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HOW TO: STAINED GLASS


By scoochmaroo (/member/scoochmaroo/) in Craft (/craft/) > Art (/craft/art/) 534.379 405 55 Featured

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Intro: How To: Stained Glass


Stained glass is easier than it seems. Although it does require a special set of tools and
equipment, once you have access to these, you'll find that the process of turning your
designs into gorgeous stained glass pieces is really quite simple! My brother and I started
working in stained glass at our father's side when we were just 8 and 10 yrs old, so I can
confidently recommend this to a wide range of ages and skill levels.

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Step 1: Tools and Materials

(https://cdn.instructables.com/F6O/BO25/GQPGDJDC/F6OBO25GQPGDJDC.LARGE.jpg) (https://cdn.instructables.com/FY0/SCGD/GQOPTVSF/FY0SCGDGQOPTVSF.LARGE
(https://cdn.instructables.com/F6O/BO25/GQPGDJDC/F6OBO25GQPGDJDC.LARGE.jpg) (https://cdn.instructables.com/FY0/SCGD/GQOPTVSF/FY0SCGDGQOPTVSF.LARGE

There's a broad range of really fun materials involved in stained glass. Here are a few
essentials to get you started. You can always add to your collection as you go along (and
trust me, it's hard not to!) It's best to find a specialist stained glass supplier for these
materials.

Glass (obv. Hard to do a glass project without glass) - there are SO many kinds of glass
available! I used a combination of streaky and textured glass for this project. You'll see the
wide world of glass available to you when you visit a stained glass supplier!

Glass Cutter - these also come in a variety of styles. Here you see a tungsten carbide
wheel cutter which has an oil reservoir in the handle. I also like using a pistol-grip style
cutter with the same features, but in a more ergonomic design.

Cutting Oil - required to prolong the life of your glass cutter and improving the quality of
your score on the glass

Pliers - Do not use ordinary house pliers for this! There are two styles of pliers used in
stained glass. Grozer pliers are designed for breaking glass and nipping off little edges.
Running pliers are designed for snapping long cuts in the glass.

Copper Foil - Some stained glass works use lead came, which is a lead channel that holds
pieces of glass together. This is a completely different technique than I am showing you.
This technique uses copper foil which has an adhesive on one side to hold the glass pieces
together. Copper foil comes in a variety of widths to accommodate different thicknesses of
glass. The copper foil is what gets soldered to hold the glass together! Copper foil also
comes with silver or copper backing. This is important to keep in mind for the design of
your piece. If you are using clear glass, the backing of the foil will be visible. I used silver
backed foil because I wanted the finished piece to be silver. There are patinas available to
change the finished color of your solder if you like.

Soldering Iron - You'll need a soldering iron that's designed for stained glass, minimum
75 watts. These come with a variety of tips. For most projects, I prefer a wide soldering
tip.

Solder - Solder is a mixture of tin and lead. Solder with a higher tin content has a lower
melting point and will flow more quickly, with a more silvery finish. Lead free solder is also
available.

Flux - Flux is available in liquid or gel form (I find the gel to be more forgiving to work
with), and is used to assist the solder flow between the copper taped pieces. Brush every
copper foiled surface with flux before soldering every time for best results.

Grinder - if you're just starting out and don't want to make a big investment, you can use
a Carborundum stone to file down the sharp edges of your glass after you've made the
cuts. If you can get access to one, I recommend an Electric Glass Grinder which makes
quick work of the job. It has a water-cooled grinding wheel that can rapidly grind down
rough edges and even help achieve shapes that are more difficult to cut.

Safety Glasses - any type will do as long as they completely protect your eyes. When
you're cutting and grinding glass, little flecks of it will be flying everywhere! For this reason,
I also recommend long sleeves when using an electric grinder.

Safety Gloves - I've never used gloves during this process, but after counting the cuts on
my fingers and hands from this last project (well in the double digits), I'm going to give latex
gloves a shot for the next one. Let me know if you've ever tried this and what your
experiences were!

Lightbox - A lightbox will help you transfer your design from paper to the glass. If you
don't have access to one, just cut out the paper pattern and trace it onto the glass.

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Step 2: Design
(https://cdn.instructables.com/FXY/YPL2/GQRAVNTX/FXYYPL2GQRAVNTX.LARGE.jpg) (https://cdn.instructables.com/FW3/G1Y3/GQPGDJDJ/FW3G1Y3GQPGDJDJ.LARGE.j
(https://cdn.instructables.com/FXY/YPL2/GQRAVNTX/FXYYPL2GQRAVNTX.LARGE.jpg) (https://cdn.instructables.com/FW3/G1Y3/GQPGDJDJ/FW3G1Y3GQPGDJDJ.LARGE.j

The first step is to know what you want to make! I decided to only use the glass we had on
hand rather than go out and buy anything new. This limited both the size and subject
matter of my design. Since we had some lovely red-orange streaky bits of glass, I decided
to draw up my favorite flower - the poppy!

I did a google image search for poppies and did some thumbnail sketches of some
photographs I saw. I decided on this image from
http://poppieshealingnetwork.wordpress.com/ for my final design. I had to simplify some of
the edges to make it workable in glass.

I then took the thumbnail I had made and blew it up to the actual size of the finished piece.
Again, this size was determined by the amount of glass I had on hand to work with.

Graph paper makes this thumbnail-to-working-design process a breeze. Every square in


the thumbnail became three squares in the final design. Easy!

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Step 3: Tracing the Design Onto the Glass


(https://cdn.instructables.com/FD5/NJ7G/GQPGDJE9/FD5NJ7GGQPGDJE9.LA

2 More Images
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(https://cdn.instructables.com/FD5/NJ7G/GQPGDJE9/FD5NJ7GGQPGDJE9.LA

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Since I had access to a lightbox, I was able to put the pattern underneath the glass pieces
and trace them onto the glass directly. I first traced the pattern with a thick black marker.
Then I traced the shapes onto the front of the glass with the same pen (you can buy
specialty pens for this, but a Sharpie works just as well).

When you have a lot of similar pieces, it helps to number them so you remember where
each of them goes. You can see how I did this with the clear squares of glass in the last
picture.

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Step 4: Cutting Straight Lines


(https://cdn.instructables.com/F7Q/XG30/GQOPTPTT/F7QXG30GQOPTPTT.LARGE.jpg) (https://cdn.instructables.com/F86/NXL5/GQPGDJDW/F86NXL5GQPGDJDW.LARGE.j

(https://cdn.instructables.com/F7Q/XG30/GQOPTPTT/F7QXG30GQOPTPTT.LARGE.jpg) (https://cdn.instructables.com/F86/NXL5/GQPGDJDW/F86NXL5GQPGDJDW.LARGE.j

Using a ruler, align your glass cutter so that the wheel is aligned over the line you are trying
to cut.

Start at the edge of the glass and score in a single movement all the way across the line
you want to cut. Do not stop and start the score in the middle of a piece of glass. The
glass will always break all the way across the piece - where you score the glass with your
cutter controls where that break happens.

If you are using a textured glass, create the score on the smooth side.

You can break the score by holding it on each side and snapping it apart with your hands.
Alternatively, use your pliers to put pressure on the score line. Line up the middle of the
pliers with the line you are trying to break and squeeze. The glass will break along your
score line!

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Step 5: Cutting Curves


(https://cdn.instructables.com/F32/AXMH/GQP9Q732/F32AXMHGQP9Q732.LARGE

(https://cdn.instructables.com/FAR/BR8Z/GQPGDJDK/FARBR8ZGQPGDJDK.LARGE

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(https://cdn.instructables.com/F32/AXMH/GQP9Q732/F32AXMHGQP9Q732.LARGE

(https://cdn.instructables.com/FAR/BR8Z/GQPGDJDK/FARBR8ZGQPGDJDK.LARGE

(https://cdn.instructables.com/F74/PF3H/GQPGDJCC/F74PF3HGQPGDJCC.LARGE.jpg) (https://cdn.instructables.com/F8B/2RF8/GQP9Q737/F8B2RF8GQP9Q737.LARGE.

Curved lines are trickier to cut, as sometimes the glass will break in its own direction. Keep
your curves gentle, and you should have no problem.
Score the curve in the same way you did straight lines - from one edge to the other -
following the line of your curve. I prefer to use pliers to add pressure to curved scores to
help them snap. Another technique is to tap the scored line using the end of your cutter. It
will assist the fracturing of the glass.

When cutting deep curves, attack it as a series of shallow curves (see last picture).
Otherwise, the glass might break off in its own direction. You can use your grinder to
deepen the curve even more if needed.

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Step 6: Grinding
(https://cdn.instructables.com/FZ3/GJJD/GQPGDJCA/FZ3GJJDG

(https://cdn.instructables.com/FF4/0LNR/GQPGDJD8/FF40LNRG

(https://cdn.instructables.com/FYR/J8BH/GQPGDJCG/FYRJ8BHGQPGDJCG.LARGE.jpg) (https://cdn.instructables.com/F1Y/ESXP/GQPGDJDA/F1YESXPG
(https://cdn.instructables.com/FZ3/GJJD/GQPGDJCA/FZ3GJJDG

(https://cdn.instructables.com/FF4/0LNR/GQPGDJD8/FF40LNRG

(https://cdn.instructables.com/FYR/J8BH/GQPGDJCG/FYRJ8BHGQPGDJCG.LARGE.jpg) (https://cdn.instructables.com/F1Y/ESXP/GQPGDJDA/F1YESXPG

Now that you've cut all of your pieces, it's time to clean up the edges and make sure they all
fit together.

I put the pieces back on the pattern on the lightbox so I can draw corrective lines as needed
(see second image). I take the pieces to the grinding wheel and gently grind away rough
edges and fine-tune the shapes. Be patient with this - too much pressure against the
grinding wheel can cause the glass to chip!
To make sure all of my pieces are fitting together snugly as intended, I build a frame around
them (see final picture). This also helps during the soldering process to make sure the
piece remains flush and square. More than once I've created a piece that has
(unintentional) funny slants and angles to it because I forgot this step!

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Step 7: Copper Foil


(https://cdn.instructables.com/FL2/4ZXZ/GQP9Q73H/FL24ZXZGQP9Q73H.LARGE.jpg

(https://cdn.instructables.com/FIN/9UNY/GQOPTPXF/FIN9UNYGQOPTPXF.LARGE.jpg

(https://cdn.instructables.com/FY5/PY93/GQP9Q73F/FY5PY93GQP9Q73F.LARGE.jpg) (https://cdn.instructables.com/FHJ/LF48/GQP9Q73M/FHJLF48GQP9Q73M.LARGE.jpg
(https://cdn.instructables.com/FL2/4ZXZ/GQP9Q73H/FL24ZXZGQP9Q73H.LARGE.jpg

(https://cdn.instructables.com/FIN/9UNY/GQOPTPXF/FIN9UNYGQOPTPXF.LARGE.jpg

(https://cdn.instructables.com/FY5/PY93/GQP9Q73F/FY5PY93GQP9Q73F.LARGE.jpg) (https://cdn.instructables.com/FHJ/LF48/GQP9Q73M/FHJLF48GQP9Q73M.LARGE.jpg
The next step is to foil all of the pieces. This is fairly easy, and fairly time-consuming. The
more care you spend foiling your pieces, the better the final soldered result will be. It's easy
to let the copper foil tape get off-centered here and there, so pay special attention to
keeping it all even.

Once you've decided on the proper thickness of copper foil for your glass, peel the
protective backing off of the foil. Center you glass on the tape and press it securely along
all cut edges.

Rub the edges of the foil along the front and back edges of the glass with a firm instrument
(this soft pencil was no match for the hard corners of glass). Take care to make sure the
tape is very securely adhered and even. If it gets bunched up, just tear off that section and
start again. You can always overlap pieces of copper foil, but take care to align the edges
or else they will show up when soldered!

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Step 8: Soldering

(https://cdn.instructables.com/FLB/HC14/GQRAVNVI/FLBHC14GQRAVNVI.LARGE.jp

(https://cdn.instructables.com/F7F/KVO2/GQPGDJCX/F7FKVO2GQPGDJCX.LARGE.jpg) (https://cdn.instructables.com/FNV/0MYX/GQPGDJE7/FNV0MYXGQPGDJE7.LARGE.
(https://cdn.instructables.com/FBG/SLR7/GQP9Q71F/FBGSLR7GQP9Q71F.LARGE.jpg) (https://cdn.instructables.com/FMV/BBO6/GQPGDJE1/FMVBBO6GQPGDJE1.LARGE.
(https://cdn.instructables.com/FLB/HC14/GQRAVNVI/FLBHC14GQRAVNVI.LARGE.jp

2 More Images
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Soldering happens in a series of steps. First tack together your pieces, then tin the seams,
then add the bead.

Flux must be applied to the copper foil before soldering.

To tack solder the pieces in place, apply dots of flux to desired areas, and melt a small blob
of solder on top.

Because I was using two different widths of glass, I originally tacked and soldered the
piece from the back side so that the front would be flush.

Once all of the pieces are tacked together, you can tin the seams. This just means you
apply a thin, flat amount of solder to all of the seams, completely coating all of the copper
foil. Be sure to apply flux to all of the seams first.

Bead soldering refers to a smooth, slightly rounded flow of solder used to create an
aesthetically pleasing finish. You only need to apply the bead solder to the front of the
finished piece, as the tin solder is sufficient to hold together the back. To create the bead
solder, apply a new layer of flux to the tinned seams. Melt a larger amount of solder onto
the seams. Run the soldering iron back and forth along a small distance to create a melted
seam of solder. Once a section is completely melted, gently lift the soldering iron up from
the piece to create a smooth, shiny bead. This just takes practice.

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Step 9: Frame and Hang

(https://cdn.instructables.com/F6M/GU3B/GQRBNSKU/F6MGU3BGQRBNS

(https://cdn.instructables.com/FW2/P8N1/GQRAVNZB/FW2P8N1GQRAVNZB.LARGE.jpg) (https://cdn.instructables.com/FSU/M6KJ/GQRB6SGB/FSUM6KJGQRB6SG
(https://cdn.instructables.com/F6M/GU3B/GQRBNSKU/F6MGU3BGQRBNS

(https://cdn.instructables.com/FW2/P8N1/GQRAVNZB/FW2P8N1GQRAVNZB.LARGE.jpg) (https://cdn.instructables.com/FSU/M6KJ/GQRB6SGB/FSUM6KJGQRB6SG

I used lead channel to finish this piece, although it is not necessary. I cut the channel to fit
around three edges of the piece and soldered them together at the edges, and soldered it
to the glass pieces at every intersection. This works exactly like soldering the copper foil.

To hang the piece, I soldered on two loops of tinned copper wire (see second image). This
was plenty of strength to hold the weight of this piece.

Finally, clean your piece well with a mild detergent or glass cleaner, and display in a well-lit
environment.

I hope these few basic steps are enough to encourage and inspire you to try your hand at
stained glass. From here, it's just a small journey to creating all sorts of decorative and
three-dimensional pieces. Have fun, and be sure to share your own creations in the
comments below!

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55 Discussions

(/member/robbie+q/) robbie q (/member/robbie+q/)5 days ago


Reply / Upvote

Oh my goodness Thankyou so much . I stained glass for about two years and then stopped . I wanted to
start again but forgot a few things . This was such perfect step by step and worded Excellent . Thank you !

(https://cdn.instructables.com/FUB/M46M/JMAV89XH/FUBM46MJMAV89XH.LARGE.jpg)

(/member/WendyB169/) WendyB169 (/member/WendyB169/)3 months ago on Step 9


Reply / Upvote

I'm would like to remove the stained glass on our storm door because it's starting to break away in areas.
What can I use to remove it from the glass?

(/member/Divine+Miss+M/) Divine Miss M (/member/Divine+Miss+M/)4 months ago on Introduction

Reply / Upvote
I am a long time stained glass artist and teach the craft as well. I really appreciated your step by step
instructions and photos. I think you made it less intimidating for a person to venture out and try one on their
own!

(/member/MariaW66/) MariaW66 (/member/MariaW66/)5 months ago


Reply / Upvote

Fantastic instructions and images. This is motivation for me! <3 Thank you for taking the time to post this :)
Lovely stained glass flower btw.
(/member/adornments/) adornments (/member/adornments/)1 year ago
Reply / Upvote

I love this tutorial.. perfect !!

(/member/bill.sheehy.79/) bill.sheehy.79 (/member/bill.sheehy.79/)3 years ago on Step 6

Reply / Upvote
All clear... and for most people I suppose quite doable. The only hard part would be cutting the long stem.
Bet most first timers ended up cutting more than one or having more than one piece when satisfied.

1 reply F

(/member/BH+Advert/) BH Advert (/member/BH+Advert/)3 years ago on Step 9


Reply / Upvote

Tnx: GOD bless u!!

(/member/anypattern/) anypattern (/member/anypattern/)3 years ago on Introduction


Reply / Upvote

Nice intro to stained glass! After you get the basics you have to find a pattern you want to make or you can
make your own. There are so many places to look. You can get some ideas at www.anypattern.com

(/member/bill.sheehy.79/) bill.sheehy.79 (/member/bill.sheehy.79/)3 years ago on Step 9

Reply / Upvote
Yup, a good series. My last question has to do with the top... did you give any tho't to securing the tops of
the flower pieces with a supporting wire? Not necessary I suppose but...
Good series and I'm sure helpful for a lot of newbies and new-to-the-gamers... your instructions/photos are
right on and the final product is quite attractive. Wonder what else -- oh, I see this was done in 2011. Oh, I
imagine you've moved on since then. Ah, well....
Thanks, and a big pat on the back.......
Billy

(/member/bill.sheehy.79/) bill.sheehy.79 (/member/bill.sheehy.79/)3 years ago on Step 6

Reply / Upvote
Also I don't understand your watering system. When using my grinder, a Diamond Star, the grinding bits
picks up sufficient water to lube the piece. Ah well....
Onward....

(/member/bill.sheehy.79/) bill.sheehy.79 (/member/bill.sheehy.79/)3 years ago on Step 2

Reply / Upvote
Good morning ms scoochmaroo (https://www.instructables.com/member/scoochmaroo/)... hmmm
interesting first name, makes me wonder what kind of surname would go with it. Anyhow, not having any
clue as to when this design instruction was created I may be writing to the wind. Dunno. But as I plan on
going thru all the steps, and being a talkative sorta bloke, I'll take the opportunity to comment as we go.
First point: you say taking the thumbnail and blowing it up worked. Au contraire, I'm sure. One blows up
things with TNT or dynamite. Now I suspect you meant to say you enlarged the thumbnail.
Forgive me for being picky, it's just 1) my sense of humor showing up or 2) habits of a lifetime of editorial
work.
Okay, onwards now........
(/member/BarbaraR2/) BarbaraR2 (/member/BarbaraR2/)3 years ago on Step 9
Reply / Upvote

More steps than I thought there would be. Your step-by-step instructions were easy to follow, though I now
have a better understanding of what's involved and may chicken out attempting it. :)

(/member/Tarannumh/) Tarannumh (/member/Tarannumh/)3 years ago on Introduction


Reply / Upvote

i have tried looking for adhesive copper tapes in my city. but they all seem to have the non adhesive ones.
is it possible to still get results if i don't have this? how can i work around this disability?

(/member/nor617/) nor617 (/member/nor617/)3 years ago on Introduction


Reply / Upvote

Thank you for your help. Could you recommend a good reference guide/book that gives a step by step
instruction with examples?

(/member/KinsleyM/) KinsleyM (/member/KinsleyM/)3 years ago


Reply / Upvote

That's so cool

(/member/KinsleyM/) KinsleyM (/member/KinsleyM/)3 years ago


Reply / Upvote

You are so amazing

(/member/kim.steiner.77/) kim.steiner.77 (/member/kim.steiner.77/)3 years ago on Introduction

Reply / Upvote
Thank you so much for posting this info! My aunt was a professional stained glass artist but I was never
able to learn the trade from her because I was too young and lived far away. This is a great basic guide for
getting started.

(/member/silvana.mota.988/) silvana.mota.988 (/member/silvana.mota.988/)4 years ago on Introduction

Reply / Upvote
Nice

(/member/Erchan/) Erchan (/member/Erchan/)4 years ago on Introduction


Reply / Upvote

That is not easy :)

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