STEEL DESIGN

PRINCIPLES
STEEL AND TIMBER DESIGN
Prof-Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE
Mapua University Manila
STEEL DESIGN PRINCIPLES
The design of a structural member entails the selection of
a cross section that will safely and economically resist
the applied loads. Economy means minimum weight—
that is, the minimum amount of steel.
 BASIS OF DESIGN
(as per NSCP 2015)

Designs shall be made according to the provisions for Load

and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) or to the
provisions for Allowable Strength Design (ASD).
 LIMIT STATES
Represent conditions that limit the usefulness of the member.
No applicable strength or serviceability limit state shall be
exceeded when the structure is subjected to all appropriate load
combinations such that:

R𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 S𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 ≤ A𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 S𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉

Limit state can be ..
a. Fracture
b. Yielding
c. Buckling
d. Serviceability (maximum deflection)
 ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN
(ASD)
✓ Member selection such that properties prevent the maximum
applied loads under service load combinations to exceed an
allowable or permissible value (maintains an elastic behavior)
✓ Member Selection by
Cross-sectional Area, A
Moment of Inertia, I and
Elastic Section Modulus, S
NSCP Eq. 502.3-2 (ASD)

𝑹𝒂 ≤ 𝑹𝒏/𝛀
where:
𝑹𝒂 = 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝑨𝑺𝑫 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑹𝒏 = 𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝛀 = 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆𝒕𝒚 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝑅𝑛/Ω = 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

7
 LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR
DESIGN (LRFD)
✓ Design based on failure at factored loads but safe under
service loads
✓ Design strength is nominal strength multiplied by a reduction
factor (resistance factor)
✓ Loads are factored to bring the members to its limit state
NSCP Eq. 502.3-2 (LRFD)

𝑹𝒖 ≤ 𝝓𝑹𝒏
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑹𝒖 = 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑹𝒏 = 𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝝓 = 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

9
LRFD LOAD COMBINATION NSCP 203.3.1
U1 = 1.4D
U2 = 1.2D + 1.6L
where
U3 = 1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.5W f1 = 1.0 for place of public assembly,
live loads > 4.8 kPa, and garage
U4 = 1.2D + 1.0W + f1L1 f1 = 0.5 for other live loads
L1 = occupancy liveload or roof liveload
U5 = 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L1
U6 = 0.9D + 1.0W
U7 = 0.9D + 1.0E
10
ASD BASIC LOAD COMBINATION
𝑆1 = 𝐷
𝑆2 = 𝐷 + 𝐿
𝑆3 = 𝐷 + 0.6𝑊
𝑆4 = 𝐷 + 𝐸 / 1.4

11
ASD ALTERNATE LOAD COMBINATION
𝑆1 = 𝐷 + 𝐿
The 0.75 factor is used as a
𝑆1 = 0.75(𝐷 + 𝐿 + 0.6𝑊) one-third increase in allowable
stresses shall be permitted for all
𝑆2 = 0.75(𝐷 + 𝐿 + 𝐸/1.4 ) combinations with W or E.

𝑆3 = 0.6𝐷 + 0.6𝑊
𝑆4 = 0.6𝐷 + 𝐸/1.4

12
TENSION MEMBERS
STEEL AND TIMBER DESIGN
Prof-Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE
Mapua University Manila
Gross Section Yielding (GSY)

failure due to excessive deformation, based on gross

area, Ag.

14 14
Net Section Fracture (NSF)
failure is by fracture at a connection, design based on
effective net area, Ae.

*Net area – reduced gross area due to existing holes

*Effective net area – reduced area to account for non-uniform stress distribution when not all
parts of the member is connected.

15 15
NSCP GENERAL PROVISION (LRFD)
ΦtPn > Pu

ΦtPn = Design Tensile Strength

Pu= Ultimate/Factored Tensile Load

1. For tensile yielding in the gross section:

Pn = FyAg ; Φt = 0.90

2. For tensile rupture in the net section:

Pn = FuAe ; Φt = 0.75
16
NSCP GENERAL PROVISION (ASD)
Pn / 𝛀t > Pa
Pn / 𝛀t = Allowable Tensile Strength
Pa= Service/Unfactored Tensile Load

1. For tensile yielding in the gross section:

Pn = FyAg ; 𝛀t = 1.67

2. For tensile rupture in the net section:

Pn = FuAe ; 𝛀t = 2.00
17
 NET AREA
An = Ag – Σ (de · t)
de = db + 3.2 mm

18
STAGGERED HOLES
If the holes are staggered,
correction factor is used to
account for the increased tensile
strength on an inclined fracture
path.

19
 “
STAGGERED HOLES
A = A – Σ (d’ · t)
n g
𝐬𝟐
d’ = de - 𝟒𝐠
𝐬𝟐
An = Ag – Σ (dnet · t) + Σ (𝟒𝐠 · t)
𝐬𝟐
An = [ Wg – Σ (dnet )+ Σ (𝟒𝐠 )]*t

20
 EFFECTIVE NET AREA
Ae = UAn
where:
U = shear
lag factor
𝑥 = connection
eccentricity
l = length of
connection
21
 “
Shear Lag Factor, U (NSCP 504.3.1)

Note:
Use largest
applicable
value of “U”
22
Block Shear Rupture (BSR)

23 23
 Block Shear Strength

The available strength for the limit

state of block shear rupture along a
shear failure path or path(s) and a
perpendicular tension failure path shall
be taken as
Rn = 0.6FuAnv + UbsFuAnt < 0.6FyAgv + UbsFuAnt
Φ = 0.75

24
 Block Shear Strength

Where the tension is uniform, Ubs = 1;

where the tension is non uniform, Ubs = 0.5.
▪ Ant = net area along the tension surface
▪ Anv = net area along the shear surfaces
▪ Agv = gross area along the shear
surfaces

25
Block Shear Patterns

▪ Flat Plates

26
Block Shear Patterns

▪ Channels and Angles

27
MAXIMUM SLENDERNESS RATIO
FOR TENSION MEMBERS

▪ L/r ≤ 300

28
SAMPLE PROBLEMS

29
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Determine the tensile strength of the 12 mm thick angle member shown

against rupture. Rivets used for the connection are 20 mm diameter. Fu = 150
Mpa. Gross width = 180mm

30
SOLUTION:

Determine Net Area: Effective Net Area:

𝑨𝒏 = 𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒙 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝒆 = 𝑼𝑨𝒏
𝑨𝒏 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝟐 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟑. 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟐 𝑨𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝟏𝟔𝟒𝟏. 𝟔 = 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟖
𝑨𝒏 = 𝟏𝟔𝟒𝟏. 𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆
𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟗𝟗𝟐 𝑵
𝑷𝒏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟖 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Because the length of the connection is unknown, = 𝟏𝟗𝟔. 𝟗𝟗𝟐 𝑲𝑵
𝑥
U = 1- 𝑙 cannot be used for shear lag factor. Since ∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝟏𝟗𝟔. 𝟗𝟗𝟐
there are 4 bolts in the direction of the load U = 0.8
∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕. 𝟕𝟒𝟒 𝑲𝑵

31
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

Determine the net area along path ABCDEF for the C380x50 shown.
Holes are for 18 mm Ø bolts.
For the Channel section,
Ag= 6430 mm2, d= 381 mm,
tw= 10.2 mm, tf= 16.5 mm,
bf= 86.4 mm.

32
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3

A C12x30 is connected with 20-mm diameter bolts in each flange as shown. If

Fy = 241 MPa, Fu = 414 MPa, and Ae = 0.9An compute the design strength.
According to steel manual:
Ag = 5690 mm2
tf = 12.73 mm

33
 SOLUTION

a.) Gross Area Yielding b.) Net Area Fracture

𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈 𝑨𝒏 = 𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒙 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔
𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟎 𝑨𝒏 = 𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟎 − [ 𝟐 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟑. 𝟐 𝟏𝟐. 𝟕𝟑 ]
𝑷𝒏 = 𝟐𝟒𝟏 𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟎 = = 𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝑲𝑵
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑨𝒏 = 𝟓𝟎𝟗𝟗. 𝟑𝟐𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝟐
∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟗 𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟏. 𝟐𝟗
𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆
∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒. 𝟏𝟔 𝑲𝑵 𝑷𝒏 = 𝟒𝟏𝟒 𝟎. 𝟗 𝟓𝟎𝟗𝟗. 𝟑𝟐𝟖 =
𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗𝑵
= 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝑲𝑵
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒔‼ ∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟓. 𝟎𝟏 𝑲𝑵

34
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 4

Find the strength of the 12 mm thick plate shown when loaded in tension. All
holes are 21.5 mm in gross diameter. Fu = 150 Mpa

35
 SOLUTION:
Determine smallest An by analyzing different paths
Path ABCD
𝑨𝒏 = 𝑨𝒈 − (𝒅𝒉 ∗ 𝒕 ∗ 𝒏)
𝑨𝒏 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐 ∗ (𝟐𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟏. 𝟔) 𝐱 𝟏𝟐 Path ABEFG
𝑨𝒏= 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟓. 𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝟐
𝑨𝒏 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎 − 𝟑 ∗ (𝟐𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟏. 𝟔) + ∗ 𝟏𝟐
Path ABECFG 𝟒 ∗ 𝟓𝟎
𝑨𝒏 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟒. 𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝒔𝟐
𝑨𝒏 = 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 − 𝒅𝒊𝒂. 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 + ∗𝐭 Path ABEC
𝟒𝒈

𝟒𝟎𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝟐
𝑨𝒏 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎 − 𝟒 ∗ (𝟐𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟏. 𝟔) + 𝟑 ∗ 𝟒∗𝟓𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟐 𝑨𝒏 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎 − 𝟑 ∗ (𝟐𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟏. 𝟔) + 𝟐 ∗ ∗ 𝟏𝟐
𝟒 ∗ 𝟓𝟎
𝑨𝒏 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟗. 𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝑨𝒏 = 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟎. 𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐

36
Therefore An critical is 𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟗. 𝟐 mm2
𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒏
𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟖𝟖𝟎 𝑵
𝑷𝒏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟗. 𝟐 = = 𝟐𝟓𝟒. 𝟖𝟖𝟎 𝑲𝑵
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝟐𝟓𝟒. 𝟖𝟖𝟎
∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟏𝟗𝟏. 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝑲𝑵

37
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 5

An A36 W12x22 member is supposed to carry a dead load of 30 KN and a live

load of 45 KN in tension. Verify the member strength if the Ø-20 mm bolts
are placed 50 mm from each other.
Ag = 4181 mm2
d = 312.67 mm
bf = 102.36 mm
tf = 10.8 mm
𝑥 = 51.18 𝑚𝑚

38
 Ag = 4181 mm2 d = 312.67 mm bf = 102.36 mm
SOLUTION: tf = 10.8 mm 𝑥 = 51.18 𝑚𝑚

𝑷𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝑫𝑳 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝑳𝑳 b.) Net Area Fracture

𝑷𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝟑𝟎 + 𝟏. 𝟔 𝟒𝟓
𝑨𝒏 = 𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒙 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝑲𝑵
𝑨𝒏 = 𝟒𝟏𝟖𝟏 − [𝟒 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟑. 𝟐 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖 ]
a.) Gross Area Yielding
𝑨𝒏 = 𝟑𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟕𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈
𝒙 𝟓𝟏.𝟏𝟖
𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟔𝟖𝟖𝟖 U = 1- 𝒍 = 1 - = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖𝟖
𝑷𝒏 = 𝟐𝟒𝟖 𝟒𝟏𝟖𝟏 = = 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟗 𝑲𝑵 𝟑(𝟓𝟎)
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆
∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟗
𝟖𝟑𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝑵
𝑷𝒏 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖𝟖 𝟑𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟕𝟔 = = 𝟖𝟑𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝟕𝑲𝑵
∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟗𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟎 𝑲𝑵 > 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝑲𝑵 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆‼ ∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝟖𝟑𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝟕 = 𝟔𝟐𝟖. 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑲𝑵 > 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝑲𝑵
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆‼

39
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 6

The connection shown in the figure uses 20 mm diameter A325 bolts. The
tension member is A36 steel (Fy = 248 MPa, Fu = 400 MPa) and the gusset
plate is A572 steel (Fy = 290 MPa, Fu = 415 Mpa). Determine the strength of
the connection considering the following modes of failure:
a.) Gross Area Yielding
b.) Net Area Fracture
c.) Block Shear Rupture

40
 SOLUTION:

a.) Gross Area Yielding b.) Net Area Fracture

𝑨𝒈 = 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒙 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝒏 = 𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒙 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔
𝑨𝒈 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 (𝟏𝟐) 𝑨𝒏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 − 𝟐 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟑. 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟐
𝑨𝒈 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝑨𝒏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟑. 𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈 U = 1.0

𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆
𝑷𝒏 = 𝟐𝟒𝟖 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
= 𝟒𝟒𝟔. 𝟒 𝑲𝑵 𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝑵
𝑷𝒏 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟏. 𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟑. 𝟐 = = 𝟒𝟗𝟕. 𝟐𝟖 𝑲𝑵
∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟗 𝟒𝟒𝟔. 𝟒 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝟒𝟗𝟕. 𝟐𝟖
∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟒𝟎𝟏. 𝟕𝟔 𝑲𝑵
∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟑𝟕𝟐. 𝟗𝟔 𝑲𝑵

41
c.) Block Shear Rupture Therefore use 541.724 KN
Rn = 0.6FuAnv + UbsFuAnt < 0.6FyAgv + UbsFuAnt ∅𝑹𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝟓𝟒𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝟒
𝑨𝒈𝒗 = 𝟗 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎𝟐 ∅𝑹𝒏 = 𝟒𝟎𝟔. 𝟐𝟗𝟑 𝑲𝑵
𝑨𝒏𝒗 = 𝟗 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 − 𝟏. 𝟓 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟑. 𝟐 ∗ 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟖. 𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑨𝒏𝒕 = 𝟗 𝟕𝟓 − 𝟏. 𝟎 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟑. 𝟐 = 𝟒𝟔𝟔. 𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑹𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝟒𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟖. 𝟔 + 𝟏. 𝟎(𝟒𝟏𝟓)(𝟒𝟔𝟔. 𝟐)
𝟓𝟒𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟒.𝟒
𝑹𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
= 𝟓𝟒𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝟒 𝑲𝑵 ;
with an upper limit of
𝑹𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝟐𝟗𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟓 + 𝟏. 𝟎(𝟒𝟏𝟓)(𝟒𝟔𝟔. 𝟐)
𝟓𝟒𝟓𝟖𝟐𝟑
𝑹𝒏 = = 𝟓𝟒𝟓. 𝟖𝟐𝟑𝑲𝑵 > 𝟓𝟒𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝟒𝑲𝑵 OK!
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

42