IEEE Energy2030
Atlanta, GA USA
17-18 November, 2008
Grid Synchronization of Wind Turbine Converters under Transient
Grid Faults using a Double Synchronous Reference Frame PLL
P. Rodriguez♠, A. Luna♠, R. Teodorescu♣ and F. Blaabjerg♣
♠ ♣
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CATALONIA
Department of Electrical Engineering
Barcelona – SPAIN
Abstract – This work employs the Double Synchronous
Reference Frame PLL (DSRF-PLL) as an effective method for
grid synchronization of WT’s power converters in the presence of
transient faults in the grid. The DSRF-PLL exploits a dual
synchronous reference frame voltage characterization, adding a
decoupling network to a standard SRF-PLL in order to effectively
separate the positive- and negative-sequence voltage components
in a fast and accurate way. Experimental evaluation of the
proposed grid synchronization method and simulations regarding
its application to ride through transient faults verify and validate
the excellent behavior of the DSRF-PLL in the grid
synchronization of WT’s power converters under unfavorable grid
conditions.
I. INTRODUCTION
Wind power stands out as one of the most attractive
renewable sources in a future sustainable energy scenario.
However, the increasing penetration of wind power
generation in the power system has made necessary to design
new grid code requirements (GCR) for wind power [1]. In
those countries with high share of decentralized wind power
generation, the new GCR impose the wind turbines (WT) to
stay connected to the grid (ride-through) under severe
operating conditions originated by transient faults [2]. Each
GCR proposes a voltage tolerance curve (VTC) in which the
voltage sag to be withstood by the WT is quantified by its
‘magnitude’ and its duration. Although this voltage
characterization method could be reasonable for three-phase
faults, it is indeed insufficient for single- and two-phase faults
since the phase-angle jump and the voltage imbalance are
neglected. In this sense, a three-phase balanced fault may
affect the WT in a very different way from a single-phase
fault, even if they have the same ‘magnitude’ and duration. In
last years, WT’s manufacturers have oriented their interest
toward the search of new solutions to stay connected during
the fault time and to ensure the stability of the wind power
generation system once the fault is cleared [3][4]. Taking into
account that behavior of the WT immediately after the fault is
very much related to the behavior during the fault, it is
necessary to accurately detect the components of interest of
the grid voltage during and after the fault. In this sense, the
fast and precise detection of the amplitude and phase of the
fundamental-frequency positive- and negative-sequence
voltage components is a crucial issue in the design of control
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AALBORG UNIVERSITY
Institute of Energy Technology
DK-9220 Aalborg - DENMARK
strategy of the WT’s power converter.
There are two main approaches to detect the positive
sequence component of the utility voltage. The first one
assumes that the frequency of the utility is a constant and
well-known magnitude, and is usually based on i)
instantaneous symmetrical components (ISC) [5], ii) on space
vector filters (SVF) [6], or on iii) the recursive weighted
least-square estimation algorithm (WLSE) [7]. The second
approach assumes that the utility frequency is not constant,
and uses closed-loop adaptive methods in order to render the
detection algorithm insensitive to input frequency variations.
The use of a phase-locked loop (PLL) is indeed the most
representative example of such frequency adaptive methods.
In three-phase systems, the PLL’s are usually based on the
synchronous reference frame (SRF) [8] and, under ideal
utility conditions, the SRF-PLL yields good results. But under
voltage unbalance however, the overall performance of the
SRF-PLL makes it unacceptable for the detection of short
duration events, i.e., voltage sags [9]. An alternative
technique for achieving a frequency adaptive detection
algorithm uses a single-phase enhanced phase-locked loop
(EPLL) for each phase of the three-phase system [10]. The
EPLL provides at its output a set of two orthogonal signals
synchronized with the phase-voltage. These signals are
processed using the instantaneous symmetrical components
(ISC) method to calculate the positive-sequence component
of the utility voltage. Another solution to obtain a set of
quadrature signals is to use a generalized integrator. A
positive-sequence detection system based on a dual second
order generalized integrator (DSOGI-PLL) is presented in
[11]. This system applies a SRF-PLL on the calculated
positive-sequence signal to estimate the utility frequency.
This work presents the ‘Double Synchronous Reference
Frame PLL’ (DSRF-PLL) as an alternative detection method,
which can be used for the grid synchronization of WT’s
power converters in the presence of transient faults. The
proposed technique expresses the voltage vector on the DSRF
in order to accurately detect its positive- and negative-
sequence components. This is accomplished by studying the
relationships between the transformed signals on the DSRF-
axes, which combined with the design of a proper decoupling
network enables a fast and precise estimation of the positive-
and negative-sequence voltage components.
 II. THE DOUBLE SYNCHRONOUS REFERENCE FRAME PLL vd m vqm

A voltage vector consisting of two generic components vd n dm qm *

dn d n* vd n
rotating with nω and mω frequencies respectively can be
expressed on the αβ stationary reference frame as:
 vα  vqn q n
v (αβ ) =   = v (nαβ ) + v (mαβ ) q n* vq*n
 vβ 
(1)
n  cos( nω t + φ )  m  cos( mω t + φ ) 
n m
=V  n 
+V  m 
 sin(nω t + φ )   sin(mω t + φ ) 
where m and n can be either positive or negative and ω is the
cos sin
fundamental utility frequency.
Voltage vector of (1) will be expressed on the generic n
DSRF shown in Fig. 1. This generic DSRF is composed of DC  
two rotating reference axes, dq n and dq m , whose angular n-m m
θˆ
positions are nθˆ and mθˆ respectively, being θˆ the phase θˆ
angle detected by a hypothetical PLL. In Fig.1, with the aim
of clarifying, it has been considered n > 0 and m < 0 . If a Fig. 1. Decoupling cell (DC) to cancel the effect of vm
on the dq n frame signals.
perfect synchronization of the hypothetical PLL was possible,
that is if θˆ = ω t with ω the utility fundamental frequency, the
In this work, the accurate detection of vdn , vqn , vdm and vqm
voltage vector in (1) could be expressed on the dq n and dq m
is achieved by means of the cross-feedback decoupling
reference frames as (2) shows.
network (DN) shown in Fig. 2. In this DN the LPF block
v n  cos(φ n )  represents a first order low-pass filter with ωf cut-off
v ( dq n ) =  d  = Tdqn  ⋅ v (αβ ) = V n  n 
 vqn   
 sin(φ )  frequency. A detailed analysis of the DN was presented in
[12] and it was concluded that, after a stabilization period, the
 cos((n − m)ω t ) 
+ V m cos(φ m )   (2a) signal on the axes DSRF are free of oscillations and the
 − sin(( n − m)ω t )  amplitude of the m and n components are accurately
 sin((n − m)ω t )  determined. After the analysis of the DN, it seems reasonable
+ V m sin(φ m )  
cos((n − m)ω t )  to set the cut-off frequency of the low-pass filter ω f around
ωˆ 2 , being ω̂ the estimated fundamental utility frequency.
v m   cos(φ m )  This value for the cut-off frequency achieves a fast enough
v ( dq m ) =  d  = Tdqn  ⋅ v (αβ ) = V m  m 
v  
 qm   sin(φ )  dynamic response and avoids transient oscillations in the
 cos((n − m)ω t )  output signals of the DN.
+ V n cos(φ n )   (2b)
 sin((n − m)ω t ) 
vd n
 − sin(( n − m)ω t )  dn vd* n vd n
+ V n sin(φ n )   d n*
LPF
 cos((n − m)ω t )  vqn n
q n DC   v*n
 m  q n* q vqn
LPF
 cos(kθˆ) sin(kθˆ) 
T k  =   ; k = n, m (2c) θˆ d m q m
 dq  ˆ ˆ
 − sin(kθ ) cos( kθ ) 
In (2), the amplitude of the signal oscillation in the dq n
axes depends on the mean value of the signal in the dq m
vd m n
qn
axes, and vice versa. In order to cancel the oscillations in the dm d vd* m vd m
dq n axes signals, the decoupling cell shown in Fig. 1 is vqm m d m*
LPF
proposed. For cancelling oscillations out in the dq m axes q m DC   vq*m
 n  q m* vq m
signals, the same structure may be used but interchanging m LPF
θ' θˆ
and n in it. Logically, for a correct operation of both
decoupling cells it is necessary to design some mechanism to
n m
determine the value of vdn , vqn , vdm and vqm . Fig. 2. Decoupling network (DN) of dq and dq reference frames.

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 ω̂ θˆ
k p + ki ∫ ∫
vd +1 vd +1 ≡ vˆ +1
v*
d +1  + 1 +1* d +1
[T ]
dq +1
vq+1
q +1
DC   d
 − 1 vq*+1
LPF
vq+1
+1*
−1 q LPF
θˆ d −1 q
v ( abc ) v (αβ )
[Tαβ ]
vd −1 vd −1
vd* −1
d −1
[T ]
dq −1
vq−1
q −1
d +1 q +1
 − 1 v*
d −1*
LPF
vq−1
DC   q −1* q −1 LPF
θˆ  + 1

Fig. 3. Block diagram of the DSRF-PLL.

The block diagram of the DSRF-PLL is shown in Fig. 3.
This PLL, as shown in the figure, is based on a conventional
three-phase SRF-PLL structure [9]. Its performance
improvement comes from the added DN which has been
configured here for insolating the fundamental-frequency
positive- and negative-sequence components, i.e., with
n = +1 and m = −1 . The DN cancels out the double frequency
oscillations at 2ωin vq*+1 ; therefore, there is no need to reduce
the PLL bandwidth and the real amplitude of the positive
sequence voltage component is indeed effectively detected.
III. EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF THE DSRF-PLL
In order to experimentally evaluate the behavior of the
DSRF-PLL its discrete algorithm were implemented in a
dSpace DS1103 DSP board with a sampling time equal to
50µs. In addition, the faulty grid has been replaced by a three-
phase programmable AC source, being the prefault voltage
set to V pf = 100V 50Hz . Moreover, the tuning parameters for
the DSRF-PLL were set to ω f = 2π 25 rad/s , k p = 2.22 and
ki = 246.7 .
In a first experiment, a sag type C was programmed in the
AC source [13]. In this unbalanced sag, G the characteristic
remaining complex voltage was set toGVrcv = 0.6 −20º and the
positive-negative factor was set to V pnf = 0.9 −10º , both of
them expressed in p.u. respect to the perfectly balanced pre-
fault voltage v pf = 1 0º [14]. Fig. 4 shows the plots resulting
from this experiment. For a second experiment, a sag type D
was programmed in the AC source using the same voltage
characteristics parameters that earlier. The plots resulting
from this second experiment are shown in Fig. 5.

v ( abc ) θˆ +1 θˆ −1

vd+1
vˆ (+abc
1
)

vq−1 vd−1
vq+1

(a) (b) (c)

G G
Fig. 4. Response of the DSRF-PLL in presence of a sag type C with Vrcv = 0.6 −20º and V pnf = 0.9 −10º . (a) Unbalanced and detected voltage,
(b) Phase-angle and amplitude of the positive sequence component, (c) Phase-angle and amplitude of the negative sequence component

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 v ( abc ) θˆ +1 θˆ −1

+1
vd+1
vˆ ( abc )

+1
vd−1 vq−1
v q

(a) (b) (c)

G G
Fig. 5. Response of the DSRF-PLL in presence of a sag type D with Vrcv = 0.6 −20º and V pnf = 0.9 −10º . (a) Unbalanced and detected voltage,
(b) Phase-angle and amplitude of the positive sequence component, (c) Phase-angle and amplitude of the negative sequence component

Figs. 4 and 5 show the excellent behavior of the DSRF-
PLL in the detection of the positive- and negative-sequence
components of unbalanced utility voltage when realistic
voltage sags are considered. It is worth to notice that no
oscillations are present in the DSRF-PLL output signals,
reaching their steady state in about one grid cycle. The
decoupled signals on the positive and negative are defining
the magnitude of the positive- and negative sequence
components, respectively. The action of the PLL makes
vq+1 = 0 , being the angular position of the positive reference
frame equal to the phase-angle of the positive-sequence
voltage vector. To calculate the negative-sequence phase
angle will be necessary to take into account the relative angle
between the voltage vector and the negative reference frame.
In the followings, the application of DSRF-PLL to a wind
turbine system connected to the utility network as Fig. 6
illustrates is described. An introduction to the current
reference calculations using different sequences of the grid
voltage is firstly given. This plays an important role on the
delivered power quality during the fault. After that, three
power delivery situations in the case of a grid fault in the
power system are presented and simulation results illustrate
the characteristics of the delivered power in the three cases.
Secondly is the case of unbalanced grid faults and particular
to this situation is the appearance of negative sequence which
has influence on the control of grid side converter. As was
presented in [15], different strategies can be applied to
calculate the current references for a three-phase grid
connected converter delivering the same mean value of active
and reactive powers to an unbalanced grid. A brief revision of
the methods presented in [16] will be done in the following.
A. Instantaneous Active and Reactive Control (IARC)
The instantaneous active and reactive powers related to
generic voltage and current vectors, v and i, in a three-phase
system can be written as:
p = v⋅i , (3a)
q = v × iq = v⊥ ⋅ iq , (3b)
where v ⊥ is an 90-degrees leaded version of the voltage
vector v. From (3), the active and reactive current references
to deliver the powers P and Q to the grid are given by:
P
i*p = 2
v , (4a)
v

IV. CURRENT REFERENCE STRATEGIES DELIVERING Q

i*q = 2
v⊥ . (4b)
ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER v

As mentioned in § I, new GCR state that wind turbines
have to ride-through severe operating conditions originated
by transient faults [2]. Anyway, there is not a specific demand
about how the currents injected by the WT should be during
the grid fault. Depending on the grid fault type, i.e. balanced
or unbalanced, two main possibilities in controlling the grid
side power converter arise. Firstly is the situation of balanced
grid faults, when the operation of the grid side converter is
similar to in normal grid condition with the only difference
that the current in the grid side converter is increasing
because of the reduction of the grid voltage amplitude.
From now on it will be assumed that the power references
P and Q are constant throughout a grid period, T.
B. Balanced Positive Sequence (BPS)
When the quality of the currents injected in the grid plays a
decisive role, the voltage vector in (4) can be substituted by
its positive-sequence component and the current references
are given by (5). The voltage vector v + in (5) is given by the
DSRF-PLL. Assuming that the current injected by the
inverter perfectly track the current references, the

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 P Q
i*p =
+ 2
v+ , (5a) i*q =
+ 2 − 2
(v +
⊥ − v −⊥ ) (9b)
v v −v

Q If the currents shown in (9) were injected in the unbalanced

i*q = v +⊥ . (5b) grid, the instantaneous powers would differ from the power
+ 2
v references because of the interaction between voltage and
current vectors with different sequence and direction, that is:
instantaneous active and reactive power delivered to the grid,
p and q, differ from the power references, P and Q, because p = v ⋅ ( i*p + i*q ) = v + ⋅ i*p+ + v − ⋅ i*p− + v + ⋅ i*q− + v − ⋅ i*q+ ,
 
 
(10a)
of the interaction between the injected current, i* = i*p + i*q , P p
and the negative-sequence grid voltage, that is:
p = v ⋅ i* = v + ⋅ i*p + v − ⋅ ( i*p + i*q ) , q = v ⊥ ⋅ ( i*p + i*q ) = v ⊥+ ⋅ i*q+ + v −⊥ ⋅ i*q− + v +⊥ ⋅ i*p− + v −⊥ ⋅ i*p+ .
N  
 
 
(10b)
(6a) Q q
P p

q = v ⊥ ⋅ i* = v ⊥+ ⋅ i*q + v −⊥ ⋅ ( i*p + i*q ) . V. POWER DELIVERY STRATEGIES UNDER GRID FAULTS

N  
(6b)
Q q
C. Positive- Negative-Sequence Compensation (PNSC)
Assuming that currents injected to the grid can be
unbalanced but not distorted during grid faults, that is
i = i + + i − , the instantaneous powers delivered to the grid are
given by:
p = v ⋅ i = v+ ⋅ i+ + v− ⋅ i− + v+ ⋅ i− + v− ⋅ i+ .
q = v ⊥ ⋅ i = v ⊥+ ⋅ i + + v −⊥ ⋅ i − + v +⊥ ⋅ i − + v −⊥ ⋅ i +
The active and reactive current references can be calculated
imposing the following constrains on (7):
v + ⋅ i*p+ + v − ⋅ i*p− = P , v + ⋅ i*p− + v − ⋅ i*p+ = 0 ,
v +⊥ ⋅ i*q+ + v −⊥ ⋅ i*q− = Q , v +⊥ ⋅ i*q− + v −⊥ ⋅ i*q+ = 0 .
Operating from (8) as is shown in [16], the active and
reactive reference currents are given by:
P how the voltage at the IG terminal drops during the grid fault
i*p =
+ 2 − 2
(v +
− v− ) ,
v −v
Some of the GCR give certain guidelines about how the
response of the WT should be in the presence of a
symmetrical grid transient fault [17], however a deeper study
should be carried out about the role of this distributed power
generators in presence of asymmetrical faults. This section
discusses several power delivery strategies applied to the
control of the grid side converter of a synchronous generator
(SG) during a single-phase to ground fault in the point F1 of
the power system depicted in Fig. 6. In this distributed power
(7a)
system, the 2MW SG is connected together with a 2MW
(7b) induction generator (IG) to the Bus 2. The cables connecting
the IG and SG transformers to the Bus 2 are 0.5km and 4km
long, respectively, with z=0.115+j0.2Ω/km and C=0.1µF/km.
Additionally, there is a local load, P=6MW Q=2Mvar, also
(8a) connected to the Bus 2. The short-circuit power of the Bus 1
is 80MVA and it is connected to the Bus 2 using two parallel
(8b) overhead lines 60km long with z=0.065+j0.37Ω/km. The fault
happens in the middle of one of this power lines (d=0.5).
Fig. 7 shows the voltage, currents and powers of the IG
expressed in p.u. respect their nominal values. Fig. 7(a) shows
(9a) and the short circuit current drawn from the grid arises, which
is shown in Fig. 7(b). These operating conditions lead to a

z
VS

d⋅z (1− d ) ⋅ z

Fig. 6. Diagram of the power system under study

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 1.5
1
(a) a practical implementation however, the bandwidth of the
0.5 power controller should be decreased in order to meet with
0
the electro-mechanical constrains that force smother changes
-0.5
-1 in the power of the wind generators. Moreover, the GCR
-1.5 regarding the output power variation rate of the WT after the
1.2
1
(b) fault should be considered.
0.8
0.6
v+ v+ A. Active Power Delivering (APD)
0.4
0.2
0
4
The aim of this strategy is to deliver only active power to
(c) the grid but without exceeding the nominal rating of the WT.
2
The control law in this situation can be written as:
0

-2
P* = 3 ⋅ V + I N , Q* = 0 , (11)
+
-4 where V is the rms value of the detected positive-sequence
3
q (d) voltage detected by the DSRF-PLL and IN is the rms nominal
1.5
current. A mentioned in § V, three different strategies for
0
p controlling the grid current can be applied. Simulation plots
-1.5
showing currents and powers are expressed in per unit (p.u.)
-3
0.2 0.5
t [s]
0.8 in respect to the nominal conditions. In the simulations, the
power obtained from the wind has been considered 75% of
Fig. 7. Response of the IG in the presence of a grid fault. (a) Utility the nominal power of the WT.
voltage, (b) Sequence components, (c) IG currents, (d) P and Q
As it can be observed in Fig. 8(a), the injected currents
significant reduction in both the electromagnetic torque and
1.5
the electric power delivered to the grid, see Fig. 7(c). Taking 1
(a)
into account that the aerodynamic torque can be considered 0.5

constant during the fault, the reduction of the electromagnetic 0

-0.5
torque will rev the rotor up. Once the fault is cleared, an over- -1
peak of reactive power is drawn by the IG from the grid to -1.5
1.5
recover the air-gap flux. As Fig. 7(b) shows, this causes high 1 (b)
inrush current, which increases the voltage drop in the power 0.5
0
lines and, in turn, reduces the voltage at the IG terminal. If -0.5
this voltage drop at the IG terminal was high enough the -1
p q
-1.5
electromagnetic torque could become smaller than the 0.2
1.5
0.5 0.8

aerodynamic torque, which would increase the rotor speed 1

(c)
until the appropriate protection devices would trip it. 0.5
0
Consequently there are at least two solutions to avoid the -0.5
wind turbine to be disconnected from the grid, i.e., to reduce -1

the aerodynamic torque by means of the pitch angle control, -1.5

1.5
and/or to recover the voltage level at the terminal of the IG by 1 (d)
0.5
means of auxiliary power processors. 0
In the following, three strategies for delivering power to the -0.5
p q
-1
grid from the SG front-end converter are briefly discussed. -1.5
0.2 0.5 0.8
Not only the performances of the SG converter and its 1.5
(e)
1
capability to ride-trough the fault will be regarded in this 0.5
discussion, but also its contribution to support the grid voltage 0
in order to help the IG to ride-through the grid fault as well. -0.5
-1
These power delivering strategies are reflecting three main -1.5
operation conditions for the wind turbine, i.e. delivering full 1.5
(f)
1
active power, delivering full reactive power and delivering 0.5
both active and reactive power. The only constrain in the 0
-0.5
three strategies is to keep the current vector constantly below -1 p q
of the limit defined by the nominal current. Since this -1.5
0.2 0.5 0.8
t [s]
discussion is focused on the electrical behavior of the system,
the power variation rate has been intentionally increased in Fig. 8. Simulation results for the APD power delivery strategy.
the following simulations, leading to short and clear plots. In Currents/powers applying: (a)/(b)-BPS, (c)/(d)-IARC, (e)/(f)-PNSC

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 1.5 1.5
1
(a) 1
(a)
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
1.5 1.5
1 (b) 1 (b)
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1
p q -1
p q
-1.5 -1.5
0.2 0.5 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.8
1.5 1.5
1
(c) 1
(c)
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
1.5 1.5
1 (d) 1 (d)
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1
p q -1
p q
-1.5 -1.5
0.2 0.5 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.8
1.5 1.5
1
(e) 1
(e)
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
1.5 1.5
1 (f) 1 (f)
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 p q -1 p q
-1.5 -1.5
0.2 0.5 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.8
t [s] t [s]

Fig. 9. Simulation results for the GVS power delivery strategy. Fig. 10. Simulation results for the ARPD power delivery strategy.
Currents/powers applying: (a)/(b)-BPS, (c)/(d)-IARC, (e)/(f)-PNSC Currents/powers applying: (a)/(b)-BPS, (c)/(d)-IARC, (e)/(f)-PNSC

using the BPS strategy are sinusoidal and balanced, and P* = 0 , Q* = 3 ⋅ V + I N (12)
limited to the nominal value. Fig. 8(b) illustrates the power
oscillations according to (6). Fig. 8(c) shows the distorted The WT is switching between the normal control to the
currents injected using the IARC strategy. The pattern of the GVS mode when V + < 0.9VN , being VN the nominal grid
current waveform in this case is not easy to be determined voltage on normal operating conditions. The GVS mode is
since it is depending on the faulty grid voltage. It could give deactivated as soon as V + ≈ VN again.
rise to trip the over-current protection of the inverter when the The currents and power waveforms in the case of GVS
voltage sag is very deep. On the other hand however, as Fig. control are shown in Fig. 9. These waveforms are similar to
8(d) shows, this strategy causes no oscillations in the power the waveforms resulting from the earlier strategy, with the
delivered to the grid and cancels out the oscillation in the dc mention that the roles of the active and reactive powers are
bus voltage. Fig. 8(e) and (f) show the currents and powers swapped. In Fig. 9(f), it is interesting to remark that the PNSC
waveforms related to the PNSC strategy. In this case the strategy causes oscillations in the active power when reactive
currents are unbalanced sinusoidal but not distorted. However power is delivered to the grid.
the peak current value overpasses the nominal value and
depends on the sag deep. Moreover, there are not oscillations C. Active Reactive Power Delivering (ARPD)
in the dc bus voltage but there oscillations in the reactive
power are increased. This strategy gathers the main features from the two
previous ones by delivering active and reactive power to the
B. Grid Voltage Supporting (GVS) grid. According the guidelines provided in [17], the control
law in this strategy can be written as:
The aim of this strategy is to support the grid voltage by
 V+ 
(3 ⋅V I N ) − ( Q* )
+ 2 2
controlling the reactive power delivered by the WT to the P* = , Q* = 6 ⋅ V + I N  1 −  (13)
grid. The control law in this strategy is written in (12).  VN 

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 As in the previous case, this strategy is triggered when
V + < 0.9VN and is disabled when V + ≈ VN .
Fig. 10 shows the current and power waveforms related to
the ARPD control strategy. From these waveforms, analogous
conclusions to those obtained from the previous strategies can
be drawn. The most remarkable characteristic of this control
strategy is its capability to keep delivering active power while
is supporting the grid voltage.
Fig. 11 shows the evolution of the positive sequence
voltage at the IG terminal for the three previously presented
power delivery strategies. This figure illustrates how the
control strategies delivering reactive power from the SG’s
power converter are contributing to sustain the grid voltage
during the postfault stage, helping hence to keep the IG
connected to the grid. In this sense, the ARPD strategy
becomes particularly attractive because is contributing to both
the grid voltage supporting and the active power delivering.
GVS
1
ARPD
0.9
APD
0.8
0.7
0.2 0.5 0.8
t [s]
Fig. 11. Positive-sequence voltage for each power delivery strategy.
VI. CONCLUSION
The study and experimental results presented in this work
evidence that the DSRF-PLL is a very suitable solution for
detecting fundamental-frequency positive- and negative-
sequence component of unbalanced utility voltages in
presence of grid faults. The information provided by the
DSRF-PLL is used in the design of the current control
strategies of a WT front-end converter. Based on that,
different methods to ride through a grid fault have been
achieved. Simulations results illustrating the currents and
power for different power delivery strategies are presented.
These results highlight that accurate detection of the sequence
components of the utility voltage play a crucial role in
controlling the WT during and after the fault.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
. This work was supported by the Ministerio de Educacion y
Ciencia of Spain under Project ENE2008-06588-C04-03/ALT
and ENE2008-06841-C02-01/ALT.
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