Name: Angela Denisse A. Amat Date: Sept.

26, 2019
THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBOHYDRATES
Course: DMD-II Prof: Mrs. Dalisay Caponpon

THE  TYPES, FUNCTIONS AND CLASSIFICATION OF CHO

Carbohydrates, or saccharides, are the most abundant class of biomolecules.
Carbohydrates are used to store energy, though they serve other important
functions as well. This is an overview of carbohydrate chemistry, including a look
at the types of carbohydrates, their functions, and carbohydrate classification.

LIST OF CARBOHYDRATES ELEMENTS

All carbohydrates contain the same three elements, whether the
carbohydrates are simple sugars, starches, or other polymers. These
elements are:
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
Different carbohydrates are formed by the way these elements bond to each
other and the number of each type of atom. Usually, the ratio of hydrogen
atoms to oxygen atoms is 2:1, which is the same as the ratio in water.

WHAT A CARBOHYDRATE IS
The word "carbohydrate" comes from the Greek word sakharon, which means
"sugar". In chemistry, carbohydrates are a common class of simple organic
compounds. A carbohydrate is an aldehyde or a ketone that has additional
hydroxyl groups. The simplest carbohydrates are called monosaccharides, which
have the basic structure (C·H2O)n, where n is three or greater.Two monosaccharides
link together to form a disaccharide. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are
called sugars and typically have names ending with the suffix -ose. More than two
monosaccharides link together to form oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.In
everyday usage, the word "carbohydrate" refers to any food that contains a high
level of sugars or starch. In this context, carbohydrates include table sugar,
jelly, bread, cereal, and pasta, even though these foods may contain other
organic compounds. For example, cereal and pasta also contain some level of
protein.

THE FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates serve several biochemical functions
MONOSACCHARIDES SERVE AS FUEL FOR CELLULAR METABOLISM.
Monosaccharides are used in several biosynthesis reactions.
Monosaccharides may be converted into space-saving polysaccharides,
such as glycogen and starch. These molecules provide stored energy for
plant and animal cells.
Carbohydrates are used to form structural elements, such as chitin in
animals and cellulose in plants.
Carbohydrates and modified carbohydrates are important for an
organism's fertilization, development, blood clotting, and immune system
function.
THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBOHYDRATES EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose
Polysaccharides: chitin, cellulose

CARBOHYDRATE CLASSIFICATION
Three characteristics are used to classify monosaccharides:
Number of carbon atoms in the molecule
Location of the carbonyl group
The chirality of the carbohydrate

1. Aldose - monosaccharide in which the carbonyl group is an aldehyde

2. Ketone - monosaccharide in which the carbonyl group is a ketone
3. Triose - monosaccharide with 3 carbon atoms
4. Tetrose - monosaccharide with 4 carbon atoms
5. Pentose - monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms
6. Hexose - monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms
7. Aldohexose - 6-carbon aldehyde (e.g., glucose)
8. Aldopentose - 5-carbon aldehyde (e.g., ribose)
9. Ketohexose - 6-carbon hexose (e.g., fructose)

A monosaccharide is D or L, depending on the orientation of the asymmetric carbon

located furthest from the carbonyl group. In a D sugar, the hydroxyl group is on
the right the molecule when written as a Fischer projection. If the hydroxyl group
is on the left of the molecule, it is an L sugar.
Source: The Chemistry of Carbohydrates, ThoughCo.
By: Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. (March 08, 2019)