Mini risearch Plant Anatomy

PLANT ANATOMY
(Copairing the Plant type based Hidrofit and xerofit based their leaf anatomy)

BY :

NAME : Kristian Felix Silalahi

ID : 4173342005
CLASS : Bilingual Biology Education 2017

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

2019
 PREFACE

Praise the presence of God Almighty for His blessings and mercy so that Im
can do and complete this Mini Research Task.

Im express our gratitude to the supervisor for guiding us during the lecture
process. And we hope that the Mini research papers can add to the knowledge and
experience of the readers. In the future, it can improve the shape of adding the
contents of the paper to be better.

Im realize that there are many shortcomings in writing and working on the
tools that we do because of our limited knowledge and experience, namely there
are still many shortcomings in this paper so we expect suggestions and criticism
that can build so that in the future we will be better able to complete the mini
research assignments better

Medan,May 14, 2019

Author

b
 TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE.................................................................................................................. a
TABLE OF CONTENT.............................................................................................. b

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION...........................................................................
I.1 Background............................................................................................................ 1
I.2 Formulation of Problem......................................................................................... 1
I.3 Objectives.............................................................................................................. 1

CHAPTER II : THEORITICAL REVIEW........................................................... 2

CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY...................................................................... 5

III.1 Date and Place.................................................................................................... 5

III.2 Research Type ..................................................................................................... 5
III.3 Research Instruments.......................................................................................... 5
III.4 Procedure of Research........................................................................................ 5

CHAPTER IV : RESULT AND DISCUSSION.....................................................

IV.1 Result................................................................................................................... 7
IV.2 Discussion............................................................................................................ 9

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION,SUGGESTION.................................................... 16
V.1 Conclusion............................................................................................................. 17
V.2 Suggestion........................................................................................................... 18

REFERENCES........................................................................................................... 13

b
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Anatomy is a branch science of biology that studies the inner structure of a
living creature. In this case the anatomy of plants.This plant anatomy scientist
is needed to find out how the structure of the body of plants that we often
encounter in our environment.
In this study the researchers wanted to explain the general description of the
anatomy of one of the most important organs in plants, namely leaves.
Leaves are one of the organs in plants that contain chlorophyll which functions
in the process of photosynthesis to produce oxygen which we breathe in
activities and carbohydrate compounds. The anatomical structure of plants is
closely related to the plant's morphological form and its physiology. plants are
very related therefore researchers will conduct research on anatomical
differences in leaves that are influenced by ecological factors that cause
adaptation and changes in anatomical leaves in land and water plants.

1.2 Formulation of Problem

1. Identifying the anatomical features of leaves of land plants (Monocots and
Dichotiles)
2. Identifying anatomical features of leaves of aquatic plants (Hydrophytes)
3. Identify differences in anatomical characteristics of leaves of land plants and
aquatic plants

1.3 Objectives
1. Identifying the anatomical features of leaves of land plants (Monocots and
Dichotiles)
2. Identifying anatomical features of leaves of aquatic plants (Hydrophytes)
3. Identify differences in anatomical characteristics of leaves of land plants
and aquatic plants

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 CHAPTER II
THEORITICAL REVIEW AND HIPOTHESIS

2.1 Theoritical Review

Leaves are important tools for the survival of plants because photosynthesis
takes place which will produce food for plants. The results of photosynthesis will
be distributed throughout the organs for growth and development.
Leaves are not like other organs of plants because they are generally
temporary. For photosynthesis chlorophyll rays and CO2 and H2O are needed as
raw materials so the leaf position affects its structure, besides the other
environmental influences such as water availability, high salinity in the water
around plants also affects the outer and inner structures of leaves (Savitri, 2008 )
The leaves function for photosynthesis and are usually flat flat in shape so
that it is easy to get sunlight and CO2 gas. Katafil is a scale in shoots or in
underground stems and serves as a protector or storage area for food reserves. The
first leaf on the lateral branch is called prohyll, in the monocot there is only one
proholly strand and in the dicot there are two strands.
Hypophyll is in the form of various types of bract that accompany flowers
and function as protectors and sometimes brightly colored hipsophils and function
similar to flower crowns. Cotyledons are the first leaves in plants (Hidayat, 1995)

Histologically, the leaves are composed of tissue types, namely the epidermis,
mesophyll, and vascular tissue.
1.Epidermis
Leaf epidermis from plants that differ varies in number of layers,
shape, structure, stomata arrangement, appearance and arrangement of
trichomes, and the presence of special cells.
The inner structure is usually flat and leaves have two types of epidermal
tissue, namely the upper surface of the leaf is called the adaxial surface and
the lower surface is called the abaxial surface.
In this layer there is no space between cells and between epidermal cells
there are guard cells that form the stomata, the stomata structure that can
open and close this serves as a place for gas and water exchange. The most

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 important characteristic of this leaf network is its compact cell structure and
the presence of cuticles and stomata.

2.Mesophyll (Basic Tissue)

Mesophyll consists of parenchymal tissue found in the epidermis.
Mesophyll undergoes a differentiation to form photosynthetic tissue
containing chloroplasts and most plants have two types of parenchyma in
the mesophyll namely the palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma.
A. Palisade parenchyma
Palisade parenchyma cells are elongated and in cross sections appear
rod-shaped arranged in rows. In certain plants palisade cells of different
shapes in Lilium have large lobes in palisade cells and appear branching
(Grander, 1991)

3.Vessel File or Vessel Network System

The vascular tissue system is scattered throughout the leaf blade and
thus indicates a close spatial relationship with the mesophyll. Vascular
tissue forms a system that is interconnected and located in the median plane,
parallel to the surface of the leaf. The veins in the leaves are usually called
the leaf bones and the system is a parallel bone system. System of the leaf
bone mesh is a branching system in this system finer leaf bones are
gradually formed as branches of thick leaf bones (Suharjo, 2011)

4.File Carrier
Large leaf bones are surrounded by parenchyma which contains little
chloroplast while small leaf bones are usually also usually surrounded by
layers of parenchymal cells called transport files. This carrier file is usually
divided into 2 types, namely xylem and floem. The carrier file cell has thin
walls to facilitate the occurrence of inter-cell transport may have
chloroplasts such as mesophyll and often there are crystals.

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 5.Leaf Support Network
The leaf epidermis has a dense structure and is reinforced by the
cuticle as a protector, the cell wall is often thick or contains a lot of silica
and provides support to the leaf blade. Other supporting tissues are
collenchyma and in the colenchymal leaves are often found near the mother
of the leaf bone under the epidermis and also the edges of the leaves

Leaf anatomy based on habitat

a) Xerophytic leaves
Xerophytes are plants that live in very dry areas, such as in the
desert, which can make their transportation drop to a minimum under
conditions of water shortages. Therefore, to survive in a dry area such as the
structure or anatomy of the leaves of the plant also adapt to become more
distinctive.
Xeromorf leaves are small, the reduction of leaf surface is accompanied by
changes in internal structure such as reduction in cell size but an increase in
cell wall thickening. The development of palisade tissue also increases, and
in the xeromorf leaves are generally covered by trichomes of water storage
tissue in the leaves also developed Plants in small leaves usually have dry
habitats.
Measurement of leaf size is often followed by an increase in the total
number of leaves in plants. This Xeromorf leaf usually has a trichome
behind this trichome.This trikoma besides functioning as a protector or
reducing from predatory disturbances also functions in reducing
evaporation.

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 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

III.1 Date and Place

b) Date : Tuesday, 6th May 2019.

c) Place : New Labotary Genetica (176.01.02) , Medan State University.
d) Time : 08.00 – 10.30 A.M.

III.2 Research Type

The researcher conducted a descriptive expository type study. The

research report is written by describing the results of the study in truth,
this research is conducted to find new facts / principles / products from
the knowledge included. The anatomical differences in leaves of land
plants and aquatic plants are in accordance with the theory or different.

III.3 Research Instrument

a. Apparatus
 Microscope and Instrument
 Silet
 Obejct and Cover glass
b. Object Material
 Folium Lilium sp
 Folium Nerium oleander
 Folium Pinus mersusii
 Folium Colocasia
 Folium Orchidaceae
 Folium Eichhornia crassipes

III.3 Procedure of Research

1. Making material preparations, the material is sliced with transverse slices
placed on the back of the preparation dotted with water and covered with
a cover glass

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2. Next, observation activities, put the preparations with a microscope and
set the appropriate magnification
3. In observing activities, researchers observed parts of the epidermis,
mesophyll, transport network and reinforcing tissue
4. In observation activities, researchers observed parts of the epidermis,
mesophyll, transport network and reinforcement tissue
5. After observing the results are recorded and drawn.

3.3 Data Collection Techniques

1. Make accurate observations in this case is to make observations on all
objects in this study when conducting research, especially on tools and
materials so that the objectives of the research can be achieved
observation also aims to record all things and events that occur in all
objects of research. Observations are carried out carefully and accurately
in each phase of the research
2. Collecting data and research results, in this case recording data and
drawing observations, must be clear in order to smooth the research

3.4 Data Analysis

1. Observe each anatomical structure of the leaves of land plants from the
results of microscope data
2. Observe each anatomical structure of the leaves of aquatic plants from the
results of microscope data
3. Comparing data from observations of data
4. Reasoning for the causes of anatomical differences in leaves of land and
water plants

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 CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

1.1 Table of Result

Leaf Anatomy Structure

No Species Description
Experiment Picture Literature Picture
1 Folium
Lilium sp. Enlargement
Famili : 10 x 0,25
Liliaceae
Transverse
incision
1.Epidermis
2.Korteks
3.Floem
4.Xylem
Closed Kolateral
type

2 Folium Enlargement
Nerium 10 x 0,25
oleander Transverse
Famili : incision
Apocynacea
1.Epidermis
e
2.Korteks
3.Floem
4.Xylem
Kriptopor Type

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3 Folium
Enlargement
Pinus
10 x 0,25
mercusii
Transverse
Famili :
Pinaceae incision
1.Epidermis
2.Korteks
3.Floem
4.Xylem

Enlargement
10 x 0,25
4 Folium Transverse
Colocasia incision
Famili : 1.Epidermis
Araceae
2.Korteks
3.Floem
4.Xylem
Closed Kolateral
type
5 Folium Enlargement
Orchidaceae n 10 x 0,25
Famili : Transverse
Orchidaceae
incision
1.Epidermis
2.Korteks
3.Floem
4.Xylem
Closed Kolateral
type

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6 Folium Enlargement
Ipomea 10 x 0,25
aquatic Transverse
Famili : incision
Convulvulac
1.Epidermis
eae
2.Korteks
3.Floem
4.Xylem
Konsentris
amfikiberal Type

1.2 Discussion
 Folium Lilium sp.
Kingdom : Plantae
Divisi : Magnoliophyta
Kelas : Liliopsida
Ordo : Liliales
Famili : Liliaceae
Genus : Lilium
Spesies : Lilium sp.

On observing the cross section of Lilium sp. its constituents consist of

cuticles, epidermis, stomata, phloem, xylem, and closing cells. Amphystomatic
stomata types, namely the stomata, are on an abaxial and adaxial side with almost
the same number Lilium sp. is a monocot plant because the mesophyll is
undifferentiated. Mesophyll is located between the upper epidermis and the lower
epidermis.

 Folium Nerium oleander

Kingdom : Plantae
Divisi : Magnoliophyta
Kelas : Magnoliopsida

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Ordo : Gentianales
Famili : Apocynaceae
Genus : Nerium
Spesies : Nerium oleander

On the observation of the cross section of the leaf Nerium oleander consists
of one layer which is covered by thin cuticles.Visible leaf mesophyll is a tissue
located between the upper epidermis and lower epidermis. In the carrier file that
can be distinguished between xylem and phloem. The transport file is in the part of
the leaf bone.

 Folium Pinus mercusii

Kingdom : Plantae
Divisi : Coniferophyta
Kelas : Pinopsida
Ordo : Pinales
Famili : Pinaceae
Genus : Pinus
Spesies : Pinus mercusii

In the folium, the mercusius has hypodemics. In its tissue, the bundle is
single or two bundles which are in the middle of the leaf surrounded by transfuse
tissue. The anatomical structure of pine leaves is arranged neatly and regularly
because pine trees are classified as dicotyledonous plants

 Folium Colocassia
Kingdom : Plantae
Divisi : Magnoliophyta
Kelas : Liliopsida
Ordo : Arales
Famili : Araceae
Spesies : Colocassia sp.

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 In Colocasia sp. Folium. the epidermis consists of one layer. There are
transport files that can be distinguished from xylem and phloem. The transport file
is found on the part of the leaf bone.

 Folium Orchidaceae
Kingdom : Plantae
Divisi : Spermatophyta
Kelas : Monokotiledoneae
Ordo : Orchidales
Famili : Orchidaceae
Spesies : Orchidacea sp.

In observing the anatomical structure of leaves of Orchidaceae, epidermal

tissue is seen which is the outermost tissue of the leaves. The epidermis in
Orchidaceae leaves consists of one layer. Also seen are leaf mesophyll which is a
tissue located between the upper epiermis and the lower epidermis, also the
transport file which can be distinguished between xylem and phloem, the
transporting file on this leaf is found in the leaf bone.

 Folium Ipomea Aquatica sp.

Kingdom : Planta
Divisi : Magnoliophyta
Kelas : Magnoliopsida
Ordo : Solanales
Famili : Convolvulaceae
Genus : Ipomea
Spesies : Ipomea Aquatica sp.

In observing the cross section of the hidrofit plant (Ipomea Aquatica.),

Epidermal tissue is quite thick and under epidermal tissue can be found mesophyll
leaves. There is a file carrying xylem and phloem.

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 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

1.1 CONCLUSION
1. The anatomical features of the leaves of terrestrial plants have epidermis,
mesophyll, tissue and additional tissue, except that the cell ejection of the
tissue is tight.
2.Anatomic features of the leaves of aquatic plants also have epidermis,
mesophyll, transport tissue and additional tissue, only the location of the
cells of the tissue is tenuous, there are wider air and cell space.

5.2 SUGGESTION
1. In examining these specimens, the practitioner should be more serious and
more careful in making slices so that the results obtained from the
observation are better.
2.To see leaf anatomy, the practitioner is required to be more thorough and
more proficient in using a microscope.

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 REFERENCES

Rosanti, Dewi. 2013. Morfologi Tumbuhan. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Tjitrosoepomo, G. 1985. Morfologi Tumbuhan. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada
University Press.

Tjitrosomo, Siti Sutarmi. 1983. Botani Umum I. Bandung: Penerbit Angkasa.

Idarianawaty. 2011. Struktur dan Fungsi Tubuh Tumbuhan. Website:
http://idarianawaty.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/struktur-fungsi-organ-
tumbuhan-pdf.pdf. Diakses pada hari Kamis, tanggal 13 Mei 2019 pada pukul
10.26 WIB.

Kusdianti, R. 2013. Handout Mortum. Website: http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/

FPMIPA/JUR._PEND._BIOLOGI/196402261989032/R.KUSDIANTI/Han
dout_mortum_1.pdf. Diakses pada hari Kamis, tanggal 13 Mei 2019 pada
pukul 10.30 WIB.

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