CONTENT
Guide to Pronunciation . . . . . . . . 1
Vowels
Aa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Oo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Uu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Consonants
Ll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Dd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Tt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Ff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Vv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Ww . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Ss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Hh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Nn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Rr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Bb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Jj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Xx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Gg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Yy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Pp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Qq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Kk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Zz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Consonant Digraphs
sh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
wh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
nk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
 GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION

This guide is limited only to the pronunciation as used in the book. Other pronunciation
variants that were not discussed in the book were also not included here.

Vowels Only short-vowel sounds are tackled, which is marked with a breve (˘ ) on top
of the vowel letters, for instance:
ă as in ark, dad
ĕas in egg, pet
ĭ as in ink, big
ŏ as in off, moss
ŭ as in up, umbrella

Consonants b - has only one sound as in but, Bob

c - hard c sound when paired with a, o, or u as in cat, cot, cut

d - its proper sound as in dug, cud

f - has only one sound as in fish, muff

g - hard g sound when paired with a, o, or u as in gas, gob, gum

h - is a mark of mere breathing or aspiration as in hot, hub

j - represents a compound sound, pretty nearly equivalent to that

represented by dzh as in jab, jog, jut

k - has only one sound which is identical to that of hard c as in kit, elk

l - has only one sound as in lit, loll

m - has only one sound as in map, cam

n - has only one sound as in nil, son

p - has only one sound as in pal, cup

q - has only one sound as in quip, quest

r - has only one sound as in ram, rub

1
 GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION

consonants s - the proper sound as in sell, loss

t - the proper sound as in till, met

v - has only one sound and is never silent as in van, Bev

w - as an aspirated w often has the hw sound as in when, what, which

x - has the ks sound as in fox, next

y - has its consonant sound in the initial position as in yam, yes

z - has z sound as in Zeb, fizz

Consonant ch - very nearly the sound of tsh as in chip, lunch, church

Digraphs
sh - has only one sound as in Shem, wash

th - has the voiceless or whispered or soft sound as in thank, Seth

wh - has consonant digraph sound as in when, what, which

ng - has neither the n nor the g sound but a new sound as if it were ngg as in
king, sang

nk - has the ngk sound as in skunk, think

2
page 9 page 13

ax dad hen hug gem ill

log bag cab bud hut tux

page 10
page 14
bib net bed win tug loll
off den web nap yell pat
beg jab kiss
page 11
hop wag run
pin sit nut
rib pig leg page 15

1. on 6. up 11. ox
page 12
2. an 7. am 12. ax
box moss cot
3. in 8. us 13. cub
ten fat mop
4. at 9. is 14. led
5. it 10. as 15. lid
3
page 18

log lion lips leg

laptop banana lab lamb
leaf cat fudge latch
loll lamp luggage lap

page 19 page 22

hen log kimono milk letters kite

lobster lock lollipop leg lemon pitcher

page 20 page 23

lift lips lid lunch luggage pan

cap list bottle kit lump lumber

page 21

lamp corn lad

duck ladder latch
4
page 29

deer check drizzle dahlia

heart den donut ant
globe dog diamond mixer
dill durian jam dinosaur

page 30 page 33

dorm dot dory cheek dentist desert

king lamb doll bag feather desk

page 31 page 34

laundry dimples lightning duck dunk leaf

dill kiwi dig duster zither yelp

page 32

daffodil dad champ

dalmatian laptop dart
5
page 41

camel cucumber conch coins

camera list ball watermelon

coat violin van ladder

candle crab cork cabbage

page 42

cod collar rose

conch comb loaf

page 43

zero cat cabbage

castle key carpenter

page 44

cub tray cupcake

cuff cup apple
6
page 48

top tic-tac-toe towel teapot

hanger tree tomato sandwich
cloud teacher toys kennel
fountain table tractor doll

page 49 page 52

tot tomato voice wheelbarrow ten teddy bear

wishbone toss top tennis tent socket

page 50 page 53

hair tin can ticket tugboat tub volleyball

tissue timber basin lion tunnel tusk

page 51

taco kick tarsier

tag tassel lily
7
page 59

fat feather fan fedora

fang queue pit caterpillar
five fawn football feet
faucet poster church piano

page 60 page 63

fox forest chick ferryboat yolk fence

fork forceps plate fetter fen wet

page 61 page 64

donkey fifteen finger pajama furniture funnel

fig bandage fiddle trunk fudge fur

page 62

bone farmer fax

fan father comb
8
page 69

vase lily tortoise vessel

vegetables yoyo flower volcano
volleyball train sit violin
fist vane valley latch

page 70 page 73

volcano fan tug vest kite vegetables

voyage voice quart vendor goose vet

page 71 page 74

food villa vineyard vulture gold bear

telephone vintage vinegar cheese ditch vulpine

page 72

vacuum vanilla nails

elk van vat
9
page 78

wafer fin watermelon piano

wedge queue wishbone sponge
water wicker basket wet worm
wheelbarrow oven windmill latch

page 79

wigwam winner window

fire wink train

page 80

bandage wallet helicopter

wag wasp walrus

page 81

wedding web banduria

well crayons welder
10
page 85

cabbage sand sign serenade

sediments butterfly line seal
sickle socket selfie kite
slippers jeep deer swimmer

page 86 page 89

song scissors sorbet frog sentry bell

socks soft sandals set seven selfie

page 87 page 90

sift sick crayons sunflower sponge suds

yawn signet sip submarine globe sunglass

page 88

gift loaf sash

hinge sandwich sax
11
page 96

house peach diamond hamper

hanger feather harp hub
heart hedgehog matches hair
hook freckles bottle hose

page 97 page 100

horse rain hot hem hen sorbet

horn quiver hog bush hexagon helicopter

page 98 page 101

avocado mountain hiss nurse hump hundred

hill hinge hip pie hug husk

page 99

vase hamper hammer

hand hat farm
12
page 106

nails strainer nipple necktie

nine numbat volleyball noodles
nap wigwam tortoise numbers
nose rose yolk nape

page 107 page 110

maze goat laundry neck nest paper

nostril north Norman Neptune nettle racket

page 108 page 111

ninja nil teapot numbers nuggets nun

wafer fruits nits nuts lotion music

page 109

fawn branch napkin

nap dinosaur nanny
13
page 117

roof referee rose ring

ruler piggy bank fix rocking chair
king racket rooster raspberry
lifeguard roots tray rain

page 118 page 121

rock fish chaff relic rectangle fun

rod robin bench lion rest recipe

page 119 page 122

bear river ribbon lad ruffles rug

rim fruits ribs food rubber band run

page 120

rabbit fountain rat

rag ram waterlily
14
page 127

googles mouth music fortress

money mixer moose mountain
house morning monkey thin
pray mouse moon plate

page 128 page 131

mom boat mosquito lightning medal medic

conch moth mop jump rope medicine megaphone

page 129 page 132

wrench milk mixer mug muffin kennel

mirror mittens foyer muscle muff tam

page 130

mango coat mask

mat pinch magnet
15
page 137

butter banduria bowl tree

ball basin shock button
bottle five bat beach
piano belch bag tot

page 138 page 141

toys bobby pin wheat faucet belly belt

box zigzag boss bench cheese bell

page 139 page 142

bill billfold biscuits bucket butterfly caterpillar

bone bin cockroach domino bundle buckle

page 140

bat bandage basket

gourd banana gecko
16
page 147

fire battery jeep jacks

jack-in-the-box sandwich key jug

judge ant gold jellyfish

jump rope Jeff jackfruit jumpsuit

page 148 page 151

apple border water bun judge jump rope

job jot jog jumpsuit kangaroo balloon

page 149

jelly jet jellyfish

book podium shell

page 150

yawn watermelon jacket

jar jacks jasmine
17
 page 156

fix camel fedora mix

church wax sax feet
grapes six ax dalmatian
fox doctor bed box

page 160

gift gold grapes goat

gorilla cabbage desk check
girl fax gourd goose
goiter gecko googles globe

page 161 page 163

golf gong football gutter gull gum

kitten goblet hand gun yarn watch

page 162

night garage gangplank

garbage garden couch
18
page 167

yard candle pan yoyo

lawn mower yardstick yodeler zebra

knife yawn yak clock

bus yen yolk drum

page 168

wicker
yacht yam
basket
yarn zigzag yak

page 169

kettle yelp yell

yen ax Yeti

19
page 173

policeman pills pool puppet

popcorn castle bedpan pretzel
pants pumpkin package purse
penguin taco cucumber sun

page 174 page 177

pod carrot pond pen pebbles ham

pot porch porridge petal jam pendulum

page 175 page 178

denim pin chick pump kebab puzzle

pillow pillar picnic punctuation
pup finger
marks

page 176

parrot pavilion papaya

park shelf pajama
20
 page 183

electric fan quail queen crab

quotation question
salt pencil
mark mark
quilt hoof quiet quill
paper quiver quart quotation

page 186

kitten seven kerchief kiwi

fetter kayak goat paddle
panda ketchup kite shirt
key dentist kangaroo kick

page 187 page 188

pony kimono kit kettle ketchup crab

king kitchen swing fence keg kebab

21
page 190

leaf zero zigzag zoologist

nits pitcher zebra heart
lamb zipper desert porcupine
zoo zinnia zither fifteen

page 191

zinnia zipper lotion

zigzag zither Christmas

22
two consonants together in the same syllable, having one unique sound

page 194 initial digraph sh

avocado shoulders harp

shovel shield shampoo
three sharpener wheel

page 198 initial digraph sh

1. shad 2. shell 3. shot 4. shin 5. shun

page 199 final digraph sh

fish pencil wash

math cash teddy bear
mesh moth bush

page 203 final digraph sh

1. bash 2. josh 3. dish 4. mesh 5. rush

23
two consonants together in the same syllable, having one unique sound

page 205 initial digraph wh

wheelbarrow math cheek

whale wheel wheat
abacus medal wheelchair

page 208 initial digraph wh

1. Whig 2. Wham 3. whop 4. whish 5. whiff

24
two consonants together in the same syllable, having one unique sound

page 209 initial digraph th

thumb thimble throat

sign three muscle
throw thread throne

page 212 initial digraph th

1. thrum 2. thrash 3. thill 4. throb 5. thresh

page 213 final digraph th

mouth fawn fifth

path globe moth
math cabbage bath

page 217 final digraph th

1. width 2. filth 3. Seth 4. with 5. path

25
two consonants together in the same syllable, having one unique sound

page 218 initial digraph ch

cheek champ chimp

denim cheese wasp
check church chick

page 221 initial digraph ch

1. chaff 2. chip 3. chug 4. chess 5. chap

page 222 final digraph ch

parrot ditch wrench

sandwich church peach
conch couch taco

page 227 final digraph ch

1. lunch 2. ranch 3. finch 4. inch 5. hatch

26
two consonants together in the same syllable, having one unique sound

page 228 final digraph ng

banana sing frog

spring four swing
farm gang ant

page 233 final digraph nk

drink film sink

nine skunk freckles
bunk clock sink

page 238 final digraph nk

1. link 2. kink 3. hunk 4. shank 5. shrunk

27
 Consonant Digraph: sh
initial digraph sh
shad a kind of fish used for food

shag a heavy, rough nap on some cloth

shall a word used to express simple future time, as “I shall go”; used to express determi-
nation, as “they shall eat now”
sham (verb) to fake or pretend; (noun) something false or fake; not genuine or real

shed (verb) to let or make flow or fall; to pour out; to make flow off without going
through; to lose or drop; to send out or give forth
(noun) a kind of building used often for storage
shell (verb) to separate from the ear or cob; to fire shells from large guns;
(noun) a hard outer covering; an outer part; material of or like animal shell, used
in making or decorating things; a long, light racing boat, rowed by a team of
men; a case or cartridge holding an explosive, shot, or bullet to be fired from a
gun

shim (verb) to fill pit or level up by the use of a shim; (noun) a thin, often tapered, slip
of wood, metal, or stone used to fill in (as in leveling a stone in a building)

shin (verb) to climb by moving oneself along alternately with the arms or hands and
legs; to move forward rapidly on foot; to kick or strike on the shins; to climb by
shinning;
(noun) the front part of the vertebrate leg below the knee

ship (verb) to put, take, go, or send in a ship or boat; to send by any means;
(noun) any vessel, larger than a boat, for traveling on deep water; an aircraft;
spaceship
shod furnished or equipped with shoes; equipped with tires

shop (verb) to go and look over and buy things; (noun) a place where things are sold;
a store; a place where a certain kind of work is done

shot (verb) propelled toward a goal; discharged from a gun;

(noun) the distance that a sound, a bullet, etc., travels or can travel; an attempt
to hit something; any attempt or try; something to be fired from a gun; a photo-
graph; an injection, as of a vaccine

shrill (verb) to make a sharp, high sound;

(adjective) having or making a sharp, high sound

shun to keep away from, to avoid

shut To move so as to close an opening; to fasten securely, as with a lock, to close the
lid, doors, etc.
28
 final digraph sh

bash (verb) to hit or smash, to crash; (noun) a forceful blow

bosh foolish talk or activity; nonsense; something worthless or trifling

bush* a low densely branched shrub

dash (verb) to throw so as to break; to smash; to hit roughly; to splash; to put an end to;
to destroy; to do or write something quickly; to move quickly;
(noun) a heavy blow; a smash; a little bit; a pinch; a short, fast run or race; the
mark (-), used in printing to show something has been left out

dish (verb) to serve in a dish; (noun) any of the plates, bowls, saucers, etc., used to
serve food at the table; an amount of food served in a dish; a kind of food

josh to make fun of or tease in a joking way

mash (verb) to beat or crush into a soft mass; (noun) a mixture of bran, meal, etc., for
feeding horses, cattle, poultry; any soft mass

mesh (verb) to catch or trap as in a net; to fit together; to interlock;

(noun) any of the open spaces of a net, screen, or sieve

mush (verb) to travel over snow, as with a dog sled; (noun) a trip especially across
snow with a dog team; corn meal boiled in water or milk; any thick, soft mass

posh elegant, fashionable

rush (verb) to move, send, take with great speed; to act in haste, without careful
thought; to attack suddenly; (noun) an eager movement of many people to get
to a place; haste or bustle; a grassy plant that grows in wet places

tush a long, pointed tooth; tusk

wish (verb) to have a longing for; to want; to desire; to ask or order;

(noun) a desire or longing; something wanted or hoped for; a request or order

29
 Consonant Digraph: wh

wham the loud sound of a hard impact; a solid blow

when at what time; at or during the time that; although; if

whet to sharpen by grinding or rubbing, as a knife or tool; to make stronger; stimu-

late

whiff (verb) to blow or move in puffs;

(noun) a light puff of air or wind; breath; a faint smell

Whig an American favoring independence from Great Britain during the American
Revolution; a member or supporter of an American political party formed
about 1834 in opposition to the Jacksonian Democrats

whim a sudden thought or wish to do something without any particular reason

whin an evergreen shrub; gorse; furze

whip (verb) to strike, beat, lash; to move, pull, throw suddenly; to beat into a froth;
to flap about;
(noun) a thing for striking or beating, usually a rod with a lash at one end; a
blow or stroke as with a whip; a dessert made of whipped cream or beaten
egg whites, with fruit, sugar, etc.

whish (verb) to urge on or cause to move with a whish;

(noun) a rushing sound; a swish

whit the least bit; jot

whop (verb) to beat; to strike; to defeat totally;

(noun) a heavy blow; a thump

30
 Consonant Digraph: th
initial digraph th

thill either of two long pieces of wood between which a horse is hitched to a vehicle;
a shaft

thin S small in width or depth from side to side; not thick; having little flesh or fat; lean;
slender; flowing or pouring quickly; watery; seen through easily; flimsy

thrash (verb) to separate the seeds of from the husks and straw by beating; to thresh; to
flog; to defeat; to swing, beat, or strike in the manner of a rapidly moving flail; to
go over again and again; to hammer out or forge;
(noun) an act of thrashing, especially in swimming the crawl or the backstroke

thresh This word has the same meaning as “thrash.”

thrill (verb) to feel or make greatly excited; shiver or tingle with strong feeling; to quiver
or tremble;
(noun) a strong feeling of excitement that makes one shiver

thrips any of an order of small to minute sucking insects most of which feed often
destructively on plant juices

throb (verb) to pulsate or pound with abnormal force or rapidity; palpitate; to beat or
vibrate rhythmically

thrum (verb) to furnish with thrums; to fringe; to insert short pieces of rope yarn or spun
yarn in (a piece of canvas) to make a rough surface or a mat which can be
wrapped about rigging to prevent chafing; to play or pluck a stringed instrument
idly; to strum; to sound with a monotonous hum; to recite tiresomely or monoto-
nously;
(noun) the monotonous sound of thrumming

thrush any numerous small or medium-sized birds mostly of a plain color, often with
spotted underparts, and include many excellent singers; also a fungal disease
see especially in infants and marked by white patches in the oral cavity

thud A a dull sound, as of something heavy dropping on the ground

31
 final digraph th

Beth a girl’s name; a shortened form of Elizabeth

fifth coming after four others; one of five equal parts of something

filth dirt that is disgusting

hath t the older form of has, as in the Bible

Heth the family from whom Abraham bought property as a burial ground for Sarah and
himself

kith friends

lath any of the thin, narrow strips of wood used to build lattices or as the framework on
which plaster is put

path a track worn by the footsteps of people or animals; a way made for people to
walk on a course along which something moves; a way of behaving

pith the soft, spongy tissue in the center of some plant stems; the soft center of other
things, as of a bone or feather; the important or necessary part

Seth the third son of Adam; a boy’s name

tilth the act or occupation of tilling; cultivation of the soil; cultivated, or tilled, land

width A a distance or measure from side to side; breadth; wideness; a piece of material
of a certain width

with in the care or company of; as part of; into; in the service of; against; opposed to;
in regard to; concerning; having gotten; from; after

32
 Consonant Digraph: ch
initial digraph ch

chaff (verb) to tease or make fun of in a friendly way;

(noun) the husks of wheat or other grain, separated from the seed by
threshing, any worthless thing or part; friendly teasing or joking

chap (verb) to crack open; to make or become rough; (noun) a man or boy

chess a game played on a checkerboard by two players

chill (verb) to make or become cool or cold; (noun) a feeling of coldness that
makes one shiver; a coolness that is uncomfortable

chin (verb) to pull oneself up, while hanging by the hands from a bar, until the chin
is even with the bar;
(noun) the part of the face below the lower lip; front part of the lower jaw

chip (verb) to break or cut a small piece or thin slice from; to break off into small
pieces; to shape by cutting or chopping with an ax, chisel, etc.;
(noun) a small, thin piece broken or cut off; a place where a small piece has
been chipped off

chit a child; a pert young woman; a short letter or note, especially a signed vouch-
er of a small debt (as of food)

chop (verb) to cut by strokes with an ac or the like; to make a quick, cutting stroke;
to cut into small bits;
(noun) a quick, cutting stroke or blow; a slice of meat with a piece of bone

chub a type of fish

chuff a rude, ill-bred person

chug (verb) to make a dull, explosive sound as of a laboring engine;

(noun) a dull explosive sound made by or as if by a laboring engine

chum (verb) to go about together as close friends do;

(noun) a close friend

33
 final digraph ch

bench (verb) to keep from playing in a game;

(noun) a long, hard seat for several persons with or without a back; a strong table
on which work with tools is done; the place where judges sit in a courtroom

botch (verb) to repair or patch ineptly; to bungle; to assemble or construct in a make-

shift way; (noun) something that is botched; a mess; patchwork; hodgepodge

etch to engrave a design on metal or glass by coating the surface with a substance
such as wax, on which the design is drawn with a sharp needle

finch any of a family pf small stout singing birds with short conical bill, including the
sparrows. Grosbeaks, crossbills. Goldfinches, linnets, and buntings

gulch A ravine; a deep or precipitous cliff

hatch (verb) to bring forth young birds, fish, turtles, etc., from eggs; to think up or plan,
often in a secret or bad way; (noun) an opening in the deck of a ship; any
opening in a floor, or the trap door covering this

hitch (verb) to move with jerks; to fasten with a hook, knot, strap; (noun) a quick pull;
tug or jerk; something that gets in the way; hindrance; a fastening or catching

hutch a pen or coop for small animals; a chest for storing dishes, linens, etc.

inch (verb) to move a little at a time; (noun) a unit of measuring length

itch (verb) to have a tickling feeling on the skin that makes one want to scratch; to
have a restless desire; (noun) a skin disorder that causes an irritating sensation
that males one want to scratch

lunch the meal eaten in the middle of the day, between breakfast and dinner; any
light meal

munch to chew in a noisy, steady way

pinch (verb) to squeeze between a finger and the thumb or between two surfaces; to
press upon in a painful way; (noun) the amount that can be picked up between
the finger and the thumb; an emergency

punch (verb) to hit with the fist; to make holes in; to stamp with a punch; to herd or drive
cattle; (noun) a tool for making holes in something, or one for stamping or cut-
ting designs on a surface; a hard blow with the fist; a sweet drink made by mixing
fruit juices or other liquids together

ranch a large farm

34
 Consonant Digraph: nk

chink (verb) to make a sharp, clinking sound as of coins striking together; to form chinks
in; to fill the chinks in; (noun) a sharp, clinking sound, as of coins striking together;
a narrow opening; crack

conk (verb) to break down; to stall; to faint; to go to sleep;

(noun) decay caused by a tree fungus

hank a row or tier of objects; a loop or coil of hair or yarn

hunk a large piece or lump

kink a short twist or curl, as in a hair or thread; a painful cramp in some muscle; an
odd idea or queer notion

link (verb) to join or connect; (noun) any of the rings or loops that form a chain; any-
thing that joins or connects

mink an animal somewhat like a large weasel, that lives on land and in the water; the
costly, thick, brown fur of such and animal

pink (verb) to cut cloth with special shears so that it has a toothed edge to keep if
from raveling, or for decoration; to decorate with small holes in a pattern; to
prick, as with a sword; (noun) a plant with pale-red flowers having five petals;
(adjective) a pale-red color

punk dry, rotted wood used for starting a fire; any substance that vurns evry slowly with-
out a flame

shank the part of the leg between the knee and the ankle; the whole leg; a cut of beef
from the upper part of the leg; the part of a tool or instrument between the han-
dle and the working part; shaft

shrink (verb) to contract or curl up the body or part of it; to huddle or cower; to be-
come smaller or more compacted; to dwindle; to lose substance or weight; to
lessen in value; (noun) the act of shrinking, shrinkage

shrunk dwindled; made smaller or more compact

skunk any of the various common omnivorous black-and-white New World mammals of
the weasel family that have a pair of perineal glands from which a secretion of
pungent and offensive odor is ejected

sunk past of “sink”; went to the bottom; fell or dropped to a lower level

thank to say that one is grateful to another for a kindness

35