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Earthquakes vibration of the Earth due to rapid release of energy ; comes from the focus
(within the Earths crust) and epicenter (point directly above the focus) ; seismic waves
radiate in all directions from the focus ; H.F. Reid discovered the actual mechanism of
earthquake generation which is from elastic rebound (the earth s crusts move and rebound
back to its original form
A. Elastic Energy / Elastic Rebound discovered by H.F. Reid ; when two parts of the Earth
separate, they snap back to their original form caused by elastic rebound ; until can
hold the energy it wont release ; when it is released the form or shape of the plate
snaps back to its original shape
B. Focus center of the Earthquake within the Earths crust ; from the focus, seismic
waves radiate in all directions
C. Epicenter point on the Earths crust directly above the focus
D. Faults / Fault Zones large fractures on the Earth (not just on top but within that is
why it cannot be called a fault line) ; in plate boundaries, there can be both strikeslips
and dip-slips
1. Dip-Slip vertical faults ; hanging wall (the one above) and footwall (supports)
a. Normal hanging wall moves down ; caused by tension
b. Reverse due to compression ; hanging wall moves up
2. Strikeslip horizontal faults ; shear ; move in opposing directions
E. Seismic Waves
1. Body Waves travel within the Earths crust
a. P Waves primary waves / pressure waves ; longitudinal waves ; volume
changes ; compress and expand rocks ; can travel through solids, liquids and
gasses ; rare factions and compressions ; vertical lines
b. S Waves secondary waves / shear waves ; shake the particles at a right angle
to their direction of travel ; can travel only through solids ; crests and troughs ;
sinusoidal
2. Surface Waves travel on the outer part of the Earth
a. L Waves love waves ; diagonally sinusoidal
b. R Waves rayleigh waves ; big concave
F. Seismology device used is a seismograph ; seismograms are waves from a
seismograph
II. Layers of the Earth
A. Oceanic Crust thinner
B. Continental Crust thicker
*Shadow Zone 105 degrees 140 degrees (no seismic waves in this area due to the S
waves not being able to pass through the outer core)
*Mohorovicic / Moho discontinuity between the crust and the mantle because of the change
in density
*The higher the density, the faster the movement of the P & S Waves
*Isostacy the higher the altitude, the longer the base
*Gradual Flow solid but still flowing