Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Chapter 1.
INTRODUCTION
BSNL having existance over a period of 150 years is providing various services in
telecommunication field spread throughout the nook and corner of the country. BSNL is
the only company in the country in all respects, as far as customer base, infrastructure
and assets. Being PSU fully owened by government of India BSNL is committed to the
nation for its development and social obligation.
1
BSNL
Chapter 2.
TYPES OF EXCHANGE
The person at one place can communicate to other person with of telephone in any
part of the world. But how does the telephone works? How are the calls are diverted to
different places? How can we talk at long distance ? where the telephone are connected ?
What is the media through which we can talk at such a long distance ? All the answers to
these question is TELEPHONE EXCHANGE. Telephone exchange is the media through
which one person is possible to communicate at a long distance. Telephone exchange is
of two types.
Now a days the world is of computers. Since 1950’s research and development
effort have been directed in application of electronic technique in telephone exchange
system. This was due to many advantage of electronic devices and system over the
electromechanical system. Let us see electronic exchange in detail.
2
BSNL
Chapter 3.
ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE
The block named “interface unit” contain the connection unit have equipment
which are directly connected to the subscriber lines. They performs operation like
providing the battery feed, to generated various tones used for inter exchange
signaling. They also contain the recorded announcement circuits, In addition to this
the subscribers are connected to the switching network through the connection unit,
convert the analog signal to digital signal, tariff observation count etc.
The control unit is common to the entire system. A centralised control is used.
The control system operates on the “ stored program control” (SPC) principle. This
means all the switching function and procedure to be followed for the processing of a
call are stored in memory. The processor which handles the call processing functions
will access this program and execute it. Due to the electronic exchange are some time
called as stored program control exchange.
The switching network use time division multiplexed digital switches. The most
widely used configuration of the switching networks is a 3-stage time space-time
structure. The connection units are connected to these switches using PCM links. The
time switches are connected to each other through the space switches. This ensures
3
BSNL
increased flexibility. The control unit generates the control and signals required for the
operation of this stage.
The switching system as well as interconnecting systems are digital (they use
PCM), which reduces crosstalk and noise intervene to a very low level.
This is due to electronic devices introduced in the switching system. They are
much faster than relays & electromechanical switches.
4
BSNL
Due to use of PCM, signal regeneration is possible at every stage, which will
maintain shape of signal through out the network which improve quality of
speech.
Chapter 4.
EQUIPMENTS IN EXCHANGE
• OCB ROOM :
• WLL exchange
5
BSNL
• Transformer
• An inverter
• An diesel plant
6
BSNL
Chapter 5.
OCB SECTION
The capacity of OCB is 60,000 at present 50,000 are working. There is a switching
room and one is operating room. The switching room is that in which a big ALCATEL
machines are placed in rack. The rack consists of the cards.
5. Verities of services provide are Basic telephone, ISDN, STD, mobile, video net
and others.
7
BSNL
5.2.1. CSN: - It is a subscriber connection unit. it is CSNL for local sub’s a CSN
basically consist of 1 basic rack and 3 extension racks capacity of CSN is 5000 max.
Subs may be analog and digital.
8
BSNL
there is any problem in working of this section the exchange is not closed but the bill
cannot be printed. The hard disk is of 4 GB. Every month the new data is stored.
9
BSNL
c) CCS-7 Controller (PC) - for carrying out routing and traffic management
functions.
ICMPN2 is a card in which the entire announcement are stored. There are
60 different announcements such as please dial after some time, this number does not
exists, please check the code, this facility is not available on your phone, all the lines in
this routes are busy . This number is temporarily out order.
Chapter 6.
M D F SECTION
10
BSNL
3) MDF access.
The system will help in booking complaints, faster rectification of faults. DITOM’s is
developed in ORCLE 7.0 world’s best and powerful RDBMS AND 4 GL tools.
In this section all the works are done. Making the new connection of the subscriber,
detecting faults. MDF is synchronization between the subscriber side and the exchange
side. In the subscriber building there is a DP box i.e distribution box in which all the
connection to different subscriber are made. This DP box is connected to the pillar in that
area. Different subscribers staying in the different buildings have been connected in the
pillar. In the pillar there are 6 or more blocks. In one lock there are 100 pairs of
connection. The cable to subscriber side is called distribution cable and cable from
exchange side is called primary cable. All the connection from subscriber, the JELLY
FIELD CABLE is used. The pillar is connected to the MDF section. There are two side
and is known as tag. Another given to the EWSD, C-DOT AND OCB section, which is
known as NE. this all information is stored in SLIMS.
11
BSNL
• Telephone/indicator number.
• Subscriber’s address.
When 198 is dialed for an complaints it checks whether it is a repeat compliment, phone
disconnected due to non-payment and safe custody. And flashes corresponding message
on the terminal. Serial so jacket number is given to every complaint registered. The jacket
number is communicate to the subscriber
The complaint so registered is channel leased for test desk and the operator at this
position will test the line and input his/her finding/location results into the system. In this
way faults are detected.
2.Rejection of complaint for number under DNP or under cable fault or any other
reasons.
12
BSNL
6.4 FRS System:-The computerized FRS system in functioning in the some way as a
manual procedural all the tasks being carried out by computers.
There are various logins given for different positions. The logins
further invoked entry screens or the reports. If the screen is invoked then the user has to
select an option, which will further call a entry screen or the report. The entry screen
design for user in order to keep tracks of the entries, updating. The reports are the output
files to get the information from the various tables especially to make the hand copies. It
is FAULT MAIN EXCHANGE receivers around 80-120 complaints a day.
13
BSNL
Chapter 7.
SMPS POWER PLANT
(Switch Mode Power Supply)
The power system has a single bus called auto float/charge bus. Depending upon
the status of the batteries, the output DC voltage is maintained at 54.0+ -0.5V under auto
float condition. During auto charge, the maximum DC voltage reached across the bus is
55.2V. The exchange, battery and rectifier modules are connected in parallel.
The system employs natural convection, cooling and has AC input distribution,
DC output distribution, protection and alarm circuitry for rectifiers. Batteries and
equipments.
14
BSNL
The exchange runs on DC supply, except for some devices such as computers etc,
which require constant AC supply. The requirement of constant AC is met through the
use of a inverter. The AC, which is procured from the state electricity board, is fed
through the changeover to the AVR (automated voltage regulator). From here it is fed to
lightning .Protection device before it reaches the LV/HV disconnected unit.
From here it is fed to power plant, which comprises a rectifier, which ideally converts
220V AC into 48V DC (practically 48-55V). This power is used to meet the requirement
of the exchange.
In class the AC power goes off, which is common in India, there is ready backup
by batteries available. There are in all 2 set, of 24 batteries each, each of which, give an
output of 2.2V(hence 48-55V). As soon as the AC goes, the batteries turn on. The two
set are, just is case, on fails to works, the other is pressed into service. At a stretch, the
batteries can give upto 8 hours of continuous back up.
The batteries are used for ready back up. If the AC power does not come soon
enough, the diesel plant is switched on. The plant provides reliable constant supply. For
the Aizwal exchange, 1-hour supply of power consumes upto 25 litres of diesel.
15
BSNL
16
BSNL
• Therefore the frequencies for the uplink and downlink are different (Frequency
Division Multiplex) and the the bandwidth of the GSM system is 25 MHz.
• Due to interface to other system, the very first carrier is not used.
• Modulation method
• The modulation method in GSM & GMSK which facilitates the use of narrow
bandwidth and coherent detection capability.
• Rectangular pulses are passed through a gaussian filter prior to their passing
through a modulator.
• The modulation scheme almost satisfies the adjacent channel power spectrum
density requirements of –60db specified by CCIR.
17
BSNL
1) BSC 2) BTS
OCM performs and maintenance task for n/w such as monitoring traffic and network
alarms.
• MSC controls call to and from other telephony & data system (PSTN) ISDN.
MSC interrogate a network’s to route a call to a mobile station MS. which gives MSC
the functionality of gateway MSC, GMSC.
HLR stores and manages all mobile all subscription of a specific operator.
• Subscriber identify.
18
BSNL
• VLR stores information about all the mobile subscriber currently located in a
MSC service area.
• VLR can be called as distributed HLR as it holds a copy of HLR into stored
about the subscriber.
Main function of AUC is to authenticate the subscribers attempting to use the n/w.
7.9 Equipment Identify Register (EIR) is a database which contains mobile equipment
identify information to block the calls from stolen, unauthorized or defective MS.
• MS handover
19
BSNL
20
BSNL
Chapter 8.
IVRS
8.1. IVRS –
This service is provided to given the new or changed number to the caller when
old number is dialed. The service number is 195.
When the caller dials this 195 service, the system welcomes the user. It will ask to
dial old number. After receiving all the digits, the system verifies the database for the
dialed number. If the number exists, the system retrieves the corresponding new number
& announces it to the user. The system will also create a database, which will contain the
channel number, call received date & time. This is used to generate the report later for
analyzing.
Under this services are informed about the change of their telephone number.
After creating the changed number list, system can be enabled for dialing. The IVRS will
fetch these numbers from the database & dial the subscriber sequentially. If the called
number is busy or no response, the system will redial after a gap which can be specified
21
BSNL
in the setup. The system will also generate report for the number which are informed,
busy, & no response.
This service is provided to book the faulty telephone numbers. The system
welcomes the caller & it asks the caller to dial the faulty telephone number. After
receiving all the digits, the system searches the database for the dialed number. If the
number is a working number, then the system asks to dial the calling number, fault type
& books the complaint & announces the new docket number for the corresponding dialed
telephone number & the fault is not yet rectified, then the system announces the old
docked number that has been registered already.
This service calls the unpaid subscriber’s telephone number & announces the
payment reminder messages. The system will take the present telephone numbers &
amount dues, dials them one by one & announces the payment reminder messages to the
subscriber. It retries the engaged/ not answered numbers after a gap. The system will also
generate report for the number of successful & unsuccessful calls.
This service is provided for the subscriber to know Meter Reading Units for their
telephone numbers, the system announces the Meter Reading Units for that telephone
number. The system will also generate reports for the number of successful &
unsuccessful calls.
This service is provided for the subscriber to know about the bill amount to be
paid. When the subscriber dials the telephone number, the system announces the Bill
amount & Bill date that has to pay more than one bill, the system announces all the
pending bill in one call itself. It also generates reports for the number of successful &
unsuccessful calls.
22
BSNL
23
BSNL
Chapter 9.
CONCLUSION
As per the above observation & processing analysis of all the department we can
concluded that BSNL is an organization which belive on thought of quality with quality
& with customer satisfaction. It was observed that the BSNL is largest leading
telecommunication company, which is the only government company who can compits
the private sector company in telecommunication. Since last two or three decades
company should maintain their working environment properly they follow their rules &
regulation properly.
When we saw the different sections of BSNL, they are well equipped,well
maintained with healthy environment for machines. The different sections are OCB
ROOM ,Subscriber Exchange, (in the subscriber exchange, every large chunk of wire
contain in it 32 small wires corresponding to 16 subscribers.),MDF (Main Distribution
Frame), SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply).
The capacity of OCB is 60,000 at present 50,000 are working. There is a switching
room and one is operating room. The switching room is that in which a big ALCATEL
machines are placed in rack. The rack consists of the cards.
The function of MDF section is Complaints and fault attendance, Subscriber line
information. MDF access, Work order issue and execution, Late payment activity,
External plant usage.
24
BSNL
BSNL have the world class equipments & great working peoples So that’s why
BSNL is India’s largest leading telecommunication government company & it works
very hard .
25