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Appendices
Appendix 1:
National Electrical Code®
(Article 705)
Portions applicable to renewable power sources are reprinted here from NFPA 70,
the National Electrical Code® Handbook, Seventh Edition, Copyright © 1996, with
permission from the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA 02269. This
reprinted material is not the complete and official position of the National Fire
Protection Association on the referenced subject, which is represented only by the
cited standard in its entirety.
395
396 Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analysis, and Operation
398 Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analysis, and Operation
Appendix 2:
Sources of Further Information
on Renewable Energy
U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
Technical Inquiry Service
1617 Cole Boulevard
Golden, CO 80401
Phone: (303) 275-4099
Fax: (303) 275-4091
NREL offers a number of outreach services, ranging from consumer information clear-
inghouses to electronic bulletin boards, to its various audiences. The following is a list
of these informative resources for wind, solar, and all other types of renewable energy:
402 Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analysis, and Operation
Visitors Center
The NREL visitors center provides an interactive environment in which you can
explore how solar, wind, and other types of renewable resources can provide energy
to your industry, farm, community, and home.
Phone: (303) 384-6566
E-mail: griegog@tcplink.nrel.gov
GE/AstroPower, Inc.
Solar Park
Newark, DE 19716-2000
404 Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analysis, and Operation
ENTECH
P.O. Box 612
DFW Airport, TX 75261
Evergreen Solar
49 Jones Road
Waltham, MA 02154
SunPower Corporation
430 India Way
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
SunWatt Corporation
RFD Box 751
Addison, ME 04606
BP Solar/Solarex Corporation
630 Solarex Court
Frederick, MD 21701
Spire Corporation
One Patriots Park
Bedford, MA 01730
406 Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analysis, and Operation
University of Colorado
Electrical & Computer Engineering Department
Campus Box 425
Boulder, CO 80309
Phone: (303) 492-7010
408 Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analysis, and Operation
University of Arizona
AME Department
Tucson, AZ 85721
Phone: (602) 621-2235
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
College of Engineering
E Lab Building
Amherst, MA 01003
Phone: (413) 545-4359
University of Utah
Mechanical Engineering Department
Salt Lake City, UT 84112
Phone: (801) 581-4145
Independent Energy
Published 10 times a year, this magazine provides information for the independent
power industry and includes periodic updates on the wind industry.
620 Central Avenue, North
Milaca, MN 56353
Phone: (612) 983-6892
Windpower Monthly
This Danish magazine provides up-to-date information on all aspects of the inter-
national wind industry.
P.O. Box 496007, Suite 217
Redding, CA 96099
Phone: (415) 775-1985
Wind Directions
Wind Directions contains current technical and commercial information on wind
power plants and technologies worldwide.
European Wind Energy Association
26 Spring street
London W2 1JA
United Kingdom
Phone: +44 (0) 171 402 7122
Fax: +44 (0) 171 402 7125
E-mail: ewea@ewea.org
Web: http://www.ewea.org
410 Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analysis, and Operation
412 Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analysis, and Operation
Vindmolleindustrien
(Association of Danish Wind Turbine Manufacturers)
Norre Voldegadc 48, OPGB.
Kobenhaven K DK-1358
Denmark
Phone: +45 33–779988
Bay Winds
1533 Kimball Street
Green Bay, WI 54302
Phone: (920) 468-5500
GE Wind Energy
13000 James Road
Tehachapi, CA
Web: www.gewindenergy.com
Southwest Windpower
2131 North First Street
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
Phone: (520) 779-WIND
Fax: (520) 779-1485
Web: http://www.windenergy.com
414 Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analysis, and Operation
ABB Motors OY
PL 633
65101 Vaasa
Finland
Tel: +358 10 22 4000
Fax: +358 10 22 47372
Aerpac B.V.
P.O. Box 167
Bedrijvenpark Twente 96
Almelo 7600 A
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 546 549 549
Fax: +31 546 549 599
E-mail: aerpac@worldaccess.nl
ATV Enterprise
Actipole St. Charles
13710 Fuveau
France
Tel: +33 4 42 29 14 62
Fax: +33 4 42 29 14 61
Desarrollos Eolicos SA
Avenida de la Buhaira, 2
41018 Sevilla
Spain
Tel: +34 95 493 7000
Fax: +34 95 493 7017
Ecotecnia SCCL
Amistat 23 1st
08005 Barcelona
Spain
Tel: +34 93 225 7600
Fax: +34 93 221 0939
E-mail: ecotecnia@ecotecnia.com
Web: www.ecotecnia.com
Enercon GmbH
Dreekamp 5
26605 Aurich
Germany
Tel: +49 421 24 9920
Fax: +49 421 24 9960
E-mail: export@enercon.de
Web: www.enercon.de
KK Electronic A/S
Cypresvej 6
7400 Herning
Denmark
Tel: +45 97 22 1033
Fax: +45 97 21 1431
416 Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analysis, and Operation
E-mail: main@kk-electronic.dk
Web: www.kk-electronic.dk
L M Glasfiber A/S
Rolles Mollevej 1
6640 Lunderskov
Denmark
Tel: +45 75 58 51 22
Fax: +45 75 58 62 02
E-mail: info@lm.dk
Web: www.lm.dk
Windpower Ltd.
Riverside House, Meadowbank
Furlong Road
Bourne End, SL8 5AJ, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1628 532300
Fax: +44 1628 531993
Web: www.enterprise.net
NedWind BV
Postbus 118
3910 AC Rhenen
The Netherlands
Tel: 31 317 619 004
Fax: 31 317 612 129
E-mail: wind.turbines@nedwind.nl
Web: www.nedwind.nl
418 Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analysis, and Operation
Vergnet SA
6 Rue Henri Dunant
45410 Ingre
France
Tel: +33 2 38 227 500
Fax: +33 2 38 227 522
E-mail: vergnet@wanadoo.fr
West S.P.A.
Alenia/West
Viele Maresciallo Pilsudsky 92
I-00131 Roma, Italy
Tel: +39 6 80 77 88 33
Fax: +39 6 80 77 88 48
Elsamprojekt A/S
Kraftvaerksvej 53
7000 Fredericia
Denmark
Tel: +45 79 23 3333
Fax: +45 75 56 4477
Web: www.elsamprojekt.dk
Banque Paribas
37 Place du Marche, St Honore
75001 Paris
France
Tel: +33 1 42 98 77 38
Fax: +33 1 42 98 19 89
420 Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analysis, and Operation
Eole
BP 72
13702 La Ciotat Cedex
France
Tel: +33 4 42 08 14 66
Fax: +33 4 42 08 16 56
E-mail: eole@topnet.fr
ESD Ltd.
Overmoor Farm
Neston
Wiltshire, SN13 9TZ, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1225 816804
Fax: +44 1225 812103
Web: www.esd.co.uk
La Compagnie du Vent
Horizon 21, 650 rue Louis Lepine
Le Millenaire, 34000 Montpellier
France
Tel: +33 4 99 52 64 70
Fax: +33 4 99 52 64 71
E-mail: cabinet.germa@wanadoo.fe
Web: perso.wanadoo.fr/cabinet.germa
LMW Renewables BV
P.O. Box 279
3770 AG Barneveld
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 342 421 986
Fax: +31 342 421 759
422 Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analysis, and Operation
Teknikgruppen AB
P.O. Box 21
19121 Sollentuna
Sweden
Tel: +46 8 444 5121
Fax: +46 8 444 5129
NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
Austrian Wind Energy Association
IG Windkraft-Österreich
Mariahilferstrasse 89/22
1060 Vienna
Austria
Bundesverband Windenergie
Am Michelshof 8-10
53177 Bonn
Germany
Tel: +49 228 35 22 76
Fax: +49 228 35 23 60
E-mail: bwe_bonn@t-online.de
Web: www.wind-energie.de
Danmarks Vindmolleforening
Egensevej 24
Postboks 45
4840 Nr Alstev
Denmark
Tel: +45 54 43 13 22
Fax: +45 54 43 12 02
Web: www.danmarks-vindmoelleforening.dk
424 Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analysis, and Operation
ISES — France/ADEME
500 Route des Lucioles
05560 Valbonne
France
Tel: +33 4 93 95 79 18
Fax: +33 4 93 95 79 87
ISES – Italia
Piazza Bologna, 22 A/9 3
00162 Roma, Italy
Tel: +39 6 44 24 9241
Fax: +39 6 44 24 924
E-mail: info@isesitalia.it
Web: www.isesitalia.it
Acronyms
AC Alternating Current
ASES American Solar Energy Society
AWEA American Wind Energy Association
Ah Ampere-hour of the battery capacity
BIPV Building-integrated photovoltaics
BWEA British Wind Energy Association
Cp Rotor energy conversion efficiency
C/D Charge/discharge of the battery
DC Direct current
DOD Depth of discharge of the battery
DOE Department of Energy
DWIA Danish Wind Industry Association
ECU European currency unit
EDF Energy delivery factor
EPRI Electric Power Research Institute
EWEA European Wind Energy Association
GW Gigawatts (109 watts)
GWh Gigawatthours
HV High voltage
HVDC High-voltage direct current (transmission)
IEA International Energy Agency
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
ISES International Solar Energy Society
kW Kilowatts
kWh Kilowatthours
LV Low voltage
LVRT Low voltage ride-through
MW Megawatts
MWa Megawatts accumulated
MWe Megawatts electric
MWh Megawatthours
NEC National Electrical Code®
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory
NWTC National Wind Technology Center
PV Photovoltaic
QF Qualifying facility
SOC State of charge of the battery
SRC Specific rated capacity (kW/m2)
427
428 Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analysis, and Operation
PREFIXES:
k kilo (103)
M Mega (106)
G Giga (109)
T Trillion (1012)
Conversion of Units
The information contained in the book comes from many sources and many countries
using different units in their reports. The data are kept in the form they were received
by the author and were not converted to a common system of units. The following
is the conversion table for the most commonly used units in the book:
429
Further Reading
1. Masters, G.M., Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems, John Wiley & Sons,
2004.
2. Markvart, T., Solar Electricity, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
3. Burton, T., Sharpe, D., Jenkins, N., and Bossanyi, E., Wind Energy Handbook, Garrad
Hassan and Partners, Bristol, U.K., 2003.
4. Thresher, R.W., Chief Editor, Wind Energy, International Journal for Progress and
Applications in Wind Power Conversion Technology, Wiley Inter Science Publication,
Chichester, U.K.
5. Goswami, Y.D., Chief Editor, Solar Energy, Journal of the International Solar Energy
Society, Elsevier Science Publishers, U.K.
6. Manwell, J.F., McGowan, J.F., and Rogers, A.L., Wind Energy Explained, Theory,
Design and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
7. Archer, M.D. and Hill, R., Clean Energy from Photovoltaics, Imperial College Press,
World Scientific Publishing Co, London, 2001.
8. Dorf, R.C., Technology, Humans, and Society: Towards a Sustainable World, Aca-
demic Press, San Diego, 2001.
9. Hinson, P., Wind Power Comes of Age, British Wind Energy Association, London,
1999.
10. Boer, K.W., Advances in Solar Energy, Annual Review of R & D, American Solar
Energy Society, Boulder, CO, 1996.
11. Komp, R.J., Practical Photovoltaics, Aatec Publications, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1995.
12. Gipe, P., Wind Energy Comes of Age, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1995.
13. Spera, D.A., Wind Turbine Technology, American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
New York, 1994.
14. Lof, G., Active Solar Systems, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1993.
15. Freris, L.L., Wind Energy Conversion Systems, Prentice Hall, London, 1990.
16. Eggleston, D.M. and Stoddard, F.S., Wind Turbine Engineering Designs, Van Nos-
trand Reinhold Company, 1987.
17. Johnson, G.L., Wind Energy Systems, Prentice Hall, London, 1985.
18. Park, J., The Wind Power, Cheshire Books, Palo Alto, CA, 1981.
19. Frost, W., Long, B.H., Turner, R.E. Engineering Handbook on the Atmospheric
Environmental Guidelines for Use in Wind Turbine Generator Development. NASA-
TP-1359. Huntsville, AL: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall
Space Flight Center, 1978.
20. Danish Wind Energy Association, Asynchronous (Induction) Generators, 23 April
2003.
21. Danish Wind Energy Association, Size of Wind Turbines, 23 April 2003.
22. Yogi Goswami, D., Kreith, F., and Kreider, J.F., Principles of Solar Engineering,
Taylor & Francis, 2000.
431