Shoring

is the process of temporarily supporting a building, vessel, structure, or trench with shores (props)
when in danger of collapse or during repairs or alterations. Shoring comes from shore, a timber or
metal prop.[1] Shoring may be vertical, angled, or horizontal.

Buildings[edit]

Single steel raking shore system specifically for tilt slab shoring.
Raking Shores
In this method, inclined members called rakers are used to give temporary lateral support to an
unsafe wall. One or more timbers slope between the face of the structure to be supported and the
ground.[2] The most effective support is given if the raker meets the wall at an angle of 60 to 70
degrees. A wall-plate is typically used to increase the area of support.
Foundations
Shoring is commonly used when installing the foundation of a building. A shoring system such as
piles and lagging or shotcrete will support the surrounding loads until the underground levels of the
building are constructed. Commonly used shoring equipment includes post shores, shoring beams,
and timber jacks.
Trenches[edit]

Schematic sketch of a modern steel trench shore being lowered into a trench.
During excavation, shoring systems speed up excavation and provide safety for workers since
trenches can be prone to collapse. In this case, shoring should not be confused with shielding.
Shoring is designed to prevent collapse where shielding is only designed to protect workers when
collapses occur. Concrete-structure and stone-building shoring, in these cases also referred to
as falsework, provides temporary support until the concrete becomes hard and achieves the desired
strength to support loads.
Hydraulic Shoring
Hydraulic shoring is the use of hydraulic pistons that can be pumped outward until they press up
against the trench walls. They are typically combined with steel plate or plywood, either being 1-1/8"
thick plywood, or special heavy Finland Form (FINFORM) 7/8" thick.
Beam and Plate
Beam and Plate steel I-beams are driven into the ground and steel plates are slid in amongst them. A
similar method that uses wood planks is called soldier boarding. Hydraulics tend to be faster and
easier; the other methods tend to be used for longer term applications or larger excavations.
Soil Nailing
Soil nailing is a technique in which soil slopes, excavations or retaining walls are reinforced by the
insertion of relatively slender elements - normally steel reinforcing bars. The bars are usually installed
into a pre-drilled hole and then grouted into place or drilled and grouted simultaneously. They are
usually installed untensioned at a slight downward inclination. A rigid or flexible facing (often sprayed
concrete) or isolated soil nail heads may be used at the surface.
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What Types of Shoring are there?

The placement of temporary shoring ensures the safety of construction crews and others who need to enter a
space that has been damaged, while also minimizing the risk of additional harm coming to the structure. While
this is oftentimes an essential part of reconstruction, many home and business owners don’t realize that there
are different types of shoring available to consumers who need it. When you know what kind of shoring
methods exist, as well as what materials they are composed of, it can help you to make the most informed
decision possible for the betterment of your structure and your own peace of mind.

There are three types of shoring on the market. They are classified by their supporting characteristics and
where in the space they are implemented.

Raking Shoring
This type of shoring is used when there is one or more unsafe wall in a space.

 Wall plate: 23cm by 5cm to 23cm by 76 cm.

 Fixes to the structure through the use of hooks.

 10cm by 76cm needles assist in securing.

 Wooden cleats strengthen the needles used to secure the shoring.

 When more than one raker is necessary they are bound together by hoops or braces that are 25cm by
15cm.

Flying/Horizontal Shoring
This type of shoring is implemented when there are two structures, one of which can be subject to damage
while the other is under repair.

 Consists of wall plates, struts, straining pieces, horizontal shores/struts, cleats, needles and wedges.

 Uses needles and cleats to secure against existing walls.

 Can be used for heights up to three stories.

 Struts should be inclined at 45 degrees whenever possible.

 Double flying shores are used for distances more than 10m.

Dead/Vertical Shoring
This type of shoring uses horizontal needles to support walls, floors and roofing.

 Used in repairing existing foundations, rebuilding a defective wall and providing large openings in
existing walls.

 Requires necessary strutting in windows and doors before implementation.

 Horizontal beams made of timber or steel are referred to as “needles” and are placed at right angles.

 This shoring is only removed when the building has enough strength to sustain itself.

 Removal of these shores takes at least one week (7 days).

  Needles should be removed first during the removal process of this temporary shoring method.

 May be used alongside raking shores, which should be removed before the dead/vertical shores.

ONE WAY SLAB

Slabs are constructed to provide flat surfaces, usually horizontal, in building floors,
roofs, bridges, and other types of structures. The slab may be supported by walls, by reinforced
concrete beams usually cast monolithically with the slab, by structural steel beams, by columns, or
by the ground.
Slabs are classified into two types:

1. One Way Slab

2. Two Way Slab
3.
#1 One Way Slab:
One way slab is a slab which is supported by beams on the two opposite sides to carry
the load along one direction.The ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is equal or greater than 2,
considered as One way slab because this slab will bend in one direction i.e in the direction along its
shorter span

Due to the huge difference in lengths, load is not transferred to the shorter beams. Main
reinforcement is provided in shorter span and distribution reinforcement in longer span.
Example: Generally all the Cantilever slabs are one Way slab. Chajjas and verandahs are an practical
example of one way slab.

#2 Two Way Slab:

Two way slab is a slab supported by beams on all the four sides and the loads are carried by the
supports along both directions, it is known as two way slab. In two way slab, the ratio of longer span
(l) to shorter span (b) is less than 2.

In two way slabs, load will be carried in both the directions. So, main reinforcement is provided in
both direction for two way slabs.
Example: These types of slabs are used in constructing floors of multi storeyed building.

Difference between One Way Slab and Two way slab:

One Way Slab Two Way Slab

Slabs are supported by the beams on Slabs are supported by beams on all the
 One Way Slab Two Way Slab

the two opposite sides four sides.

Main reinforcement is provided on Main reinforcement is provided in both sides

shorter span due to bending due to bending occurs on both sides

Main Reinforcement is provided in Main Reinforcement is provided along both

only direction for one way slabs the directions in two way slabs.

Loads are carried along one direction Loads are carried along both the directions
in one way slab. in two way slabs.

One way Slab reinforcement details:-

From fig, it is clear that Ly/Lx = 8/3 =1 ≥ 2.66

Hence, One way slab is adopted where Cranked bars (main bars) are provided on shorter side of the
slab due to bending. Distribution bars(straight bars) provided on longer side as shown in fig.

Two way Slab reinforcement details:-

As per below fig, it is clear that Ly/Lx = 5/5 =1 < 2.
Hence, two way slab is adopted where cranked bars (main bars) are provided on both sides of the
slab.
Concrete slump test or slump cone test is to determine the workability or consistency of concrete
mix prepared at the laboratory or the construction site during the progress of the work. Concrete slump
test is carried out from batch to batch to check the uniform quality of concrete during construction.

The slump test is the most simple workability test for concrete, involves low cost and provides
immediate results. Due to this fact, it has been widely used for workability tests since 1922. The slump
is carried out as per procedures mentioned in ASTM C143 in the United States, IS: 1199 –
1959 in India and EN 12350-2 in Europe.
Generally concrete slump value is used to find the workability, which indicates water-cement
ratio, but there are various factors including properties of materials, mixing methods, dosage,
admixtures etc. also affect the concrete slump value.

Factors which influence the concrete slump test:

 Material properties like chemistry, fineness, particle size distribution, moisture

content and temperature of cementitious materials. Size, texture, combined grading, cleanliness and
moisture content of the aggregates,
 Chemical admixtures dosage, type, combination, interaction, sequence of addition and its effectiveness,

 Air content of concrete,

 Concrete batching, mixing and transporting methods and equipment,

 Temperature of the concrete,

 Sampling of concrete, slump-testing technique and the condition of test equipment,

 The amount of free water in the concrete, and

 Time since mixing of concrete at the time of testing.

Equipments Required for Concrete Slump Test
Mold for slump test i.e. slump cone, non porous base plate, measuring scale, temping rod. The mold for
the test is in the form of the frustum of a cone having height 30 cm, bottom diameter 20 cm and top
diameter 10 cm. The tamping rod is of steel 16 mm diameter and 60cm long and rounded at one end.

Sampling of Materials for Slump Test

A concrete mix (M15 or other) by weight with suitable water/ cement ratio is prepaid in the laboratory
similar to that explained in 5.9 and required for casting 6 cubes after conducting Slump test.

Procedure for Concrete Slump Cone Test

1. Clean the internal surface of the mould and apply oil.

2. Place the mould on a smooth horizontal non- porous base plate.

3. Fill the mould with the prepared concrete mix in 4 approximately equal layers.

4. Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod in a uniform manner over the cross
section of the mould. For the subsequent layers, the tamping should penetrate into the underlying layer.

5. Remove the excess concrete and level the surface with a trowel.

6. Clean away the mortar or water leaked out between the mould and the base plate.

7. Raise the mould from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical direction.

8. Measure the slump as the difference between the height of the mould and that of height point of the specimen
being tested.
 Figure-2: Concrete Slump Test Procedure
NOTE:
The above operation should be carried out at a place free from Vibrations or shock and within a period
of 2 minutes after sampling.

Slump Value Observation:

The slump (Vertical settlement) measured shall be recorded in terms of millimeters of subsidence of the
specimen during the test.

Results of Slump Test on Concrete

Slump for the given sample= _____mm

When the slump test is carried out, following are the shape of the concrete slump that can be observed:

Figure-3: Types of Concrete Slump Test Results

True Slump – True slump is the only slump that can be measured in the test. The measurement is taken between the
top of the cone and the top of the concrete after the cone has been removed as shown in figure-1.
Zero Slump – Zero slump is the indication of very low water-cement ratio, which results in dry mixes. These type of
concrete is generally used for road construction.
Collapsed Slump – This is an indication that the water-cement ratio is too high, i.e. concrete mix is too wet or it is a
high workability mix, for which a slump test is not appropriate.
Shear Slump – The shear slump indicates that the result is incomplete, and concrete to be retested.
Difference Between Plinth Beam and Tie Beam.

A beam is a horizontal member provided to transfer the load from the upper structure to
column and walls or foundation.

It can transfer both dead load and live load.

Before moving to the difference between plinth beam and tie beam, first, you should know
some of the basic definitions used in it.

Plinth Level:

The finished ground level on which the building or structure rest is known as plinth level.
It is constructed slightly higher than the Ground Level.

Ground Level:

Ground Level is the natural surface of the earth on which the construction takes place.

The main reason the Plinth Level is kept higher than the Ground Level is to prevent the
water to enter the building.

And by doing this, the drainage system can be installed easily.

Because there will be a difference in the Level of Ground and Plinth.

What is Plinth Beam?