THINK Materials and Processes

ENGINEERING THAT MOVES THE WORLD

 GKN Sinter Metals Material Lists

The GKN Sinter Metals List of Materials provides an over-
view of PM alloys that are commonly used for powder metal
structural components and self-lubricating bearings includ-
ing selected material properties. Other compositions can be
supplied by GKN Sinter Metals when agreed with sales and
technology. Modifications and supplements to the material
list will be introduced without reference or notification. This
does not refer to the duty of information on the current sup-
ply of parts. Additional information and references are given
in the brochure related to special processes or products.
Remarks Referring to the Tables
The tables are divided into four main sections “Standard
References I”, “Typical Properties (References)”, “Chemical
Compositions (Standard)“ and “Standard References II”.
Many material properties are positively affected by subse-
quent sizing or heat treatment. It is strongly recommended
to inquire the consequences of these processes on mechan-
ical and physical properties as well as on part dimensions
from the supplying plant.
Determination of Properties
Mechanical and physical properties stated in the table’s
have been determined on the basis of Sint Test Standards
(DIN 30910 Parts 1, 3 and 4).
Further details are given in DIN 30910 Part 1, Section 6.
The chemical composition is determined according to the
respective standards.
Where these are not applicable, suitable test methods
should be agreed.

Admissible ranges of density are given in the section “Stan-

dard References I” on the left.
MPa
1.400
The range of chemical composition is listed in the section High-speed
steels
1.300
“Chemical Compositions (Standard)”.
1.200 Alloyed
steels

The section “Typical Properties (References)” contains in- 1.100

formative values of selected material properties represent-
1.000
ing a specified density value and a certain chemical compo- Fe-Cr-Mo
Fe-Ni-Mo-Cu
sition within the range specified in the section on the left 900 Fe-Ni-Cu
(hardened)
Tensile strength (Rm)

and the right. 800

Structural
steels
700
These properties should not be regarded as guaranteed Fe-Ni-Cu-Mo Malleable
Fe-Cr-Mo steels
properties in a legal sense. 600

Informative property values have been determined on test 500

ned) Fe-Ni-Cu
bars (ISO 2740) in the as-sintered state; therefore they can- (harde
Fe-Cu Fe-P-Cu
400
not be verified in the finished components. The use of micro Grey cast
iron
tensile test bars cut out of a supplied component is not al- 300 Fe-

lowed nor can the tensile strength be deducted from a hard- 200
Fe-C
ness measurement.
100

6,2 6,4 6,6 6,8 7,0 7,2 7,4 7,8 g/cm3

Sintered materials Solid materials

Density

2
Index of Contents I

Part I: Material Lists

Sintered Steels 4
Surface Densified Sintered Steels 6
PM Aluminium Materials 6
Stainless Steels 8
Powder Forged Steels 10
Bearing Materials (DIN-/ISO-Standard Info) 12
Bearing Materials (US-Standard Info) 14
Sintered Soft Magnetical Materials 16
Soft Magnetic Composits (SMC) 16
MIM - Case Hardened Steels 18
MIM - Corrosion Resistant Steels 18
MIM - Heat Treatable Steels 18
MIM - Soft Magnetic Steels 20
MIM - Alloys for High Temperatur Applications 20
MIM - Tool Steels 20

Part II: Sintered Metal Processes

Economical Aspects 22
Index of Contents II 23
Material Forming Processes 24
Production Process 26
Auxiliary Operations 27
Compacting Tool 28
Principle of PM-Tools 29
Surface Quality on PM Parts 30
Hardness Comparison Table 32
Design Guidelines 34
Technical Support 36
Markets 38
GKN - Innovation by Research and Development 40
Quality - QS-Management 42
Notes 43

3
 Sintered Steels

Standard References I Typical Properties (References)

GKN Typical A2) Hard- Hard-

Density UTS YS 0,2 FEL3) E
SM Material Typical composition1) density El2) ness ness Remark
[g/cm3] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [GPa]
Code [g/cm3] [%] HB HRB
PMET 103P56-SP 6.5 - 6.9 Fe3Cu0.55P-0.55C 6.70 485 415 180 3 - 75 120
PMET 104P56-SP 6.6 - 7.1 Fe4Cu0.55P-0.55C 7.00 590 465 215 3.5 - 85 140
PMET 1000C 6.4 - 6.8 Fe 6.60 130 75 35 4 40 58 HRF 100
PMET 1005C 6.4 - 6.8 Fe-0.5C 6.60 250 160 80 1.5 75 40 100
PMET 1020C 6.4 - 6.8 Fe2Cu 6.60 230 185 90 2 65 25 100
PMET 1000D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe 7.00 150 90 45 10 50 75 HRF 140
PMET 1002D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe-0.2C 7.00 230 150 70 5 75 - 140
PMET 1005D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe-0.5C 7.00 300 180 95 3 90 58 140
PMET 1007D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe-0.7C 7.00 380 230 120 2 120 68 140
PMET 1020D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe2Cu 7.00 270 230 75 4 85 - 140
PMET 1025D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe2Cu-0.5C 7.00 500 330 160 2.5 140 70 140
PMET 1025D-H1 6.8 - 7.2 Fe2Cu-0.5C 7.00 690 660 240 <1 380 36 HRC 140 quench + temper4)
PMET 1027D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe2Cu-0.7C 7.00 560 410 180 1.5 170 74 140
PMET 1205D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe2Ni0.5C 6.9 340 210 120 2 - 69 135
PMET 1205D-H 6.8 - 7.2 Fe2Ni0.5C 7.1 1000 980 290 <1 - 33 HRC 150 quench + temper4)
PMET 1208D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe2Ni0.8C 6.9 380 280 140 1 - 71 135
PMET 1208D-H 6.8 - 7.2 Fe2Ni0.8C 7.0 1000 990 320 <1 - 35 HRC 140 quench + temper4)
PMET 4602D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe1.5Cu1.75Ni0.5Mo-0.2C 7.00 470 360 150 3.5 140 60 140
PMET 4602E > 7.2 Fe1.5Cu1.75Ni0.5Mo-0.2C 7.25 500 390 160 4 160 68 160
PMET 4605D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe1.5Cu1.75Ni0.5Mo-0.5C 7.00 540 420 185 2.5 180 78 140
PMET 4605D-H1 6.8 - 7.2 Fe1.5Cu1.75Ni0.5Mo-0.5C 7.00 1020 900 270 <1 400 35 HRC 140 quench + temper4)
PMET 4605E > 7.2 Fe1.5Cu1.75Ni0.5Mo-0.5C 7.25 570 340 175 5 190 82 160
PMET 4607D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe1.5Cu1.75Ni0.5Mo-0.7C 7.00 580 380 180 1.5 210 85 140
PMET 4802D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe1.5Cu4Ni0.5Mo-0.2C 7.00 520 330 170 3.5 150 58 140
PMET 4802E > 7.2 Fe1.5Cu4Ni0.5Mo-0.2C 7.25 570 350 180 4 170 66 160
PMET 4805D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe1.5Cu4Ni0.5Mo-0.5C 7.00 620 340 200 2 180 84 140
PMET 4805D-H1 6.8 - 7.2 Fe1.5Cu4Ni0.5Mo-0.5C 7.00 1050 820 300 <1 380 34 HRC 140 quench + temper4)
PMET 4805E > 7.2 Fe1.5Cu4Ni0.5Mo-0.5C 7.25 700 370 200 2.5 200 89 160
PMET 4807D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe1.5Cu4Ni0.5Mo-0.7C 7.00 610 380 190 1.5 230 89 140
PMET 49N2D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe2Cu4Ni1.5Mo-0.2C 7.00 620 450 170 2 160 - 140
PMET 49N2E > 7.2 Fe2Cu4Ni1.5Mo-0.2C 7.25 710 470 190 2.5 190 - 160
PMET 49N6D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe2Cu4Ni1.5Mo-0.6C 7.00 900 650 220 1 300 - 140 sinter hardened5)
PMET 49N6E > 7.2 Fe2Cu4Ni1.5Mo-0.6C 7.25 1050 670 240 1.5 330 - 160 sinter hardened5)
PMET 49C2D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe2Cu1.5Mo-0.2C 7.00 550 400 170 1.5 150 - 140
PMET 49C2E > 7.2 Fe2Cu1.5Mo-0.2C 7.25 600 450 180 2 180 - 160
PMET 49C6D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe2Cu1.5Mo-0.6C 7.00 850 800 200 0.5 320 - 140 sinter hardened5)
PMET 49C6E > 7.2 Fe2Cu1.5Mo-0.6C 7.25 1000 930 220 1 400 - 160 sinter hardened5)
PMET 10P0D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe0.45P 7.00 380 230 120 10 100 - 140
PMET L44N6D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe2Ni0.85Mo0.5C 7.05 550 440 220 1 - 85 145
PMET L44N6D-H 6.8 - 7.2 Fe2Ni0.85Mo0.5C 7.05 1170 1000 340 <1 - 38 HRC 145 quench + temper 4)
PMET L4206D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn0.5C 6.95 400 320 190 1 - 66 140
PMET L4206D-H 6.8 - 7.2 Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn0.5C 7.0 900 890 300 <1 - 36 HRC 140 quench + temper 4)
sinter hardened
PMET L44NC8D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe2Ni2Cu0.85Mo0.8C 7.0 790 780 230 <1 - 25 HRC 140
+ temper5)
PMET L4628D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe2Cu1.8Ni0.5Mo0.2Mn0.8C 7.0 720 710 230 <1 - 36 HRC 140 sinter hard.+ temper5)
PMET L4618D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe1Cu2.8Ni0.5Mo0.2Mn0.8C 7.15 1000 980 290 <1 - 36 HRC 150 sinter hard.+ temper5)
PMET 10P52 6.8 - 7.2 Fe0.55P0.2C 7.1 350 280 7)
7 - 58 150
PMET 4306D 6.8 - 7.2 Fe1Cr1Ni0.85Mo0,6Si-0.6C 7.00 950 900 220 1 350 34 HRC 140 sinter hardened5)
sinter hardened5), HT
PMET 4306D-HT 6.8 - 7.2 Fe1Cr1Ni0,85Mo0,6Si-0.6C 7.15 1150 1000 250 1 380 39 HRC 150
sintered6)
1)
In addition to the elements mentioned, further alloying elements up to 2 % are admitted.
2)
Sizing will reduce the elongation.
3)
Bending load. 2 x 106 cycles, notch factor αk = 1.0 (ref. 30912 Part 6); R= -1.
4)
Austenitized at 900 °C, 60 minutes – oil quenched; tempered at 180 - 220 °C, 60 minutes, air.
5)
Sinterhardening is performed in the sinter furnace by gas quenching subsequently to the sintering process. Materials can be
tempered as well at 160 °C – 240 °C for 30 min – 120 min due to requirements.
6)
High temperature sintering (HT) is performed at 1200 °C – 1300 °C depending on furnace type.

4
 Chemical Compositions (Standard)1) Standard References II

DIN
C Cu Ni Mo Cr Si P Fe Others ISO MPIF
30910
[wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] 5755 35
Sint-
0.45 - 0.65 2.0 - 4.0 - - - - 0.45 - 0.65 bal. <2 n/a n/a n/a
0.45 - 0.65 2.0 - 4.0 - - - - 0.45 - 0.65 bal. <2 n/a n/a n/a
<0.3 - - - - - - bal. <2 C 00 -F-00-100 F-0000-15
0.3 - 0.7 <1 - - - - - bal. <2 C 01 -F-05-140 F-0005-20
<0.3 1.5 - 2.5 - - - - - bal. <2 C 10 -F-00C2-140 FC-0200-21
<0.3 - - - - - - bal. <2 D 00 -F-00-120 F-0000-20
0.1 - 0.5 - - - - - - bal. <2 D 00 -F-00-120 F-0000-20
0.3 - 0.7 <1 - - - - - bal. <2 D 01 -F-05-170 F-0005-25
0.5 - 0.9 - - - - - - bal. <2 n/a -F-08-240 F-0008-35
<0.3 1.5 - 2.5 - - - - - bal. <2 D 10 -F-00C2-175 FC-0200-24
0.3 - 0.7 1.5 - 2.5 - - - - - bal. <2 D 11 -F-05C2-300 FC-0205-45
0.3 - 0.7 1.5 - 2.5 - - - - - bal. <2 D 11 -F-05C2-620H FC-0205-90HT
0.5 - 0.9 1.5 - 2.5 - - - - - bal. <2 D 11 -F-08C2-390 FC-0208-60 I
0.3 - 0.6 0.0 - 2.5 1.0 - 3.0 - - - - bal. <2 n/a -F-05N2-180 FN-0205
0.3 - 0.6 0.0 - 2.5 1.0 - 3.0 - - - - bal. <2 n/a -F-05N2-800H n/a
0.6 - 0.9 0.0 - 2.5 1.0 - 3.0 - - - - bal. <2 n/a -F-08N2--260 FN-0208
0.6 - 0.9 0.0 - 2.5 1.0 - 3.0 - - - - bal. <2 n/a -F-08N2-900H n/a
0.1 - 0.5 1.0 - 2.0 1.5 - 2.0 0.3 - 0.7 - - - bal. <2 D 30 n/a n/a
0.1 - 0.5 1.0 - 2.0 1.5 - 2.0 0.3 - 0.7 - - - bal. <2 E 30 n/a n/a
0.3 - 0.7 1.0 - 2.0 1.5 - 2.0 0.3 - 0.7 - - - bal. <2 D 39 -FD-05N2C-400 FD-0205-55
0.3 - 0.7 1.0 - 2.0 1.5 - 2.0 0.3 - 0.7 - - - bal. <2 D 39 -FD-05N2C-950H FD-0205-120HT
0.3 - 0.7 1.0 - 2.0 1.5 - 2.0 0.3 - 0.7 - - - bal. <2 E 39 -FD-05N2C-440 FD-0205-65
0.5 - 0.9 1.0 - 2.0 1.5 - 2.0 0.3 - 0.7 - - - bal. <2 D 39 n/a FD-0208-60
0.1 - 0.5 1.0 - 2.0 3.5 - 4.5 0.3 - 0.7 - - - bal. <2 D 30 n/a n/a
0.1 - 0.5 1.0 - 2.0 3.5 - 4.5 0.3 - 0.7 - - - bal. <2 E 30 n/a n/a
0.3 - 0.7 1.0 - 2.0 3.5 - 4.5 0.3 - 0.7 - - - bal. <2 D 39 -FD-05N4C-420 FD-0405-60
0.3 - 0.7 1.0 - 2.0 3.5 - 4.5 0.3 - 0.7 - - - bal. <2 D 39 -FD-05N4C-930H FD-0405-130HT
0.3 - 0.7 1.0 - 2.0 3.5 - 4.5 0.3 - 0.7 - - - bal. <2 E 39 -FD-05N4C-450 FD-0405-65
0.5 - 0.9 1.0 - 2.0 3.5 - 4.5 0.3 - 0.7 - - - bal. <2 D 39 n/a FD-0408-60
0.1 - 0.5 1.5 - 2.5 3.5 - 4.5 1.3 - 1.7 - - - bal. <2 D 31 n/a n/a
0.1 - 0.5 1.5 - 2.5 3.5 - 4.5 1.3 - 1.7 - - - bal. <2 E 31 n/a n/a
0.4 - 0.8 1.5 - 2.5 3.5 - 4.5 1.3 - 1.7 - - - bal. <2 D 32 n/a FLDN4C2-4908
0.4 - 0.8 1.5 - 2.5 3.5 - 4.5 1.3 - 1.7 - - - bal. <2 E 32 n/a FLDN4C2-4908
0.1 - 0.5 1.5 - 2.5 - 1.3 - 1.7 - - - bal. <2 D 31 n/a n/a
0.1 - 0.5 1.5 - 2.5 - 1.3 - 1.7 - - - bal. <2 E 31 n/a n/a
0.4 - 0.8 1.5 - 2.5 - 1.3 - 1.7 - - - bal. <2 D 32 n/a FLDC2-4908
0.4 - 0.8 1.5 - 2.5 - 1.3 - 1.7 - - - bal. <2 E 32 n/a FLDC2-4908
<0.3 - - - - - 0.3 - 0.6 bal. <2 D 35 -F-00P05-210 FY-4500-20W
0.4 - 0.7 - 1.0 - 3.0 0.65 - 0.95 - - - bal. <2 n/a n/a FLN2-4405
0.4 - 0.7 - 1.0 - 3.0 0.65 - 0.95 - - - bal. <2 n/a n/a n/a
0.4 - 0.7 - 0.35 - 0.55 0.50 - 0.85 - - - bal. <2 n/a n/a FL-4205
0.4 - 0.7 - 0.35 - 0.55 0.50 - 0.85 - - - bal. <2 n/a n/a n/a
0.6 - 0.9 1.0 - 3.0 1.0 - 3.0 0.65 - 0.95 - - - bal. <2 n/a n/a FLNC-4408
0.6 - 0.9 1.0 - 3.0 1.6 - 2.0 0.43 - 0.60 - - - bal. <2 n/a n/a FLC-4608
0.6 - 0.9 0.5 - 2.0 2.4 - 3.2 0.43 - 0.60 - - - bal. <2 n/a n/a n/a
< 0.3 - - - - - 0.45 - 0.65 bal. <2 D 35 n/a n/a
0.4 - 0.8 - 0.5 - 2.5 0.6 - 1.1 0.8 - 1.2 0.4 - 0.8 - bal. <2 n/a n/a n/a

0.2 - 0.8 - 0.5 - 2.5 0.6 - 1.1 0.8 - 1.2 0.4 - 0.8 - bal. <2 n/a n/a n/a

UTS: Ultimate Tensile Strength FEL: Fatigue Endurance Limit YS: Yield Strength
A, El: Fracture Elongation E: Youngs Modulus

5
 Surface Densified Sintered Steels

Standard References I Typical Properties (References)

GKN Core Surface Typical core UTS YS 0,2 A2) Surface Core E
Typical
SM Material density density3) density El2) hardness4) hardness
composition1)
Code [g/cm3] [g/cm3] [g/cm3] [MPa] [MPa] [%] HV0,1 HB [GPa]

PMET 1002D/F 6.8 - 7.2 > 7.6 Fe-0,2C 7.00 230 150 5 180 75 140

PMET 1005D/F 6.8 - 7.2 > 7.6 Fe-0,5C 7.00 300 180 3 250 90 140

PMET 1025D/F 6.8 - 7.2 > 7.6 Fe2Cu-0,5C 7.00 500 330 2,5 300 140 140

PMET 1025E/F > 7.2 > 7.6 Fe2Cu-0,5C 7.25 570 360 3 300 180 160

PMET 4402D/F 6.8 - 7.2 > 7.6 Fe0,85Mo-0,2C 7.00 280 180 4 260 120 140

PMET 4402E/F > 7.2 > 7.6 Fe0,85Mo-0,2C 7.25 340 220 5 260 130 160

1)
In addition to the elements mentioned, further alloying elements up to 2 % are admitted.
2)
Case hardening or carbo-nitriding is perfomed depending on the required case depth and is in general followed by a stress relief operation as well.
3)
The surface density can be exactly determined by metallographic investigations combined with quantitative image analysis.
4)
The indicated surface hardness is determined after the surface densification but prior to a potential heat treatment. The increased hardness at the
surface can be explained by work hardening due to the deformation of the material during the densification step.

PM Aluminium Materials 4)

Standard References I Typical Properties (References)

GKN Typical A5) Hard-

Density UTS YS 0,2 FEL3) E
SM Material Typical composition1) density El5) ness
[g/cm3] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [GPa]
Code [g/cm3] [%] HB

PMET Al2014 2.45 - 2.60 Al4.5Cu0.5Mg0.7Si 2.60 160 130 60 1.5 60 50

PMET Al2014-T6 2.45 - 2.60 Al4.5Cu0.5Mg0.7Si 2.60 300 280 80 1 80 57

PMET Al6061 2.50 - 2.60 Al1.0Mg0.5Si0.2Cu 2.55 160 100 - 2 40 -

PMET Al6061-T6 2.50 - 2.60 Al1.0Mg0.5Si0.2Cu 2.55 240 210 - 1 70 -

PMET Al14Si 2,55 - 2,65 Al2.5Cu0.5Mg14Si 2.62 200 150 100 1 80 79

PMET Al14Si-T6 2.55 - 2.65 Al2.5Cu0.5Mg14Si 2.62 320 300 80 <1 115 79

PMET Al7075 2.74 - 2.78 Al5.5Zn1.6Cu2.5Mg 2.76 315 270 80 1.2 100 65

PMET Al7075-T6 2.74 - 2.78 Al5.5Zn1.6Cu2.5Mg 2.76 420 410 120 1 135 65

Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite Materials (Al MMC)2)

PMET AlMMC1 2.69 - 2.74 AlXCuXMgXCeram 2.70 260 230 4)

3 110 65

PMET AlMMC1-T6 2.69 - 2.74 AlXCuXMgXCeram 2.70 340 310 4)

1.5 115 66

Thermal Management Materials

PMET Al6021-SP 2.69 - 2.71 AlXMgXSn 2.70 100 40 - 12 - -

1)
In addition to the elements mentioned, further alloying elements up to 2 % are admitted.
2)
Other MMC materials are currently under development
3)
FEL - Based on 10,000,000 cycles of completely reversed stress (R = -1) using an R. R. Moore type of instrument. Specimens prepared and polished in
accordance with ASTM standard E111-04
4)
Being evaluated
5)
Sizing will reduce the elongation

6
 Chemical Compositions (Standard)1) Standard References II

C Cu Ni Mo Cr Si P Mn Fe Others
DIN
ISO MPIF
Remark 30910
5755 35
[wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] Sint-

case hardening steel2) 0.1 - 0.5 - - - - - - - bal <2 D 00 -F-00-120 n/a

0.3 - 0.7 - - - - - - - bal. <2 D 01 -F-05-170 F-0005-25

hardenable 0.3 - 0.7 1.5 - 2.5 - - - - - - bal. <2 D 11 -F-05C2-300 FC-0205-45

hardenable 0.3 - 0.7 1.5 - 2.5 - - - - - - bal. <2 E 11 n/a n/a

case hardening steel2) 0.1 - 0.5 - - 0.6 - 1.1 - - - - bal. <2 n/a n/a n/a

case hardening steel2) 0.1 - 0.5 - - 0.6 - 1.1 - - - - bal. <2 n/a n/a n/a

UTS: Ultimate Tensile Strength FEL: Fatigue Endurance Limit YS: Yield Strength
A, El: Fracture Elongation E: Youngs Modulus
I

Chemical Compositions (Standard)1) Standard References II

DIN
Al Cu Zn Si Mg Others ISO ASTM
Remark 30903 MPIF
[wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] 5755 B595-95
Sint-

bal. 4.0 - 5.0 - 0.7 0,5 <0.5 D73/E73 n/a n/a ACT1-2014 type II

T6 heat treated bal. 4.0 - 5.0 - 0.7 0,5 <0.5 F73 n/a n/a ACT6-2014 type II

bal. 0.2 - 0.5 1 <0.5 E73 n/a n/a AT1-6061 type II

T6 heat treated bal. 0.2 - 0.5 1 <0.5 E73 n/a n/a AT6-6061 type II

bal. 2.0 - 3.0 - 13 - 15 0.5 <0.5 n/a n/a n/a n/a

T6 heat treated bal. 2.0 - 3.0 - 13 - 15 0.5 <0.5 n/a n/a n/a n/a

bal. 1.6 5.0 - 6.0 - 2.5 <1 n/a n/a n/a n/a

T6 heat treated bal. 1.6 5.0 - 6.0 - 2.5 <1 n/a n/a n/a n/a

bal. X - - X <10 n/a n/a n/a n/a

T6 heat treated bal. X - - X <10 n/a n/a n/a n/a

Thermal Con-
ductivity:
bal. - - - X <15 n/a n/a n/a n/a
230 - 240 W/
(m·K)
UTS: Ultimate Tensile Strength FEL: Fatigue Endurance Limit YS: Yield Strength
A, El: Fracture Elongation E: Youngs Modulus

7
 Stainless Steels 4)

Standard References I Typical Properties (References)

GKN Typical A2) Hard- Hard-

Density Typical UTS YS 0,2 FEL3) E
SM Material density El2) ness ness Remark
[g/cm3] composition1) [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [GPa]
Code [g/cm3] [%] HB HRB

PMET SS303C-N1 6.4 - 6.8 Fe18Cr9Ni 6.40 270 220 90 <1 - 62 105 Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere

PMET SS303C-N2 6.4 - 6.8 Fe18Cr9Ni 6.50 380 290 110 5 - 63 115 Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere

PMET SS303D-N2 6.8 - 7.2 Fe18Cr9Ni 6.90 470 310 145 10 - 70 140 Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere

PMET SS303C-H 6.4 - 6.8 Fe18Cr9Ni 6.60 270 120 105 17 - 21 115 Hydrogen atmosphere

PMET SS303D-H 6.8 - 7.2 Fe18Cr9Ni 6.90 330 170 130 20 - 35 140 Hydrogen atmosphere

PMET SS304C-N 6.4 - 6.8 Fe18Cr10Ni 6.60 370 280 105 5 125 - 115 Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere

PMET SS304C-N1 6.4 - 6.8 Fe19Cr10Ni 6.40 300 260 105 <1 - 61 105 Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere

PMET SS304C-N2 6.4 - 6.8 Fe19Cr10Ni 6.50 390 280 125 10 - 62 115 Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere

PMET SS304D-N2 6.8 - 7.2 Fe19Cr10Ni 6.90 480 310 160 13 - 68 140 Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere

PMET SS304C-HL 6.4 - 6.8 Fe19Cr10Ni 6.60 280 170 110 10 - 35 115 Hydrogen atmosphere

PMET SS304C-H 6.4 - 6.8 Fe19Cr10Ni 6.60 300 120 115 23 - 30 115 Hydrogen atmosphere

PMET SS304D-H 6.8 - 7.2 Fe19Cr10Ni 6.90 390 180 145 26 - 45 140 Hydrogen atmosphere

PMET SS304E-N > 7.2 Fe18Cr10Ni 7.25 520 420 140 2.5 130 - 160 sintered with shrinkage at HT

PMET SS316C-N 6.4 - 6.8 Fe16Cr12Ni2,5Mo 6.60 410 270 120 2 115 - 115 Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere

PMET SS316C-N1 6.4 - 6.8 Fe17Cr12Ni2.5Mo 6.4 280 230 75 <1 - 59 105 Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere

PMET SS316C-N2 6.4 - 6.8 Fe17Cr12Ni2.5Mo 6.5 410 270 95 10 - 62 115 Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere

PMET SS316C-HL 6.4 - 6.8 Fe17Cr12Ni2.5Mo 6.6 240 170 105 7 - 33 115 Hydrogen atmosphere

PMET SS316C-H 6.4 - 6.8 Fe17Cr12Ni2.5Mo 6.6 280 140 90 18 - 20 115 Hydrogen atmosphere

PMET SS316D-N 6.8 - 7.2 Fe16Cr12Ni2,5Mo 6.90 480 310 130 3 130 - 135 Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere

PMET SS316D-H 6.8 - 7.2 Fe16Cr12Ni2,5Mo 6.90 280 200 90 8 80 - 135 Hydrogen atmosphere

PMET SS409CbE-H > 7.2 Fe12Cr0,5Nb 7.25 380 200 130 12 100 - 160 sintered with shrinkage at HT

PMET SS409D-H 6.8 - 7.2 Fe11Cr0.5Cb 7.0 320 180 - 14 - 45 165 Hydrogen atmosphere

PMET SS410C 6.4 - 6.8 Fe12Cr-0.2C 6.5 720 710 240 <1 - 23 HRC 125 Tempered at 180°C
Nitrogen containing sintering
PMET SS410C-N 6.4 - 6.8 Fe12Cr 6.60 420 320 120 <1 220 - 115
atmosphere
PMET SS410D-H 6.8 - 7.2 Fe12Cr 6.9 330 180 125 16 - 45 165 Hydrogen atmosphere

PMET SS430C-N 6.4 - 6.8 Fe16Cr 6.60 450 330 125 1 240 - 115 Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere

PMET SS430C-H 6.4 - 6.8 Fe16Cr 6.60 270 190 90 6 90 - 115 Hydrogen atmosphere

PMET SS430D-N2 6.8 - 7.2 Fe16Cr 7.1 410 240 170 5 - 70 170 Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere

PMET SS430D-H 6.8 - 7.2 Fe16Cr 7.1 340 210 170 20 - 45 170 Hydrogen atmosphere

PMET SS434D-N2 6.8 - 7.2 Fe16Cr1Mo 7.0 410 240 150 8 - 65 165 Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere

PMET SS434D-H 6.8 - 7.2 Fe16Cr1Mo 7.0 340 210 150 15 - 50 165 Hydrogen atmosphere

PMET SS434C-N 6.4 - 6.8 Fe16Cr1Mo 6.60 460 340 130 1 250 - 115 Nitrogen cont. sint. atmosphere

1)
In addition to the elements mentioned, further alloying elements up to 2 % are admitted.
2)
Sizing will reduce the elongation.
3)
Bending load. 2 x 106 cycles, notch factor αk = 1.0 (ref. 30912 Part 6); R = -1.
4)
Corrosion resistance depending on sintering temperature and medium.

8
 Chemical Compositions (Standard)1) Standard References II

DIN
C Ni Mo Cr Si P Mn Fe Others ISO MPIF
30910
[wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] 5755 35
Sint-

< 0.15 8.0 - 13.0 - 17.0 - 19.0 <1 < 0.20 < 2.0 bal. <2 n/a -FL303-170N SS-303N1-25

< 0.15 8.0 - 13.0 - 17.0 - 19.0 <1 < 0.20 < 2.0 bal. <2 n/a n/a SS-303N2-35

< 0.15 8.0 - 13.0 - 17.0 - 19.0 <1 < 0.20 < 2.0 bal. <2 n/a -FL303-260N SS-303N2-38

< 0.03 8.0 - 13.0 - 17.0 - 19.0 <1 < 0.20 < 2.0 bal. <2 n/a n/a SS-303L-12

< 0.03 8.0 - 13.0 - 17.0 - 19.0 <1 < 0.20 < 2.0 bal. <2 n/a n/a SS-303L-15

<0.1 8.0 - 12.0 - 18.0 - 20.0 <1 <0.04 <2 bal. <2 n/a -FL304-210N SS 304N2-33

< 0.08 8.0 - 12.0 - 18.0 - 20.0 <1 < 0.04 < 2.0 bal. <2 n/a -FL304-210N SS-304N1-30

< 0.08 8.0 - 12.0 - 18.0 - 20.0 <1 < 0.04 < 2.0 bal. <2 n/a n/a SS-304N2-33 I
< 0.08 8.0 - 12.0 - 18.0 - 20.0 <1 < 0.04 < 2.0 bal. <2 n/a -FL304-260N SS-304N2-38

< 0.03 8.0 - 12.0 - 18.0 - 20.0 <1 < 0.04 < 2.0 bal. <2 n/a n/a SS-304H-20

< 0.03 8.0 - 12.0 - 18.0 - 20.0 <1 < 0.04 < 2.0 bal. <2 n/a n/a SS-304L-13

< 0.03 8.0 - 12.0 - 18.0 - 20.0 <1 < 0.04 < 2.0 bal. <2 n/a n/a SS-304L-18

<0.1 8.0 - 12.0 - 18.0 - 20.0 <1 <0.04 <2 bal. <2 n/a -FL304-210N SS 304N2-33

<0.1 10.0 - 14.0 2.0 - 3.0 16.0 - 18.0 <1 <0.04 <2 bal. <2 C 40 -FL316-170N SS 316N2-33

< 0.08 10.0 - 14.0 2.0 - 3.0 16.0 - 18.0 < 1.0 < 0.04 < 2.0 bal. <2 C 40 -FL316-170N SS-316N1-25

< 0.08 10.0 - 14.0 2.0 - 3.0 16.0 - 18.0 < 1.0 < 0.04 < 2.0 bal. <2 C 40 n/a SS-316N2-33

< 0.03 10.0 - 14.0 2.0 - 3.0 16.0 - 18.0 < 1.0 < 0.04 < 2.0 bal. <2 C 40 n/a SS-316H-20

< 0.03 10.0 - 14.0 2.0 - 3.0 16.0 - 18.0 < 1.0 < 0.04 < 2.0 bal. <2 C 40 n/a SS-316L-15

<0.1 10.0 - 14.0 2.0 - 3.0 16.0 - 18.0 <1 <0.04 <2 bal. <2 D 40 -FL316-260N SS 316N2-38

<0.1 10.0 - 14.0 2.0 - 3.0 16.0 - 18.0 <1 <0.04 <2 bal. <2 D 40 -FL316-150 SS 316L-22
Nb / Cb
<0.1 0 - 0.5 - 11.5 - 13.5 <1 <0.04 <1 bal. n/a n/a SS 409LE
0.3 - 1
< 0.03 - - 10.50 - 11.75 < 1.0 < 0.04 <1 bal. <2 n/a n/a SS-409L

< 0.25 - - 11.50 - 13.50 < 1.0 < 0.04 <1 bal. <2 n/a -FL410-620H SS-410-90HT

<0.1 - - 11.5 - 13.5 <1 <0.04 <1 bal. <2 C 43 -FL410-140 SS 410

< 0.03 - - 11.50 - 13.50 < 1.0 < 0.04 <1 bal. <2 C 43 -FL410-140 SS-410L-20

<0.1 - - 16.0 - 18.0 <1 <0.04 <1 bal. <2 C 42 -FL430-170 SS 430

<0.1 - - 16.0 - 18.0 <1 <0.04 <1 bal. <2 C 42 -FL430-170 SS 430L

< 0.08 - - 16.00 - 18.00 < 1.0 < 0.04 <1 bal. <2 n/a n/a SS-430N2-28

< 0.03 - - 16.00 - 18.00 < 1.0 < 0.04 <1 bal. <2 n/a -FL430-170 SS-430L-24

< 0.08 - 0.75 - 1.25 16.00 - 18.00 < 1.0 < 0.04 <1 bal. <2 n/a n/a SS-434N2-28

< 0.03 - 0.75 - 1.25 16.00 - 18.00 < 1.0 < 0.04 <1 bal. <2 n/a -FL434-170 SS-434L-24

<0.1 - 0.75 - 1.25 16.0 - 18.0 <1 <0.04 <1 bal. <2 n/a -FL434-170 SS 434

UTS: Ultimate Tensile Strength FEL: Fatigue Endurance Limit YS: Yield Strength
A, El: Fracture Elongation E: Youngs Modulus

9
 Powder Forged Steels
Standard
Typical Properties (References)
References I

GKN Typical A2) Hard-

Density 1) UTS YS 0.2 FEL3) E C Cu
SM Material Typical composition density El2) ness Remark
[g/cm3] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [GPa] [wt.-%] [wt.-%]
Code [g/cm3] [%] HB

PMET 1022F-H2 >7.6 Fe2Cu-0,2C 7.65 380 250 150 24 125 200 case hardening steel4) < 0.3 1.5 - 2.5

PMET 1026F >7.6 Fe2Cu-0,6C 7.65 810 530 270 12 250 200 0.4 - 0.8 1.5 - 2.5

PMET 1026FA >7.81. Fe2Cu-0.6C 7.83 950 610 4406) 8 27 HRC 210 5)
1.8 - 2.2

PMET 1036FA >7.81 Fe3Cu-0.6C 7.83 1045 745 7)

12 32 HRC 210 5)
2.8 - 3.2

PMET 4202FA >7.82 Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn-0.2C 7.84 520 380 7)

25 84 HRB 210 5)
< 0.15

PMET 4202FA >7.82. Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn-0.2C 7.84 830 690 7)

23 26 HRC 210 quench + temper 5)
< 0.15

PMET 4202FA >7.82 Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn-0.2C 7.84 1210 970 7)

9 38 HRC 210 quench + temper 5)
< 0.15

PMET 4202FA >7.81 Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn-0.4C 7.83 900 690 7)

15 28 HRC 210 quench + temper 5)
< 0.15

PMET 4202FA >7.81 Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn-0.4C 7.83 1320 830 7)

9 38 HRC 210 quench + temper 5)
< 0.15

PMET 4202F-H2 >7.6 Fe0,45Ni0,6Mo0,25Mn-0,2C 7.65 520 380 180 20 150 200 case hardening steel4) < 0.3 -

PMET 4206F >7.6 Fe0,45Ni0,6Mo0,25Mn-0,6C 7.65 760 520 250 12 230 200 0.4 - 0.8 -

PMET 4206FA >7.8 Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn-0.6C 7.82 870 1170 7)

12 26 HRC 210 5)
< 0.15

PMET 4206FA >7.8 Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn-0.6C 7.82 1250 1160 7)

8 40 HRC 210 quench + temper 5)
< 0.15

PMET 4206FA >7.8 Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn-0.6C 7.82 1860 1650 7)

2 50 HRC 210 quench + temper 5)
< 0.15

PMET 4206F-H1 >7.6 Fe0,45Ni0,6Mo0,25Mn-0,6C 7.65 1310 1170 420 5 38 HRC 200 quench + temper 0.4 - 0.8 -

PMET 4602FA >7.82 Fe1.75Ni0.55Mo0.15Mn-0.2C 7.84 550 410 7)

20 96 HRB 210 5)
< 0.15

PMET 4602FA >7.82 Fe1.75Ni0.55Mo0.15Mn-0.2C 7.84 970 900 7)

24 28 HRC 210 quench + temper 5)
< 0.15

PMET 4602FA >7.82 Fe1.75Ni0.55Mo0.15Mn-0.2C 7.84 1310 1070 7)

9 38 HRC 210 quench + temper 5)
< 0.15

PMET 4602FA >7.81 Fe1.75Ni0.55Mo0.15Mn-0.4C 7.83 900 830 7)

15 28 HRC 210 quench + temper 5)
< 0.15

PMET 4602FA >7.81 Fe1.75Ni0.55Mo0.15Mn-0.4C 7.83 1310 1070 7)

13 38 HRC 210 quench + temper 5)
< 0.15

PMET 4602F-H2 >7.6 Fe1.8Ni0.55Mo-0.2C 7.65 550 410 200 20 180 200 case hardening steel4) < 0.3 -

PMET 4606FA >7.81 Fe1.75Ni0.55Mo0.15Mn-0.6C 7.83 960 660 7)

13 29 HRC 210 quench + temper 5)
< 0.15

PMET 4606FA >7.81 Fe1.75Ni0.55Mo0.15Mn-0.6C 7.83 970 900 7)

13 28 HRC 210 quench + temper 5)
< 0.15

PMET 4606FA >7.81 Fe1.75Ni0.55Mo0.15Mn-0.6C 7.83 1310 1070 7)

12 38 HRC 210 quench + temper 5)
< 0.15

PMET 4606FA >7.81 Fe1.75Ni0.55Mo0.15Mn-0.6C 7.83 1650 1380 7)

6 48 HRC 210 quench + temper 5)
< 0.15

1)
In addition to the elements mentioned, further alloying elements up to 2 % are admitted.
2)
Sizing will reduce the elongation.
3)
Bending load. 2 x 106 cycles, notch factor αk = 1.0 (ref. 30912 Part 6); R = -1.
4)
Case hardening or carbo-nitriding is perfomed depending on the required case depth and is in general followed by a stress relief operation as well.
5)
Carbon content shall be as specified by the purchaser. Unless agreed upon between the purchaser and manufacturer, the forged product carbon content shall
be within +/- 0.1% of the specified carbon content.
6)
For FEL, polished specimen and R = 0.1. Runout 1 x 107 cycles. Other fatigue information available on request.
7)
Details on request.

10
 Chemical Compositions (Standard)1) Standard References II

DIN
Ni Mo Cr Si P Mn Fe Others ISO MPIF ASTM
30910
[wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] 5755 35 B 848
Sint-

- - - - - - bal. <2 F 10 n/a P/F-11C20 n/a

- - - - - - bal. <2 F 11 n/a P/F-11C60 n/a

< 0.1 < 0.05 < 0.1 < 0.03 < 0.03 0.30 - 0.60 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-11C60 P/F-11C60 Grade A

< 0.1 < 0.05 < 0.1 < 0.03 < 0.03 0.30 - 0.60 bal. <2 n/a n/a n/a n/a

0.40 - 0.50 0.55 - 0.65 < 0.1 < 0.03 < 0.03 0.25 - 0.35 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-4220 P/F-4220 Grade A

0.40 - 0.50 0.55 - 0.65 < 0.1 < 0.03 < 0.03 0.25 - 0.35 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-4220 P/F-4220 Grade A

0.40 - 0.50 0.55 - 0.65 < 0.1 < 0.03 < 0.03 0.25 - 0.35 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-4220 P/F-4220 Grade A
I
0.40 - 0.50 0.55 - 0.65 < 0.1 < 0.03 < 0.03 0.25 - 0.35 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-4240 P/F-4240 Grade A

0.40 - 0.50 0.55 - 0.65 < 0.1 < 0.03 < 0.03 0.25 - 0.35 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-4240 P/F-4240 Grade A

0.3 - 0.6 0.3 - 0.7 - - - 0.1 - 0.4 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-4220 n/a

0.3 - 0.6 0.3 - 0.7 - - - 0.1 - 0.4 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-4260 n/a

0.40 - 0.50 0.55 - 0.65 < 0.1 < 0.03 < 0.03 0.25 - 0.35 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-4260 P/F-4260 Grade A

0.40 - 0.50 0.55 - 0.65 < 0.1 < 0.03 < 0.03 0.25 - 0.35 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-4260 P/F-4260 Grade A

0.40 - 0.50 0.55 - 0.65 < 0.1 < 0.03 < 0.03 0.25 - 0.35 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-4260 P/F-4260 Grade A

0.3 - 0.6 0.3 - 0.7 - - - 0.1 - 0.4 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-4260 n/a

1.75 - 2.00 0.50 - 0.60 < 0.1 < 0.03 < 0.03 0.10 - 0.25 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-4620 P/F-4620 Grade A

1.75 - 2.00 0.50 - 0.60 < 0.1 < 0.03 < 0.03 0.10 - 0.25 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-4620 P/F-4620 Grade A

1.75 - 2.00 0.50 - 0.60 < 0.1 < 0.03 < 0.03 0.10 - 0.25 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-4620 P/F-4620 Grade A

1.75 - 2.00 0.50 - 0.60 < 0.1 < 0.03 < 0.03 0.10 - 0.25 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-4640 P/F-4640 Grade A

1.75 - 2.00 0.50 - 0.60 < 0.1 < 0.03 < 0.03 0.10 - 0.25 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-4640 P/F-4640 Grade A

1.4 - 2.2 0.3 - 0.7 - - - 0.1 - 0.4 bal. <2 F 30 n/a P/F-4620 n/a

1.75 - 2.00 0.50 - 0.60 < 0.1 < 0.03 < 0.03 0.10 - 0.25 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-4660 P/F-4660 Grade A

1.75 - 2.00 0.50 - 0.60 < 0.1 < 0.03 < 0.03 0.10 - 0.25 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-4660 P/F-4660 Grade A

1.75 - 2.00 0.50 - 0.60 < 0.1 < 0.03 < 0.03 0.10 - 0.25 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-4660 P/F-4660 Grade A

1.75 - 2.00 0.50 - 0.60 < 0.1 < 0.03 < 0.03 0.10 - 0.25 bal. <2 n/a n/a P/F-4660 P/F-4660 Grade A

UTS: Ultimate Tensile Strength FEL: Fatigue Endurance Limit YS: Yield Strength
A, El: Fracture Elongation E: Youngs Modulus

11
 Bearing Materials (DIN-/ISO-Standard Info)

Standard References I Typical Properties (References)

GKN Density Typical Typical density Porosity2) K-Factor3) Hardness C

Remark
SM Material Code [g/cm3] composition1) [g/cm3] [%] [N/mm2] HB [wt.-%]

PMET B-ILD 5.6 - 6.0 Fe 5.8 26 170 30 Fe-base -

PMET B-IMD 6.0 - 6.4 Fe 6.2 21 220 40 Fe-base -

PMET B-T1LD 5.6 - 6.0 Fe2Cu 5.8 26 200 40 Fe-base -

PMET B-T1MD 6.0 - 6.4 Fe2Cu 6.2 21 250 50 Fe-base -

PMET B-FLD4) 5.6 - 6.0 Fe36Cu4Sn1C 5.8 27 90 40 Fe-base 0.8 - 1.2

PMET B-FMD4) 6.0 - 6.4 Fe36Cu4Sn1C 6.2 22 120 50 Fe-base 0.8 - 1.2

PMET B-M211LD4) 5.4 - 5.8 Fe1,5Cu3C 5.6 24 70 45 Fe-base 2.5 - 3.5

PMET B-M211MD4) 5.8 - 6.2 Fe1,5Cu3C 6.0 18 80 55 Fe-base 2.5 - 3.5

PMET B-M36MD4) 6.0 - 6.4 Fe3Cu1,5C 6.2 18 170 60 Fe-base 1.0 - 2.0

PMET B-M21MD4) 6.0 - 6.4 Fe2Cu0,4C 6.2 20 270 70 Fe-base 0.2 - 0.6

PMET B-MP208LD4) 5.6 - 6.0 Fe20Cu1,8C 5.8 25 120 40 Fe-base 1.2 - 2.4

PMET B-MP208MD4) 6.0 - 6.4 Fe20Cu1,8C 6.2 20 140 50 Fe-base 1.2 - 2.4

PMET B-QLD 6.4 - 6.8 Cu9Sn 6.6 25 140 30 Bronze -

PMET B-QMD 6.8 - 7.2 Cu9Sn 7.0 20 180 35 Bronze -

PMET B-H4LD4) 6.2 - 6.6 Cu9Sn1,5C 6.4 24 120 30 Bronze 1.0 - 2.0

PMET B-H4MD4) 6.6 - 7.0 Cu9Sn1,5C 6.8 19 160 35 Bronze 1.0 - 2.0

1)
In addition to the elements mentioned, further alloying elements up to 2 % are admitted.
2)
The oil content is at least 90 % of the open porosity.
3)
Values determined after sizing.
4)
Carbon mainly in the form of free graphite.

12
 Chemical Compositions (Standard)1) Standard References II

Cu Sn Fe Others DIN ISO MPIF

[wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] 30910 Sint- 5755 35

- - bal. <2 A 00 -F-00-K170 n/a

- - bal. <2 B 00 -F-00-K220 n/a

1.5 - 2.5 - bal. <2 A 10 -F-00C2-K200 F-0000-K15

1.5 - 2.5 - bal. <2 B 10 -F-00C2-K250 F-0000-K23

32.0 - 40.0 3.5 - 4.5 bal. <2 n/a -F-03C36T-K90 n/a

32.0 - 40.0 3.5 - 4.5 bal. <2 n/a -F-03C36T-K120 n/a

1.0 - 2.0 - bal. <2 n/a -F-03G3-K70 FG-0303-K10

I
1.0 - 2.0 - bal. <2 n/a -F-03G3-K80 FG-0303-K12

2.5 - 3.5 - bal. <2 B 11 n/a n/a

1.5 - 2.5 - bal. <2 B 11 n/a n/a

18.0 - 22.0 - bal. <2 A 22 n/a n/a

18.0 - 22.0 - bal. <2 B 22 n/a n/a

bal. 7.0 - 11.0 - <2 A 50 -C-T10K-140 CT-1000-K26

bal. 7.0 - 11.0 - <2 B 50 -C-T10K-180 CT-1000-K37

bal. 7.0 - 11.0 - <2 A 51 -C-T10GK-120 CTG-1001-K17

bal. 7.0 - 11.0 - <2 B 51 -C-T10GK-160 CTG-1001-K23

See special GKN catalogue for bearing materials

13
 Bearing Materials (US-Standard Info)

Standard References I Typical Properties (References)

GKN Typical Minimum

Wet Density Typical MIn. K-Factor
SM Material Wet Density Oil Content Remark
[g/cm3] Composition1) [N/mm2]
Code [g/cm3] [%]

PMET B-B0000 6.0 - 6.4 Cu10Sn 6.2 130 24 Low graphite bronze

PMET B-B0000-A 6.4 - 6.8 Cu10Sn 6.6 180 19 Low graphite bronze

PMET B-B0000-B 6.8 - 7.2 Cu10Sn 7.0 260 12 Low graphite bronze

PMET B-B00012 6.0 - 6.4 Cu10Sn1C 6.2 120 22 Medium graphite bronze

PMET B-B00012-A 6.4 - 6.8 Cu10Sn1C 6.6 160 17 Medium graphite bronze

PMET B-B00012-A 6.8 - 7.2 Cu10Sn1C 7.0 210 17 Medium graphite bronze

PMET B-B00025-A 5.8 - 6.2 Cu10Sn3C 6.0 70 11 High graphite bronze

PMET B-B00025-B 6.2 - 6.6 Cu10Sn3C 6.4 100 5 High graphite bronze

PMET B-DB10365-A 5.6 - 6.0 Fe36Cu4Sn1C 5.8 110 22 Diluted bronze

PMET B-DB10365-B 6.0 - 6.4 Fe36Cu4Sn1C 6.2 150 17 Diluted bronze

PMET B-DB005410-A 5.6 - 6.0 Cu38Fe6Sn1C 5.8 100 22 Diluted bronze

PMET B-DB005410-B 6.0 - 6.4 Cu38Fe6Sn1C 6.2 150 17 Diluted bronze

PMET B-1000-A 5.6 - 6.0 Fe 5.8 100 21 Iron

PMET B-1000-B 6.0 - 6.4 Fe 6.2 160 17 Iron

PMET B-1005-A 5.6 - 6.0 Fe0.5C 5.8 140 21 Iron-Carbon

PMET B-1005-B 6.0 - 6.4 Fe0.5C 6.2 190 17 Iron-Carbon

PMET B-1008-A 5.6 - 6.0 Fe0.8C 5.8 140 21 Iron-Carbon

PMET B-1008-B 6.0 - 6.4 Fe0.8C 6.2 220 17 Iron-Carbon

PMET B-1020-A 5.6 - 6.0 Fe2Cu 5.8 140 22 Iron-Copper

PMET B-1020-A 6.0 - 6.4 Fe2Cu 6.2 230 17 Iron-Copper

PMET B-10100-A 5.6 - 6.0 Fe10Cu 5.8 140 22 Iron-Copper

PMET B-10100-B 6.0 - 6.4 Fe10Cu 6.2 210 19 Iron-Copper

PMET B-1025-A 5.6 - 6.0 Fe2Cu0.5C 5.8 140 22 Iron-Copper-Carbon

PMET B-1025-B 6.0 - 6.4 Fe2Cu0.5C 6.2 240 17 Iron-Copper-Carbon

PMET B-1028-A 5.6 - 6.0 Fe2Cu0.8C 5.8 170 22 Iron-Copper-Carbon

PMET B-1028-B 6.0 - 6.4 Fe2Cu0.8C 6.2 280 17 Iron-Copper-Carbon

PMET B-1058-A 5.6 - 6.0 Fe5Cu0.8C 5.8 240 22 Iron-Copper-Carbon

PMET B-1058-B 6.0 - 6.4 Fe5Cu0.8C 6.2 320 17 Iron-Copper-Carbon

PMET B-10208-A 5.6 - 6.0 Fe20Cu0.8C 5.8 300 22 Iron-Copper-Carbon

PMET B-10208-B 6.0 - 6.4 Fe20Cu0.8C 6.2 320 17 Iron-Copper-Carbon

PMET B-10023G-A 5.6 - 6.0 Fe0.3C2.5Gr 5.8 170 18 Iron-Graphite

PMET B-10023G-B 6.0 - 6.4 Fe0.3C2.5Gr 6.2 240 12 Iron-Graphite

1)
In addition to the elements mentioned, further alloying elements up to 2 % are admitted.

14
 Chemical Compositions (Standard)1) Standard References II

C Cu Sn Fe Graphite Others DIN 30910

ISO-5755 MPIF
[wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] [wt.-%] Sint-

0.0 - 0.3 87.2 - 90.5 9.5 - 10.5 - - <2 - -C-T10K-110 CT-1000-K19

0.0 - 0.3 87.2 - 90.5 9.5 - 10.5 - - <2 A 50 -C-T10K-140 CT-1000-K26

0.0 - 0.3 87.2 - 90.5 9.5 - 10.5 - - <2 B 50 -C-T10K-180 CT-1000-K37

0.5 - 1.8 85.7 - 90.0 9.5 - 10.5 - - <2 - -C-T10GK-90 CTG-1001-K17

0.5 - 1.8 85.7 - 90.0 9.5 - 10.5 - - <2 A 51 -C-T10GK-120 CTG-1001-K23

0.5 - 1.8 85.7 - 90.0 9.5 - 10.5 - - <2 B 51 -C-T10GK-160 CTG-1001-K30

2.5 - 5.0 82.8 - 88.3 9.5 - 10.5 - - <2 n/a n/a CTG-1004-K10
I
2.5 - 5.0 82.8 - 88.3 9.5 - 10.5 - - <2 n/a n/a CTG-1004-K15

0.5 - 1.3 34.0 - 38.0 3.5 - 4.5 54.2 - 62.0 - <2 n/a -F-03C36T-K90 FCTG-3604-K16

0.5 - 1.3 34.0 - 38.0 3.5 - 4.5 54.2 - 62.0 - <2 n/a -F-03C36T-K120 FCTG-3604-K22

0.5 - 1.3 50.2 - 58.0 5.5 - 6.5 50.2 - 58.0 - <2 n/a -F-03C45T-K70 CFTG-3806-K14

0.5 - 1.3 50.2 - 58.0 5.5 - 6.5 50.2 - 58.0 - <2 n/a -F-03C45T-K100 CFTG-3806-K22

0.0 - 0.3 0.0 - 1.5 - 96.2 - 100.0 - <2 A 00 -F-00-K170 F-0000-K15

0.0 - 0.3 0.0 - 1.5 - 96.2 - 100.0 - <2 B 00 -F-00-K220 F-0000-K23

0.3 - 0.6 0.0 - 1.5 - 95.9 - 99.7 - <2 A 01 n/a F-0005-K20

0.3 - 0.6 0.0 - 1.5 - 95.9 - 99.7 - <2 B 01 n/a F-0005-K28

0.6 - 0.9 0.0 - 1.5 - 95.6 - 99.4 - <2 A 01 n/a F-0008-K20

0.6 - 0.9 0.0 - 1.5 - 95.6 - 99.4 - <2 B 01 n/a F-0008-K32

0.0 - 0.3 1.5 - 3.9 - 93.8 - 98.5 - <2 A 10 F-00C2-K200 FC-0200-K20

0.0 - 0.3 1.5 - 3.9 - 93.8 - 98.5 - <2 B 10 F-00C2-K200 FC-0200-K34

0.0 - 0.3 9.0 - 11.0 - 86.7 - 91.0 - <2 n/a n/a FC-1000-K20

0.0 - 0.3 9.0 - 11.0 - 86.7 - 91.0 - <2 n/a n/a FC-1000-K30

0.3 - 0.6 1.5 - 3.9 - 93.5 - 98.2 - <2 n/a n/a FC-0205-K20

0.3 - 0.6 1.5 - 3.9 - 93.5 - 98.2 - <2 B 11 n/a FC-0205-K35

0.6 - 0.9 1.5 - 3.9 - 93.2 - 97.9 - <2 n/a n/a FC-0208-K25

0.6 - 0.9 1.5 - 3.9 - 93.2 - 97.9 - <2 B 11 n/a FC-0208-K45

0.6 - 0.9 4.0 - 6.0 - 91.1 - 95.4 - <2 n/a n/a FC-0508-K35

0.6 - 0.9 4.0 - 6.0 - 91.1 - 95.4 - <2 B 11 n/a FC-0508-K46

0.6 - 0.9 18.0 - 22.0 - 75.1 - 81.4 - <2 A 22 n/a FC-2008-K44

0.6 - 0.9 18.0 - 22.0 - 75.1 - 81.4 - <2 B 22 n/a FC-2008-K46

0.0 - 0.5 - - - 2.0 - 3.0 <2 n/a -F-03G3-K70 FG-0303-K10

0.0 - 0.5 - - - 2.0 - 3.0 <2 n/a -F-03G3-K80 FG-0303-K12

15
 Sintered Soft Magnetic Materials

Standard References I Typical Properties 1)

Bmax
GKN Typical Coercivity A
@ 1200 Perme- Hard- Hard- UTS YS0,2 E Compo-
SM Material Density Hc El
A/m ability ness ness [MPa] [MPa] [GPa] sition
Code [g/cm³] [A/m] [%]
[T]
PM4EM 1000D 7.0 145 1.05 2,300 50 HRF 50 HB 195 115 12 140 Fe

PM4EM 1000E 7.25 145 1.20 2,900 55 HRF 55 HB 255 155 17 155 Fe

PM4EM 10P40D 7.15 120 1.25 3,200 55 HRB 95 HB 380 270 12 155 Fe0.45P

PM4EM 10P40E 7.4 120 1.35 3,600 65 HRB 115 HB 415 280 15 170 Fe0.45P

PM4EM 10S30D 7.2 80 1.30 5,000 75 HRB 135 HB 380 275 15 155 Fe3Si

PM4EM 50NiE 7.5 25 1.20 10,000 40 HRB 80 HB 275 170 15 110 Fe50Ni

PM4EM SS410C 6.7 390 1.15 340 85 HRB 165 HB 280 150 10 125 Fe12Cr

PM4EM SS410D 7.0 330 1.23 410 95 HRB 210 HB 320 190 14 140 Fe12Cr

PM4EM SS430C 6.7 320 1.06 320 70 HRB 120 HB 300 170 12 125 Fe16Cr

PM4EM SS430D 7.0 280 1.17 370 90 HRB 185 HB 340 200 16 140 Fe16Cr

1)
Properties can be influenced and optimized by the proper selection of processing conditions.
Consult an GKN Sinter Metals expert on the specifics of the application for the best solution.
2)
C <0.1 wt-%; Co < 0.1 wt-%

Soft Magnetic Composites (SMC)

Typical Properties*

GKN Iron losses at 1T

SM Material Coercivity
Code B @ 10 kA/m
Permeability Hc P @ 50Hz P @ 400Hz P @ 1000Hz
[T]
[A/m] [W/kg] [W/kg] [W/kg]

PM4EM 10 1.56 502 249 6 59 168

PM4EM 10-HS 1.55 550 272 6 69 229

PM4EM 11 1.56 472 249 6 59 164

PM4EM 11-HS 1.59 557 260 6 59 176

PM4EM 15 1.4 259 256 7 61 174

PM4EM 15-HS 1.36 376 406 7 70 205

PM4EM 35 1.3 337 327 6 56 152

PM4EM 35-HS 1.26 332 392 8 72 201

* Tested with standard rings

16
 Chemical Composition2) Standard References II

DIN Applications
Fe P Ni Si Cr Other DIN EN
30910 MPIF
[wt-%] [wt-%] [wt-%] [wt-%] [wt-%] [wt-%] 10331
Sint-

bal. - - - - < 0.5 S-Fe-165 D 00 FF-0000-20W

bal. - - - - < 0.5 S-Fe-150 E 00 FF-0000-20X

bal. 0.45 - - - < 0.5 S-FeP-130 D 35 FY-4500-17X

applications at DC & low frequency cur-
bal. 0.45 - - - < 0.5 S-FeP-110 E 35 FY-4500-17Y rent or permant magnetic systems

bal. - - 3 - < 0.5 S-FeSi-80 n/a FS-0300-12X

bal. - 50 - - < 0.5 S-FeNi-20 n/a FN-5000-5Z

bal. - - - 13 <1 n/a C 43 SS-410L

I
bal. - - - 13 <1 n/a D 43 SS-410L applications at DC & low frequency cur-
rent or permant magnetic systems with
bal. - - - 18 <1 n/a C 42 SS-430L high corrosion resistance

bal. - - - 18 <1 n/a D 42 SS-430L

UTS: Ultimate Tensile Strength YS: Yield Strength A, El: Elongation

E: Youngs Modulus

Transverse
Rupture Applications
Density
P @ 2000Hz Strength
[g/cm³]
[W/kg] TRS
[MPa]

384 39 up to 7.4

617 121 up to 7.4

377 42 up to 7.5

426 136 up to 7.5

BLDC electric motors; transverse and axial flux machines; transformers; high
385 48 up to 7.3 frequency softmagnetic application

501 100 up to 7.3

329 62 up to 7.3

498 149 up to 7.3

17
 MIM - Case Hardened Steels

Sintered Heat Treated Chemical Compositions1)

Material A
Density Rm Rp 0.2 A Hardn. Rm Rp 0.2 Hardn. C Ni Cr Mo Mn
El
[g/cm³] [MPa] [MPa] [%] [HV 10] [MPa] [MPa] [HV 10] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%]
[%]

1.90-
IMET Ni 2 > 7,40 280 140 25 90 by agreement < 0.1 - - -
2.20
7.50-
IMET Ni 8 > 7,40 350 200 15 90 by agreement < 0.1 - - -
8.50
0.12- 0.40- 0.40- 0.15-
IMET 8620 > 7,40 400 220 15 90 by agreement -
0.23 0.70 0.60 0.25

MIM - Corrosion Resistant Steels

Sintered Heat Treated Chemical Composition1)

Material A
Density Rm Rp 0.2 A Hardn. Rm Rp 0.2 Hardn. C Ni Cr Mo Mn Si
EL
[g/cm³] [MPa] [MPa] [%] [HV 10] [MPa] [MPa] [HV 10] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%]
[%]

10.00- 16.00- 2.00-

IMET 316 L > 7.60 450 160 40 105 n/a <0.03 <2 <1
14.00 18.00 3.00

15.50-
IMET 430 > 7.40 350 200 20 190 n/a <0.08 - - <1 <1
17.50

3.00- 15.00-
IMET 17-4 PH > 7.50 800 700 3 250 1000 950 2 350 <0.07 - <1 <1
5.00 17.50

MIM - Heat Treatable Steels

Sintered Heat Treated Chemical Composition1)

Material Hard- A
Density Rm Rp 0.2 A Rm Rp 0.2 Hardness C Ni Cr Mo Mn Si
ness EL
[g/cm³] [MPa] [MPa] [%] [MPa] [MPa] [HV 10] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%]
[HV 10] [%]

0.40- 1.90-
IMET Ni 2C > 7.40 450 250 5 170 1000 800 2 600 - - - -
0.70 2.20
0.40- 7.50-
IMET Ni 8C > 7.40 700 350 3 320 1200 1000 2 600 - - - -
0.70 8.50
0.35- 0.90- 0.15-
IMET Cr Mo 4 > 7.40 600 350 4 110 1350 1150 2 450 - - -
0.45 1.20 0.30
0.45- 0.50- 0.40- 0.25- 0.30-
IMET 8740 > 7.40 600 350 5 180 1600 1100 1 450 -
0.55 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.55

1500 1250 1 450 0.80- 1.35-

IMET Cr 6 > 7.40 950 630 5 250 - - - -
1400 1100 0.5 650 1.05 1.65

1)
Percent by weight

18
 Other Designation

Properties Applications
Si Cu Fe Mat no: AISI/SAE/
Others
[%] [%] [%] DIN MPIF

MPIF MIM - carbonyl iron

- - bal. n/a
2200 with 2% nickel high strength, fatigue strength, high
mechanical engineering
MPIF MIM - carbonyl iron surface hardness
- - bal. n/a
2700 with 8% nickel
AISI/SAE for parts with the highest mechanical gear segments, crown wheels, cam-
- - bal. 1.6523 21 NiCrMo 2
8620 loading, high surface hardness shafts, tools, mechanical engineering

I
Other Designation

Properties Applications
Cu Nb Fe Mat no:
AISI/SAE Others
[%] [%] [%] DIN

excellent corrosion resistance, austenitic,

X 2 Cr- apparatus engineering, chemical
non-magnetic, moderate hardness, high
- - bal. 1.4404 AISI 316 L NiMo 17 industry, watchmaking and jewellery,
ductility, excellent polished surface and
13 2 medical technology
shape reproduction
high strength and corrosion resistance,
- - bal. 1.4016 AISI 430 X 6 Cr 17 automotive industry
ferritic
pump components, medical enginee-
3.00- 0.15- SAE J 467 X 5 CrNi- high corrosion resistance, martensitic, ferro- ring, automotive industry, mechanical
bal. 1.4542
5.00 0.45 (17-4PH) CuNb 17 4 magnetic, precipitation hardening engineering, aircraft and shipbuilding
industries

Other Designation

Properties Applications
Fe Mat no:
AISI/SAE Others
[%] DIN

carbonyl iron
bal. n/a n/a
with 2% nickel miscellaneous applications (e. g. mechanical engi-
excellent surface finish, high strength
carbonyl iron neering, firearm components)
bal. n/a n/a
with 8% nickel
AISI/SAE mechanical engineering, firearms, gearbox com-
bal. 1.7225 42 CrMo 4
4140 high strength and ductility, large heat ponents
AISI/SAE treated diameter wear resistant, highly loaded components in me-
bal. 1.6546 40NiCrMo2 2
8740 chanical engineering and automotive industry

AISI/SAE cold working tool steel, high wear resis-

bal. 1.3505 100 Cr 6 mechanical engineering
52100 tance, high hardness

Rm: ultimate tensile strength RP0.2: yield strength A, El: elongation to fracture

19
 MIM - Soft Magnetic Steels

Sintered Heat Treated Chemical Comp

Material Hard- A
Density Rm Rp 0.2 A Rm Rp 0.2 Hardn. C Ni Cr Mo Mn
ness El
[g/cm³] [MPa] [MPa] [%] [MPa] [MPa] [HV 10] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%]
[HV 10] [%]

IMET Si 3 > 7.40 450 300 20 160 n/a < 0.1 - - - -

IMET FN 50 > 7.40 400 150 25 110 n/a < 0.1 49.50-50.50 - - -

IMET F S > 7.40 220 100 40 60 n/a < 0.1 - - - -

MIM - Alloys for High Temperature Applications

Sintered Heat Treated Chemical Com

Material A
Density Rm Rp 0.2 A Hardn. Rm Rp 0.2 Hardn. C Ni Cr Mo Co Al
El
[g/cm³] [MPa] [MPa] [%] [HV 10] [MPa] [MPa] [HV 10] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%]
[%]

IMET GHS-4 *) >7.70 700 550 1 310 n/a 2.0-2.4 38.0-42.0 11.0-13.0 5.0-7.0 - -

IMET 310N **) >7.55 650 380 7 220 n/a 0.20-0.50 19.0-22.0 24.0-26.0 - - -

IMET N 90 ***) > 7.8 1000 620 10 280 1100 650 10 300 ≤ 0.13 bal. 18.0-21.0 - 15.0-21.0 1.0-2.0

*)
Heat and wear resistant alloy
**)
Heat resistant alloy
***)
Superalloy

MIM - Tool Steels

Sintered Heat Treated Chemical

Material A
Density Rm Rp 0.2 A Hardn. Rm Rp 0.2 Hardness C Cr W
El
[g/cm³] [MPa] [MPa] [%] [HV 10] [MPa] [MPa] [HV 10] [%] [%] [%]
[%]

IMET M2 > 7.70 1100 700 1 480 - - - 800 0.95-1.05 3.80-4.50 5.50-6.75

1)
Percent by weight

20
 position1) Other Designation

Properties Applications
Si Cu Fe Mat no:
AISI/SAE/MPIF Others
[%] [%] [%] DIN

MPIF carbonyl iron w. for pole shoes and relay components

2.50-3.00 - bal. 1.0884
MIM-Fe-3%Si 3% silicium relatively high (where fast magnetic reversal is required)
MPIF carbonyl iron w. permeability
- - bal. 1.3926
MIM-Fe-50%Ni 50% nickel
pole shoes, relay parts, rotors, stators, etc.
- - bal. n/a n/a carbonyl iron high polarisation

mposition1) Other Designation

Properties Applications
Ti Si Mn V Nb Fe Mat no:
AISI/SAE Others
[%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] DIN

high application tempe-

- 1.5-1.9 0.8-1.3 0.8-1.0 - bal. n/a n/a PI Ni 40 Cr 12 Mo 6 turbocharger
rature, wear resistant
application temperature
- 0.75-1.30 <1.5 - 1.2-1.5 bal. 1.4848 ACI HK 30 G- X40 CrNiSi 25 20 turbocharger
up to 850 °C
nickel base alloy for
SAE J775
3.0-4.0 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0 - - ≤ 1.5 2.4632 NiCr 20 Co 18 Ti highest temperature turbocharger
(HEV-6)
applications

Composition1) Other Designation

Properties Applications
Mo V Fe Mat no:
AISI/SAE Others
[%] [%] [%] DIN

wear resistant high-speed

4.50-5.50 1.75-2.20 bal. 1.3342 AISI M2 SC 6-5-2 cutting knives, nozzles
steel

Rm: ultimate tensile strength RP0.2: yield strength A, El: elongation to fracture

21
 Economical and Ecological Aspects

The PM production technique excels when compared with
the cost of other different metal shaping processes. Three
important criteria characterize the process:
• 100 % material utilization (no scrap loss)
• wide variety of designs possible with limited
impact on production costs, and according
to customer application needs
• wide range of adaptability of material properties to
the function of the components
• environmental friendly
In spite of the fact that metal powder is more expensive
than conventional steel, this difference is offset by the ad-
vantage of nearly 100 % material utilization. This holds for
the typical PM part of less than 1 kg in weight and also for
heavier parts, whereas the initial weight of the conventional
steel blank is much greater than that of the machined part.
The large amount of design capability leads to parts that
may combine several functions in one component, often
replacing multiple piece assemblies made by blanking or
machining. For example, inner and outer gears, through and
blind holes of varied profiles, and countersunk or stepped
openings may be produced in a single shaping operation.
The efficiency depends on the operating speed of the press,
the flow properties of the powder and the height of the com-
ponents to be compacted. The sintering costs are influenced
by the required material quality, sintering temperature and
time, protective atmosphere, but are fairly independent
from parts geometry.
The parameters of the manufacturing process are deter-
mined by the functional requirements of the component
properties, related to the chemical composition, density
and precision of the component. Cost comparison with
competing technologies, such as stamping, cold extrusion,
precision casting, precision forging and plastic moulding is
strongly influenced by requirements of material, shape and
production quantity.
The higher the requirements on material properties, the
closer the tolerances required, and larger the production
quantity the greater the advantage is for using a sintered
component. Even when machining is necessary due to close
tolerances or to geometry, the overall economics of a sin-
tered blank often turn out to be favourable.
Although the PM shaping process is flexible as to quanti-
ties, initial investment in tooling requires larger production
runs.
A further significant advantage - the PM process saves nat-
ural resources through recycling, conserves raw materials
and the manufacturing process yields low emissions.
TM

22
Index of Contents II

Part I: Material Lists

Sintered Steels 4
Surface Densified Sintered Steels 6
PM Aluminium Materials 6
Stainless Steels 8
Powder Forged Steels 10
Bearing Materials (DIN-/ISO-Standard Info) 12
Bearing Materials (US-Standard Info) 14
Sintered Soft Magnetical Materials 16
Soft Magnetic Composits (SMC) 16
MIM - Case Hardened Steels 18
MIM - Corrosion Resistant Steels 18
MIM - Heat Treatable Steels 18
MIM - Soft Magnetic Steels 20
MIM - Alloys for High Temperatur Applications 20
MIM - Tool Steels 20

Part II: Sintered Metal Processes

Economical Aspects 22
Index of Contents II 23
Material Forming Processes 24
Production Process 26
Auxiliary Operations 27
Compacting Tool 28
Principle of PM-Tools 29
Surface Quality on PM Parts 30
Hardness Comparison Table 32
Design Guidelines 34
Technical Support 36
Markets 38
GKN - Innovation by Research and Development 40
Quality - QS-Management 42
Notes 43

23
 Material Forming Processes

General Remarks
The sinter metal process covers a wide range of manufactured parts; from highly porous materials for filter applications, to full or
near full dense components such as sinter forged engine and gear box parts.

Conventional PM
The majority of PM products are manufactured using the “Conventional” method pio-
neered in the 1930’s. Improvements in materials and processes has resulted in a new
class of high performance, consistent, competitive and creative product.

Aluminium PM
New PM Aluminium materials developed by GKN are challenging paradigms about
material performance offering a new option to engineers when weight reduction and
performance improvement are priorities.

Porous Metal Filters

Filters and associated components based on GKN’s controlled porosity materials are
depended on in a wide variety of demanding applications where traditional filters are
unable to deliver the required performance.

Powder Forging
This process step creates a nearly full dense part with high dynamic loads by utilizing
a closed die which creates high axial precision.

24
Soft Magnetic PM
Growing demand for electric motors and electro-mechanical systems has highlighted
a need for new design and material solutions. PM technology and new soft magnetic
materials enable engineers to develop smaller products with improved performance.

Surface Densified PM
A new PM technology that enables high density performance where required, without
the weight penalty of fully dense products. This is an ideal process for complex, highly
stressed gears requiring high performance and light weight.
II

Metal Injection Moulding

Delivering the three dimensional shape capability of plastic injection moulding com-
bined with the performance of alloy steels, stainless steels and high temperature al-
loys, MIM is uniquely positioned to solve extreme product challenges.

Sintered Bearings
Sintered self-lubricating bearings are indispensible machine elements. When used in
typical applications, they are much more cost effective than roller bearings and even
require less space. In contrast to plastic bearings, sintered bearings exhibit a pore vol-
ume of 15 to 30 percent which serves as an oil reservoir for the entire lifetime.

25
 Production Process

1. Blending / Mixing
Lubricant Graphite
Raw material in powder form is mixed according to the specified Copper
composition. Powder
Prealloyed powders may be used as well as elemental powders.
Iron
Alloying Elements Powder Powder Blends

2. Compaction

Compaction of components is carried out in specially designed

tools. By selecting the compaction pressure usually in the range
of 400 - 800 MN/m2, the density can be varied within wide lim-
its.

3. Sintering

During sintering (heating under controlled conditions of time,

temperature and protective atmosphere) the compacted parts
obtain their mechanical strength. Sintering, which takes place
below the melting temperature of the major constituent of the
material, results in interparticle bonding without appreciably Lubricant Sintering Cooling
changing the shape of the component. During sintering diffusion burn-off
and recrystallization occur.

4. Sizing / Forging

Sizing: Sintering may produce small dimensional changes in the

compacts. Therefore, parts with very close tolerances, are sized
in separate tools. The sized component has an excellent surface
finish.
Forging: To produce parts for extremely high duty applications
a forging operation is carried out at high temperature instead of
sizing at room temperature and with the advantage of no need
for burr removal. Sizing Forging

5. Finished Part

In most of the cases the production process ends latest after siz-
ing / forging, leaving behind the finished part. However, if the
customer requires closer tolerances or more complex shapes,
GKN is able to fulfill these with auxiliary operations.

26
Production Process - Optional Auxiliary Operations

Joining Machining Heat treatment Surface treatment

Optional Auxiliary Operations - Examples

II
Turned inner cone Turned outer diameter

Surface densification Ground surface

by rolling process

Induction hardened Organic coated surface

teeth

27
 The Compacting Tool

Part complexity requires sophisticated compacting tool de-

sign, the use of core rods for holes, split punches and ad-
justable powder fills for multilevel parts. For achieving uni-
form density in the part, the respective motions of die and
lower punches are calculated and programmed in the press
operating cycle. Upper punch

Even undercuts can be produced with a special technology

being invented by GKN Sinter Metals. Die

In most cases, tooling is made from high speed steel or car-

bide, and the life time may range from 10,000 to millions of Die plate
parts, depending on complexity, materials and tolerances.
Lower punch

Core rod

Base plate

Joining plate

For the production of the PM components, the metal pow-

der must be compressed so that the individual particles will
cold-weld at their contact points to make a part of sufficient
‘green’ strength to be handled and of a density great enough
to meet specified properties. The design and quality of the
compacting tool must be such that the part will be, after sin-
tering, of the desired strength and dimensions.

In the most simple case – for a tablet shape – the tool con-
sists of a die, and an upper and lower punch. Individually
controlled press movement of these tool components con-
trols the powder fill, compression stroke, and part ejection.

28
 Principle of PM-Tools - Dimensional Accuracy
The process of axial compaction offers a wide variety of
shaping possibilities and leads to excellent reproducibility
of the dimensions. The shaping of a sintered component is
essentially defined by the tool design and its manufacture.
The appropriate lay-out of the component’s geometry and
selection of the suitable material according to the PM pro-
cess has a strong influence on tool life and -consequently-
on the price of the part. It is therefore worthwhile to consider
some of the guidelines of design related to the PM process.
The specific forming parts of a tool are a die, core rod, upper
and lower punch. The most important options in the design
of a compacting tool are demonstrated in figure 1.
The die creates the outer shape of the component. It may
have any geometry. Steps or slopes are possible in the axial
direction. Bores and apertures in the direction of compact-
ing are shaped by core rods, which also may be contoured.
The face contours of the parts are shaped by punches. Sharp
chamfers or sharp junctions to the area of the outer surface
have to be avoided. Steps of max. 15 % of the final compo-
nent height can be produced without split punches.
Figure 1
Tool for a component Tool with Tool with stepped
stepped die
with 1 cross section conical die
Tool for a component Tool with double Tool with split die
with multi cross top punch for a
section component with
multiple cross
section
Figure 2
Tolerance classes of unmachined, sized components
To avoid tooling problems a minimum wall thickness of
2 mm should be maintained. The following aspects are im-
portant for the ejection of the part from the die:
• Ejection draft angles on profile of the outer surface
are not necessary
• Face contours should have draft angles of less
than 7°
• Junctions and edges should have radii when formed in
the die
Possibilities to press threads, grooves and bores perpendic-
ular to the compacting direction are very limited and most
often need to be added as secondary machining. However
due to a special GKN owned technology undercuts are very
possible to a certain extent.
The design guidelines are shown on page 34.
Dimensional Accuracy
GKN Sinter Metals endeavours during the development II
phase to find a custom tailored solution for production runs
and offers components fulfilling exactly the requirements of
dimensional accuracy and performance.
The design and manufacturing of the tools directly influence
the tolerances of the components. Tolerances of shape and
position are mainly influenced by the tool assembly. They
are governed by the clearances between punches and die or
punches and core rods respectively. For parts with several
split punches (multi level parts) the clearances add up to re-
duce the total accuracy. Tolerances in height are influenced
by the stiffness of the compacting or sizing presses and are
typically between 0.1 and 0.2 mm. Closer tolerances as de-
scribed above (Figure 2) can be attained by additional ma-
chining operations. The small distortion caused by sintering
process can be corrected by sizing (cold repressing) of the
parts. Depending on density and material of a part an im-
provement of the dimensional quality can be achieved from
e.g. ISO/IT 8-9 to ISO/IT 6-7. An additional advantage of
the sizing step is the increase in density and improvement
of the surface quality. Additional influences on the dimen-
sional accuracy of a component are caused by subsequent
surface or heat treatment operations.
29
 Surface Quality on PM Parts (ISO 23519)

Today surface qualities on sintered parts are often still de-

fined by Rt, Ra or Rz using values that seem to be based on 500 µm
10 µm
experiences with machined surface qualities on non porous
materials.

Due to the special (porous) structure of PM components the

surface measurement with current measuring devices ac-
cording to DIN EN ISO 4287 und 4288 is misleading and
does not reflect the high quality of sintered surfaces. Hence
deep pores may create extremely high Rt values even though
the surface is plateau like and thus contains extraordinary a) St 50 fine turned (Pt ~ 30)
well gliding properties.

By comparing profiles of surfaces from machined parts with

500 µm
porous PM components it becomes obvious that PM mate- 10 µm
rials offer without doubt an improved surface smoothness
although the Pt values from the compared St 50 vs. PM mea-
surement plots are almost identical.

Due to the special surface properties of sintered parts it is

therefore recommended to define roughness in Rpk and Rk
(see ISO 23519). The adjoining pictures and table 1 serve
to illustrate this.
c) Sint-C 00 as sintered (Pt ~ 30)

Figures a - d) Surface profiles of materials according to table 1

Rough
Figure Processing Condition
Rt Ra
a) St 50 fine turned 10.7 1.28
b) St 50 grinded 4.2 0.6
c) SINT-C 00 as sintered 28 1.9
d) SINT-C 00 sized 10.6 1.22

Table 1
Surface roughness measured on different processing conditions
of steel and PM parts (examples)

30
 500 µm
10 µm

b) St 50 grinded (Pt ~ 6)

500 µm
10 µm

II

d) Sint-C 00 sized (Pt ~ 6)

Contact Area in %
ness Values in μm
at Cutting Depth c
Rz Rpk Rk 1 μm 2 μm 4 μm
8.2 4.5 5.4 <1 6 12
3.6 1.3 1.4 <1 71 100
18 1.4 1.4 <1 56 72
7.8 0.8 0.6 96 98 100

31
 Hardness Comparison Table

Tensile Vickers Brinell Rockwell Hardness

Strength Hardness Hardness
Rm HV (F>98 N) HB HRC HRA HRB HRF
255 80 76,1

285 90 85,6 48,0 82,6

320 100 95,1 56,2 87,0

350 110 104,6 62,3 90,5

385 120 114,1 66,7 93,6

415 130 123,6 71,2 96,4

450 140 133,1 75,0 99,0

480 150 142,6 78,7 101,4

510 160 152,1 81,7 103,6

545 170 161,6 85,0 105,5

575 180 171,1 87,1 107,0

610 190 180,6 89,5 108,7

640 200 190,1 91,5 110,1

675 210 199,7 93,5 111,3

705 220 209,2 95,0 112,4

740 230 218,7 96,7 113,4

770 240 228,2 20,3 60,7 98,1 114,3

800 250 237,7 22,2 61,6 99,5 115,1

835 260 247,2 24,0 62,4 101

865 270 256,7 25,6 63,1 102

900 280 266,2 27,1 63,8 104

930 290 275,7 28,5 64,5 105

965 300 285,2 29,8 65,2

1030 320 304,2 32,2 66,4

1095 340 323,3 34,4 67,6

32
 Tensile Vickers Brinell Rockwell Hardness
Strength Hardness Hardness
Rm HV (F>98 N) HB HRC HRA HRB HRF
1155 360 342,3 36,6 68,7

1220 380 361,3 38,8 69,8

1290 400 380,3 40,8 70,8

1350 420 399,3 42,7 71,8

1420 440 418,3 44,5 72,8

1485 460 437,3 46,1 73,6

1555 480 456,4 47,7 74,5

1595 490 465,9 48,4 74,9

1665 510 484,9 49,8 75,7

1740 530 503,9 51,1 76,4

1810 550 522,9 52,3 77,0

1880 570 541,9 53,6 77,8

1955 590 560,9 54,7 78,4 II

2030 610 580,0 55,7 78,9

2105 630 599,0 56,8 79,5

2180 650 618,0 57,8 80,0

2251 670 637,0 58,8 80,6

2325 690 656,0 59,7 81,1

2399 720 684,5 61,0 81,8

2472 760 722,6 62,5 82,6

2546 800 760,6 64,0 83,4

2619 840 798,6 65,3 84,1

2693 880 836,7 66,4 84,7

2766 920 874,7 67,5 85,3

2840 940 893,7 68,0 85,6

33
 Design Guidelines I

A ≥ 2 mm B ≥ 2 mm
C ≤2xA D ca. 3 x ø 1
R 0.3 - 1.5 α max. 30°
N 0.01/1 mm

Gear pitch dia. up to max. Ø 2. Ø 2 up to

pitch dia. or more, inner or outer chamfers
see detail “Z”; Posi-tioning/identification
Mark “M” on upper face embossed < 0.2 or
optionally engraved.

E Shape acc. to DIN 8196

3 x tooth
F G ≤ 0.15 D
depth
optionally
α ≥ r/0 H
counterprofil

Undercuts, threads, cross bores not feasi-

ble by compaction (secondary operation).
Position marks, chamfers or curvatures
only in direction outer diameter, otherwise
edges too sharp.

A ≥ 1 mm C ≤ 0.2 D

Apertures and edges require radii ≥ 0.3.

Bores straight through, for blind holes di-
ameter to depth ratio max. 1:2. Except
worm gear, all other gear shapes feasible;
helical gear only up to 30° max.

Round apertures
preferred. Version A or B preferred Burr 0.15 permissible Replace sharp edges by
Wall thickness to avoid tangential junction (burr pockets) plain diameter
S = 2 mm min.

avoid

Tangential junction

34
 Design Guidelines II

1. Axial tool design: fixed fill volume considering the fill factor
Limiting case for components with shoulder

Width / height ratio Shoulder thickness / length ratio

lower density
area with
Max. overhang: ratio b / h ≤ 5

lower density
depending on:
area with
• the powder’s edge strength
• component density
• shoulder geometry
Factor 5 only applies to a rotary symmetrical shoulder
without profile. All influences that increase wall friction
(e.g. gear teeth) reduce possible overhang.

2. General design guidelines

(ref. DIN 30912)

Avoid thin sections Apply radii

H

II
W
R

R
X
R

Avoid acute tangential

tool transitions R X 5:1
R

± 0.025
R

Tool partition

R
± 0.025 R
Tool partition
R
R

35
 Design Guidelines III

3. Design guidelines for PM-tools, wire erosion technique prefered

Original part drawing PM optimised solution

- all inner edges are rounded

- tool edges meet at right angles
- prevention of twisting by recesses in the contour

optimized geometry Alternative

Tool split section

Tool structure

Upper punch Die and core rod Lower punch 1 Lower punch 2 Tool parts assembled

36
 Technical Support
In-house Tooling
The key to manufacturing high-performance, low-cost PM
parts is the tool design. To meet customer’s most challeng-
ing shape and dimensional requirements, GKN Sinter Met-
als offers comprehensive in-house tooling capabilities, in-
cluding all major 3D-specific software.
By customizing fixtures and die sets, GKN tailors tooling
concepts to your specific applications. The result? Consid-
erations of customer’s need to ensure exceptional tool wear
and long-term tool life.
3D CAD/CAM Design Chain at GKN
• Data Exchange with the customer for design via
Electronic Data Interchange
• Additional technical conversation (meetings, calls…)
• Finite Element Analysis to fit loading conditions vs.
design
• GKN design of the part in Unigraphics (master model
and drawing)
• Customer final check and approval before design
freeze of model and drawing
• Master model driven CAD parts for every following
process step
3D Design of Tool Parts and Assembly
• Tool assembly supported by 3D
• Design of PM relevant process steps
• Bill of material CAD-based
• Table of design driving parameters
• Image of set of parameters
• Table of dimensional behaviour
• Assembly of active powder touching tool parts
• Master model driven die set
CAD/CAM Transfer for Manufacturing and Inspec-
tion of the Tools
• PDM based administration of every component within
the design area and tool department
• Transfer of CAD data to the tool shop for CAM based
manufacturing of the tools II
• CMM evaluation of PM parts and tool components for
PPAP and development
• CNC powder press for compaction of the component
CAD/CAM Design of Auxiliary Operations
• Design of jigs and gauges
• Design of fully automated production including assem-
bly steps if necessary
Finite Element Analysis at GKN Sinter Metals
• Structural and mechanical FEA on parts and tool com-
ponents
• Simulation of linear elasticity, plasticity, static and dy-
namic problems
• Process simulation as powder compaction
• Verification of results by experiments
37
 Markets
GKN Sinter Metals serves both automotive and industrial/consumer markets worldwide. As more and more companies dis-
cover the advantages of PM, our research and development team is hard at work leveraging years of product and process
expertise to find all-new cost-effective applications for a host of industries.

Engine Automatic Transmission Manual Transmission

• Aluminium cam caps • Backing
king and applied clutch plates • Clutch hubs
• Bed plate inserts • Center
ter and structural supports • Shift fingers and assemblies
• Connecting rods • Clutch
ch hubs • Shift levers, latches and support plates
• Main bearing caps • Drive
e and driven sprockets • Blocker guide pieces
• Oil pump components • Hydraulic
raulic pump parts • Clutch rings
• Pulse rings • Planetary
netary carrier housings • Cones
• Stainless flanges • Powder
wder forged one-way clutch races • Hubs
• Timing system components • Specialty
cialty aluminium parts • Planetary carriers
• Tonee wheels (for rpm sensing) • Rings (inner and outer)

Interior Applications Braking

g Systems Seating Systems
• Door & hatch lock mechanisms • ABS sensor wheels • Adjustment gears
• Rain sensor mounts • Adjusters
usters • Adjustment racks & levers
• Rearview mirror bosses • Pistons
ons • Belt latch & tensioner parts
• Sunroof parts • Valve
ve spacers & plates
• Window mechanisms

Steering Columns / Systems

• Airbag components
• Ignition lock components
• Rotors, ratchets, levers, guides & yokes
• Pump components, gears & end plates
• Upper & lower tilt mechanisms
• Shift lock mechanisms
• Telescoping parts

Miscellaneous Applications
• A/C compressor parts
• Alternator parts
• Bearings
• Bushings
• EGR valves
• Motor & drive parts
• Starter motor components Exhaust Systems
• Traction control system parts
• Wiper drive components • Bosses
• Electronic stabilization package parts • Flanges

38
GKN Sinter Metals is committed to helping customers across a variety of markets manufacture at peak efficiency and lower
overall costs. And, with the widest range of products, manufacturing capabilities and technical support in the PM industry,
GKN is the single-source supplier of choice to the lawn and garden/outdoor power equipment, home appliance and office
equipment, office and home furniture, and recreational vehicle markets, among others. Its key product lines include structural
components, bushings, bearings, gears, pumps, metal injection molded (MIM) and powder forged parts.

Lawn and Garden Outdoor Power Equipment

In this category GKN supplies components as self-lubricating bearings,

clutch plates, beveled gears, pumps and others.

Home and Office Appliances

GKN Sinter Metals is a leading supplier of transmission parts of large appli-

ances such as washing machines. Also bearings and small structural compo-
nents for blenders, food processors, other small appliances, copiers, print-
ing machines and other consumer electronics belong to the product range.

Office and Home Furniture

In the growing furniture market, GKN Sinter Metals manufactures a variety of
gear assemblies for home and office seating systems. II
Recreational Vehicles

GKN applies PM technologies to manufacture clutch drive transmission

systems for snowmobiles, four-wheelers, and all-terrain vehicles as well as
pumps and more creative applications like binder clips for snowboards.
PM components are also ideal for connecting rods, sensor rings and clutch
hubs for motorcycles, scooters and boats.

Electronic and Power Tools

Small interacting parts, gears and bearings for drills, saws and other power
electronic tools belong to the wide product range of GKN Sinter Metals.

Refrigeration

GKN Sinter Metals manufactures a variety of exacting parts like valve plates
and compressor pistons for larger food refrigeration units and HVAC sys-
tems.

39
 GKN - Innovation by Research and Development

The idea of a center for research and development be-

came reality with the construction of the GKN Technology
Center in Radevormwald, Germany.

The central R & D facility for research into all areas of pow-
der metallurgy covers an area of 3,500 m2.

From powder development to pilot production runs it is

possible here to test and realize a great variety of options
offered by powder metallurgy for the all-round service and
support of our production plants and our customers.

The GKN Technology Center is located in close vicinity to

the most diverse production facilities applying powder
metallurgy processes:

Powder forging, conventional press-and-sinter technol-

ogy, Metal Injection Molding (MIM) and other advanced
powder metal technologies.

40
State-of-the-art equipment and facilities are available.

In conjunction with the highly motivated staff of the GKN

Technology Center they form the basis for the optimization
of production-based process and product innovations.

New advanced technologies start out from here on a pro-

found basis of fundamental research and secure emerg-
ing new markets.

II

41
 GKN - Innovation by Research and Development

A materials testing laboratory with full metallographic

equipment like SEM and light microscopes allow specialists
to investigate surfaces and microstructures and to deter-
mine mechanical characteristics as well as chemical analy-
sis. Corrosion testing is continued using a climate and a salt
spray test chamber. A great variety of test procedures are
thus available for investigations ranging from materials de-
velopment to failure analysis, either for our own purposes or
for our customers.

Resonance pulsers and modern cyclic bending machines

are available for fatigue testing.

A Gammatec Densitometer is used for determination of the

density.

Static and dynamic test methods are available for the deter-
mination of soft magnetic characteristics.

Quality - QS Management
Quality management begins at the product concept stage and extends through design,
pre-production planning and the entire product life cycle. It involves ongoing education
programs, quality reporting and attention to detail every step of the way.

At GKN Sinter Metals quality is a multidisciplinary responsibility and highest priority for
each employee.

GKN Sinter Metals Certifications:

ISO 9001
ISO/TS 16949
ISO 14001
OHSAS 18001
Ford Q1

42
 Notes
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + II
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

43

GKN Locations
30 Production Facilities
in 14 Countries
on 5 Continents
For specific details and
contact information
concerning our
production facilities, go to
GKNSinterMetals.com.
GKNSinterMetals.com
GLOBAL SALES OFFICES
AMERICAS EUROPE
USA United Kingdom
2200 N. Opdyke Road Nottingham, United Kingdom
Auburn Hills, MI 48326-2431 P.O. Box 9211
infona@gknsintermetals.com Nottingham, NG10 9BD, England
infoengland@gknsintermetals.com
Brazil
Av. Emancipação, 4.500 Germany
CEP 13186-542 Krebsöge 10
Hortolandia – SP, Brazil 42 477 Radevormwald, Germany
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ASIA Italy
China Fabrikstraße 5
Suite 1105-1110, POS Plaza 39 031 Bruneck (BZ), Italy
1600 Century Avenue infoitaly@gknsintermetals.com
Pudong, Shanghai 200122, China
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Mölndal, Sweden
India P.O. Box 186, SE-431 23
146 Mumbai - Pune Road Mölndal, Sweden
Pimpri, Pune 411018 infosweden@gknsintermetals.com
Maharashtra, India
infoindia@gknsintermetals.com France
6 Lotissement les Cruzettes
Japan 38210 Tullins, France
Senri Life Science Center Bldg.10F infofrance@gknsintermetals.com
1-4-2 ShinSenri Higashi-machi
Toyonaka-city, Osaka, 560-0082 Spain
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Lema (La Coruña), Spain
AFRICA infospain@gknsintermetals.com
South Africa
P.O. Box 156, Sacks Circle
Bellville 7530, South Africa
infoafrica@gknsintermetals.com
© Copyright by GKN
© Copyright Sinter
2014, GKNMetals
Sinter -Metals
Rev. 3.1