MALAYAN COLLEGES LAGUNA

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE FEASIBILITY OF ELIMINATING FLOOD

PROBLEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES THROUGH PERVIOUS CONCRETE.

By:

Conde, Joan Claire

Dueñas, Clarisse A.

Gonzaga, Ram Voltaire

Natan, Hannah Jaylinne R.

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

I. Background of the study

Rainy weather in the Philippines has been considered a norm in the country, being one of its

seasons. Usually from June to November (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and

Astronomical Services Association [PAGASA], 2015), the rainy season is notorious for bringing

natural disasters, such as landslides and flooding. Flash floods has ever been a problem on urban

and rural areas alike. In fact, according to The World Bank (2017), typhoons and floods are the

most devastating in terms of social and economic impact; 80 percent of all accounted deaths, 90

percent of all accounted of affected people, and 92 percent of the total economic impact. This

natural disaster affects an enormous amount of people in the country. As the community expands

there would be an increase expanses of impermeable surfaces that has a negative impact to the

environment. Such problems are pollution of surface water, flooding and erosion of stream banks,

the water table not being adequately recharged, formation of stagnate water puddles, and heat

island effect. In relation, flooding can also affect the financial markets, government offices and

schools, which can lead to cancellation of work days or classes; port operations and several flights,

which can lead to cancellation of operations. This leads to the desire to do a research to provide a

way to lessen or even eliminate flooding in the country where flood water levels are increasing

every year. Thus, several agencies of the Government of the Philippines took action against

flooding in the country. Some implemented solutions were spillways, flood control systems, and

efficiently-designed sewage systems (Palafox, 2014). But was it all effective?

 An efficient solution that the government should consider is the installation of pervious

concrete in the sidewalks of common roads. Pervious concrete are surfaces that allows water to

percolate through to avoid run off in surrounding areas, filter the water from urban pollutants, and

functions like grass as it allows the ground below to breathe (Walker, 2013). As stated above, it

can also give positive effects for the environment. The implementation of pervious concrete might

be a challenge but it can certainly help the country.

II. Statement of the Problem

The complete elimination of flooding caused by heavy rains can be difficult. Several solutions

that were already implemented may or may not have a huge impact on the planned reduction of

the floods. Therefore, it is important to know if pervious concrete can be effectively used as a

solution for floods. Specific questions that the researchers aims to answer are the following:

1. What is the feasibility of pervious concrete to eliminate flood?

2. Can pervious concrete fully eliminate flood in the Philippines?

3. Do pervious concretes can be easily clogged?

4. Can pervious concrete be durable enough to be applied on the sidewalks in the

Philippines?
III. Objectives of the Study

The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of permeable concrete that allows

infiltration of stormwater rather than creating runoff and other sources of water to percolate into

the base layer below the concrete. The main objectives of this study are to:

1. Identify the feasibility of pervious concrete to eliminate flood.

2. Determine if pervious concrete can fully eliminate floods in the Philippines.

3. Determine if pervious concrete can be easily clogged.

4. Determine if pervious concrete is durable enough to be applied on the sidewalks in the

Philippines

IV. Assumptions

In the study, the researchers will test if the pervious concrete can totally eliminate flooding in the

Philippines. The study is conducted based on the following assumptions:

1. That engineers and architects will consider using pervious concrete as a probable solution for

flooding.

2. That businessmen will likely start to consider acquiring the required materials for a proper

mixture of pervious concrete.

3. That the government and populace will properly maintain the orderliness of the surroundings

to sustain the workability of pervious concrete.

V. Hypothesis

1. Pervious concrete is feasible enough to eliminate flashfloods in the Philippines.

Pervious concrete is not feasible enough to eliminate flashfloods in the Philippines.

2. Pervious concrete can fully eliminate flashfloods in the Philippines

Pervious concrete cannot fully eliminate flashfloods in the Philippines.

3. Pervious concrete can be clogged easily.

Pervious concrete cannot be clogged easily.

4. Pervious concrete is durable enough to be applied on the sidewalks in the Philippines.

Pervious concrete is not durable enough to be applied on the sidewalks in the

Philippines.

VI. Conceptual Framework

VII. Significance of the Study

Based on the thoughts and assumptions of the researchers, that if this study would be successful,

it would be able to help the following:

BUSINESSES. It can also help businesses before the wet season eventually comes because

previous concrete can reduce or eliminates the flood especially for those who are affected by

flashfloods. Additionally, heavy rains will not be a hurdle in their businesses.

COMMUNTIY. In this study, the people in the community will be the beneficiaries especially for

those who are affected by flashfloods because pervious concrete can reduce or even eliminate the

flood by itself.

ECONOMICS. Pervious concrete has lower installation costs, permits the use of existing sewer

systems, and can increase land utilization.

ENVIRONMENT. The concrete can reduce the amount of untreated runoff discharging into storm

sewers. It can also directly recharge groundwater to maintain aquifer levels, channel more water

to tree roots and landscaping so, there is less need for irrigation. Additionally, it can also mitigate

pollutants that can contaminate watersheds and harm sensitive ecosystems, eliminate hydrocarbon

pollution from asphalt pavements and sealers and lastly, it has a lower life-cycle costs.

RESEARCHERS. The ideas presented may be used as reference data in conducting new

researches or in testing the validity of other related findings. The study will also serve as their

cross-reference that will give them a background or an overview about the pervious concrete as a

solution for flooding.

SOCIETY. The societal benefits that pervious concrete exhibits are shared by conventional

concrete. Easily recognizable by users is the dry surface that is constant on pervious concrete

pavement surfaces. The high drainage rates of pervious concrete pavement lead to immediate

movement of stormwater off the surface, therefore resulting in splash and puddle free areas. These

benefits that pervious concrete provides to the local community are significant and a key reason

why this material can be used in applications to achieve sustainable results.

VIII. Scope and Delimitation

The main focus of this study is to pay attention on the full efficiency and effectiveness of pervious

concrete. Gathering the required components for pervious concrete, cement mix, water, and

admixtures, with different types of coarse aggregates. Previous studies indicate that pervious

concrete has lower compressive strength capabilities than conventional concrete and will only

support light traffic loadings. Voids are supposed to reduce the strength of concrete, therefore, the

goal is to find a balance between water, aggregate, and cement in order to increase strength and

permeability, two characteristics which tend to counteract one another. In this study, also

determined are appropriate traffic loads and volumes so that the pervious concrete is able to

maintain its structural integrity. The research will also conduct an experiment in testing the

capability and some specifications that affects the efficiency of the pervious concrete. The

timeframe of this study will range and finish for the span of S.Y 2018-2019, starting from July to

May and will be conducted at Cabuyao Laguna, Philippines.

IX. Limitations of the study

The study has weaknesses which beyond our control. The researchers are only to assess pervious

concrete neither permeable nor porous concrete, which has the same purpose that is to lessen and

eliminate flooding, but the three differ in function and components. Furthermore, the researchers

are not professionals in the field this in mind the researchers will have to rely on other academic

sources as a basis or guideline for the research. Additionally, the access to literature is limited, so

this research has some gaps that the researchers cannot identify. Also, the timeframe of this study

is inadequate, therefore the researchers cannot accumulate all possible information’s. Lastly,

some of the tools and equipment’s are not accessible, hence, the researchers were not able to test

some of the features accurately.

X. DEFINITION OF TERMS

ADMIXTURES. It is the action of adding an ingredients to something else.

AGGREGATE. It is a broad category of coarse particulate material used in construction,

including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates.

BATCHING. It is the process of measuring and combining the ingredients of concrete (cement,

water, sand, aggregates) as per mix design.

COMPRESSIVE STREGHT. It is measured on materials, components and structures.

CONCRETE. It is a construction material composed of cement, fine aggregates (sand) and coarse

aggregates mixed with water which hardens with time.

CONSOLIDATION. It is the process of making something stronger or more solid.

DRAINAGE SYSTEM. It is a system of watercourses or drains for carrying off excess water.

DURABILITY. It is the ability to withstand wear, pressure, or damage.

INFILTRATION. It is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil.

PERVIOUS CONCRETE. It is a type of concrete with a high porosity that allows water to pass

through the concrete slab.

STAGNATE. It is used to describe water that has ceased its movement, or becoming trapped in a

deeper area of surfaces

STORMWATER RUNOFF. It is the flow of water that washes over a developed area after

precipitation event.

WATER PUDDLES. A small pool of water, usually dirty or muddy. After raining, this usually

forms when the water has become stagnant.

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

I. Flood problems in the Philippines

One of the most common problem that has been encountered from the past and until now is

flooding. This natural disaster affects enormous amount of people in the country. The Philippines

is prone to natural disasters due to the fact that it is located beneath the typhoon belt in the Pacific

ring of Fire. There are approximately five typhoons that are destructive out of 20 typhoons that is

expected to visit every year. The Philippines which is being situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire,

is one of the reasons why it has a high susceptibility to tsunami, sea level rise, storm surges,

landslides, flashfloods and drought. (ADRC, 2008). The formal President Benigno Aquino III

said that, another aspect that affects the flooding in the Philippines is the presence of informal

settlers along major rivers which certain structures are built that adds up to the obstructions in the

drainage systems and also trashes along the waterways are present because of those who are living

around it (Ellao, 2013). Also, it is caused by overflow of water from rivers, oceans, damn break

and many more. Therefore, it can cause major destruction just as other calamities.

II. Pervious Concrete

Permeable surfaces allows water to percolate into the soil to filter out pollutants and recharge the

groundwater reservoir. While, impermeable surfaces are solid surfaces that prevents water to

penetrate, forcing it to run off. Cities typically contain large expanses of impermeable surface,

causing a host of problems such as pollution of surface water, large amounts of impermeable

surfaces generate large amounts of runoff. This sudden influx of runoff into rivers can cause flash
flooding, groundwater reservoir is not adequately recharged, and surfaces where runoff has no

drainage route, therefore stormwater can puddle for long periods of time. Stagnate puddles can

become breeding places for undesirable insects such as mosquitoes. (Pineo, 2009)

III. Pervious Concrete as a Solution for Flooding

According to Cahill (2003), “The natural processes of the water cycle have been fundamentally

altered by human development and construction practices. In the Natural state, stormwater falls to

the earth and gets absorbed into the soil and vegetation where it is filtered, stores, evaporated, and

re-dispersed into the ever flowing cycle. The current state of this cycle has reduced this process

due to the vast impervious pavements which have sealed the earth’s natural filter.”

The pervious concrete is one of the solutions to lessen and even prevent the ecological

consequences. The term permeable in a pervious concrete means having pores or openings that

permit liquids or gases to pass through. It is a new fast absorbing concrete pavement solution that

can eliminate excess water from streets, parking areas, driveways and sidewalks (Lafarge Tarmac,

n.d). Also, it is a modified form of asphalt or concrete with a top layer that is pervious to water

due to voids intentionally created during mixing. The surface can be any permeable paving

material, and most surfaces are either pervious concrete, porous asphalt, or permeable interlocking

pavers, or combinations of each of these. This concrete imitates the natural process that occurs on

the ground’s surface, continuously reducing runoff and recharging the groundwater reservoir.
Permeable pavements can be an alternative to the traditional impervious pavements and due to

their porous nature; the ecological consequences can be minimized and even prevented. When an

impervious pavement is replaced with pervious pavement, stormwater is allowed to reach the soil

surface where natural processes are able to break down the pollutants (Cahill 2003). The limited

quantity or absence of fines in pervious concrete creates highly curvaceous pores that help store

stormwater within them, and reduce runoff quantity in a scientific manner. Further, the porous

nature is found to reduce the urban heat island effect, and helps maintain conducive surrounding

ambience (Neithalath et al. 2010). Pervious concrete pavement systems act as a filter, which can

retain the pollutants in the first flush of rainfall, and prevents it from entering the streams, ponds,

and rivers. Up to 75% of the total urban contaminant loads can be reduced by using pervious

concrete pavement. This provides a valuable stormwater management tool (Othman, Hardiman

2017).

According to Residential Concrete Staff (2006), the permeable concrete has produced huge

intrigue due to its availability to allow water to flow through the pavement to recharge groundwater

and minimize stormwater runoff. The structure of the permeable concrete is different from an

impermeable concrete, since impermeable concretes are not capable of absorbing. Permeable

concrete has little or no sand content, the cement paste forms a coating around the aggregates to

bond them together and interconnected voids to allow water to pass through. It is composed of air,

water, and supplementary cementing materials. It was discovered to have positive features like

increased skid resistance and high permeability but lacks strength required for highly traffic areas.

The permeable concrete is proven to have properties suitable for low volume traffic areas.

Furthermore, properties found may change depending on the aggregate particle chosen, however
this aspect requires further investigation. Nonetheless, if Permeable concrete pavements can be

implemented, it will have numerous positive effects on the environment. (Kumar, Sharma, &

Kumar, 2017)

In conclusion, permeable concrete has the developments for various land uses that are attractive,

safe, affordable, sustainable, and economical to construct and maintain (Rossmiller, 2013). It aids

the problems in line with, stormwater management, environmental management, and the expenses.

Therefore, both the humans and the environment can benefit to these project.

IV. Components

Pervious concrete is considered as one of the most important environmentally materials for

managing stormwater runoff and recharging ground water. Pervious concrete is containing little

or no fine aggregate and it consists of coarse aggregate and cement paste. The components that

will be use in this study are:

1. Portland Cement

Type I/II Portland cement is used as the cementitious material. There are the supplementary

cementitious materials such as fly ash, natural pozzolans, ground granulated blast furnace slag and

silica fume were used in some studies. Testing materials before hard through trial batching is

strongly recommended so that properties that can be important to performance (setting time, rate

of strength development, porosity, permeability etc.)

2. Aggregate

Aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay

and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete. As in conventional concrete,

pervious concrete requires aggregates to be close to a saturated, surface-dry condition, or close

monitoring of the moisture condition of aggregates should allow for accounting for the free

moisture on aggregates. The water absorbed from the mixture by aggregates that are too dry can

lead to dry mixtures that do not place or compact well, so, the control of water is very important

in pervious concrete mixtures. (Pervious Pavement, n.d.) According to Portland Cement

Association, n.d.), The selection of aggregates is an important process, although some variation in

aggregate properties is expected, characteristics that are considered include grading, durability,

particle shape and surface texture, abrasion and skid resistance, unit weights and voids, absorption

and surface moisture”.

3. Water

Water quality should be tightly controlled. According to Pervious Pavement (2018), Water to

cement ratios between 0.27 and 0.36 are used routinely with proper inclusion of chemical

admixtures, and those as high as 0.40 have been used successfully”. In pervious concrete, the

relation between strength and water to cement is not clear, because unlike conventional concrete,

the total paste content is less than the voids content between aggregates. Without flowing off of

the aggregate. A handful of pervious concrete formed into a ball will not crumble or lose is void

structure as the paste flows into the spaces between the aggregates.
4. Admixtures

In admixtures, pervious concrete and conventional concrete are also used for the same reasons.

According to Yukari Aoki ( 2009), “several chemical admixtures can be applied to pervious

concrete to obtain special properties, including retarders, hydration stabilizing admixtures, water

reducing admixtures and an air entraining admixture”. Manufacturer’s should follow the use of

chemical admixtures.

V. PROPERTIES

The pervious concrete mixture is stiff compared to traditional concrete. Concrete working time is

typically reduced for pervious concrete mixtures. Usually, one hour between mixing and placing

is all that is recommended. However, this can be controlled using retarders and hydration

stabilizers that extend the working time by as much as 1.5 hours, depending on the dosage.

Some of the hardened properties are

1. Density and Porosity. The density of pervious concrete depends on the properties and

proportions of the materials used, and on the compaction procedures used in placement.

2. Permeability. The flow rate through pervious concrete depends on the materials and placing

operations.

3. Compressive Strength. In the laboratory, pervious concrete mixtures have been found to develop

compressive strengths in the range of 500 to 4000 psi (3.5 MPa to 28 MPa), which is suitable for

a wide range of applications.

4. Sulfate Resistance. Aggressive chemicals in soils or water, such as acids and sulfates, are a

concern to conventional concrete and pervious concrete alike, and the mechanisms for attack are

similar. However, the open structure of pervious concrete may make it more susceptible to attack

over a larger area.

VI. Advantage and Disadvantages

Pervious Concrete is considered as both a pavement and a part of the drainage system. Therefore,

it can save the overall project cost. Compared to the common pavements, the permeable pavements

have many other advantages such as the ability to absorb water runoff faster, increase ground water

storage, reduce the pollutants of storm water, and regarded as green and recyclable building

materials (Bean, Bidelspach, & Hunt, 2007). It can be applied in a low volume residential roads,

bike and pedestrian pathways, swimming pool decks, driveways, sports facilities and many more.

Additionally, this kind of concrete cannot support heavily travelled roadways such as heavy goods

vehicle delivery routes for shops, traffic prone areas, areas with heavy silt loads, such as recycling

centers and so on. (Concrete network, n.d.)

There are also disadvantages and problems that have not been completely solved, and those

problems impede the use and application of permeable concrete. These concrete are not as strong

as traditional impermeable pavements; consistent pressure (like heavy vehicle braking) on it, then

the pores of the pavement will collapse. Due to this, permeable pavement isn’t ideal for building

airport runways and highways. The maintenance requirements of permeable pavement are quite

different. It is prone to clogging if the water in the reservoir isn’t drained out properly. The sand
and fine particles that can block the space between the pavers must be removed using an industrial

vacuum. If the clogging is not resolved quickly, it will cause the water and pollutants to runoff the

surface, defeating the purpose of installing permeable pavement. But, the clogging of these

pavements are not as quickly if the pavements are being swept routinely or vacuuming can restore

the porosity of the pavement. Additionally, studies have been conducted that indicate pressure

washing will restore the porosity of clogged pervious concrete to nearly new condition.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

The purpose of this study is (1) to determine the feasibility of pervious concrete to eliminate floods

in the Philippines, (2) to determine if it can fully eliminate flooding in the Philippines, (3) to

determine if pervious concrete can be easily clogged and, (4) to determine if pervious concrete is

durable enough to be applied on the sidewalks in the Philippines.

Research Design

This study used experimental quantitative design, it is a study that focuses on gathering numerical

data and generalizing it across a group of people or to explain a particular phenomenon. Most

experimental research was completely in a controlled environment (Harland, n.d.). By this

experimentation, the research can be able to show the effectiveness of the concrete and how it will

be able to eliminate or lessen the flood. The research variables are previous concrete and traditional

asphalt.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted at Cabuyao Laguna, Philippines since the tools and equipment’s

needed for the experiment are available.

Materials

Pervious concrete and conventional concrete uses the same materials except that there are usually

no or little fine aggregates. According to Pervious Pavement, (n.d.), proportioning pervious

concrete mixtures is different compared to procedures used for conventional concrete and mixture

proportions are somewhat less forgiving than conventional concrete mixtures, tight controls on

bathing of all the ingredients are necessary to provide the desired results”. The materials for this

study are:

1. Portland Cement

2. Aggregate

3. Water

4. Admixtures

Procedure

The Pervious concrete is durable, strong and water can flow right to it. The regular concrete uses

rock and sand mixed with cement to form a hard and durable material. Pervious concrete omits the

sand creating voids that water can pass through. Large installations of pervious concrete require

special mix designs and equipment, but this experimental research will only produce 6” x6”x 6”

cube, therefore, the experiment will have a basic mix with three parts rock, one part cement powder

and just enough water to hydrate the cement.

The materials that the researchers will be using are measured, (3) gallons of 3/8” pea gravel (dry),

(1) gallon cement, and (1) quart of water. The experiment will be using 3/8” pea gravel because
smaller rocks provide a smoother and more aesthetical pleasing surface. The addition of water will

be added slowly, since different types of cement and rocks requires different amount of water. The

measurement of water will be recorded to check the consistency of the pervious concrete. Too

much water can make the pervious concrete impermeable and if the addition of water is too little,

some rocks could come loose from the surface, therefore, the correct amount of water is important

to make the pervious concrete precise.

Treatment of data

The data will be collected through tests and simulation of both pervious concrete and traditional

asphalt that will give sufficient evidence, if pervious concrete has the ability to meet the tested

values for compressive strength of the traditional asphalt. This research focuses on flood

elimination and the safety of the road users. For the permeability test, the data gathered in the tests

will determine the effect and feasibility of pervious concrete to reduce or eliminate floods in the

Philippines and for the compressive strength the data shall be compared by analyzing the outputs

of the two given variables (Pervious Concrete and Conventional Concrete or Traditional asphalt).

Additionally, if the data values of the experimentation of compressive strength of pervious

concrete and traditional asphalt will be approximately equal, this research will consider that

pervious concrete is durable enough to be applied into the sidewalks in the Philippines. Lastly,

the gathered data from the tests and simulation will then be used to formulate the compressive

strength and permeability of each variable.

Table 1: Compressive Strength of Pervious Concrete and Conventional Concrete.

Test Pervious Concrete Conventional Concrete

TRIAL 1

TRIAL 2
Formula of Compressive Strength

The compressive strength test formula for any material is the load applied at the point of failure to

the cross section area of the face on which load was applied.

Compressive Strength= Load/ Cross sectional Area

Size of the cube= 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm

Area of the specimen (calculated from the mean size of the specimen) = 225 𝑐𝑚2

Formula for Permeability

The volume flow rate Q of a fluid is defined to be the volume of fluid that is passing through a

given cross sectional area per unit time. Cross sectional area used to describe the area through

which something is flowing. Since volume flow rate measures the amount of volume that passes

through an area per time. The equation or formula for the volume flow rate is,

𝑽 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
Q=𝑻 = 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
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