HYBRID ENGINE

Introduction
The world started down a new road in 1997 when the first modern hybrid
electric car, the Toyota Prius, was sold in Japan. Two years later, the United
States saw its first sale of a hybrid, the Honda Insight. These two Vehicles,
followed by the Honda Civic Hybrid, marked a radial change in the type of car
being offered to the public: vehicles that bring some of the benefits of battery
electric vehicles into the conventional gasoline powered cars and trucks we have
been using for more than 100 years. In the coming years, hybrids can play a
significant role in addressing several of the major problems faced by the United
States and the whole world today: climate change, air pollution and oil
dependence. Whether this new technology delivers on its promise hinges on the
choices automakers, consumers and policymakers make over the coming years.
Poor choices could result in hybrids that fall short even of what conventional
technology could deliver on fuel economy, emission or both. If they designed
well, these hybrids can equal or better the utility, comfort, performance and
safety we’ve come to expect, while saving us thousand of dollars at the gas
pump

Objective

A hybrid electric vehicle is a hybrid vehicle that combines a conventional

propulsion system with a rechargeable energy storage system to achieve better
fuel economy than a conventional vehicle. Its secondary propulsion system,
additional to the electric motor, means that it does not require regular visits to a
charging unit as a battery electric vehicle does. Modern mass-produced HEVs
prolong the charge in their batteries by capturing kinetic energy by means of
regenerative braking, and some HEVs can use internal combustion engines
(ICE) to generate electricity by spinning an electrical generator to either
recharge the battery or directly feed power to an electric motor that drives the
vehicle. Many HEVs reduce idle emissions by shutting down the internal
combustion engine at idle and restarting it when needed. An HEVs engine is
smaller than a non-hybrid fossil fuel vehicle and may be run at various speeds,
providing greater efficiency.

The main objective of hybrid engine is to run the vehicles in two propulsion
system. Hybridization is one approach achieve better fuel economy in
automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) technology has the potential to
reduce urban emissions and overall petroleum consumption, if it uses grid
electricity. A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) has the facility to plug-in
to a domestic /industrial electric outlet, thereby reducing a significant portion of
transportation petroleum consumption. A key benefit of plug-in hybrid
technology is that the vehicle no longer depends on a single fuel source. A
unique advantage of plug-in hybrid vehicles is their capability to integrate the
transportation sector and the electric power generation sector to improve the
efficiency, fuel economy and reliability of both systems. Implementations of
hybrid concept to two wheelers offers greater flexibility and better utilization of
resources. The most significant technical barrier in deploying commercially
viable plug-in hybrid electric two-wheeler is the energy storage systems and its
requirements.

The Basic Principle

A hybrid car has the internal-combustion engine and a fuel tank of traditional
vehicles and the battery pack and electric motors of the electric automobiles. It
usually works by collecting and reusing the energy of a gasoline-burning engine
that would otherwise go waste in standard vehicles.

Principle Operation

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine the benefits of gasoline engines and
electric motors. They can be designed to meet different goals, such as better fuel
economy or more power.

Most hybrids use several advanced technologies:

 Regenerative Braking. Regenerative braking recaptures energy normally

lost during coasting or braking. It uses the forward motion of the wheels
to turn the motor. This generates electricity and helps slow the vehicle.
 Electric Motor Drive/Assist. The electric motor provides power to assist
the engine in accelerating, passing, or hill climbing. This allows a
smaller, more-efficient engine to be used. In some hybrids, the electric
motor alone propels the vehicle at low speeds, where gasoline engines are
least efficient.
 Automatic Start/Stop. Automatically shuts off the engine when the
vehicle comes to a stop and restarts it when the accelerator is pressed.
This reduces wasted energy from idling.

The Internal Structure

Gasoline Engine

All hybrid models have this traditional motor. In fact, it is their main power
source since they can recollect and reuse half a ton of battery power from the
consumption of one gallon of fuel.

Electric Motor

Apart from a traditional engine, the hybrid cars also use an electric version.
This is the component that makes them so special. It takes power from the
battery to accelerate the vehicle. It also gives the power back to the battery in
the event of slowing the car down.

Batteries

They are considered to be the powerhouse of the electric motor. They supply
power to the engine and can also take it back when necessary.

Fuel Tank

A hybrid car still needs a fuel tank because it uses a gasoline engine. The
engine burns fuel and supplies energy to the battery pack. However, the
upside the car does need as much gasoline as required to run a traditional
vehicle of similar capacity. The advanced technology of the hybrid vehicles
facilitates less fuel consumption and fewer carbon emissions.

Transmission

Most hybrid models still use the gearbox that you see in the standard
gasoline cars. However, the automakers have been trying to design
something new for these hybrid versions. Certain cross-breed vehicles such
as Toyota Prius use new transmissions, unlike the ones used in regular cars.
Generator

The generator takes power from the gasoline engine and supplies it to the
battery and electric motor. To be precise, it is a device that transforms fuel
into electrical energy for the battery and the motor. A generator is a common
feature in the vehicles with a series drivetrain. Such a drivetrain runs by the
mechanical power that either a gasoline-powered generator or battery
supplies through the electric motor.

Power

Power sources for hybrid vehicles include:

• On-board or out-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS)

• Compressed air

• Coal, wood or other solid combustibles

• Electricity

• Electromagnetic fields, Radio waves

• Compressed or liquefied natural gas

• Human powered e.g. pedaling or rowing

• Hydrogen

• Liquid nitrogen

• Petrol or Diesel fuel

• Solar

• Wind

• Waste heat from internal combustion engine.

Types Of Hybrid Vehicles

Series hybrid :

In a series hybrid, the electric motor handles all the driving and the gasoline
engine only recharges the battery pack. When the driver starts the engine, power
is received from the battery pack to the electric motor which turns the wheels.
On longer trips (beyond 50 miles or so), the gas engine provides power. Series
hybrids are more expensive than parallel hybrids because they carry larger
batteries to provide power for higher speeds.
Parallel hybrid:

The parallel hybrid uses both an internal combustion and electric engine. But
this is where the similarities end. In the parallel hybrid, the conventional and
electric engines are attached to one transmission which allows both of them to
power the car at the same time. The fuel tank supplies gasoline to the engine
while the generator charges the batteries. This type of hybrid is more suitable
for traveling long distances. More drivers prefer parallel hybrids to series
hybrids because they are more fuel-efficient. Examples of parallel hybrid
vehicles are the Honda Insight, the Chevy Malibu and the Toyota Prius.
Series-parallel hybrid

These vehicles can operate using the electric motor alone or with assist of the
ICE

They combine both functions of series and parallel design

Cruising

At speeds above mid-range, both¬ the engine and electric motor are used to
propel the vehicle The gasoline¬ engine provides power to the drive-train
directly and to the electric motor via the generator During heavy accelerating or
when additional power is needed¬ the gasoline engine and electric motor are
both use to propel the vehicle Braking part Regenerative braking converts
otherwise wasted¬ energy from baking into electricity and stores it in battery
In¬ regenerative braking, the electric motor is reversed so that, instead of using
electricity to run the wheels, the rotating wheels turn the motor and create
electricity. Using energy from the wheels turn the motor slows the vehicle down
Stopped When the vehicle is stopped, such as at a red light, the¬ gasoline
engine and electric motor shut off automatically so that energy is not wasted I
idling All other systems, including the electric air conditioning,¬ continue to
run Rollover area: Battery: The battery stores energy generated¬ from the
gasoline engine or, during regenerative braking, from the electric motor. Since
the battery powers the vehicle at low speeds, it is larger and holds much energy
than batteries used to start conventional vehicles.

Advantages

• Better mileage

• Improved acceleration (most of the time)

• Less dependence on fossil fuels

• Lower emissions

• Some states provide incentives for driving a hybrid

• Great driving experience

Disadvantages

• Little highway mileage increase

• High initial cost

• Could cost more to repair

• Extra maintenance items

• Some hybrids need special tires

Need For Hybrid Vehicles

 Greener Earth

 Global warming

 Sustainable development

 Increasing price of fuel