JICAWA STATE POLYTECHNIC,DUTSE,

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES,

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY.

BLD 105 WORKSHOP PRACTICE AND TECHNOLOGY MANUAL

PREPARED

BY

SHAZALI ABDULLAHI
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

2017

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 WORKSHOP MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Subject code: BLD 105
Name of subject: Work Shop Practice and Technology
Prepared by: Shazali Abdullahi
Level: ND I Building Technology
College: Engineering and Environmental Studies
Year& Semester: Year I, First Semester

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

BLOCKLAYING AND CONCRETING

Bricklaying and concreting tools and equipment such as block laying trowel, pointing trowel,
spirit level, builders square, straight edge (range), wooden float, concrete mixers,
vibrators, concrete forms, and block moulding machines for specific job requirements.
Cutting and plastering tools such as club hammer, bolster chisel, cold chisel, brick saw; and
hark saw for specific job requirements.
Demonstrate general safety habits with respect to the equipment
Carry out various tests on blocks and concrete material.
Lay blocks of various types and sizes
Lay wet concrete for simple slabs, beams and lintels.
Carry out various ways of vibrating, finishing and curing concrete.
Construct various types of bonds in block work and brickwork.
Construct block walls of different thickness.

Objectives:
1. Know blocklaying and Concreting Tools, equipment and their uses and maintenance Procedure.
2. Understand Factory Acts and Safety regulations Applicable in the blocklaying and
concreting workshop.
3. Know blocks and concrete materials.
4. Understand the various methods of block & Bricklaying and concreting.
5. Know different types of brick and block walls and their types of bonds.
Outcomes:
After completion of the study of this lab, the Student should be able to able to construct walls
made from bricks, blocks and concrete

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Assessment: Coursework: 20%, Course Test 20%, Practicals: 20%, Examination: 40%
Reference Books:
1. Obande “Bricklaying and Concreting” Longman
2. Kienlighter, C. E. “modern masory brick, block, store”

SAFETY RULES
In using the workshop everyone should be ready to obey all acts and regulations relating to
safety of persons and equipment. Such safety rules include the following:
Ensure that the workshop is kept tidy at all times
Keep the working places clear of unnecessary tools and materials, and free of scraps
and off-cuts
Remove all combustible materials such as timber, paper and cardboard packaging as
they may constitute fire hazards if left around in the workshop
Always use the right tool for the job intended
Never use files or similar tools without handles
There should be no running, jumping or any horseplay in the workshop
All appliances should be switched off in the event of power failure
Switch off all electrical appliances, switches and sockets when not in use and ensure
that this is done at the close of each day
Close and lock all doors when no one will be around in the workshop
Instruct others on safety and prevent others from engaging in unsafe acts
If in doubt ask for instruction
(2.3) SAFETY HABITS
Always wear protective clothing regardless of the actual job done
Protect the eyes by wearing safety goggles
Welding goggles should be put on when engaged in electrical arc welding or gas
welding which produce intensely bright light
Safety helmet is required especially in very large workshops or large sites
Wearing of appropriate type of hand gloves is required to offer adequate protection to
the hand when necessary
Wearing of safety boots to prevent injury to the feet
Use face protector where necessary
Use ear protector where necessary
Keep the workshop tidy at all times
Keep working tools clean and clear of any material that may cause it to malfunction
Generally, it is essential that care should be taken when placing materials or tools

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anywhere, whether overhead or on ground level
The whole of the workshop should be kept tidy at all times
Keep working areas free of wastes resulting from off-cuts excess material droppings.
(2.3) CAUSES OF ACCIDENT
Handling and using bad hand tools
Careless handling of portable power tools and machines
Stepping on or striking obstructions on the workshop floor
Lifting and moving materials and equipment
Wrong stacking or storage of materials and equipment
Using wrong tools for a job
Using flammable and corrosive liquid
Careless acts that endangers the health, safety and welfare of one and others
Lack of safe means of access and safe entrances and exits
Lack of planned and regular maintenance as well as system of work without risk to
health

BLOCKLAYING AND CONRETING

Bricklaying and concreting processes consist of many operations and require the use of many
tools and equipment. They both require batching and mixing of concrete and mortar,
transportation of the mix to the required point of use placing the mix at the desired position,
positioning the bricks/block in the correct positions and aligning them correctly. The type and
choice of the tools and equipment depends on the operation to be carried out.
brick/block laying tools and equipment include the following:
Brick Trowel
Pointing Trowel
Spirit Level
Builder’s Square
Lines and Pins
Straight Edge (Range)
Wooden Float:

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Brick Trowel: this is used for picking and spreading mortar during the laying of bricks/blocks or
stone, trimming or rough cutting them, rendering and for consolidating joint and cutting off
excess mortar.
Pointing Trowel: This is similar to Brick Trowel but smaller than the brick trowel. It is used for
filling the joints with mortar and carefully finishing them, the operation referred to as pointing.
Spirit Level: Two types of spirit levels are in use and for different purposes. These are the
plumb rule and plumb level
Plumb Rule is used for checking the vertical faces of work and proving that they are
absolutely perpendicular (or plumb).
Plumb Level is used for the same purpose as the plumb rule but contains spirit bubble in both
directions. It can also be used for leveling horizontal surfaces.
Spirit level is used for leveling horizontal surfaces and checking the vertical faces of works to
ensure that it is absolutely perpendicular (or plumb).
Builder’s Square: The builder’s square is used to obtain a right angle during the setting out
process of a new building and also to obtain a right angle when forming a new wall.
Lines and Pins: This consists of two pins made of good quality steel and stout blades with
lines wound round them. Lines and pins are used for transferring levels and alignment of straight
walls above 1.20 m long.
Before preparing the lines and pins for use, insulating tapes should wound round the shanks
of the pins to prevent it from being affected by rusting. It should also be cleaned of any
mortar dropping after use as this may weaken the lines and cause it to break.
Straight Edge (Range): This is usually made of a piece of timber planed smooth on all sides
or two sides, of convenient length of about 2.0 m.It is used to check the level or flatness of a newly
laid piece of wall to ensure that all blocks/bricks are laid to same level. It also applies in plastering
work to obtain an even surface for the plaster work before the finishing with a trowel.
Wooden Float: It is used to spread the mortar evenly over the surface at the joints during
block laying.

CONCRETING EQUIPMENT
Concreting equipment is used in the production and placing of concrete. Some of these equipment
are -
Concrete mixers:
Concrete Vibrator:

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Concrete Forms:

Concrete mixers: They are used to mix the concrete ingredients to make the mix of specified
consistency. They are used mainly in projects where a large volume of concrete is required,
as well as where a high quality concrete is required for important works.
Mixing time is usually 1 minute for mixers up to 0.75 m3 capacity and this is increased by 0.25
minute for every additional m3
Concrete Vibrator: Vibrators are used for compaction of concrete after placement.
There are two types of vibrators which are internal and external.
Internal vibrator is also called poker, needle or immersion vibrator. The internal vibrator is
immersed in the freshly placed concrete, while the external type is placed on the concrete
formwork or on the surface of the concrete through which vibrations are conveyed to the
interior.
External vibrators are useful in the compaction of pavements, precast work, or canal concrete
lining. For effective compaction a vibrator must provide a minimum of 3600 vibrations per
minute.
Concrete Forms: Concrete in its fresh state needs to be retained in position so as to give the
desired shape and be in the desired position. This is achieved by the use of concrete forms or
formwork. Formwork could be made of many materials but the common materials are timber,
plywood, steel or any combination of these.

CUTTING TOOLS
Most of the construction products supplied for use are manufactured in standard sizes and
shapes. They may therefore need to be trimmed or cut to shapes and sizes so that they might
fit into the element being constructed. It is for this reason that cutting tools becomes
necessary in construction.
Cutting tools include the following:

Club Hammer
Bolster Chisel
Cold Chisel
Brick saw
Hack Saw

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Club Hammer: It is used in conjunction with bolster or chisel for accurate cutting of blocks
and concrete products.
They are generally heavy enough for the cutting brick or cutting away holes and chases in brickwork.
Bolster Chisel: It used for accurate cutting of bricks or blocks in conjunction with club
hammer. It should not be used to cut holes in brick wall as it is not
intended for this type of job.
Cold Chisel: This is used in conjunction with club hammer for cutting of holes and chases.
Brick saw: Brick saw is used specifically to cut bricks to specified dimensions and shape.
The blade is made of steel and it is fitted to the handle which is also made of steel.
Sometimes it is machined powered but in most cases it is operated manually.
Hack Saw: Hacksaw is similar to the brick saw except that the brick saw is larger in size than
the hacksaw. The hacksaw is used to cut reinforcement or other metals to the desired size and
shape.

EXPERIMENT NO: 1 DATE:

Aim: - To test the cleanness of sand.

Tools required: -
1. Hands

Procedure: -

1. Pick up a handful of sand from a damp pile of sand.

2. Rub the sand between the palms of the hand.

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3. If the palms show signs of staining then the sand is not clean. If the hand is free of any staining
then the sand is clean.

Safety precaution:-

Result:- The sand has been tested, is free of any sand staining on hand palm and where founded
clean.

EXPERIMENT NO: 2 DATE:

Aim: - To carry out silt test.

Tools required:-
1. Measuring cylinder (250 ml and 100 ml),
2. Beaker (250 ml) and
3. Stirrer,
4. Measuring rule.

Materials required:-
1. Common salt.
2. Natural sand.

Procedures:-
1. Prepare 1% solution of salt in water
2. Pour about 50 ml of the solution into the 250 ml measuring cylinder
3. Add sand up to the 100 ml mark
4. Add more salt solution until this reaches the 150 ml mark
5. Shake the mixture vigorously and leave it to settle in the cylinder for three hours
6. Measure the thickness of the visible silt layer formed at the surface
7. Measure the depth of the sand including the silt layer.

Safety precaution:-

Result: The thickness of the silt layer was founded to the value of 5.5% of percentage of the depth of
the sand and silt.

EXPERIMENT NO: 3 DATE:

Aim: - To carry out batching by volume.

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Tools required: -
1. Gauge box,
2. Head pan/wheel barrow
3. Shovel/mixer.

Material required: -
1. Cement
2. Sand
3. Aggregate

Procedure:

For a 1:2:4 mix ratio,

1. The gauge box is filled once with cement,
2. Two times with fine aggregate
3. Four times with coarse aggregate.
4. The top of the gauge box is struck off level each time.
5. If the fine aggregate is damp or wet its volume will increase by up to 25%. This increase in
volume is called bulking.

Safety precautions: -

Result:- The quantity required for 1:2:4 mix where measured successfully.

EXPERIMENT NO: 4 DATE:

Aim: - To carry out concrete mix by using manual and machine mix.
(3.1) MIXING
Mixing of concrete is done by two means. These are hand mixing and machine mixing.
Tools required
1. Shovels
2. Concrete mixer
Materials required
1. Cement
2. Sand
3. Aggregate
4. Water

Procedure:

Hand Mixing.

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1. Mixing is done on a clean hard surface.
2. The materials should be thoroughly mixed in the dry state twice before the water is added.
3. The water should be added slowly and mixed at least three times.
Machine mixing.
1. Mixing is done in stationery or transit mixers.
2. The mix should be turned over in the mixer for at least two minutes after adding the water in the
stationery mixer.
3. The first batch from the mixer tends to be harsh since some of the mix will adhere to the sides of
the drum. This batch should be used for some less important work such as filling in weak pockets
in the bottom of the excavation. In the transit mixer, the batched materials are charged into the
mixer and the mixing takes place as the concrete is taken to the point where it is to be used.

Safety precautions: -

Result:- The mixing of Concrete by hand and machine mix was achieved successfully.

(3.4) TESTS ON BLOCKS

Compressive Test
Apparatus: Compressive testing machine, weighing machine, ruler.
Procedure:
1. Remove the surface grit and projecting lips and record the dimensions and weight of
the specimen
2. Place the specimen on the plate of the machine in such a way that the load is applied
to the top and bottom of the specimen
3. Apply the load (without shock) at the rate of approximately 15 N/mm2 per minute
until the specimen fails.
Result and Calculation:
Record the maximum applied load to the specimen.
Calculate the compressive strength.
Compressive Strength = Max applied load/Net area of block.
Absorption Test
A good field test which can be used to measure absorption rate of block is as follows:
Apparatus: Wax pencil or crayon, medicine dropper or pipette, timer.
Procedure:
1. Draw a circle about 25 mm in diameter with the crayon or wax pencil on the surface
of the block which will be in contact with the mortar
2. With the pipette or medicine dropper, place 20 drops of water inside the circle
3. Note the time it will take for the water to be absorbed.
Result: If the time taken to absorb the water exceeds 5½ minutes, the unit needs not be
wetted, but if the blocks absorb the water in less than 5½ minutes, wetting is needed.
Other Tests on Blocks
Other tests that may be carried out on the blocks include the following:
Soundness Test: This entails striking a nail into the block with the hammer. The block
should give a metallic ring to it.
Non-Disintegration Test: This entails having to leave the block in the water for seven days.
The block should not disintegrate inside the water at the end of this period.

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EXPERIMENT NO: 5 DATE:

Aim: - To carry out compressive test on block.

Tools required: -
1. Compressive testing machine,
2. Weighing machine
3. Ruler.

Material required: -
1. Blocks

Procedure:
1. Remove the surface grit and projecting lips and record the dimensions and weight of the specimen
2. Place the specimen on the plate of the machine in such a way that the load is applied to the top and
bottom of the specimen
3. Apply the load (without shock) at the rate of approximately 15 N/mm2 per minute until the
specimen fails.

Result:-The has been carried out successfully and the result where obtained as follows:-
Recorded maximum applied load to the specimen was 25N
Net area of the block was 103.5mm2
Compressive Strength = Max applied load/Net area of block.
= 25N/104mm2
= 0.24N/mm2
Calculated compressive strength was 0.24N/mm2

EXPERIMENT NO: 6 Absorption Test DATE:

Aim: - To measure absorption rate of block.

Tools required:-
1. Wax pencil or crayon
2. Medicine dropper or pipette
3. Timer.

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Materials required:-
1. Block

Procedure:-
1. Draw a circle about 25 mm in diameter with the crayon or wax pencil on the surface of the block
which will be in contact with the mortar
2. With the pipette or medicine dropper, place 20 drops of water inside the circle
3. Note the time it will take for the water to be absorbed.
If the time taken to absorb the water exceeds 5½ minutes, the unit needs not be wetted, but if the
blocks absorb the water in less than 5½ minutes, wetting is needed.

Safety precaution:-

Result:- The water where found to be absorbed by the block in more than 5½ minutes, the block
needs not be wetted.

EXPERIMENT NO: 7 DATE:

Aim: - To test the soundness of block.

Tools required:-
1. Hammer
2. Nail
Materials required:-
1. Blocks

Procedure:-
1. Striking a nail into the block with the hammer.
2. The block should give a metallic ring to it.

Safety precaution:-

Result:- The metallic ring on block where achieved Successfully.

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EXPERIMENT NO: 8 Non-Disintegration Test DATE:

Aim: - To carry out non- disintegration on block.

This entails having to leave the block in the water for seven days.
The block should not disintegrate inside the water at the end of this period.

Tools required:-
1. Hands
Materials required:-
1. Block
2. Water

Procedure:-
1. Leave the block in the water for seven days.
2. The block should not disintegrate inside the water at the end of this period.

Safety precaution:-

Result:- The was immersed in water and where founded non-disintegrated at the end of seven
days.

Experiment 9 Laying of blocks Date

Aim:- To lay blocks for wall structure.

BLOCK LAYING PROCEDURE

The basic steps in block laying are:
Lining to ensure straightness of wall
Level to obtain true horizontal top surface
Plumbing to give true vertical surface
Before the blocks are laid, the corner walls are first of set out by following process:
Set up lines, along the wall lines from the profile boards either from the internal or
external part.
Spread mortar at the corner points.
Use straight edge and spirit level to plumb down the line and mark on the mortar.
Place the block and check against the line using same tools.
After ensuring proper setting of the blocks at the corners, level them and erect two or

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three layers at each corner and partitions. Fill the joints properly.
Stretch line in-between the corner blocks and set the straight line blocks to fill the
spaces.
Ensure the blocks are truly straight and level.
Lines can be used both at the top and sides of the wall during the block-laying to ensure true
level and plumb of the block wall, The spirit level bubble must always be in the centre of the
glass and likewise bubble must also be at the centre for true plumb line. i.e true vertical
alignment of the blocks

Tools required:-
1. Masons trowel
2. Float and straight edge
3. Builder’s line.
4. Tape
5. Spirit level
6. Head pan
7. Batten
8. Shovels
9. Steel square
10. Cutting axe

Materials:-
1. Blocks or bricks
2. Clean sharp sand
3. Cement
4. Water

Procedures:-
1. Lining to ensure straightness of wall
2. Level to obtain true horizontal top surface
3. Plumbing to give true vertical surface
Before the blocks are laid, the corner walls are first of set out by following process:
1. Set up lines, along the wall lines from the profile boards either from the internal or external part.
2. Spread mortar at the corner points.
3. Use straight edge and spirit level to plumb down the line and mark on the mortar.
4. Place the block and check against the line using same tools.
5. After ensuring proper setting of the blocks at the corners, level them and erect two or three layers
at each corner and partitions. Fill the joints properly.
6. Stretch line in-between the corner blocks and set the straight line blocks to fill the spaces.
7. Ensure the blocks are truly straight and level.

Lines can be used both at the top and sides of the wall during the block-laying to ensure true
level and plumb of the block wall, The spirit level bubble must always be in the centre of the
glass and likewise bubble must also be at the centre for true plumb line. i.e true vertical
alignment of the blocks

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Safety precaution:-
1. Always ensure that dirty hand should be clean after work by using proper supplied skin
cleaning products
2. Do not clean hand with white spirit, thinner, petrol etc.
3. Always wear protective cloth such as hand gloves to prevent skin irritation
4. Always wear respiratory protection to prevent the cause of asthma
5. Always wear goggles to prevent particles entering the eye and dust mask to prevent dust
entering the body
6. Always hand tools and equipment should be visually checked for fault be use
7. Do not use chisel with mushroom head as particles can fly off and enter the eye or other part
of the body
8. Always use the right tool for each job
9. Check tools before using them to make sure they have been properly maintained and repaired
to avoid increased vibration caused by fault or general wear
10. Make sure cutting tools are kept sharp so that they remain efficient

Result:-The blocks has been layered successfully.

EXPERIMENT NO: 10 DATE:

Aim:- To Lay wet concrete for simple slabs, beams and lintels.
Tools required:-
1. Hammer
2. Saw and pinch bar
3. Masons trowel
4. Float and straight edge
5. Builder’s line.
6. Concrete mixer
7. Vibrator

Materials required:-
1. Cement
2. Coarse Sand
3. Coarse Aggregate
4. Reinforcement bar

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5. 300mm x 300mm 3.6m planks
6. Nails
7. Concrete ratio 1: 2: 4

Procedure:-
1. Prepare a formwork,
2. Fabricate and erect reinforcement
3. Mix the concrete. Mix ten shovels full of sand, one shovel full of cement aned twenty shovel
full of aggregate on an old board. Turn shovel to mix a consistent colour, form a hollow pour in
water and mix.
2. Cast the concrete for the slab and lintel. Start laying the concrete at the corner, using Masons
trowel, Float and straight edge.
4. Vibrate and Finish the concrete. To finish the concrete, use the vibrator and straight edge.
5. Clean up. Give the finished concrete a gentle brush over and clean up any mix that has fallen
onto the finished concrete before it dries.
6. To cure the concrete, by using plastic sheeting material to prevents the moisture contained in
the concrete from escaping in to the air.

Safety precaution:-
The following precautions are taken during concrete placing.
1. Concrete should be laid continuously to avoid irregular and uneven lines
2. To avoid sticking of concrete, the formwork should be oiled before concreting
3. The position of the formwork and the reinforcement should not be disturbed while placing the
concrete
4. Concrete should not be dropped from a height exceeding one metre, to avoid segregation
5. Concrete should not be placed during rain
6. Concrete layer should be laid in layers between 30 – 45 cm in case of mass concrete and 15 – 30
cm for reinforced concrete
7. Walking on freshly laid concrete should be avoided
8. Concrete should be placed near its final position as close as possible.

Result:- Slabs and Lintels has been casted in position successfully.

Experiment:- 11 Date:-

Aim:- To construct block work wall in stretcher bond.

Tools:-
1. Masons trowel
2. Float and straight edge
3. Builder’s line.

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Materials:-
1. Blocks
2. Clean sharp sand
3. Cement

Procedure:-
1. Mix the mortar. Mix five shovels full of sand and one shovel of cement on an old board. Turn
shovel to mix a consistent colour, form a hollow pour in water and mix.
2. Start brick wall at the corner, lay out the bricks at both ends of the wall, using line.
3. Lay the first course of bedding mortar. Lay a 1 - 2 cm mortar bed along the string line,
starting at one end, lay the first brick and tap slightly to bed in, repeat the process using string
line as a guide.
4. Finish the mortar beds. To finish the mortar beds, use the rounded edge of a brick joint to
scrape mortar in to the joints. Start with the horizontal lines and follow with the vertical lines.
5. Clean up. Give the finished wall a gentle brush over and clean up any mortar that has fallen
onto the floor before it dries.

Safety Precaution:-
1. Always ensure that dirty hand should be clean after work by using proper supplied skin
cleaning products
2. Do not clean hand with white spirit, thinner, petrol etc.
3. Always wear protective cloth such as hand gloves to prevent skin irritation
4. Always wear respiratory protection to prevent the cause of asthma
5. Always wear goggles to prevent particles entering the eye and dust mask to prevent dust
entering the body
6. Always hand tools and equipment should be visually checked for fault be use
7. Do not use chisel with mushroom head as particles can fly off and enter the eye or other part
of the body
8. Always use the right tool for each job
9. Check tools before using them to make sure they have been properly maintained and repaired
to avoid increased vibration caused by fault or general wear
10. Make sure cutting tools are kept sharp so that they remain efficient

Result:- construction of block work wall in stretcher bond has been achieved successfully.

Experiment 12 Date
Aim:- To Construct various types of bonds in brickwork.
Tools required:-
11. Masons trowel

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12. Float and straight edge
13. Builder’s line.
14. Tape
15. Spirit level
16. Head pan
17. Batten
18. Shovels
19. Steel square
20. Cutting axe

Materials:-
1. Blocks or bricks
2. Clean sharp sand
3. Cement
4. Water

Procedures:-
4. Lining to ensure straightness of wall
5. Level to obtain true horizontal top surface
6. Plumbing to give true vertical surface
Before the blocks are laid, the corner walls are first of set out by following process:
8. Set up lines, along the wall lines from the profile boards either from the internal or external part.
9. Spread mortar at the corner points.
10. Use straight edge and spirit level to plumb down the line and mark on the mortar.
11. Place the block and check against the line using same tools.
12. After ensuring proper setting of the blocks at the corners, level them and erect two or three layers
at each corner and partitions. Fill the joints properly.
13. Stretch line in-between the corner blocks and set the straight line blocks to fill the spaces.
14. Ensure the blocks are truly straight and level.

Lines can be used both at the top and sides of the wall during the block-laying to ensure true
level and plumb of the block wall, The spirit level bubble must always be in the centre of the
glass and likewise bubble must also be at the centre for true plumb line. i.e true vertical
alignment of the blocks

Safety precaution:-
1. Always ensure that dirty hand should be clean after work by using proper supplied skin
cleaning products
2. Do not clean hand with white spirit, thinner, petrol etc.
3. Always wear protective cloth such as hand gloves to prevent skin irritation
4. Always wear respiratory protection to prevent the cause of asthma
5. Always wear goggles to prevent particles entering the eye and dust mask to prevent dust
entering the body
6. Always hand tools and equipment should be visually checked for fault be use

18
7. Do not use chisel with mushroom head as particles can fly off and enter the eye or other part
of the body
8. Always use the right tool for each job
9. Check tools before using them to make sure they have been properly maintained and repaired
to avoid increased vibration caused by fault or general wear
10. Make sure cutting tools are kept sharp so that they remain efficient

Result:-The blocks has been layered successfully.

Experiment 13 Date

Tools required:-
21. Masons trowel
22. Float and straight edge
23. Builder’s line.
24. Tape
25. Spirit level
26. Head pan
27. Batten
28. Shovels
29. Steel square
30. Cutting axe

Materials:-
1. Blocks or bricks
2. Clean sharp sand
3. Cement
4. Water

Procedures:-
7. Lining to ensure straightness of wall
8. Level to obtain true horizontal top surface
9. Plumbing to give true vertical surface
Before the blocks are laid, the corner walls are first of set out by following process:
15. Set up lines, along the wall lines from the profile boards either from the internal or external part.
16. Spread mortar at the corner points.
17. Use straight edge and spirit level to plumb down the line and mark on the mortar.
18. Place the block and check against the line using same tools.
19. After ensuring proper setting of the blocks at the corners, level them and erect two or three layers
at each corner and partitions. Fill the joints properly.
20. Stretch line in-between the corner blocks and set the straight line blocks to fill the spaces.
21. Ensure the blocks are truly straight and level.

Lines can be used both at the top and sides of the wall during the block-laying to ensure true
19
level and plumb of the block wall, The spirit level bubble must always be in the centre of the
glass and likewise bubble must also be at the centre for true plumb line. i.e true vertical
alignment of the blocks

Safety precaution:-
1. Always ensure that dirty hand should be clean after work by using proper supplied skin
cleaning products
2. Do not clean hand with white spirit, thinner, petrol etc.
3. Always wear protective cloth such as hand gloves to prevent skin irritation
4. Always wear respiratory protection to prevent the cause of asthma
5. Always wear goggles to prevent particles entering the eye and dust mask to prevent dust
entering the body
6. Always hand tools and equipment should be visually checked for fault be use
7. Do not use chisel with mushroom head as particles can fly off and enter the eye or other part
of the body
8. Always use the right tool for each job
9. Check tools before using them to make sure they have been properly maintained and repaired
to avoid increased vibration caused by fault or general wear
10. Make sure cutting tools are kept sharp so that they remain efficient

Result:-The blocks has been layered successfully.

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