Ventilation and air movement 19 421 Functions of ventilation 232 Supply of fresh air 43.3 Convective cooling Ja Provision for ventilation: stack effect 235 Physiological cooling 43.6 Provision for air movement: wind affects 43.7 Air flow through buildings 23.8 Orientation 43.9. External foatu 43.10 Cross-vontilation 23:11. Position of openings i3n2 siee ofopenings 23:13 Controls of openings 23:4 Air movement and 43418 Airflow around buildings 43.16 Humidity conteot ua Nature! ventilation and ait movement could be considered under the heading of cons of _mructual contrast does not aly on any form of energy Supply or mechanical Mtn’! _installaton, bu due to ite importance for human comfor. H deserwes a separate Tthas tes distinctly diferent functions: 1 supp of fresh ai 2. convective cooling 3. physiological cooling Thote is 2 radia! diference in the form of provisions for 1 and_2 and fo" 3 therefore. te frst two functions will be consiered as ventiation” but the last v, function is considered separately axa movement Nblvof The requirements of fresh air supply are governed by the type of occupancy. tir! number and act ofthe occupants an by the nature of any processs cried out in the space as explained in connection with mechanical ventilation (4.1.6) Reguirements may be stipulated by building regulations and advisory codes in433 Convective cooling 434 Provision for ventilation: stack effect Fa 66 srrangemeats 435 Physiological cooling ‘ms of min puton. on naba of 8 EMANGE 9 HOW. tg Soplcabe to mechanical intiavons. Nevertheless, They can be a My = ‘ides for natural ventation vt Fox natural ventilation usually certain limited Solutions ae rescig jypted perme The proven of rane erties e'ghaM which cannot be closed. may be compulsery. Those may be gras 2m: Dui into'a wall or may be incorporated with windows, T°, ty Windows may be stipulated i relation to the aera o tha wl ‘The am ofall these rules to ensure vertation but the and tls may fen be nade To enue stony proms gn involved must be eleary undsistood, he 20 of operat then meta! sn cho eaten (618) ey ee ee {ough windows woul! ase the ior ‘emperaure even higher 9 door air temperature 5 Heat carrying mesa Wentlation, ie both the supply of fresh aF and convective coating. nw te movement of a lavsy slow rate The moive force cn be cibw ama) Synamie (wind) The stack ofec relies on thermal forces, set temperature efferences) between the, nda {through an open window (when the at isi): the warmer ond igh ie, will low out at the top and the cooler, denser out-dour a wil ew ee hhstom Tha principio the sane ayn wind generation (1.4) Special provision ean be made fr in the the shaft the lager the cross-sectional oe ditferencethe greater tha motve force thee! ‘The motive force is the stack pressure (Force in Newtons up by donsity eterence(esudy 1 and Out door ast can stay form of ventiatng shats. The hike ta_and the greater the tempeh ore, the move a will be mows, ‘multiplied by the cross second aa|* © aa in m*). The stack pressure can bo eats ham austin : P= 0082 «pxa7 | where. sack pressure in N/m? height of stack in m 1 temperature diference in dog (the constants Wim degC) 6 scot 2 olen used forthe vention of intemal, window (bathvooms and toilets) in Europe. Figue 68 shows some duct sranger Fre or eetaa sey weal or Ronn! single or ube Sa Spam eet, SUCK Quid for estabstng these of vera Tee sratems operate satisfactory under winter conditions when th | ‘ference is enough to generate an adequate os low, D ‘The movement of a past the skin surface aceleraes heat dissipation °° 1 increasing convective heat loss 2 sccolerating evaporation Both the biocimati 31) show the ie pm sen (Fgre 29) and he ET noma och eet a maverent re. how mosh Nah ‘Con be tolerated with adequate air velocity. ao a tor exon tom Faure 20-30°C DBT and 25°C WB wil o¥ ‘wah sil es than Os) and 22°C wih a 75 miso 9" — adeantsh ; sion for movement deffects, tom Fours 29: he upper comfort at 40% RH i 20°C wih sian but 36°C 124 In very low humdiies (blow 30%) this cooling efect not grata thee san urvestnited evaporation even with very ight ar movement. Im hgh humies (above 85%) the cooing fect resticted bythe hah tapos pean mene evaporation, but grester voces above 1 10-2 mis) wil hove some aiecs itis most significant in medium humidtes (35 to 60%) Cooling by at movement most needed were there a8 no othe ors of eit dissipation availble. when the ari a8 warm as the shin and the aurounding Surfaces a also st smile temperature Vert et fngth ° rr Delivery rate: m?/h for duct lengths indicated ‘Thormal forces will rarely be sufficient to create appreciable aic movements. The only natural force that can be relied on is the dynamic effect of winds. When the ‘reation of air movements indoors isthe aim, the designer should try to capture as, ‘much of the available wind as possible. Negative control - when the wind is too ‘much ~ is easy if windows and openings can be shut. Winds at the macroclimatic level have been considered in section 1.1 and it he ‘been shown in 1.4.11 how loce! conditions can change the wind pattern on 2 ‘croclimatic scale. Here we must extend this analysis and examine how the flow Of air through & building will be influenced and by what factors. In the same way as wind is generated by pressure differences — so an airflow ‘hough the building isthe result of @ pressure difference between the two sides. Air although light — has @ mass (around 1:2 kg/m’), and as it moves, has @ momentum, which is the product of its mass and its velocity (kg m/s). This is @ {Retovial quantity. which can be changed in direction of in magnitude only by arate" force. When moving air strikes an obstacle such as a building, this wil slow Shin the air low but the airflow wil exert a pressure on the obstructing surface. Pressure is proportionate tothe air velocity, as expressed by the equation: P. = 0612 xy where Py wind pressure in N/m? = wind velocity in m/s (esonstanis Net/ms) '8 slowing down He vena process effects a roughly wedge-shaped mass of air on the and sdewyatt Of the building, which in tum diverts the rest ofthe airflow upwards he A SeBatation layer is formed between the stagnant ait and the ding on the 2 How te ego%® RON and the laminar airflow on the other hand. The laminar ‘may be acceleratad atthe obstacle, as the area available forthe flow is‘122 Foe 437 Air tlow through buildings Fae Dariowed down by the obstac to retion, the upper surtace o oF vortex is developed Due to its momentum the | gig after i has been diverted, theretore it wil take sent ®t 5 ete ay sale ae si orate a tng Sir as ae a crx shadow amin tow ride ch vo uted peney gees another facing on nt re tang, on laminar air flow ten 7 Dressure In fac. thisis not quite stagnant ave and viable and it often relered to a5 "win Consequently vorexes ae formed where ‘the surfaces of slid bodies On the winder Pressure and on the leewaid side atv ‘ening facing a high pressure zone a movement will be generted through i Sa ng As 0 Stslicioy and compl tao i vale. Hw pate cay Predicted on the bass of empirical rules dered tom memurctene on ‘uldngs oF in wind tunel studies. Such empitcl rules con get acl pare ‘the designer but tte! cases "advisable to prepare modal the degen {est it ona wind simulator ® Paps honeyombs Fle inate $e st i sult ma be fhe one jet pe (Fur 68) oh wi tl sebu 7) Te tet yen ae wih the ret At 4 Fun tant Ne be eloped wih he coopera oe versity a Liverpool The ate ype i bes pee {eveloped by the Buiding Research Station whe In BRS Curran Paper 69/1968, Fer qualitative studies 8 smoke gonetator can be used and he smoke ars Fe be Photographed Ths gives a convincing pctore of Mow at 'amnar flow and tubulences, With some practse the wind 1! Flud Mochanies Us economical modelWee: ad 8 entation = Seon Paper honeycom Sat for velocity 123 Smeaton fradien opuaton Oe, LA lati f sasonable accuracy. For with estimate velocity ratios from smoke traces with quite Quantitative analyses air velocity or ar pressure measurements must be taken Guniatue instruments at predetormined grid points ‘On the basis of such experimental observations the follewing factors can be isolated which affect the indoor ai flow (both patterns and velocities) external features ‘ross: ventilation postion of openings size of openings: controls of openings ach ofthese will be examined inthe following paragraphs. iding is generated when the feeme te be obvious that the 1 of 45° windward side of 2 bul the wind direction, s0 it ibe achieved in this case. A wird inciden ‘The greatest pressure on the Clovation is at ight angles 0 treatest indoor air velocity wil Troula reduce the pressure by SO% “Thus the designer must ascertain the prevalin freavency charts of wind roses" and must onentate his building in such the lengest openings ate facing the wind direction ora eee been found by Givon) (63) that a wind inedence at 45° would In ae eeage indoor at velocity and would provide @ beter distribution of ior ant. Figure 71 shows hi findings the relative velocities (with the 19 wind direction from wind way that se] 27 [20] 32 |e fa] [2] fos|s+|20 [es [o> 2/30 e6/90[ 61 [20 00|| [se [20] 3" [25 [69 | <2[c0|>« [52] za ]29 [8]| |[+9|22|20|=¢]78 2e/aa [70/93 | 8 [or|20|20|] fo |25 95 [57 2 [27 7] 00 rae ar||feo|>* [52 62 ee] [a [2 2| Pane Prvease 39% a6 |e [ze [20 oe ieyse|l] fofeelse [5222s [anf |[aa|20/0 [wl] |o=[22[20| 060 ae|2e|7|30] 70] |[se|as [29] [ool] |e] [20s [om 3027 [27 |109| 28 50 | 28 [ae | 61 | n| [67 | 34 | 43 | 102/109] 24/2 [sa 20) [sr] 32] 20/56 [=] [55 |#2 [7017 [ns Tlanngetee — Tl awage so A ag 05%126 fect of dection on ‘wath of wn 43.9 External feature: 36 a spend taken 98 100%) messed at» Height of +2 sera t convaet commen sense and the Tinaingy 28%, ‘explained by the following phenomenon other ah Pg 7 shows the Ota oho 890° wg ee TRY building square in plan. In th second case gresterinage i 725 gM windward faces, therefore the wind shedow wit be Coty cg fein esto etl) wb ened an anh, Hanh fsa any a tne ino theme pant noth scion tes fay anny Destuat that wih smaleroulet openings tis etter mye Ha eat reversed. Pe recic —- oS jas aco often happens, that the optimum solar orientation and the optimum ota {or wind do not coincide, In equatorial regions north-south oveniaton nate Preferable for sun exclusion but most often the wind is predominant xe Usefulness of tho above findings is obvious for such a situation ~t moysoeh Contradictory requitements, Wind shadows created by obtitions upwind shoul be ave n nt tte buling onthe site andi positioning the openings the bug sslocty aacient is made stesperby an uneven sac such seated wale fences. wees or sub (Figure 25) —but even wih 2 nedest =) aden such a over smooth and opan ground fom bung ca 2 velocities similar to @ taller one. For this reason (or to avoid specific cbse the building is often elevated on atts the went Eseral features of the bultng itstt can strongly iter fs buil-up For example, ithe at low is at 8° to an elevation. 2 WO yp downwind end or @ projecting wing of an L-shaped building ibe reall double he postive presure crewed A smi tinnelng eo eg upward projecting eaves. Any extension of the elevational are faced se increase the pressure build-up. Ifa gap between two buildings © walla similar effect will be produces cont | Theat velocity between tee-sending trunks of ees wih 9 increased quite substantially due to similar reasons. ion of pes The oppose ‘ofthe above meane wil produc a euch sana wal the poecting wing ofan Lstaped DUIS, © at {pening considered the presaure reduced or eve 2 Grete non ofthe windowSaeeins se aan Position of | pe ie energy each time iis diverted around or over tan obstacle, Several right-angle bends, such a internal walls of funiture within & ‘oom can effectively stop low velocity airflow [65]. Where internal patiions ae unavoidable, some ai low can be ensured it partition screens are Used, cle of he oF and the ceiling, ear > See a To be effective, the air movement must be directed at the body surface. In building 5 this means that air movement must be ensured through the space mosty used by the occupants: through the living zone’ (up to 2 m high). A» Figure 78 shows, ifthe opening at the inlet side is ota high level regardless of the outlet opening position the airflow wil take place near the calling and notin the ving zone aD The flative magnitude of pressure build-up in ont of the solid areas of the elevation (which in tum depends on the sige and position ef openings) wil in fact Govern the direction wf the indoor sr stream end ths willbe independent of the ®utet opaning postion. Figure 78 shows thot larger slid surface creates a lager bressure build-up and this pushes the ai steam in an opposite diecton, both in lan and in section, As result ofthis, n 8 two storey buliing the ai low on the ‘ound floor may be satisfactory (Figure 76) but on the upper floor i may be “iected against the eeiing, One possible remedy ison increased root parapet wall —r126 4.3.12 Size of openings 43.13 Controls of openings Fa Ete of sashes Fg 78 Effect of canopies Fig 79 Elect of louwes witn a given elevational area — a given total wind fore ¥ Ingest velocity willbe obtained through a smal mie (Ds ror yaw te the tt fren aching ony amar seen wy, Tend a's nigh pete nd pety du othe venatoeg so {Gale imaginery funnel connecting the smal nae nh Sidewoysexpanon of he 0 rth actos pa ome ‘Such an arrangement may be Useful ithe a stream gaiet toca aa gv pao tm tom When tet a oe) ne wl space tated age tenet et “ne bat arongernent fll wall openings on born gee ean” ex Closing. devices which can assist channeling ie ns mating. Sracton totowing the change of wind wa ‘J oS Sashes, canopies, louwes and other SSvenc tndooto low pattern ‘Sunes ah dive te a ow upwards Only # casement tay, wit channel eownward into the ving zone Figure 77) = Se Canopies can eliminate the effect of pressure build-up sbove the wn the pressure below the window wil direct the a flow upwards & ye union the building face and the canopy would ensure @ downward presuse ay directed into the ling zone (Figure 78) a = Louvres and shading devices may also present a problem Th Fa blades in @ slightly upward position would still channel the Now zone (up to 20° upwards from the horizontal) (Figure 79), ENS COMING hy apy, { on ces 08 Fiy screens ox mosquito nets are an sbsalue recess Ug ¥ Infested areas, but also any kind of lamp is used "NSO as Hh thousands of insets would gather around the Ime SY" snd Substatay reduce te afew cotton ne 628 SN ro Yelocty Asmooth non net beter with reduc 4 th 358 The reduction greater wth higher wind veloeeS ge ‘the angle of incidence, as shown by the findings of —_ |Poo nad tion inate Oe auction ais ere ae ae ieee iis ee SSS Exclusion of rain is nota dificult tsk and making provision for i movement does not create any particular dificultes, but the two together and simultaneously is by rho means easy, Opening of windows during peciode of wind-driven rain would {admit ran and spray, while closing the windows would create intolerable conditions indoors. The conventional tied louvee blades are unsatisfactory on two counts: 11 strong wind will drive the ain in, aver upwards through the Iouvees| 2. the ait movement wil be directed upwards from the living zone Verandahs and large root overhangs se perhaps the best traditional methods of protection. ‘Koonigsberger. Milla and Costopou.s (10] have catied out some experimental work testing four types of louvres (Figure 80). Only type "M was found to be Capable of Keeping out water at wind velocities up to 4 m/s and at the same time fnsuring 2 horizontal ait flow into the building. The slr velocity reduction vanes between 25 and 50% Types128 4.3.15 3. ‘thes ts Concer eal Air flow buudings ors whole sertaman eapecallyn's ware eens gt. be 8 most important? ‘duced onthe bes of senctl information doved tom exper are eet eee ena ‘can only be provided by model studies in 3 wind simulator. If the coc, ; tested and the optimum can be selected. ‘ome el ee eee ona bythe Building Research Station at Garton Ty fy Shows how the air stream separates on the face of a tall Dock pan of man) Sa th a ee an ae [pressure build-up. An increased velocity is found at ground level at the: ede at] ‘tall block. This could serve a useful purpose in hot climates, although # ihe I block is not fully closed but is permeable to wind, these effects may be reds Eomoniz, Bonon” oe bui : : come re eg oi Reece toc ia rs Feathenest nee Se eerasia touts oa Eerne Vielded the following results: ‘2 fina rural setting in open country, single ‘Gridiron pattern, stagnant air zones leeward from ino ory uidings 2 OC a ‘ott row48, gsm er Sioa creche 43.16 Humidity control second row (Figure 83). A spacing of sx times the building height is necessary 10 {ensure adequate air movement fer the second row Thus the tive times heh le for spacing snot quite savstactory bina similar setting i the buildings are staggered in checket-board pattern, the flow field much more uniform, stagnant ar zones ate almost eliminated (Figure 84) — Bb — atl —D- Dehumiditicaion is only possible by mechanicel means (4.1.13); without this. i taatm humid climates. some relief can’ be provded by air movement. In. hot-dry mates humidification of the ait may be necessary, which can be associated with “Maporative cooling ln these simates the building s normally closed to preserve the Cooler er retamned within the structure of high thermal capacity. also to exclude Sond and dust carved by winds However, some form of a supply (0 ihe building All these functions contlled ar supply fitering out sand and dust ‘evaporative cooling homidieation aie served by 0 device used in some parts of Egypt [68] _ the wind scoop Figure 85 ‘Mustates an example of this The large intake opening captures ay movement fbove the roofs im densely bulk up areas. The water seeping through the porous pottery jars evaporates, some drips down onto the charcoal placed on a grating {hough which the air is filtered. The Coolad ar assists the downward movement —2 reversed Stack effect. ‘The device s very uselul for ventilation (the above four functions), bu it cannot be expected to create an air movement stiong erough for physiological cooling a ——— Charest on grating Poo! of water 129