. It can be assumed
that CO2 is reduced in association with reduction of congestion length.
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Figure 3.3.22: Target Intersections in Yangon
Table 3.3.9: Congestion Reduction Effect at Important Intersections (weekday)
Congestion length difference (m)
Direction Item 7:00 - 9:00 10:00 - 12:00 13:00 - 15:00 17:00 - 19:00
Average
To the Before -170 -310.0 -290 -260
difference
south - After
Max difference -550 -290 -280 -80
Average
Before -297.5 -117.5 -117.5 -90
To the west difference
- After
Max difference -440 -290 -230 -440
Average
To the Before -5 -127.5 -182.5 -185.0
difference
north - After
Max difference -210 -210 -310 -520
Average
Before -157.5 -377.5 17.5 -87.5
To the east difference
- After
Max difference -210 -430 40.0 -80.0
Source:Excerpted from the project completion report for the project of traffic environment improvement and dissemination/d
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Table 3.3.10: Congestion Reduction Effect at Important Intersections (weekend)

Congestion length difference (m)
Direction Item
7:00 - 9:00 10:00 - 12:00 13:00 - 15:00 17:00 - 19:00
Average
To the Before -225 -235 -310.0 -317.5
difference
south - After
Max difference -630 -100 -240 -300
Average
To the Before -172.5 -235 -192.5 152.5
difference
west - After
Max difference -500 -370 -370 80
Average
To the Before -230 -272.5 -472.5 -652.5
difference
north - After
Max difference -500 -350 -770 -920
Average
Before -512.5 -530 -487.5 -405
To the east difference
- After
Max difference -900 -430 -530 -650
Source:Excerpted from the project completion report for the project of traffic environment improvement and dissemination/d
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Feasibility Study of the development of new capital city and urban infrastructure
in Andhra Pradesh state, India
3.4 Water Supply System

3.4.1 Current Situation and Challenges
(1) Current Situation
The organizations relating to this waterworks in India are as shown in Table 3.4.1 below. APCRDA,
our counterpart in this project, has been advancing the project in close coordination with the Ministry
of Urban Development (MUD), a central government ministry, described below.
Table 3.4.1: Organization Related to Waterworks

Name Function
This ministry has a control over the waterworks of large and mid-sized
cities and has a responsibility to make water project policies,
procedures and laws, project promotion guidance and various
standards, to establish development and investment guidelines, to give
financial and technical assistance, and to carry out research and
Ministry of Urban Development education. In accordance with the central government’s policy etc., the
(MUD) department in each state carries out the water system project, design
and construction in the state.
For a large-city water system in a state, usually the city department in
charge plans, designs, constructs and manages the water facilities under
the supervision of the state. In the case of this project, APCDRA serves
as an authority in charge.
This ministry has a control over the waterworks of local small cities
Ministry of Rural Development and villages and has a responsibility to carry out administrative
(MRD) operations such as water project policies etc., which are almost the
same as those of MUD.
As an engineering organization of MUD, this organization gives
technical guidance and assistance about water supply, sewerage
systems and solid-wastes. CPHEEO provides the development policy
and strategy and guidelines of MUD to the corporations and
committees of each state and city, thus supporting the promotion of the
water project of each state. In addition, CPHEEO plays a prominent
role in the implementation process of financial assistance by the World
The Central Public Health and Bank, ADB, JICA, etc.
Environment Engineering In cooperation with UNDP, CPHEEO creates water pipe network
Organization (CPHEEO) planning software and the following manuals, contributing to the
efficient development of the water project of the country.
* Manual on Water Supply & Treatment, Third Edition, Revised –
updated, May 1999
* Manual on Sewerage & Sewage Treatment, Second Edition, 1993
* Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, 2000
* Manual on Operation and Maintenance of Water Supply Systems,
2005
For planning and design of water supply facilities, in addition to the
Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) manuals shown above, this bureau sets the water quality standard and
design standard for waterworks.
This ministry has a control over river and surface water management.
The Central Water Commission This commission manages the surface water (water sources) used for
(CWC) in Ministry of Water irrigation water, industrial water, etc., including sources for public
Resources (MWR) water supply, and makes adjustments between states and between
sectors/purposes.
Central Groundwater Board In MWR, this board manages the changes in the groundwater level,
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Name Function
(CGWB) manages the groundwater resource quantity and creates groundwater
system diagrams.
Regarding Indian environment, this ministry has a responsibility to
make policies, procedures and laws, project promotion guidance and
Ministry of Environment and
various standards, to establish development guidelines, to give
Forests (MEF)
financial and technical assistance, and to carry out research and
education.
National Rivers Conservation This directorate, a department of MEF, creates and supervises action
Directorate (CPCB) plans for environmental improvement of Indian rivers.
This board, a department of MEF, conducts operations relating to the
Central Rivers Conservation river basin pollution control measures, the treated sewage release
Board (CPCB) standards of Water Pollution Control Board of each state, and the
measures against violation.
Source: Study Team
Now APCRDA has a control over the processes from the planning of the new capital region to the
construction of facilities. After the water supply facilities have been constructed, like Vijayawada
City and Guntur City, Amaravati Municipal Corporation (AMC) which is a corporation of the new
capital region (city) is to operate the waterworks services and to operate and manage the water
supply facilities.
Vijayawada water system under the control of VMC and Guntur water system under the control of
GMC are operated as urban water facilities (existing) in the neighborhood of the planned site of the
new capital region in AP State (Ref. Figure 3.4.1).
As is the case with the water supply system of the new capital region, these water supply systems are
taking water from the Krishna River. The water purified at these water purification plants is sent to
the distribution reservoirs placed strategically in the City and then supplied to each home.
Guntur existing water purification plant (Current

Vijayawada existing water purification plant water supply capacity of about 92,000 m3/day,
(Current water supply capacity of about 172,000 Additional water purification facilities with water
m3/day, 4 systems and 5 facilities) supply capacity of 42,000 m3/day being constructed,
Left side of photo)
Source: Google Map
Figure 3.4.1: Existing Water Purification Plants
The water purification and distribution system of Vijayawada is remotely monitored through
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system and information on the quantity of
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purified water, the status of water distribution, and, as shown in Figure 3.4.2 below, the regional
water demand, water supply situation, etc. is released on the Internet, which can be viewed by
inhabitants using a PC etc. In addition, this modern system allows an inhabitant to pay his or her
water bill by the Internet.
Source: (Status as of February 23, 2017 shown on www.ourvmc.org/#/dashboard)

Figure 3.4.2: Homepage of VMC (Water Supply Condition)
Because the water purification plant (5 water purification facilities) of Vijayawada was constructed
between 1965 and 2009, the facilities are significantly decrepit and the mechanical and electrical
equipment in particular has deteriorated seriously, making it impossible to perform optimum water
purifying constantly. In addition, water is supplied for only 2 hours twice (in the morning and
evening) a day, which is a big problem.
The water purification plant of Guntur is also in a similar situation and the water purification
facilities constructed in 1980, in particular, have various problems. Because the mechanical and
electrical equipment are broken and the coagulating agent and disinfection agent are injected
manually in a simple manner, the injection volume is unequal and it is difficult to perform water
purifying operation optimally and constantly (Ref Figure 3.4.3). At Guntur water purification plant,
in order to improve the water supply capacity and meet the increasing demand, water purification
facilities with a water supply capacity of 42,000 m3/day are now being constructed beside the
existing facilities, which project is funded by the World Bank.
(Manual method due to failure of meter and injector at Guntur water purification plant)
Source: Study Team
Figure 3.4.3: Guntur Water Purification Plant
At both water purification plants, when the rapid filtration media is back-washed, the valve is
operated by manual. Therefore, the backwash flow rate is not constant and poor washing is observed.
In terms of safety and environment, there is a very dangerous situation because some places are
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equipped with chlorine gas (disinfectant) injection equipment with no measures against leakage or
not equipped with such equipment. If a leakage accident should occur, not only the lives of the
operators may be put in danger but also neighborhood inhabitants may be affected (Ref. Figure
3.4.4)
(Rapid filtration tank manual backwash and chlorine disinfection tank at Vijayawada water
purification plant)
Source: Study Team
Figure 3.4.4: Vijayawada Water Purification Plant
In terms of water environment, there is no equipment to treat backwash wastewater and

sedimentation basin sludge generated in the water treatment processes. Therefore, wastewater and
sludge not treated are released directly into the water source, leading to fear that the public aquatic
environment is adversely affected. In addition, in the case of Vijayawada water purification plant (5
facilities), sludge and filtration basin backwash wastewater flowed from the upstream water
purification facilities is taken from the intake facilities of the adjacent downstream water purification
facilities, which may increase the water purification load on the downstream facilities.
At present, most water supplies in the planned site of the new capital region take water from
groundwater/subsoil water and there is no particular water purification plant. After groundwater is
taken (pump station), it is disinfected (normal assumption) and then sent to the elevated water tanks
and the water tank of each home. There are a wide variety of facilities such as hand pump and
groundwater intake pump stations and the situation as well as status of facilities are diverse (Ref.
Figure 3.4.5).
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.4.5: Existing Water Supply Facilities of New Capital City Area
In the case of the water quality of the Krishna River which serves as a water source, though the load
of substance of concern is relatively low, the concentration of organic substance and ammonia
nitrogen tends to be high (result of water quality inspection in this survey). There is fear that
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increased environmental pollution loads caused by future urban development and economic growth
of the large cities such as Hyderabad City, Pune City and small/medium cities and villages in the
upper reaches of the Krishna River in addition the possible eutrophication of water impounded in the
dams and barrages will degrade the river water quality in the future.
(2) Challenges
The new capital region development master plan requires “Reliable water supplies”, “1-week
24-hour water supply” and “Establishment of water facilities and systems that allow people to drink
water directly from a tap and make the new capital region best in India”. (Ref. Figure 3.4.6)
Master plan created in 2015 Description content in the red box on the left
Source: APCRDA
Figure 3.4.6: Previous Master Plan Target on Water Supply System
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Considering the quality of raw water that is anticipated to be degraded in the future, it is not possible
to meet the requirements by using the existing water purification process and technology. Therefore,
the latest technology to make safe and delicious water is needed. The master plan requires that water
facilities be implemented as simply as possible and that the implemented facilities allow simple
operation and management and enable as effective and inexpensive (construction cost and operation
maintenance cost) as possible treatment. To meet this target request, the latest technology is required.
(Ref. Figure 3.4.7)
The infrastructure project including the water supply is now in progress in accordance with the new
capital region development master plan, but it is not completed within the period of this survey. The
water supply facilities are to be constructed in a planned manner based on the master plan, but it is
difficult to assume concrete processes. At the same time as the creation of the master plan, the
architectural plan and infrastructure project in Government Complex (GC) area are in progress. In
GC area, government buildings, court buildings, etc. playing a central role in AP State are to be
constructed, which makes it one of the most important areas in the new capital region. This
infrastructure plan is also not completed within the period of this survey and detailed information
cannot be obtained. In this survey, therefore, these
proposals are made based on available
documentation and information. It is therefore
necessary to review these proposals when the
above-mentioned plants are completed.
According to the proposed master plan, water is to

be supplied to the new capital region from two
water purification plants to be constructed newly.
In the 1st phase, a water purification plant with a
water supply capacity of 317,000 m3/day is to be Source: APCRDA
Figure 3.4.7: RFP for Previous MP
constructed in the upper reaches of the existing
Prakasam Barrage and water is to be sent and
supplied using water transmission pipelines with a diameter of 2,200mm (Ring Main). For water
supply to GC area that is the most important area, water is to be sent from this water purification
plant for above 15 km using large-diameter water pipes. It is not clear what strategy or method can
be arranged to send and supply water to GC area on a priority basis. Because, in addition to sending
water over a long distance using large-diameter water pipes, water is to be supplied to many users
during water conveyance, it is difficult to supply high quality tap water sufficiently to GC area.
What if, to solve these problems, Japanese advanced water purification technologies are used to
purify and supply expected “Safe and delicious water” to GC area through another system. If it is
possible to connect, using valves etc., this system to the main water system supplying water to the
master plan area in the future so as to make it possible to perform water diverting and supplying as
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necessary, it may become a desired system. (Previous GC area plan and potable water demand plan.)
3.4.2 Project Overview

The water supply system of the new capital region in AP Sate is required to supply safe, odorless and
good-quality water for 24 hours x 7 days to meet the water demand. Considering possible water
quality degradation accompanying the future economic development of the cities, towns and villages
in the Krishna River basin, however, it is difficult to achieve this objective using the existing
technology on water purification processes. In the important GC area, in particular, in the new
capital region, it is desired that people can drink water of superior quality from a tap.
In the process of economic development of Japan, because the rivers and public water bodies from
which raw water was taken were polluted due to the industrial and commercial development,
population growth, etc., the water purification technologies to make safe and delicious water were
developed as a result of technical researches through trial and error. In addition, researches on a
reduction in the construction and maintenance costs of water facilities and energy-saving effects
were carried out jointly by the public and private sectors and a large variety of new technologies
were created. The following advanced technologies, examples of this, have many favorable results
and are verified to be extremely effective.
This survey proposes a plan to build a small-scale water purification plant into which water
purification processes utilizing the following Japanese latest, most cutting-edge technologies are
introduced, so as to supply safe and delicious water to the GC area that is the most important area.
1) U-BCF : Up-flow Biological Contact Filter
(Removing ammonium and odors that cannot be removed in the ordinary water
purification process → Making safe and delicious water even if raw water is bad)
2) OSF : Open Siphon Filter
(Using a siphon in a rapid filtration tank to eliminate the use of a large backwash pump
or large valve → Reduction in large machinery and electric equipment cost, Reduction
in OM cost, Energy saving)
In the master plan established in 2015, the planed water demand in GC area is 10,000 m3/day. This
survey assumes this planed water demand and proposes a water purification plant with above high
technology with a water supply capacity of 10,000 m3/day.
3.4.3 Potential Site
Because the proposed water purification plant is intended to supply water to GC area as described
above, it is advantageous to locate it as close to the GC are and the Krishna River (intake source) as
possible. It is said that the existing intake pump station (Thullur Lift Pump Station) is located in the
northwest of GC area and that this pump station now sends and supplies water to the temporal new
capital government buildings. The area surrounding the pump station is now unoccupied and this
adjacent area is thought to be the most suitable potential site for the proposed water purification plant.
We therefore suggest that the proposed water purification plant be located beside this pump station
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and that this pump station be utilized as intake facilities for the proposed water purification plant. In
consideration of the fact that the Krishna River’s water level is low with drought for 2 to 3 months
between May and July, it is proposed to have water well facilities to take subsoil water in the drought
period.
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.4.8: Suggested Water Purification Plant Site
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.4.9: Existing Water Pumping Station (Thullur Pump Station)
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.4.10: Suggested Water Purification Plant Site
(East Adjacent Area of Thurllur Pump Station)
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3.4.4 Introduction of the technology

(1) Basic policy to design the WTP facilities
We proposes a plan to build water purification plant (hereinafter called WTP) which can supply
potable water by safe, secure, and stable treatment for the people and local residents, considering the
environment conservation into account.
It is also introduce equipment which is not necessary to upgrade so often and transfer superior
Japanese technologies which can reduce expenses of chemicals for flocculants, disinfection and
electricity in addition to minimize lifecycle cost of WTP operations.
Table 3.4.2: Basic Policy to Design WTP Facilities (Purpose and Design Policy)
Purpose Design Policy
Compliant with the drinking water quality standard of India
• BIS 10500:2012/Indian Standard DRINKING WATER – SPECIFICATION
Select a WTP system supplying quality treated water
• Select a water purification process by which soluble substances contained in raw
water can be removed at a low cost while the conventional purification process
Safe, secure, and cannot remove or reduce.,.
stable treatment and • Select a water purification process capable of coping with future further
supply of high degradation of water quality.
quality of potable
water Ensure operation control which can be maintained and managed simply and easily.
• Introduce equipment to prevent malfunction or unstable system operation as
manual operations.
Design facilities capable of ensuring stable supply
• Ensure the standby capacity of major apparatuses such as mixers or pumps.
• Take into account ensuring water intake quantity in the drought season.
Introduce biological contact filtration (U-BCF) as enhanced purification capability
• Pretreatment by biological contact filtration (U-BCF) ⇒ Reduction of organic
substances and ammonia nitrogen ⇒ Reduction of chemicals (energy saving) and
by-products (safety)
• Adoption of up-flow fluidization bed ⇒ The plant can be operated at high flow
rate because of high contact efficiency. ⇒ Head loss is small because of small
quantity of captured turbidity ⇒ Gravitation flow-down method
Introduce the open syphon filter (OSF)
• Filtration of self balancing type ⇒ Simple control and perfect automatic operation,
Transfer of advanced superior maintenance & management ability (safety).
Japanese • A backwash water tank is used ⇒ The filtration media can be washed as desired,
technologies (design so operation can be managed easily. Best washing effect is ensured (safety).
as taking into • Complicated control instruments, large-diameter motor valves, and large washing
account water quality pumps are not needed, so the facilities can be maintained and managed simply and
and the environment) easily (safety).
Install proper chemical injection equipment
• Adoption of the quantitative pumping method to inject chemicals ⇒ Stable
treatment
• Preparation of chlorine gas injection equipment with safety equipment ⇒ Stable
treatment and safety securement
Install wastewater treatment equipment
• There are no wastewater treatment facilities not only in the WTP of existing VMC
and GMC WTP but also in the WTP plants of neighboring towns. In this proposal,
we install wastewater treatment facility to appropriately treat wastewater and
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Purpose Design Policy

sludge produced during the WTP process (taking into account the environment).
Source: Study Team
(2) Survey of raw water quality

In order to understand the quality of raw water, water quality survey was conducted twice on
November 17, 2016 and January 18, 2017 in the Krishna River at three water intake points: Point T
is near the planned construction site of the WTP plant, point B is near the planned construction site
of the WTP plant of the master plan, and point K is in the downstream of the canal branched from
the barrage on the Krishna River. The examination of water quality was outsourced to V R
SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, which is located in Vijayawada.
Figure 3.4.11 shows the locations of the raw water sampling points.
The raw water quality shows a tendency that the concentration of suspension substances (turbidity) is
low; however, the concentration of organic substances (COD) and ammonia nitrogen is high.
In particular, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen is extremely high at point T, which is 0.3–0.5
mg/L. This seems that contamination from the fecal and urine of human and animals has negative
effect. When raw water has high concentration of organic substances and ammonia nitrogen, not only
more quantity of chlorine is consumed in the normal WTP process as a disinfectant, but also
carcinogenic substances such as trihalomethane, which is one of disinfectant by-products, are
generated.
Environmental contamination load in the basin of the water source, Krishna River, will increase in
the future as local economy develops. In addition, water will be impounded in a long period by the
dams, barrages and the nutrition of impounded water will be enriched. As a result, the concentration
of such carcinogenic substances will increase additionally.
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Source: Study Team

Figure 3.4.11: Locations of Raw Water Sampling Points
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.4.12: Status of Each Water Intake Point (at First-Time Water Intake)
(3) Selection of the WTP system

1) Existing WTP flow
The WTP flow of the existing WTP plant managed by VMC uses flocculation, sedimentation,
and rapid filtration as shown by Figure 3.4.13. The sedimentation basin is a round-shape
structure made of concrete.
The rapid filtration is the backwash water tank type utilizing gravitation; however, the system is
operated manually and equipped with no flow rate control mechanism. Water for purification is
underground water on the premises of the WTP and supplied to the backwash water tank by a
pump.
The sedimentation sludge and backwash wastewater resultant from the WTP process are
discharged into Krishna River. When the sedimentation basin is cleaned, sludge at the bottom of
the basin is collected once, and some are restored to the soil on the premises of the WTP while
most of it was directly discharged to the River.
Coagulant Chlorine
Krishna Rapid sand Treated
Intake Well Clarifier filter Transmission
river water tank
Discharge Dischage
Source: Study Team
Figure 3.4.13: Existing WTP Flow
2) Proposed WTP flow

In the proposed WTP flow, based on the basic policy, biological contact filtration (U-BCF) is
positioned prior to the coagulation & sedimentation facility as enhanced treatment capability.
This system also adopts an open syphon filter (OSF) of the self balancing type equipped with a
backwash water tank for rapid filtration, realizing perfect automatic system operation and
improving maintenance & management ability.
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Chemical injection is controlled properly by the quantitative pumping method. The sludge and
backwash wastewater resultant from the WTP process are treated by the sludge treatment
facility. This is an environmentally friendly closed method collecting the water used by
treatment and returning it to the receiving well.
In addition, water intake equipment using a shallow well is also built in preparation for the
drought season in which river’s water level is lowered and sufficient quantity of water cannot
be taken by the existing water intake tower.
Pre-Chorine
Coagulant Post-chorine
Chemical
Krishna Biological Contact Sadimentation Treated
Intake Well Rapid Filter Transmission
river Filter Facilities water
Shallow Well
Wastewater
Treatmant Facilities
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.4.14: Proposed WTP Flow
3) Biological contact filtration (U-BCF)

In association with the deterioration in water quality of rivers that serve as the source of potable
water because of contamination of wastewater or enrichment of nutrition, a WTP experienced
some purification troubles in Japan caused by an increase in the concentration of ammonia
nitrogen or dissolved manganese, the generation of an offensive odor and taste due to the
growth of algae, and increased TOC concentration. It is impossible to eliminate these
water-soluble substances by the conventional process of coagulation, sedimentation and
filtration. To degrade ammonia nitrogen, a chlorine dose (as sodium hypochlorite) of
approximately 10 times the ammonia concentration is required (on a weight basis). In addition,
there exists a problem in that trihalomethanes are formed as chlorination byproducts.
Today, many types of advanced water treatments based on biological contact process, ozonation,
granular activated carbon filtration and nanofiltration (NF) are widely utilized to remove the
above dissolved solids. Given the improvement in water quality, costs of water treatment and
installation area, biological treatment is the most effective means among above all. In biological
treatment, a higher water treatment performance can be obtained by direct filtration with raw
water. However, when a general down-flow biological system is used, it is difficult to maintain
stable operation because of filter clogging easily caused by turbidity in the raw water. Therefore,
we have studied the method of passing water, particle size of the filter media, water collection
and distribution devices, and washing process, to develop an up-flow biological contact filter
(U-BCF) with granular activated carbon as a biological carrier, which is one of our technologies.
Since this system can provide a significant improvement in water quality through the
high-efficiency direct filtration of raw water, a stable supply of safer and better tasting water
has been secured. Furthermore, since the amount of sodium hypochlorite, coagulant and
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powdered activated carbon used by the entire water purification facility has been reduced, an
improvement in system maintenance and a reduction in chemical costs can be attained. As a
result thereof, U-BCF contributes considerably to reducing the environmental load of the plant
as a whole.
 Merits of U-BCF
Figure 3.4.15, Figure 3.4.16, and Table 3.4.3 show the appearance, device structure, and
device specification of U-BCF, respectively.
The raw water flows from the inlet conduit into the pressure conduit through the raw water
regulating valve. It is evenly distributed from the pressure conduit by the bottom water
distribution device, and passes through the supporting gravel bed and moves upward at a high
flow rate, while expanding the filter bed (biological activated carbon layer) and keeping the
fluidization state. In this method, dissolved solids in the raw water can be efficiently eliminated
without clogging the filter bed.
Raw Water Filtered Water
Fluidized Bed Interface
Biological Activated Carbon
Air
Pressure Conduit
Water
Extraction
Tank
Source: Study Team Source: Study Team

Figure 3.4.15: U-BCF Facility Figure 3.4.16: U-BCF System
Table 3.4.3: U-BCF Specifications

Item Specification
Treatment process Up-flow biological contact filtration
Treatment flow rate Approx. 15m/h (360m/d)
Contact time Approx. 6min
Contact filter media Granular activated carbon, effective diameter:
0.4-0.5mm, Filter bed depth: 1.5m
Supporting gravel bed depth: 0.3mm
Washing method Air-scouring/water washing
Source: Study Team
The filtered water is collected in the overflow troughs located in the upper part and then flows
out into the outlet conduit. The use of this up-flow biological fluidized bed process causes only
minimal head loss and, thereby, the filter can perform adequately with approximately a 1.0 m
difference in water level between the inlet and outlet conduits.
Since U-BCF primarily aims at removing soluble substances but removes no turbidity,
clarification facilities employing the process of coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration or
nanofiltration are placed in the latter part.
It is best for the U-BCF system not to capture turbidity; however, a small amount
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(approximately 10 to 20%) of turbidity is captured in the bottom water distribution device and
supporting gravel bed.
In addition, organism growth is observed in the bottom water distribution device and supporting
gravel bed, as well as in the filter bed because of biological treatment. Under these undesirable
conditions, head loss increases with the continuation of water passing, and thus the system must
be washed periodically. Therefore, turbidity and part of the adhering organisms are efficiently
discharged by cleaning the system in the order from “air washing,” “air + water washing,” and
“water washing”.
With regard to the drain water resultant from washing, since a clarification facility is placed in
the latter part, only highly turbid drain water is supplied to the drain water treatment facility.
It is necessary to operate the plant at a flow rate within a constant range to keep the fluidization
state of the filter bed. So, there are two methods usable, which are the basin count control
method keeping the flow rate per basin constant by adjusting the number of basins employed
for system operation, and the raw water quality control method utilizing a circulation pump to
keep the raw water quantity constant. It has a negative effect on the biological treatment
function not to operate the system for a long period because the treatment is based on biology.
In order to keep system performance, the basin count control method must change water of the
non-operational basins periodically, and the raw water quality control method must circulate
treatment water.
The merits of U-BCF are as follows:
1) An up-flow fluidized bed enables the effective utilization of the whole contact filtration
layer, and thus provides high contact efficiency.
2) Activated carbon of a small particle size, which is used for the carrier, has a larger specific
surface area, bringing higher treatment effects.
3) It is estimated that the adsorption capacity of activated carbon is maintained for a long
period of time owing to the regenerative function of organisms adhered to granular activated
carbon particles.
4) A system built with an up-flow fluidized bed is space-saving because contact filtration of
high-turbidity raw water can also be carried out at a high flow rate.
5) Because of the small quantity of captured suspended substances, head loss is low and the
system can adopt the gravity flow method without pressure equipment such as an
intermediate pump.
6) Since ammonia nitrogen and other substances are biologically oxidized through the direct
biological treatment of raw water, the amount of sodium hypochlorite injected for
prechlorination and intermediate chlorination can be reduced and balanced.
7) Since the down-flow method removes even the turbidity of the raw water, coagulation is
disturbed frequently in the subsequent coagulation process because of no core substances.
On the other hand, turbidity is contained in the treatment water of U-BCF; so, coagulation
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property is not deteriorated. Moreover, since the turbidity of the biological treatment water
changes its nature and its sedimentation property is improved, it tends to have a positive
effect on the coagulation and sedimentation treatment.
 Operation status
a) Treatment performance
The U-BCF system was, among others, introduced to the Honjo WTP (71,000 m3/d) and the
Ano WTP (171,000 m3/d) under the control of the Kitakyushu City Waterworks Bureau.
Hereafter this report shows the treatment performance of the introduced U-BCF systems.
Since granular activated carbon is used as filtering medium, organic substances are removed
by the physical adsorption effect of activated carbon at the beginning stage of operation.
After that, ammonia nitrogen and dissolved manganese begin to decrease and the biological
filtration starts. It takes about one month to obtain the desired effects of biological filtration,
although the quality and temperature of the raw water has a significant impact on the said
interval.
Table 3.4.4 shows the water quality and removal rate at the Honjo plant. Table 3.4.5 shows
the removal rate of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), a causative agent of moldy smell.
Table 3.4.4: Water Treatment Performance

(Average Concentration and Average Removal Rate)
Water Quality U-BCF-treated
Unit Raw Water*1 Removal Rate
Item Water*1
Ammonia nitrogen (mg/L) 0.046 0.008 90.5%
Dissolved
(mg/L) 0.013 0.001 91.4%
manganese (D-Mn)
Threshold odor
(-) 4.7 2 59.7
number
Turbidity (degree) 5.2 3.9 19.6%
Potassium
permanganate
(mg/L) 7.2 5.4 23.0%
consumption
(KMnO4)
Ultraviolet
absorbance (-) 0.043 0.031 22.2%
(UV260)
Trihalomethane
formation potential (-) 0.040 0.030 19.9%
(THM-FP)
Anionic surface
(mg/L) 0.035 0.016 49.4%
active agent
2-MIB (ng/L) 50 14 72.0%
<50 *2 <10 100%
pH (-) 7.98 7.76 -
*1 Honjo water purification plant, Kitakyushu City Waterworks Bureau (71,000 m3/day), August 2000-March 2002
*2 Limit of determination (at that time): 10ng/L
Source: Study Team
Table 3.4.5: MIB Removal Performance

Date of Water Sampling*1 5/15 5/25 5/28 6/1 6/4 6/6 6/8
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Raw water (ng/L) 50 48 39 31 43 28 35

U-BCF (ng/L) 14 ND*2 ND ND ND ND ND
Removal rate (%) 72 100 100 100 100 100 100
*1 Honjo water purification plant, Kitakyushu City Waterworks Bureau (71,000 m3/day), 2001
*2 ND: 10 ng/L or less
Source: Study Team
0.50
0.45
0.40 原水
Raw water U-BCF処理水
U-BCF-treated water
0.35
Ammonia nitrogen [mg/L]
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
5/14 6/14 7/14 8/14 9/14 10/14 11/14 12/14 1/14 2/14 3/14
2003 2004
Note: Ano Water Purification Plant, Kitakyushu City Waterworks Bureau May 2003 to March 2004
Source: Study Team
Figure 3.4.17: Daily Variation in Ammonia Nitrogen
A high removal performance of at least 90% was achieved for both ammonia nitrogen and
dissolved manganese. The removal rate for the smell was around 60%. For 2-MIB, the
removal rate was 72% at a concentration of 50 mg/L in raw water, and 100% at
concentrations below 50 mg/L; so, excellent removal performance was achieved.
The organic substances represented by potassium permanganate consumption, E260, and
trihalomethane formation potential were reduced by approximately 20%, and anionic
surface active agents were also reduced well. Figure 3.4.17 shows the variation per day of
ammonia nitrogen at Ano plant. Although the concentration of ammonia nitrogen contained
in raw water showed a maximum value of around 0 .5 mg/L in winter, it was removed
favorably. Hence, the quality of filtrated water showed stable good values throughout the
year.
For the influences of raw water turbidity on head loss, there was a case: Due to a typhoon, a
raw water turbidity continued at 100 degrees or more for one week, and then at 50 degrees
or more for two weeks at Ano plant. However, no significant fluctuation of head loss was
observed. Consequently, there was no influence observed on head loss due to an inflow of
highly turbid raw water caused by heavy rains, and the system could still run stably.
b) Maintenance and management
System operation can be managed easily. System operation, washing, and monitoring are
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automatically controlled by the control panel on the device side, and data are transferred to
the central monitoring panel by telemeters.
The U-BCF system can be maintained and managed easily because it has less number of
auxiliary machinery such as pumps because the gravitation flow-down method is adopted
and no chemicals are injected. Moreover, chemical injection dose is reduced and
smoothened as an entire treatment; so, this system has a positive effect even on the
maintenance and management of the entire WTP. From the aspect of maintenance and
management of the device, the pressure conduit of the U-BCF system must be cleaned
artificially at a frequency of around once a year although it varies depending on the property
of the raw water.
c) Economic aspects
Table 3.4.6 and Table 3.4.7 show an estimated comparison between the advanced treatment
method by the combined use of ozone and activated carbon in a treatment water capacity of
40,000 m3/d, and the chemical reduction effect at the actual facility of Kitakyushu City,
which is compared between before and after the U-BCF introduction.
Table 3.4.6: Comparison between Two Water Treatment Systems

Ozone-activated carbon
Item U-BCF Treatment
treatment
Construction cost 100 60
Running cost 100 55
Installation rea 100 35
Note: Calculated from each cost graph in JWRC (e-water II) “Establishment of methods for selecting water
purification system by water quality”.
Source: Study Team
The advanced treatment by the combined use of ozone and activated carbon has high
treatment performance. However, this treatment needs much initial cost and running cost
because advanced technologies are necessary for the maintenance and management of the
system. On the other hand, although the treatment performance of the biological treatment is
somewhat lower than that of the former treatment, a new flocculant by-product generated
from using ozone, bromic acid, is not generated; so, the system can be maintained and
managed easily. Since the latter treatment has great merits even from the aspect of cost, this
treatment is undoubtedly effective.
From the view point of LCC, as shown in Figure 3.4.18, most of LC-CO2 emission at WTP
facilities is occupied by chemicals for water purification. This means that reduction of use of
these chemicals contributes to energy saving greatly. It is proved by this fact as well that
U-BCF has superiority and contributes to reduction of environmental load.
Table 3.4.7: Chemical Reduction Effect

Injection Efficiency Injection Efficiency
before U-BCF before U-BCF
Name of Chemicals Reducing Rate (%)
Introduction: Jan-Jun Introduction: Jan-Jun
2000 (mg/L) 2001 (mg/L)
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Poly aluminum chloride 29.2 27.2 7

(PAC)
Aluminum sulfate 41.5 21.7 48
Sodium hypochlorite 3.3 2.6 21
Note: Honjo Water Purification Plant, Kitakyushu City Waterworks Bureau (Proceedings of the 54th
National Waterworks Conference and Symposium)
PAC combined with aluminum sulfate was used as a coagulant.
Source: Study Team
6
LC-CO2 　（10 kg-CO2 /58 years）
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Raw water
Coagulant/
Operation
Sedimentation
Sand filter
Chemical injection
Westewater Construction Operation

Electricity Renewal Disposal
Source: “e-water II” project of Japan Waterwords Research Center

Figure 3.4.18: Life-cycle CO2(LC-CO2) Emissions by Coagulation/Sedimentation and Sand
Filter (LC-C02 Accumulated during Each Process)
4) Open Syphon Filter (OSF)

The open syphon filter (OSF) is developed by our technology specific to rapid filtration basin,
having the following two characteristics:
1) OSF is an open filtration facility of the self balancing type utilizing gravitation and the
syphon mechanism.
2) This facility has its own backwash water tank, switching between the filtration process and
backwash process easily and smoothly using a syphon tube.
Figure 3.4.19 shows the development history of OSF.
In Japan, the rapid filtration method was introduced from overseas in the Meiji era. This is
called the conventional type, controlling filtration and washing by manual valve or automatic
valve and pumps.
After that, a valveless filter which utilizes the syphon mechanism and does not need a backwash
pump was developed in the USA, spread mainly to the small-scale water supply systems in
Japan. In addition, as the scale of rapid filtration basin became larger, the steel-made filtration
device of the open type was introduced, and the green leaf filter was again developed in the
USA, which is configured with more than one filtration basins and obtains backwash water
from the filtration water of other filtration basins.
The OSF is Japanese advanced technology utilizing the advantages of both the conventional
automated control and the syphon-based method.
This is a simple and highly efficient filtration device utilizing small number of power control
equipment and syphons, realizing simple and easy control of the system operation.
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 Merits of OSF
Figure 3.4.20 shows the structures of the conventional and OSF rapid filtration method.
The conventional type uses a lot of automatic valves to control each process. This type controls
flow rate monitoring water level or using control valves. On the other hand, OSF controls flow
rate using a syphon instead of automatic valves. The syphon can be maintained and managed
easily because it has no moveable components. In addition, no complicated equipment is
necessary to control flow rate because the filtration mechanism is the self balancing type by
which the head loss of filtration is balanced by water level rising on the primary side of the
filtration basin.
The conventional type uses a large-sized backwash pump for washing. On the other hand, OSF
uses a small-capacity pump to collect treatment water into a backwash water tank installed in
the frame of the filtration basin, and use a backwash syphon to backwash the facility. Therefore,
the capacity of the entire facility can be reduced, and maintenance and management ability is
improved.
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.4.19: Development History of OSF
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Source: Study Team

Figure 3.4.20: Comparison of Conventional Type and OSF
Table 3.4.8 and Table 3.4.9 show estimated power consumption of the conventional type and
OSF of the filtration facility with a WT capacity of 40,000m3/d.
Table 3.4.8: Power Consumption and Facility Capacity of Conventional Type

Electric Install Normal Operation Load
Install Operate Hour
Consumption
Item Capacity Capacity Capacity Factor
(kW) (pc) (kW) (pc) (kW) (h/d) (%) (kWh/d)
Backwash pump 55 3 165 2 110 1.0 70 77.00
Backwash blower 90 2 180 1 90 1.30 70 81.90
Raw water valve 0.4 6 2.4 6 2.4 0.27 70 0.45
Treated water 0.2 6 1.2 6 1.2 0.27 70 0.22
valve
Backwash valve 0.2 6 1.2 6 1.2 0.27 70 0.22
Air wash valve 0.2 6 1.2 6 1.2 0.27 70 0.22
Drainage valve 0.2 6 1.2 6 1.2 0.27 70 0.22
Total - - 352.2 - 207.2 - - 160.2
Power cost per day 2,404 ¥/d

Power cost per m3 0.060 ¥/m3 Note) 1. The unit price shall define as 15¥/kWH.
Source: Study Team
Table 3.4.9: Power Consumption and Facility Capacity of OSF

Electric Install Normal Operation Load
Install Operate Consumption
Item Capacity Capacity Capacity Hour Factor
(kW) (pc) (kW) (pc) (kW) (h/d) (%) (kWh/d)
Vacuum pump 3.7 2 7.4 1 3.7 1.2 70 3.11
Make-up pump 11 2 22 1 11 7.9 70 60.8
Compressor 2.2 2 4.4 1 2.2 2.4 70 3.70
Back wash blower 90 2 180 1 90 1.3 70 81.9
Drainage gate 1.5 6 9 6 9 0.2 70 1.26
Total - - 222.8 - 115.9 - - 150.8
Power cost per day ¥/d

Power cost per m3 ¥/m3 Note) 1. The unit price shall define as 15¥/kWH.
Source: Study Team
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Table 3.4.10: Comparison between Conventional Type and OSF

Electricity Consumption Installed Capacity
Item
(kWH./d) (kWH/d)
Conventional 160 352
OSF 151 223
Difference -9 (▲5.6%) -129 (▲37%)
Source: Study Team
As shown by Table 3.4.10, power consumption and facility capacity can be reduced by
approximately 6% and 37%, respectively.
(4) Layout of WTP facility
Figure 3.4.21 shows the general layout drawing of the suggested water purification plant
Source: Study Team
Figure 3.4.21: Suggested Water Purification Plant – General Layout Drawing
3.4.5 Challenges and Measures for Implementation of Project

As described above, the new capital region master plan (water facilities plan and basic design) is not
yet completed and it is not clear how the overall water supply scheme for the new capital region will
be implemented in the future and what time period is required. The detailed infrastructure plan of the
GC architectural plan is also not yet clear.
We need to assess how the suggested WTP in this survey can be harmonized in the overall water
supply project and how it can be coordinated and harmonized with the infrastructure plans in GC
area. It is necessary to closely examine and evaluate both plans and the progress and results of their
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facilities design in the future.

While this proposal is to utilize the existing intake facilities (Thullur Lift Pump Station), it is highly
possible that it becomes necessary to rehabilitate the existing facilities. Though this proposal covers
a water purification plant only (from water intake station to clean water basin), it will become
necessary to confirm if the costs of water transmission pipelines to GC area and water supply and
distribution facilities (including elevated water tanks, water supply/distribution pipes, water meters,
etc.) in GC area can be arranged by the local government and to confirm the timing of
implementation, etc.
For water intake, it is proposed that the amount of water of the Krishna River at the drought period
shall be investigated again and that what amount of groundwater can be pumped up also shall be
investigated and examined.
When Vaikuntapuram barrage proposed as a second-phase project is constructed upstream and the
2nd water purification plant is constructed in the future, the downstream river flow will decrease
drastically. At that time, it will be necessary to make a plan to take water (10,500 m3/day) from the
raw water sent from Vaikuntapuram barrage to the 2nd water purification plant and send it to the
suggested WTP in this survey.
It is at present not clear what water purification method is to be used at the 1st water purification
plant and 2nd water purification plant in the master plan.
Very advanced water purification may not be adopted in the processes of these water purification
plants. If the suggested water purification plant with a water supply capacity of 10,000 m3/day
continuously supplies good water to GC area in the above-mentioned method for the future, at least
the water system in GC area will be able to supply safe and delicious water continuously.
3.4.6 Effect of environmental improvement and influence on society

(1) Expectation of influence on the environment
This project is not applicable to any projects defined by the guidelines “Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA) Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations” issued by
JICA in April 2010 to consider environmental society. So, this project is not deployed as a sector or a
characteristic easily affecting the environment, and is not a region easily affected by the environment.
Therefore, this project is judged as not having so serious undesirable influence on the environment,
classified into environmental category B. Therefore, in this section, important influences caused by
the project are extracted and expected according to the JICA guidelines.
The execution procedure of the project is classified into the three phases, ie. before construction,
during construction, and during operation of the WTP, and the environmental influence is
summarized in Table 3.4.11.
Table 3.4.11: Expected Influence on Environment

Project Evaluati
Item Outline
phase on
Social environment
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Project Evaluati
Item Outline
phase on
Involuntary moving of
– D Residents do not seem to move.
residents
Lives of neighboring Short-term influence during construction, such as noise and
II B-
residents vibration
Influence on local
economy and living II B+ Employment might be created by implementing the project.
including employment
Since the WTP is built in a vacant lot, negative effect
because of the change of land use does not seem to occur.
Use of land – C
However, consent by the land owners has not been
confirmed.
Negative effect due to project implementation is not
Analysis of community – D
expected.
Influence on existing
Since the WTP is built in a vacant lot, existing social
social infrastructures II, III D
infrastructures and services will not be influenced.
and services
Poverty, native
inhabitants, and I, II, III D There are no resident minorities and native inhabitants.
minorities
Inappropriate
Influence from project implementation does not seem to
distribution of benefits – D
occur.
and damages
Dispute due to Influence from project implementation does not seem to
– D
unmatched interests occur.
Influence on water
– D Influence on water rights does not seem to occur locally.
rights
Sanitation II B- Short-term influence might occur during construction.
Risks of infectious diseases might increase because workers
Risks of disasters and
II B- live during construction. However, the period and range are
infectious diseases
limited.
Cultural heritages – D There are no cultural heritages in the planned project site.
Natural environment
Geographical change resultant from the project is not
Geology and geography – D
expected.
There is a risk for soil erosion because construction is
Soil erosion II B-
implemented in the planned site close to a canal or a river.
It is expected that short-term influence might occur due to
Underground water II B-
construction.
There is natural vegetation in the planned construction site.
Flora and fauna,
I, II D However, no rare animals or plants are present, such as
biodiversity
endangered species.
Landscape I, II, III D Change of landscape is limited.
Contamination
Air pollution is caused by heavy machinery on the
Air pollution II B- construction site, trucks to carry materials, and traffic
congestion. However, the period and range are limited.
Short-term influence is expected when the site is prepared or
Water pollution II B-
construction is implemented.
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Project Evaluati
Item Outline
phase on
There is a risk of oil leakage from the heavy machinery on
Soil pollution II B-
the construction site.
Waste produced by construction and garbage from the
Waste II B-
workers.
Noise and vibration arise during construction. The influence
Noise and vibration II B-
is limited.
The ground must be reinforced appropriately. In addition,
Ground sinking II, III C water intake at the intake well (shallow well) might
influence.
Bad smell – D Smelly work is not expected.
Bottom sediment II D Work influencing on bottom sediment is not expected.
Accident II B- There is a risk of accidents on the construction site.
Project phases: I: Before construction, II: During construction, III: During implementation of the project
Extent of influence
A-: Serious negative effect expected A+: Positive effect expected
B-: Negative effect is expected to some extent B+: Positive effect is expected to a certain extent.
C-: Influence cannot be evaluated in detail currently.
D-: No or slight influence. Even future survey is not needed.
Source: Study Team
As mentioned above, negative effect on the environment due to project implementation is not so
serious. Most aspects of the expected influence will not exceed the local level, and occur in a short
period only while the WTP is constructed. So, they can be prevented or mitigated by taking
appropriate construction methods.
(2) Major environmental effect by implementing the project and measures to mitigate it
Major environmental effect by implementing the project is summarized as follows:
[Positive effects]
• This project adds biological contact filtration (U-BCF) to the WTP process as an enhanced
treatment capability. By doing so, potable water can be supplied safely and stably in the future, and
safer water can be supplied to the government complex area. This improves reliability on potable
water, contributing to the building of city water supply directly drinkable from taps and the
enhancement of public clean sanitation.
• Biological contact filtration (U-BCF) is treatment facility utilizing biological bacteria films without
using chemicals, contributing to reduction of WTP chemicals in the latter phase. As a result, this
method contributes to the enhancement of safety by reducing the disinfectant by-products and the
minimization of chemical injection accounting for a large percentage of LCC. So, reduction of
environmental load is promising.
[Negative effects]
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• Noise and dust arise from the trucks and heavy machinery, and waste is produced during the
construction. In addition, in the phase of WTP operation, it is important to treat sludge
appropriately. The other aspects of environmental effect are not so serious in the phase of WTP
operation that it seems possible to manage these aspects by designing and operating the facility.
Table 3.4.12 is a summary of the environmental effect and mitigation measures expected in the
phases of preparation, construction, and operation, respectively.
Table 3.4.12: Outline of Environmental Effect and Mitigation Measures

Activity Effect Mitigation measures
I. Construction preparation phase
Site preparation  Trimming of vegetation and  Minimize vegetation trimming.
agricultural crops
 Dust and waste caused by site  Select construction periods and
preparation methods to minimize effect on
 Dust, noise, and air pollution neighboring residents (especially
caused by trucks and heavy noise and vibration).
machinery
II. Construction phase
• Site preparation and pile  Effect on living of neighboring  Put appropriate covers on the
driving residents of access roads trucks carrying materials to
• Construction of sludge prevent dust scattering.
treatment facilities and  Dust, traffic congestion, noise,  In order to avoid flood and
access roads and vibration due to heavy prevent sediment and materials
• Construction of WTP machinery and trucks to carry from flowing in the river, prepare
facilities materials drainages.
• Laying of water pipelines  Garbage produced by workers  For ventilation, sprinkle to
(constructed by AP State) and living drainage prevent dust from scattering.
 Traffic congestion when water  Conduct construction taking
pipelines are laid worker’s safety into account, such
as putting face masks or gloves
III. WTP operation phase
• Proper treatment of WTP  Improper treatment of the  Periodical monitoring of sludge
sludge resultant WTP sludge treatment
• Safety of staff and accident  Risks of accidents and injuries  Countermeasures for fires and
risks caused during work (especially accidents, for example, fire
management of chlorine gas and extinguishers, and taking
chemicals) worker’s safety into account
 Risk reduction measures, for
example, partitioning of the
chemicals management space or
installation of detoxifying
equipment
Source: Study Team
(3) Conclusion
This survey showed that the suggested WTP project brings great benefit to AP State, and its negative
effect to the environment is limited.
In addition, by adding sludge/wastewater treatment facilities which has not been taken into account
in the existing WTP, contamination of rivers due to drain from the WTP can be prevented.
Although negative effects will occur by implementing the project especially in the building phase,
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most aspects of such effects appear locally in a short period. So, they can be prevented or mitigated
by implementing and monitoring the project appropriately.
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3.5 Sewerage System

3.5.1 Present Condition and Issues
For New Capital City Development Planning, APCRDA and ADC were established in 2014. The
main functions of the two organizations are as follows:
APCRDA: Planning, co-ordination, execution, supervision, financing, funding and for promoting
and securing the planned development of the capital region and capital city area for the
state.
ADC: Development, implementation, operation and management of Amaravati, the new capital
city of Andhra Pradesh.
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.5.1: Organization Relationships for New City Development Planning
The MP (Master Plan) of the New Capital City (Amaravati) development is said to be in the final
stage. It was expected to be finalized by December 2016 by the consulting firms (GIIC and Aarvee
Associates); however, it has not been completed yet. Decentralized sewage treatment plants (19
STPs) are planned with the target year of 2050 in the MP.
To understand the sewer characteristics in order to design STP with Japanese technology, the Study
Team visited two existing STPs in Vijayawada City. The following shows general information of
Vijayawada City, which is the second largest city in Andhra Pradesh:
Vijayawada City is divided into four zones, namely, central zone, western zone,
eastern-south-eastern zone and northern zone. The existing sewerage system mainly covers the
central zone of the city.
It has been reported that the functional sewage treatment capacity of the city is 80 MLD at a sewage
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generation rate of 126 LPCD, which is 80% of the water supply service level including losses due to
infiltration.
Table 3.5.1: Vijayawada City—General Information

Population 12.00 lakhs (1,200,000)
Total Number of Households 283,597
Area 63 km2
8 with a total of 150 MLD
(including those under construction and yet to be
commissioned)
Number of STP
80 MLD: Existing
40 MLD: To be Commissioned
30 MLD: Under Construction
Source: VMC (Vijayawada Municipal Corporation)
Table 3.5.2: Details of STPs in Vijayawada City

Sl. No. Area Covered under STP Name of STP STP Capacity (MLD) Population Covered
Madhura Nagar 40 MLD-1
Ayodhya Nagar 20 MLD-1
Devi Nagar
Singh Nagar
1 New RR Pet Ajith Singh Nagar 400,000
Prakash Nagar Total 60 MLD
Rajiv Nagar
NSC Bose Nagar
Kanakadurga Nagar
2 Kamineni Nagar Auto Nagar 10 MLD-1 150,000
Nagarjuna Nagar 10 MLD-1
Veterinary Colony Total 20 MLD
Film Colony (Bloc-6B) 20 MLD-1
Bandar Canal bund
Ramalin-geswara 10 MLD-1
3 (Block-6A) 200,000
Nagar
Krishna Lanka
Total 30 MLD
Chalasani Nagar
Karakatta 20 MLD-1
HB Colony 20 MLD-1
Kabela
4 Jakkamp-udi 350,000
Market
Total 40 MLD
Jakkampudi Housing Lay out
Jakkampudi Farmers Lay out
Total 150 MLD 1,050,000
Source: VMC (Vijayawada Municipal Corporation)
3.5.2 Project Outline

The main purpose of this sewerage study is to introduce and explain appropriate Japanese technology
(technology developed especially for tropical areas) to the concerned people of new capital city
(Amaravati) under development. It is expected to be evaluated by the Indian side and expected to be
one of nominated technologies for the new capital city.
19 decentralized STPs system are in the Master Plan (MP) for the new city. The MP is not complete
yet, as of January 15, 2017. The target year is 2050; however, the implementation schedule of each
STP has not been published yet. Thus, this report describes our proposed STP technology, which is
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newly developed technology called Pre-treated Trickling Filter (PTF) technology, the design capacity
is 10 MLD (10,000 m3/day), shows capital cost and salient features for the Indian counterpart to
compare with other technologies. The expectation is high that a 10-MLD PTF system will be
installed at the government complex (Zone 9).
(1) Installation of PTF System for STPs of the New Capital City (19 STPs are planned currently)
Scope: PTF System 10 MLD (10,000 m3/day) capacity (initial stage)
Size 1,500 m2
Design Criteria
Influent Water Quality BOD 250 mg/L
SS 375 mg/L
Effluent Water Quality BOD 15 mg/L
SS 15 mg/L
(The influent quality mentioned above is very strict; however, it was recommended by the Indian
side. The existing STP’s design value is BOD 200 mg/L)
If the Indian side requires tertiary treatment with good treated water quality, then water reuse
technology will be recommended at the proper stage. An outline of the water reuse technology is
described in Chapter 3.5.8 in this report.
(2) Additional System

Finally, if more clean treated water is required such as water with BOD below 5 mg/L, we
recommend our water reuse technology, which was developed in Japan jointly with the Tokyo
Metropolitan Government (see section 3.5.8).
3.5.3 Introduction Target Area

As mentioned earlier, 19 decentralized STPs are planned in the MP.
(1) MP for Sewerage

MP for sewerage has not been received officially so far; however, the deadline for MP is reported to
be December 15, 2016.
The Planning for the new capital city (Amaravati) will be approved finally by the committee
consisting of nominated members from APCRDA, ADC, and the Public Health Department in AP
state.
3.5.4 Introducing the Technology
19 decentralized STP systems are planned in the MP for the new city. The MP is not complete as of
December 30, 2016. The target year is 2050; however, each STP’s implementation schedule has not
been published yet. Thus, this report describes our proposed STP technology, namely, Pre-treated
Trickling Filter (PTF) technology for a 10-MLD capacity (10,000 m3/day) design, together with its
capital cost and salient features to the Indian side for comparison with other technologies.
(1) PTF System
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PTF technology is newly technology as an alternative to the Activated Sludge Process Technology
(ASP), which is most commonly used in Japan as well as in other countries.
In Japan, the total electricity consumption in a sewerage system is equivalent to 0.7% of the total
electricity consumption of the whole of Japan, which is very high (about 7 billion kWh/year). About
50% of the consumption is in the treatment process. The most common treatment process in Japan is
the ASP, which accounts for about 75% of the treated water volume in Japan. ASP is also a good
method to treat wastewater; however, some of its disadvantages are large installation space,
enormous energy supply for aeration, and complicated operation and control.
In response to these disadvantages, a new energy-saving wastewater treatment system called PTF
system has been developed.
The Trickling Filter Process is known to consume less energy than other various treatment processes.
However, this is an old method with many disadvantages such as poor treated water quality, filter fly
growth, and offensive odor released from filters.
Trickling filters were used initially (1922) in Japan, but because of these drawbacks, no trickling
filter is in operation presently. The PTF system was developed to resolve these problems without
affecting the advantage, that is, low energy consumption. This system consists of three key
technologies, namely, Floating Sponge Filter (FSF), High-rate Trickling Filter (HTF) and Final
Solid-Liquid Separator (SLS).
Comparing this technology with ASP, the Primary Clarifier is replaced by Floating Spongy Filter
(FSF), Aeration Tank by HTF, and Secondary Clarifier by Final SLS.
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.5.2: PTF System and ASP System
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Source: Study Team

Figure 3.5.3: PTF System and Trickling Filter System
Finally, the PTF system has achieved following results in comparison with ASP and Trickling Filter:
 Space-saving design (compact footprint)
 Advanced energy savings (1/4th to 1/5th of ASP): Extremely low power consumption
 Improved SS/BOD removal efficiency (Same water quality as ASP)
 No aeration, no monitoring, no bulking,
 Stable treatment performance
 Simple operation and reduced maintenance
 Amount of sludge is less than that of ASP
 (Sludge is about 20% less than that of ASP and MBBR approximately with 10 MLD)
 No offensive smell (compared to Old Trickling Filter)
 No filter fly growth (compared to Old Trickling Filter)
The following section describes each process (FSF, HRT, SLS) generally to show how the original
disadvantages have been overcome.
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(2) Processes in the PTF (Pre-treated Trickling Filter) System
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.5.4: PTF System Flow
Figure3.5.4 shows the PTF system flow.

PTF system consists of three key technologies: FSF, HTF and final SLS.
Wastewater from the grit chamber flows into the FSF and is treated by upflow filtration through filter
media. Next, the wastewater flows into the HTF and then into the SLS. Filtered water from SLS goes
into the disinfection tank and is discharged to a river or a channel.
Following are the salient features of each process:
FSF removes SS and insoluble BOD by filtration.
Clogging of water spray nozzle of trickling filter is prevented because of the removal of SS by FSF.
HTF removes soluble BOD by biofilm. Filter bed of HTF can be washed and odor from sludge can
be prevented.
Final SLS removes fine SS of delaminated biofilm. Highly clarified, treated water can be obtained
through this process.
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Source: Study Team

Figure 3.5.5: FSF (Floating Sponge Filter)
FSF consists of unique filter media, upper screen and backwashing equipment.
Raw water flows into FSF from the bottom, SS and insoluble BOD are removed through filter media
by upflow filtration. 100% of substances that are larger than 1 mm are removed in this process.
FSF requires lesser space compared to the conventional primary clarifier. The flux of FSF is 300
m/d.
Only a short period is required for backwashing and operation can be continued.
This FSF can remove more SS than a primary clarifier so that the subsequent trickling filter
operation becomes easy because sludge deposition (which may cause offensive odor) can be
prevented in the trickling filter.
Source: Study Team
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Figure 3.5.6: HTF (High-rate Trickling Filter)
HTF consists of filter media, water spray nozzle and washing equipment. Plastic filter media with
large specific surface area is used to achieve a more compact design than the conventional trickling
filter.
Filtered water from FSF is sprayed over the media by rotary water spray nozzle., water is treated by
microorganisms in biofilm on the surface of the media.
In HTF, aeration blower is not required, so the electricity consumption is improved compared to the
conventional aeration tank.
The media can be backwashed by air. In the backwash process, filtration is stopped and the tank is
filled with raw water. Filter media float in the water and are washed by injected air from the bottom.
Then the backwashed wastewater is drained and filtration restarted. This is a very simple and quick
backwash process. Normally, backwash once a month is necessary.
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.5.7: SLS (Final Solid-Liquid Separator)
Any biofilm process has the disadvantage that very fine biofilm peels off and deteriorates the treated
water quality, such as BOD, SS, and transparency. Therefore, secondary clarifier with filtering
compartment is placed (SLS) after the HTF. This filter can ensure stable final effluent.
Floating filter media packed between upper and lower screens are installed near the overflow weir.
The backwash process is also very simple and easy (by air).
Table 3.5.3: Comparison of Systems 1
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Source: Study Team

This table shows the comparison of the new system with the activated sludge system and the
conventional trickling filter system.
The effluent quality of new system is comparable to activated sludge system, has one fifth (fourth)
the energy consumption, and operation is easier. Three filter processes that form the system functions
eliminate the disadvantages of the conventional trickling filter system.
Table 3.5.4: Comparison of Systems 2
Source: Study Team
(3) PTF Water Quality

The next table shows the annual average water quality in Vietnam (PTF), Japan (PTF), and
Vijayawada 20 MLD (UASB).
PTF treated water quality as BOD is 7 mg/L (Vietnam), and 6 mg/L (Japan), which meets the future
standard (2050) of the new capital city. BOD average in Vijayawada is higher than the others,
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however, water temperature is higher in Vijayawada, which means more biofilm activity can be
expected.
Table 3.5.5: Annual Average

India
Vietnam Japan
(Ramalingeswara
(Da Nang) (Kochi)
Nagar)
BOD (mg/L) Inf. 66 99 144
Eff. 7 6 (15)
SS (mg/L) Inf. 102 86 142
Eff. 7 3 (15)
Water Temp. (℃) 26 22 29
Source: Study Team
The next table shows the range and standard deviation (SD) of BOD and SS. From the figures for
Vietnam and Japan, stable water quality of the PTF System can be observed. Maximum values of
BOD and SS in Japan (PTF System) are higher than that of Vijayawada STP.
Table 3.5.6: Influent Water Quality Fluctuations

India
Vietnam Japan
(Ramalingeswara
(Da Nang) (Kochi)
Nagar)
Influent Effluent Influent Effluent Influent Effluent
BOD Range 17-136 3-19 33-260 3-12 90-190 (8-20)
(mg/L) Average 66 7 105 6 144 (15)
SD 24 4 44 2 2690-186 (3)
SS (mg/L) Range 34-197 4-14 37-221 1-6 142 (8-20)
Average 102 7 86 3 27 (15)
SD 36 3 38 1 27 (3)
Water Temp. (℃) 26 22 29
Source: Study Team
The Japan Sewage Work Agency, on behalf of the Japanese construction ministry, acknowledged this
system as being applicable to developing countries in 2014, based on the PTF water quality results.
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Table 3.5.7: Technology Verification of PTF
Source: Study Team
(4) Drawings (10-MLD PTF System)

Layout Plan, Sludge Treatment Building are shown from the next page:
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Source: Study Team

Figure 3.5.8: Layout plan
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Source: Study Team
Figure 3.5.9: Sludge Treatment Building
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3.5.5 Implementation Challenges and Countermeasures
(1) Water Quality Standards

The target year of the New Capital City (Amaravati) Development is 2050, and influent and
effluent standards seem to be strict.
Effluent Design Standard Current Regulation Value
BOD 10 mg/L 30 mg/L
SS 20 mg/L 100 mg/L
In our proposed PTF system, if influent water characteristics are the same as current values
(BOD 150 mg/L, SS 150 mg/L), the treated water will meet the design standard.
If cleaner water is required for reuse purpose with BOD less than 5 mg/L, water reuse
technology (see 3.5.8) system is recommended.
(2) Technology
PTF System is quite new to the Indian market; therefore, the Japanese side would like to
collaborate with a local company for mutual benefit and with a view to reduce the total cost.
3.5.6 Environmental and Social Impacts
(1) Environmental Improvement by Sewerage System

Generally speaking, sewerage system contributes to the society as follows:
 Improvement in public health
 Improvement in the living environment
 Healthy development of the city
 Better quality of water maintenance of the public water bodies
In terms of the sustainable development, the following sewerage functions are anticipated:
 Contribution to recycling society
 (recycling of water, energy, and so on)
 Contribution to a resilient society (resilient)
 Contribution to the creation of new values (innovation)
 (such as water reuse, linking to other growing fields (hydrogen energy, agriculture, and
robot industry, etc.)
 Contribution to global community (global)
Moreover, PTF system has the following charcteristics;

 Energy consumption is 1/4th to 1/5th of that of ASP (extremely low power consumption)
→ Major contribution in reducing GHG (Greenhouse Gas)
 Compact footprint
 Easy O&M compared to ASP, SBR, and MBR
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 Treated water quality is as same as that of ASP

 Stable treatment performance → based on experience in Japan
 Average Influent BOD 99 mg/L
 Average Effluent BOD 6 mg/L
 Resilient → Since FSF is an earthquake-resistant design, temporary treatment of water
is possible during a disaster.
 Smaller sludge volume compared to ASP (about 20% lesser sludge volume)
(2) Environmental and Social Impacts

In this sector, expected impacts are described as much as possible at this stage using general
items. Since MP of the sewerage system for Amaravati is being planned by the nominated
consulting firms, more detail impacts are expected to be considered in the Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA).
1) Permits and Explanation

1. EIA and Environmental Permits
EIA reports have not been officially processed. Because MP is under preparation and
this is a national project, all procedures are expected to be comply with government
regulations.
2. Explanation to the Local Stakeholders
Land acquisition is almost done by government authorities with many land owners.
3. Examination of Alternatives
In the process of formulating MP, various alternatives will be considered by the
nominated consulting firms.
2) Pollution Control
1. Water Quality
Since the target year of MP is 2050, treated effluent such as BOD, SS are set at stricter
levels than the current Indian standards.
2. Wastes
Sludge generated by the facility is planned properly to be treated and disposed of in
accordance with the country’s standards. Sludge from STP can be sold to power plant
nearby, which is recommended.
3. Noise and Vibration
This will be examined at the EIA stage.
3) Natural Environment
The project site (Amaravati 217 km2) was decided by AP state and the government, so
negative impacts on the natural environment are not expected (ecosystem, protected area,
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and so on).
Land acquisition by the AP state authority is almost complete and discussions with
residents too are almost complete, in accordance with government procedures. Thus,
negative impacts are not expected. The target area (Amaravati) is planned as a new State
Capital City. The required land area is 217 km2.
5 Others
Measures against impacts during construction and monitoring programs for environmental
items are expected to be carried out at the EIA stage.
3.5.7 Introduction to Water Reuse Technology

PTF’s effluent BOD is equivalent to that of ASP (Activated Sludge Process), SBR (Sequent
Batch Reactor), and MBBR (Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor); however more clean water with
BOD less than 5 mg/L is required, which is the same quality as that of MBR (Membrne Batch
Reactor). Water reuse technology as a tertiary treatment method is recommended.
Next, general explanation on water reuse technology is given below.
(1) WATER REUSE TECHNOLOGY

Inflow is treated water from STP in this project; that is, effluent from the PTF system.
INFLOW (Treated Water of PTF System)
Biological filter : Nitrification to reduce ozone consumption at the ozonation stage.
Ozonation Process : Odor/color removal, disinfection, and refining of fine particles by
ozonation.
Coagulation/Flocculation: Removal of SS to prevent membrane fouling.
Ceramic membrane Filtration : Filtration of coagulated water using 0.1μm MF ceramic
membrane to remove micro-flocs.
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Source: Study Team

Figure 3.5.10: Overview of Water Reuse Technology
Source: Study Team
Figure 3.5.11: New Value in Water Reuse Market
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Source: Study Team

Figure 3.5.12: Water Reuse Plant in Tokyo (7,000 m3/day)
Source: Study Team

Figure 3.5.13: Transparency of Treated Water
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Source: Study Team

Figure 3.5.14: Actual Usage of Reclaimed Water in Tokyo
As seen above, the treated water is utilized for many applications in practical situations such
as:
 Toilet flushing in buildings,
 Industrial water,
 Water for public fountains
 Water for washing trains, etc.
Many kinds of usage are possible because of the high quality of treated water. The next table
shows treated water quality at an actual plant in Tokyo.
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Table 3.5.8: Treated Water Quality
Source: Study Team
Whether this water reuse technology will be selected or not actually depends on the planning
of the new capital city; the selection will be examined by the Indian side soon.
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4 Implementation Plan
4.1 Implementation Structure

At the presentation to AP which was conducted in February, AP showed their strong interest
to introduce all 5 items. Therefore, we would like to promote all 5 items as one “high-end”
infrastructure package. On the other hand, we found that AP is considering funding options
with World Bank and/or Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and/or the other options for
developing its new capital state. Therefore, funding for 5 items needs to be decided promptly
based on their needs by Japanese side.
4.2 Implementation Schedule

4.2.1 Overall Schedule
AP intends to finish construction of the Government Complex in the new capital city by the
end of 2018 and the tentative government office building is close to the completion. However,
the constructions of some roads have just started and many lands are still used for growing
sugarcanes. Judging from the present situation, the start of the implementation from 2019 is
more realistic. Therefore, we would like to decide the master schedule with AP state in
accordance with the following schedule.
4.2.2 Disaster Prevention System Development Project

The outlined schedule for the project of disaster prevention system is shown below in Figure
4.2.1.
Source: Study Team

Figure 4.2.1: Outlined Schedule (Disaster Prevention System Development Project)
Notes:
Including the assistance cost related to disaster-prevention research of the National Research
Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Public Works Research Institute,
Foundation of River & Basin Integrated Communications, etc.)
A local contractor will be hired for installation; however, depending on the procurement rule
4-1
of Japan’s Official Development Assistance (ODA), procurement in Japan may be required.

Japanese staff for maintenance will not be stationed on the site, aiming at operation and
maintenance (O&M) by collaborating with local companies.
4.2.3 Data Center and Cloud Computing Development Project

The outlined schedule for the project of building up the data center and cloud computing
infrastructure is shown below in Figure 4.2.2.
Source: Study Team

Figure 4.2.2: Outlined Schedule (Data Center and Cloud Computing Development
Project)
4.2.4 Traffic Information System Development Project

The outlined schedule for the project of traffic information system is shown below in Figure
4.2.3.
Source: Study Team

Figure 4.2.3: Outlined Schedule (Traffic Information System Development Project)
4.2.5 Water Supply System Development Project

The outlined schedule for the project of water supply system is shown below in Figure 4.2.4.
4-2
Source: Study Team

Table 4.2.4: Outlined Schedule (Water Supply System Development Project)
4.2.6 Sewerage System Development Project

The outlined schedule for the project of sewerage supply system is shown below in Figure
4.2.5.
Source: Study Team

Figure 4.2.5: Outlined Schedule (Sewerage System Development Project)
4.3 Implementable Japanese Government Support

The development of the new capital city of AP State has a political background and its
development is very urgent, however in practical situation, the involvement of many
stakeholders is not contributing to the progress as per the planned schedule.
Therefore, in order to comply with the development schedule required by the AP state side
without any further delay, it is essential to actively support the practical development of the
AP state from private sector and Japanese Government.
(1) Support Policy

Considering the present situation, the policies for cooperation and advancement of Japanese
technology are as follows:
1. Introduction of infrastructure technology with high added value
General infrastructure technologies are already popular in India, and it is difficult for
Japanese companies to find competitiveness in terms of cost and speed. Therefore,
although there is a possibility that the necessary amount may be limited, also there are
some areas essentially needs high value addition to the infrastructure to be created for new
capital city and the influenced urban cities around new capital city.
4-3
2. Implementation of a full-scale feasibility study

Regarding the introduction of various Japanese technologies proposed in this survey, AP
state Government has provided their principal acceptance during the final meeting that
they are happy and positive to take this forward. In addition, the possibility of Japanese
funding support was also mentioned from AP state, a full-fledged feasibility study for the
introduction of Japanese technology including fund procurement will be necessary.
3. Strengthen communication with AP state government

Indian and Chinese consultants have formulated Infrastructure Master Plan and Singapore
consultant has formulated a Master Plan for Seed capital area, which aims at a high value
added infrastructure such as hospital. Although, AP State expects to introduce Japanese
technology to the new capital city including the Seed area, Japanese consultants are not
present at local site in order to facilitate the prompt working development proposals, close
consultations with stakeholders and quick adjustments that will help in achieving the target
set by AP state government.
It is crucial for Japanese side to start the next business at an early stage, try to grasp the
situation and progress of related plans, and strengthen communication with AP
government.
(2) Proposal for utilization policy of government support
<Commercialization survey to introduce Japanese technology>

It is proposed that a full-scale commercialization survey shall be implemented as soon as
possible against Japanese technologies of which superiority is recognized by AP state
government through this Study.
1) Purpose:
Confirmation of business profitability and superiority of introduction of Japanese
technology.
2) Contents
Survey for commercialization including financing plan and environmental impact
survey.
3) Target Project:
Packaged infrastructure project using Japanese technology is proposed in present
survey
4-4
5 Recommendation and Conclusion
The Japanese team has done several site investigations and meetings with AP arranged and
accompanied by Sumitomo Corporation. Our counterparts are APCRDA, ADC, ITE&C,
Irrigation Department, Vijayawada police and so on. At the very first meeting, we needed
agreement on design concept itself and clearing up the misunderstanding against each other.
However, as a result of close communication between Japanese team and AP, meetings and
site investigations became more fruitful every time and we could find the present issues of the
infrastructure in AP and their needs. We also kept explaining our advanced technologies
enthusiastically and finally could receive a strong interest from AP to introduce all 5 items,
recognizing the value of our technologies. The below is the summary of our “high-end”
infrastructure package which AP would like to introduce from Japanese team.
Table 5.1.1: Summary of Proposal
Source: Study Team
We recommend that 5 projects should be promoted and implemented as one package from the
view point of funding and tight schedule.
We strongly believe that such a strategy is the best and earliest way to synchronize the time
schedule of developing of new capital city.
5-1
（様式２）
二次利用未承諾リスト
報告書の題名:
平成28年度　質の高いエネルギーインフラ
システム海外展開促進事業（インド共和国アン
ドラ・プラデシュ州新州都開発及び都市
インフラ整備実施可能性調査）成果報告書
委託事業名：
平成28年度　質の高いエネルギーインフラ
システム海外展開促進事業（インド共和国アン
ドラ・プラデシュ州新州都開発及び都市
インフラ整備実施可能性調査）
受注事業者名：住友商事
頁図表番号タイトル
3-94 Table 3.5.1 Vijayawada City—General Information
3-94 Table 3.5.2 Details of STPs in Vijayawada City

AP Feasibility Study

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AP Feasibility Study

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Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

Project to Promote Overseas Sales of Quality Energy Infrastructure

Feasibility Study of the Development of

New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure

in Andhra Pradesh State, India

Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban

1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1-1

3.2.6 Environmental and Social Impacts.......................................................................... 3-40

Figure 2.1.1: Expected Population Growth Trend in Amaravati ....................................................... 2-3

of Disaster ................................................................................................................... 3-11

ADC Amaravati Development Corporation

GSI Geological Survey of India

STIP Short Term Improvement Plan

1.1 Project Background

In May 2016, Sumitomo Corporation visited AP as a mission of “Public-Private Committee

1.2 Project Objectives

show our proposal to the relevant parties.

Fields to be studied are the followings:

1.3 Project Area

2 Present Condition and Development Plan of New Capital City and

2.1 Present Condition

Table 2.1.1: 2050 Population for Amaravati by Land Use

Source: Master Plan published in APCRDA website

Design Residential Work Force

(2) Land Use

Source: Master Plan published in APCRDA website

Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

The land use breakup is shown in Table 2.1.4.

Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

Table 2.1.5: Population of Guntur City [1961 to 2011]

(2) Land Use

Table 2.1.6: Existing Land Use in Guntur

Source: Study Team

(ii) Existing Facility

Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

(iii) Existing Development Plan

Table 2.1.7: Short Term Project

Source: Study Team

(iv) Constrains and Challenges

(2) Water Supply

Table 2.1.8 Capacity of Existing WTP in Vijayawada

Table 2.1.9 Projected Water Demand

Table 2.1.10: Demand-Supply Gap in Water Treatment Capacity

Source: Study Team

Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

Summary of existing water distribution system in Circle-I, Circle-II & Circle-III is

Table 2.1.11: Summary of Existing Water Distribution System

(i) Existing Development Plan

(3) Sewerage and Storm Water Drainage

Table 2.1.12: Status of STPs in Vijayawada

Source: Study Team

Table 2.1.14: Summary of Planned STPs in VMC

Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

Subsequently there is a demand-supply gap of 45.94 MLD which is necessary to develop

(4) Power Supply

Generation, Transmission and Distribution. Andhra Pradesh Electricity Regulatory

Table 2.1.15: Total Generation Capacity at Vijayawada

APGENCO has taken up the proposal for establishment of 1x800 MW thermal

Table 2.1.16: List of Substation in Vijayawada Circle

(iii) Constraints and Challenges

country is currently about 18%.

(5) Telecommunications infrastructure underlying data center and cloud computing

Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey