SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

NARCISO ST. SURIGAO CITY

FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING
(CE – 245)

ACTIVITY NO. 3

ESTIVEN M. GIER
BSCE – 2A
Problem Set 1
1.) LINEAR MEASUREMENTS. The measured length (in meters) of airport runways in five major cities in the Philippines
are: 1,250.00, 1,375.50, 1,410.75, 1,550.25, and 1,750.00. Determine the equivalent length of each runway in
kilometers, decimeters, and centimeters. Tabulate values accordingly.
𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 (𝒎) 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝑲𝒊𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 (𝒌𝒎) 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝑫𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 (𝒅𝒎) 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 (𝒄𝒎)
1250.00 𝑚 1 𝑘𝑚 10 𝑑𝑚 1 00 𝑐𝑚
1250.00 𝑚 × = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝒎 1250.00 𝑚 × = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒅𝒎 1250.00 𝑚 ×
1000 𝑚 1𝑚 1𝑚
= 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎
1375.50 𝑚 1 𝑘𝑚 10 𝑑𝑚 1 00 𝑐𝑚
1375.50 𝑚 × 1375.50 𝑚 × = 𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟓 𝒅𝒎 1375.50 𝑚 ×
1000 𝑚 1𝑚 1𝑚
= 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒎 = 𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒎
1410.75 𝑚 1 𝑘𝑚 10 𝑑𝑚 1 00 𝑐𝑚
1410.75 𝑚 × 1410.75 𝑚 × 1410.75 𝑚 ×
1000 𝑚 1𝑚 1𝑚
= 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝒎 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟓 𝒅𝒎 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟓 𝒄𝒎
1550.25 𝑚 1 𝑘𝑚 10 𝑑𝑚 1 00 𝑐𝑚
1550.25 𝑚 × 1550.25 𝑚 × 1550.25 𝑚 ×
1000 𝑚 1𝑚 1𝑚
= 𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝒎 = 𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟐. 𝟓 𝒅𝒎 = 𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎
1750.00 𝑚 1 𝑘𝑚 10 𝑑𝑚 1 00 𝑐𝑚
1750.00 𝑚 × = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝒎 1750.00 𝑚 × = 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒅𝒎 1750.00 𝑚 ×
1000 𝑚 1𝑚 1𝑚
= 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎

2.) AREA MEASUREMENTS. Given the dimensions of the following tracts of land:
A. 108.75 m by 76.82 m
B. 940.08 m by 1296.73 m
C. 13.36 m by 50.08 m
D. 1,258.30 m by 624.03 m
E. 8,476.55 m by 121.79 m

Determine the area of each tract in square meters, square kilometers, ares, and hectares.
𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐾𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝐻𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠
2 1 𝑎𝑟𝑒 1 ℎ𝑎
108.75 𝑚 × 76.82 𝑚 1 𝑘𝑚
𝟐 8354.175 𝑚 2
× 8354.175 𝑚2 × 83. 54175 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 ×
= 𝟖𝟑𝟓𝟒. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒎 1000000 𝑚2 100 𝑚 2 100 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝒎 𝟐 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟓𝟒𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒉𝒂
2 1 𝑎𝑟𝑒 1 ℎ𝑎
108.75 𝑚 × 76.82 𝑚 1 𝑘𝑚
𝟐 1219058.141 𝑚 2
× 1219058.141 𝑚2 × 12190.58141 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 ×
= 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟖. 𝟏𝟒𝟏 𝒎 1000000 𝑚2 100 𝑚 2 100 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠
= 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟒𝟏 𝒌𝒎 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟒𝟏 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟒𝟏 𝒉𝒂
 108.75 𝑚 × 76.82 𝑚 1 𝑘𝑚2 1 𝑎𝑟𝑒 1 ℎ𝑎
2
669.0688 𝑚 × 669.0688 𝑚2 × 6.690688 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 ×
= 𝟔𝟔𝟗. 𝟎𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝟐 1000000 𝑚2 100 𝑚2 100 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟗𝟎𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒎𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟗𝟎𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟗𝟎𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝒉𝒂
108.75 𝑚 × 76.82 𝑚 1 𝑘𝑚2 1 𝑎𝑟𝑒 1 ℎ𝑎
2
785216.949 𝑚 × 785216.949 𝑚2 × 7852.16949 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 ×
= 𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟒𝟗 𝒎𝟐 1000000 𝑚2 100 𝑚2 100 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟒𝟗 𝒌𝒎𝟐 = 𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟐. 𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟒𝟗 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟒𝟗 𝒉𝒂
108.75 𝑚 × 76.82 𝑚 1 𝑘𝑚2 1 𝑎𝑟𝑒 1 ℎ𝑎
2
1032359.025 𝑚 × 1032359.025 𝑚2 × 10323.59025 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 ×
= 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟗. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝟐 1000000 𝑚2 100 𝑚2 100 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠
= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝒎𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟑. 𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑. 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒉𝒂

3.) AREA MEASUREMENTS. Given the area and width of the following rectangular-shaped pieces of property:
a) 2.575 ha and 195.42 m
b) 125.42 sq. m and 545.0 cm
c) 0.85 sq. km and 925.09 m
d) 50.0 ares and 100.0 m
e) 4,2545.19 sq. m and 346.72 m

Determine the length of each property in meters.

SOLN.
𝑨𝑹𝑬𝑨 𝑾𝑰𝑫𝑻𝑯 𝑳𝑬𝑵𝑮𝑻𝑯
1 𝑚2 195.42 𝑚 𝐴 25750 𝑚2
2.575 ℎ𝑎 × = 25,750 𝑚2 𝑙= = = 𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝟕 𝒎
0.0001 ℎ𝑎 𝑤 195.42 𝑚
125.42 𝑚2 1𝑚 𝐴 125.42 𝑚2
545.0 𝑐𝑚 × = 5.45 𝑚 𝑙= = = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟏𝟑 𝒎
100 𝑐𝑚 𝑤 5.45 𝑚
1000 𝑚 925.09 𝑚 𝐴 850000 𝑚2
0.85 𝑘𝑚2 × = 850000 𝑚2 𝑙= = = 𝟗𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟑 𝒎
1 𝑘𝑚2 𝑤 925.09 𝑚
1𝑚2 100.0 𝑚 𝐴 5000 𝑚2
50.0 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 × = 5000 𝑚2 𝑙= = = 𝟓𝟎 𝒎
0.01 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤 100.0 𝑚
42545.19 𝑚2 346.72 𝑚 𝐴 42545.19 𝑚2
𝑙= = = 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟎𝟖 𝒎
𝑤 346.72 𝑚
4.) VOLUME MEASUREMENTS. Following are the dimensions for length, width and depth of five excavated borrow pits for a
highway project:
a) 113.26 m, 35.48 m, and 18.60 m
b) 50.08 m, 39.25m, and 7.14 m
c) 243.55 m, 76.19 m, and 24.66 m
d) 42.055 m, 8.605 m, and 12.332 m
e) 9.5 m, 6.3 m, and 4.9 m
Determine the volume of each pit in cubic meters.
Solution:
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ × 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
a.) 𝑉 = 113.26𝑚 × 35.48𝑚 × 18.60𝑚
= 𝟕𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟑. 𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟐𝟖 𝒎𝟑
b.) 𝑉 = 50.08𝑚 × 39.25𝑚 × 7.14𝑚
= 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟑𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟗𝟔 𝒎𝟑
c.) 𝑉 = 243.55𝑚 × 76.19𝑚 × 24.66𝑚
= 𝟒𝟓𝟕𝟓𝟗𝟐. 𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟐 𝒎𝟑
d.) 𝑉 = 42.055𝑚 × 8.605𝑚 × 12.332𝑚
= 𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟐. 𝟕𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟒𝟕 𝒎𝟑
e.) 𝑉 = 9.5𝑚 × 6.3𝑚 × 4.9𝑚
= 𝟐𝟗𝟑. 𝟐𝟔𝟓 𝒎𝟑
 5.) VOLUME MEASUREMENTS. Given the approximate flat area and depth of excavation of the following borrow pits:
a) 3,750.0 sq. m and 758.0 cm
b) 0.035 sq. km and 180.0 m
c) 15.6 ares and 495.0 m
d) 9.250 ha and 250.0 m
f) 46,750 sq. m and 195.0 m
Determine the volume of earth removed from each pit in cubic meters.

𝑨𝑹𝑬𝑨 𝑫𝑬𝑷𝑻𝑯 𝑶𝑭 𝑬𝑿𝑪𝑨𝑽𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 (𝒉) 𝑽𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑴𝑬 𝑶𝑭 𝑬𝑨𝑹𝑻𝑯 𝑹𝑬𝑴𝑶𝑽𝑬𝑫 (𝒎𝟑 )

3750.0 𝑚2 1𝑚 𝑉 = 𝐴ℎ = (3750.0 𝑚2 )(7.58 𝑚) = 28425 𝑚3

758.0 𝑐𝑚 × = 7.58 𝑚
100 𝑐𝑚
2
1000 𝑚 2 180.0 𝑚 𝑉 = 𝐴ℎ = (35000 𝑚2 )(180.0 𝑚) = 6300000 𝑚3
0.035 𝑘𝑚 × ( ) = 35000 𝑚2
1 𝑘𝑚
1𝑚2 495.0 𝑚 𝑉 = 𝐴ℎ = (1560 𝑚2 )(495.0 𝑚) = 772200 𝑚 3
15.6 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 × = 1560 𝑚2
0.01 𝑎𝑟𝑒
100000 𝑚2 250.0 𝑚 𝑉 = 𝐴ℎ = (92500𝑚2 )(250.0 𝑚) = 23125000𝑚3
9.250 ℎ𝑎 × = 92500𝑚2
1 ℎ𝑎

6. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES. Given the following numbers: 45.63, 5.700, 4010, 0.00037, 0.000940, 6.0090, 7.00, 9.5 x 108,
4.00 x 107, 2.604 x 1018, and 3.00 x 10-6; for each number, identify the significant figures and state the number of
significant figures. Tabulate values accordingly.
Given:

45.63 0.000940 4.00 x

107
5.700 6.0090 2.604 x
1018
4010 7.00 3.00 x
10-16
0.00037 9.5 x 108

Required:

Significant figures of each number Illustration:

Solution:
 NUMBER SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF
FIGURES SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
45.63 4, 5, 6,3 4
5.700 5, 7, 0 4
4010 4, 1, 0 4
0.00037 3, 7 2
0.000940 9, 4, 0 3
6.0090 6, 0, 9 5
7.00 7, 0 3
9.5 x 108 9, 5 2
4.00 x 107 4, 0 3
2.604 x 1018 2, 6, 0, 4 4
3.00 x 10-16 3, 0 3

7. ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS. Given the following numbers: 0.333333, 0.412342, 50.2155, 48.5455, and 16.3545. Round off each
number to three, four, and five figures. Tabulate values accordingly.
𝑮𝑰𝑽𝑬𝑵 𝑻𝑯𝑹𝑬𝑬 𝑭𝑰𝑮𝑼𝑹𝑬𝑺 𝑭𝑶𝑼𝑹 𝑭𝑰𝑮𝑼𝑹𝑬𝑺 𝑭𝑰𝑽𝑬 𝑭𝑰𝑮𝑼𝑹𝑬𝑺

0.333333 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

0.412342 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟐 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒
50.2155 𝟓𝟎. 𝟐 𝟓𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 𝟓𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟔

48.5455 𝟒𝟖. 𝟓 𝟒𝟖. 𝟓𝟒 𝟒𝟖. 𝟓𝟒𝟔

8. MOST PROBABLE VALUE. The three angles of a triangle were measured with the following results: A = 42˚ 05ʹ, B
= 115˚ 38ʹ and C = 22˚ 08ʹ. Determine the most probable value of each angle.

A = 42˚ 05ʹ B = 115˚ 38ʹ C = 22˚ 08ʹ Given:

Required: Most probable value of each angle (xˉ )

Illustration:

115˚ 38ʹ
A 42˚ 05ʹ
22˚ 08ʹ
C

Solution:

∠ x e c xˉ = 𝒙 + 𝒄
1
A 42˚ 05ʹ 9′ × = +3′ 𝟒𝟐˚ 𝟎𝟖’
3
1
B 115˚ 38ʹ 𝑒 = 𝛴𝑥 − 𝑇𝑣 9′ × = +3′ 𝟏𝟏𝟓˚ 𝟒𝟏’
= 179˚ 51’ − 180˚ 3
′ 1
C 22˚ 08ʹ = +𝟗′ 9 × = +3′ 𝟐𝟐˚ 𝟏𝟏’
3

Total 179˚ 51’

9. MOST PROBABLE VALUE. The angles about a point have the following observed values: 87°07’50’’, 125°17’20’’, and
147°35’20’’. Determine the most probable value of the three angles.
GIVEN:
Ꝋ1 =87°07’50” Ꝋ2 = 125°17’20” Ꝋ3 = 147°35’20” n = 3
SOLUTION:
a.) Determining the Correction to be Applied.
i. Sum = Ꝋ1 + Ꝋ2 + Ꝋ3 = 87°07’50”+ 125°17’20” + 147°35’20” = 360°00’30”
ii. Disc = 360°00’00” - 360°00’30” = -30”
iii. Corr = Disc / n = -30” / 3 = -10”
b.) Determining the Most Probable Values
i. Ꝋ1’ = Ꝋ1 ± Corr = 87°07’50” – 10” = 87°07’40”
ii. Ꝋ2’ = Ꝋ2 ± Corr = 125°17’20” – 10” = 125°17’10”
iii. Ꝋ3’ = Ꝋ3 ± Corr = 147°35’20” – 10” = 147°35’10”
SOLUTION CHECK:
Ꝋ1’ + Ꝋ2’ + Ꝋ3’ = 360°00’00” 87°07’40” + 125°17’10” + 147°35’10” = 360°00’00”
360°00’00” = 360°00’00”
10. MOST PROBABLE VALUE. The interior angles of a quadrilateral were observed to be: A = 100˚ 35ʹ 40ʺ, B = 118˚
44ʹ 15ʺ, C = 80˚ 54ʹ 35ʺ, and D = 59˚ 45ʹ 50ʺ. Determine the most probable value of each of these angles.

Given: A = 100˚ 35ʹ 40ʺ B = 118˚ 44ʹ 15ʺ C = 80˚ 54ʹ 35ʺ D = 59˚ 45ʹ 50ʺ

Required:

Most probable value of each angle (xˉ )

Illustration: A

100˚ 35ʹ 40ʺ D

59˚ 45ʹ 50ʺ

118˚ 44ʹ 15ʺ

B
80˚ 54ʹ 35ʺ

Solution:

∠ x e c xˉ = 𝒙 + 𝒄
1
A 100˚ 35ʹ 40ʺ 20" × = −5" 𝟏𝟎𝟎˚ 𝟑𝟓’ 𝟑𝟓”
4
" 1
B 118˚ 44ʹ 15ʺ 20 × = −5" 𝟏𝟏𝟖˚ 𝟒𝟒’ 𝟏𝟎”
𝑒 = 𝛴𝑥 − 𝑇𝑣 4
" 1
C 80˚ 54ʹ 35ʺ = 360˚ 00’ 20" − 20 × = −5" 𝟖𝟎˚ 𝟓𝟒’ 𝟑𝟎”
360˚ 4
" 1
D 59˚ 45ʹ 50ʺ = −𝟐𝟎" 20 × = −5" 𝟓𝟗˚ 𝟒𝟓’ 𝟒𝟓”
4

Total: 360˚ 00’ 20”

 11. PROBABLE ERROR. A quantity was measured ten times with the following results (in meters): 34.630, 34.626, 34.634,
34.628, 34.629, 34.626, 34.627, 34.633, 34.625, and 34.624.
Determine the probable error of the mean and the relative precision of the mean.

GIVEN:
X1 = 34.630m n = 10 ∑X630m+34.626m+34.6 v1= X1 –mpv = 34.630m - 34.6282m v12 = (+ 0.0018)2=
X2 = 34.626m 34m+34.628m+34.629m+ = + 0.0018 m 0.00000324
X3 = 34.634m 34.626m+34.627m+34.63 v2= X2 – mpv = 34.626m - 34.6282m v22= (-0.0022)2= 0.00000484
X4 = 34.628m 3m+34.625m+34.624m = -0.0022 m v32= (+ 0.0058)2=
X5 = 34.629m v3= X3 – mpv = 34.634m - 34.6282 0.00003364 v42= (-0.0002)2
X6 = 34.626m =346.282m m = + 0.0058 m = 0.00000004 v52= (+
X7 = 34.627m v4= X4 – mpv = 34.628m - 34.6282 0.0008)2= 0.00000064 v62=
X8 = 34.633m mpv= ∑X / n = 346.282m / m = -0.0002 m (- 0.0022)2= 0.00000484
X9 = 34.625m 10 = 34.6282 m = X1+ X2+ v5= X5 – mpv = 34.629m - 34.6282 v72= (- 0.0012)2=
X10 = 34.624m X3+ X4+ X5+ X6+ X7+ X8+ m = + 0.0008 m 0.00000144 v82= (+
X9+ X10 =34. v6= X6 – mpv = 34.626m - 34.6282 0.0048)2= 0.00002304 v92=
m = - 0.0022 m (- 0.0032)2= 0.00001024
v7= X7 – mpv = 34.627m - 34.6282 v102= (-0.0042)2=
m = - 0.0012m 0.00001764 ∑v2= 0.00000324
v8= X8 – mpv = 34.633m - 34.6282 + 0.00000484 + 0.00003364 +
m = + 0.0048 m 0.00000004 + 0.00000064 +
v9= X9 – mpv = 34.625m - 34.6282 0.00000484 + 0.00000144 +
m = - 0.0032 m 0.00002304 + 0.00001024 +
v10= X10 – mpv = 34.624m - 0.00001764 = 0.0000996
34.6282m = -0.0042 m
∑v = 0
Probable Error of the Relative Precision of the Mean
Mean PEm= ± 0.6745 RPm= PEm / mpv = 0.00071 /
√(∑v2)/ (n)(n-1) = ± 34.6282 = 0.0000205
0.6745 √ 0.0000996 /
(10)(10-1) = ± 0.6745 √
0.0000996 / (90) = ±
0.6745 √0.000001107 = ±
0.6745 (0.001052) =
±0.00071m
12. PROBABLE ERROR. A surveying instructor sent all the 40 students in his class out to measure a distance
between two points marked on a runway. The students working in groups of four came up with 10 different
measurements as follows: 920.45, 921.05, 921.65, 920.25, 920.15, 921.85, 921.95, 920.45, 921.15, and 921.35
meters. Assuming these values are equally reliable and that variations result only from accidental errors,
determine the relative precision of a single measurement and the relative precision of the mean.

Given:
Illustration: x (m) 920.45 920.15 921.15
921.05 921.85 921.35
921.65 921.95
920.25 920.45
Pt. 1 Pt. 2
Solution: Required:
relative precision of a single measurement (𝑅𝑃𝑠)
relative precision of the mean (𝑅𝑃𝑚)

𝒏 𝒙 xˉ (𝑥 − xˉ
(𝒎) (𝒎) )2 (𝑚2)
1 920.45 0.3364
2 921.05 0.0004
3 921.65 0.3844
4 920.25 0.6084
5 920.15 xˉ = 𝟗𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟑 𝒎 0.7744
6 921.85 0.6724
7 921.95 0.8464
8 920.45 0.3364
9 921.15 0.0144
10 921.35 0.1024

𝑛 = 10 𝛴𝑥 = 9210.3 (𝑥 − xˉ )2 = 4.076
Computation

xˉ = 𝜮𝒙
𝒏

𝟗𝟐𝟏𝟎.𝟑
xˉ =
𝟏𝟎

xˉ = 𝟗𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟑 𝒎
(𝑥−xˉ )2
𝑣 =
𝑛−1

4.076
=
10−1

𝑣 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟗 𝒎𝟐

𝜎 = ±√ 𝑣 𝜎 𝑚= ± 𝜎
√𝑛
= ±√0.4528888889 𝑚2 𝜎 𝑚= ± 0.0629701991
√10

𝜎 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟗𝟕𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟏 𝒎 𝜎 = ±𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟐𝟕 𝒎

𝑃𝐸= ±0.6745 𝜎 𝑃𝐸𝑚 = ±0.6745 𝜎𝑚

𝑃𝐸= ±0.6745 (0.0629701991) 𝑃𝐸𝑚 = ±0.6745 (0.2128118627)

𝑃𝐸= ±0.4539183993 𝑚 𝑃𝐸𝑚 = ±0.01435416014 𝑚

𝑅𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝐸𝑠 𝑅𝑃𝑚 = 𝑃𝐸𝑚

xˉ xˉ

𝑅𝑃𝑠 = 0.1435416914
0.4539183993 𝑅𝑃𝑚 =
921.03 921.03

𝑹𝑷𝒔 = 𝟏 , 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟏 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑹𝑷𝒔 = 𝟏

𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟗.𝟎𝟕 𝟔𝟒𝟏𝟔.𝟒𝟕
, 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟏
𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟎
13. PROBABLE ERROR. The following values (in meters) were determined in a series of rod readings made under identical
conditions: 3.312, 3.307, 3.304, 3.306, 3.309, 3.301, 3.311, 3.308, 3.312, 3.306, and 3.313. Determine the following:
most probable value of the observed rod readings, probable error of a single measurement and of the mean, and the
relative precision of a single measurement and of the mean.
Rod Readings (X) Residual (v=X-mpv) SQ OF RESIDUAL PEs= ± 0.6745 √(∑v2)/ (n-1)
(V2) = ± 0.6745 √(0.000152)/(11-1)
= ± 0.00263 m
3.312 0.00391 0.0000152 PEm= ± 0.6745 √(∑v2)/ (n)(n-1)
3.307 -0.00109 0.0000119 = ± 0.6745 √(0.000152)/ (11)(11-1)
3.304 -0.00409 0.0000167
= ± 0.000793 m
3.306 -0.00209 0.0000044
0.00091 0.0000008 RPs= PEs / mpv
3.309
-0.00709 0.0000503 = 0.00263 / 3.30809
3.301
3.311 0.00291 0.0000085 = 0.000795
3.308 -0.00009 0.0000000081 RPm = PEm / mpv
3.312 3.306 0.00391 0.0000153 = 0.000793 / 3.30809
3.313 -0.00209 0.0000044 =0.00024
0.00491 0.0000241

∑X= 36.389 ∑v= 0.00 ∑v2= 0.000152

mpv = ∑X / n =
36.389 / 11 =
3.30809
14. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS. A line is measured on a windy day as 338.65 m. the same line measured 338.37 m on a
calm day. If the latter measurement is given four times the reliability of the first, determine the most probable
value of the measured line.

Given: 338.65 m - windy day (Weight – 1)

338.37 m - calm day (Weight – 4)

Required:
Most probable value (xˉ) Illustration:

338.65m (Windy day) 338.37m (calm day)

Pt. 1 Pt. 2 Pt. Pt.

1

Solution:
𝑥 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ×
Weather Weight
(𝑚 x
) (𝑚)
Windy 338.65 1 338.65
Calm 338.37 4 1353.48
Total 5 1692.13

xˉ = 𝜮𝒙
𝒏
𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟐.𝟏𝟑
xˉ =
𝟓
xˉ = 𝟑𝟑𝟖. 𝟒𝟐𝟔𝒎
15. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS. A distance AB is measured five times (in meters) as 610.03, 610.01, 610.05, 610.04, and
610.02. The measurements were given weights of 3, 2, 1, 2, and 3, respectively, by the head tape man. Determine the
weighted mean for distance AB. Also, determine what difference results if later judgment revises the weights to 2,
3, 1, 3 and 2.
X (in meters) W P=X(W)
610.03 610.01 3 1830.09
610.05 610.04 2 1220.02
610.02 1 610.05
2 1220.08
3 1830.0

SUMS ∑W = 11 ∑P = 6710.3

 Weighted Mean or mvp (first) = ∑P / ∑W = 6710.3 / 11 = 610.08

m

X (in meters) W P=X(W)

(Revise)
610.03 2 1220.06
610.01 3 1830.03
610.05 1 610.05
610.04 3 1830.12
610.02 2 1220.04
SUMS ∑W = 11 ∑P = 6710.3

 Weighted Mean or mvp (first) = ∑P / ∑W = 6710.3 / 11 = 610.08 m

WM (revise) – WM(first) = 610.08 – 610.08 = 0 Both have the same
results, therefore, there’s no difference at all.
16. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS. An angle ABC is measured at different times various instruments and procedures. The
results which are assigned certain weights, are as follows: 75˚ 09ʹ 26ʺ, weight of 4; 75˚ 09ʹ 25ʺ, weight of
3; 75˚ 09ʹ 27ʺ, weight of 1. Determine the most probable value of the angle measured.

Given:

∠ x weigh
t
A 75˚ 09ʹ 4
26ʺ
B 75˚ 09ʹ 3
25ʺ
C 75˚ 09ʹ 1
27ʺ

Required:

Most probable value of angle (xˉ )

Illustration:

B x

C
Solution

𝑥 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ×
∠ Weight
(𝑚 x
) (𝑚)
A 75˚ 09ʹ 4 300˚ 37ʹ
26ʺ 44ʺ
B 75˚ 09ʹ 3 225˚ 28ʹ
25ʺ 15ʺ
C 75˚ 09ʹ 1 75˚ 09ʹ
27ʺ 27ʺ
Total 601˚ 15ʹ 8 601˚ 15ʹ
26ʺ 26ʺ

xˉ = 𝜮
𝒏

601˚ 15ʹ 26ʺ

xˉ =
𝟖
xˉ = 𝟕𝟓˚ 𝟎𝟗ʹ 𝟐𝟓. 𝟕𝟓ʺ
17. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS. In this problem the weight of an angle is assumed to be proportional to the number of times it has
been measured by repetition. Five

angles in a pentagon were measured with the following results: 134°44’35’’, 167°02’05’’, 85°15’20’’, 75°48’50’’, and 76°08’50’’.
If the number of repetitions for each

measurement were 2, 6, 6, 8, and 4, respectively, determine the adjusted values of the angles.

ANGLE Repetitions W Error= Sum2 – Sum1

MEASURED = 540° - 539°59’40”
a. 134°44’35’’ 2 24/2 = 12
b. 167°02’05’’ 6 24/6 = 4 =0°0’20”
c. 86°15’20’’ 6 24/6 = 4 Sum2 = (n-2)180°
d. 75°48’50’’ 8 24/8 = 3
e. 76°08’50’’ 4 24/4 = 6 = (5-2)180°

= (3)180°
Sum1=539°59’40” ΣW = 29
=540°

CORRECTION:

A. 0°0’20” x 12/29 = 0°0’8.28” Adjusted angle = 134°44’35’’ + 0°0’8.28” = 134°44’43.28”

B. 0°0’20” x 6/29 = 0°0’2.76” Adjusted angle = 167°02’05’’ + 0°0’2.76” = 167°2’7.76”

C. 0°0’20” x 6/29 = 0°0’2.76” Adjusted angle = 86°15’20’’ + 0°0’2.76” = 86°15’22.76”

D. 0°0’20” x 8/29 = 0°0’2.07” Adjusted angle = 75°48’50’’ + 0°0’2.07” = 75°48’52.07”

E. 0°0’20” x 4/29 = 0°0’4.14” Adjusted angle = 76°08’50’’ + 0°0’4.14” = 76°8’54.14”

18. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS. Two sides and the included angle of a triangle were measured and the probable error of each value
were computed as follows: a = 267.55 m ± 0.05 m, b = 564.75 m ± 0.06 m, and angle C = 57˚ 15ʹ 45ʺ. Determine the area of the
triangle and the probable error of the area.

Given: a = 267.55 m
𝑃𝐸𝐴 = ± 0.05 m b = 564.75 m
𝑃𝐸𝑏= ± 0.06 m C = 57˚ 15ʹ 45ʺ
Required:

Area (A)
Probable Error of Area (𝑃𝐸𝐴) Illustration:
B

C = 57˚ 15ʹ 45ʺ

A

Solution:

𝐴 = 1 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶
2

𝐴 = 1 (267.55)(564.75) sin( 57˚ 15ʹ 45ʺ)

2

𝑨 = 𝟔𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟖. 𝟗𝟑𝟒𝟏

𝑃𝐸𝐴 = ±𝑘√(𝑃𝐸)

𝑃𝐸𝐴 = ± 1 sin 𝐶 √ (𝑎 × 𝑃𝐸𝑏)2 + (𝑏 × 𝑃𝐸𝑎)2

 2

𝑃𝐸𝐴 = ± 1 sin (57˚ 15ʹ 45ʺ) √ (267.55 × 0.05)2 + (564.75 × 0.06)2

2

𝑷𝑬𝑨 = ±𝟏𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝟐

19. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS. Three sides of a triangle were measured with the following results: a=1431.20m ± 0.02m, b=570.77m ± 0.03m, and c=1,767.15m ±
0.04 m. determine the angles in the triangle together with the probable errors of the angles.
cos(C) = a2 + b2 − c2 / 2ab
(1431.20)2 + (570.77)2– (1767.15)2 B= 16°40’58.94” ± 0.03m
cos(C) =
2(1431.30)(570.77) Sum of all angles= 180°

C = cos–1(−0.458)
C = 117°16’31.71” ± 0.04 m

cos(A) = b2 + c2 − a2 / 2bc

(570.77)2 + (1767.15)2 − (1431.20)2

cos(A) =
2(570.77)(1767.15)
A = cos–1(0.694)

A= 46°2’29.35” ± 0.02m

cos(B) = a2 + c2 − b2 / 2ac

(1431.20)2 + (1767.15)2 − (570.77)2

cos(B) =
2(1431.30)(1767.15)
B = cos–1(0.958)
20. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS. A line AE is divided into segments for measurement with a tape. The results were AB=134.10m ±
0.040m, BC=320.63m ± 0.055m, CD=173.73m ± 0.056m, and DE=160.85m ± 0.050m. Determine the length of the line and the
probable error of the measured length.

Given:

AB = 134.10 m; PEAB = ± 0.040 m BC = 320.63 m; PEBC = ± 0.055 m CD =

173.73 m; PECD = ± 0.056 m DE = 160.85 m; PEDE = ± 0.050 m

Required:

Length (L)
Probable Error of the Length (PEL) Illustration:

134.10
± 0.040 m 320.63 ± 0.055 m 173.73 ± 0.056 m 160.85 ± 0.050 m

A B C D E

Solution:

𝐿 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐷 + 𝐷𝐸

𝐿 = 134.10 + 320.63 + 173.73 + 160.85

𝑳 = 𝟕𝟖𝟗. 𝟑𝟏 𝒎

𝑃𝐸𝐿 = ±√(𝑃𝐸𝐴𝐵)2 + (𝑃𝐸𝐵𝐶)2 + (𝑃𝐸𝐶𝐷)2 + (𝑃𝐸𝐷𝐸)2

𝑃𝐸𝐿 = ±√(0.040)2 + (0.055)2 + (0.056)2 + (0.050)2

𝑷𝑬𝑳 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝒎
21.) WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS. The difference in elevation between two ground points was measured by each of three field
parties using different kinds of leveling instruments. The results are as follows: 1st party, DE=18.45m ± 0.05m; 2nd
party, DE=18.40m ± 0.04m; 3rd party, DE=18.48m ± 0.05m. Determine the most probable difference between the two ground
points.

Elevation E E2 W=
1 Relative P= X(RW)
(e)2 Weight
1 18.45m ± 0.05m 0.0025 40 1 18.45

2 18.40m ± 0.04m 0.0016 625 15.625 287.5

3 18.48m ± 0.05m 0.0025 40 1 18.48

=17.6 =324.46

Weighted Mean = 𝚺 (P) / 𝚺 (RW)

324.46
= 17.625
= 18.40907801m (Most probable for the sum of measurements)
22. SUMMATION OF ERRORS. The four approximately equal sides of a tract of land were measured and the measurements included
the following errors: ±0.085m, ±0.014m, ±0.175m, and ±0.205m, respectively. Determine the probable error for the total
length (or perimeter) of the tract.

Given:

PE1 = ± 0.085 m PE2 = ± 0.014 m PE3 = ± 0.0175 m PE4 = ±

0.205 m

Required:

Probable Error (PEP) Illustration:

Solution:

𝑃𝐸𝑃 = ±√(𝑃𝐸1)2 + (𝑃𝐸2)2 + (𝑃𝐸3)2 + (𝑃𝐸4)2

𝑃𝐸𝑃 = ±√(0.085 )2 + (0.014)2 + (0.0175)2 + (0.205)2

𝑷𝑬𝑷 = ±𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟑 𝒎

23. SUMMATION OF ERRORS. The dimensions of a five-sided tract of land are given by the following measurements and
corresponding probable errors: 221.63m ± 0.004m, 235.70m ± 0.002 m, 196.05m ± 0.005m, 296.13m ± 0.012m, and 303.18m ±
0.015m. Determine the probable error of the sum of the five measurements and the most probable value of the perimeter.

a.) 221.63m ± 0.004m

b.) 235.70m ± 0.002 m
c.) 196.05m ± 0.005m
d.) 296.13m ± 0.012m
e.) 303.18m ± 0.015m

PE = a + b + c + d + e
=221.63m + 235.70m + 196.05m + 296.13m + 303.18m
= 1252. 69m (Perimeter of the tract of tank)
PE = ±√(𝑃𝐸₁ )2 + (𝑃𝐸 2 )2 + (𝑃𝐸 3 )2 + (𝑃𝐸 4 ) + (𝑃𝐸 5 )²
=± √(0.04𝑚 )2 + (0.02 𝑚)2 + (0.05𝑚)2 + (0.012𝑚)² + (0.015𝑚)²

=± 0.05m (Probable error for the sum of the five measurement)

Note:
Therefore the perimeter would be expressed as 1252.69m±0.05m
24. PRODUCT OF ERRORS. Two sides of a rectangle were measured as being 226.25m ± 0.03m and 307.28m ± 0.04m. Determine the
area of the figure and the probable error of the area.

Given:

L = 226.25 m; PEL = ± 0.03 m W = 307.28 m; PEW = ± 0.04 m

Required:

Area (A)
Probable Error of the Area (PEA)

Illustration:
L = 226.25 ± 0.03 m
W = 307.28 ± 0.04 m

Solution:
𝐴 = 𝐿 × 𝑊 𝑃𝐸𝐴 = ±√(𝐿 × 𝑃𝐸𝑊)2 + (𝑊 × 𝑃𝐸𝐿)2
𝐴 = 226.25 × 307.28 𝑃𝐸𝐴 = ±√(226.2 × 0.04)2 + (307.28 × 0.03)2

𝑨 = 𝟔𝟗𝟓𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝟐 𝑷𝑬𝑨 = ±𝟏𝟐. 𝟗𝟐 𝒎

25. PRODUCT OF ERRORS. The base and altitude of a triangular-shaped figure was measured with certain estimated probable errors as follow: b=425.67m
± 0.07m and h=138.63m ± 0.06m. Determine the area of the figure and the probable error in the resulting calculation.
Area= ½ bh = ½ (425.67m)(138.63m) = 29505.32 m2
PEp= ±√[(b x PEh)2 + (h x PEb)2
= ±√(425.67m x 0.06m)2 + (138.63m x 0.07m)2
=±√ (652.30m2 + 94.17m2)
=±27.32 m2

Problem Set 2

1. PACING. In walking along a 75-m course, the pacer of a field party counted 43.50, 44.00, 43.50, 43.75, 44.50, and
43.25 strides. Then 105.50, 106.00, 105.75, and 106.25 strides were counted in walking from one marker to another
established along a straight and level course. Determine the distance between the two markers.
Given:
43.50, 44.00, 43.50, 43.75, 44.50, 43.25 strides for 75-m course
105.50, 106.00, 105.75, 106.25 strides for x
Requirements:
Distance between the two markers, x
Illustration:

75 m

x
Solution:
75m
Pace factor =
(43.50 + 44.00 + 43.50 + 43.75 + 44.50 + 43.25) strides
( )
6
75m
Pace factor = 262.50 strides
( )
6

75m
Pace factor = 2 paces
43.75 strides( )
stride

75m
Pace factor = 87.50 paces

m
Pace factor = 0.857 pace

x = (pace factor)(mean number of pace)

m (105.50+106.00+105.75+106.25) strides
x = (0.857 pace) ( )
4

m 2 paces
x = [0.857 pace] [(105.875 strides) ( stride )]

m
x = [0.857 pace] [211.75 paces]

75m
Pace factor =
(43.50 + 44.00 + 43.50 + 43.75 + 44.50 + 43.25) strides
( )
6
75m
Pace factor = 262.50 strides
( )
6

75m
Pace factor = 2 paces
43.75 strides( )
stride

75m
Pace factor = 87.50 paces

m
Pace factor = 0.857 pace
 x = (pace factor)(mean number of pace)
m (105.50+106.00+105.75+106.25) strides
x = (0.857 pace) ( )
4

m 2 paces
x = [0.857 pace] [(105.875 strides) ( stride )]

m
x = [0.857 pace] [211.75 paces]

x = 181.50 m

2. PACING. A student paces a 50-m length five times with the following results: 57.00, 56.75, 56.50, 58.00, and 56.25
paces. Determine how many paces he must step off in order to establish a distance of 450 meters on level ground.
Given:
57.00, 56.75, 56.50, 58.00, and 56.25 paces for 50-m length
Required:
No. of paces to establish 450 m
Illustration:

50 m

450 m

Solution:
∑(𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑀𝑎𝑑𝑒)
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠
57.00+56.75+56.50+58.00+56.25
= 5
= 56.90 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
 50 𝑚
𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 56.90 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑚
= 0.8787
𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
450 𝑚
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 𝑚
0.8787 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒

𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒔 = 𝟓𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟎 𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒔

3. PACING. Determine the length of a line negotiated in 208 paces by a person whose pace is 0.76 meter long.

Given:
𝑚
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 208 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.76 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒

Required:

Length of a line, D

Illustration:

0.76 m

Solution:

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 × 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 208 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 × 0.76 𝑚/𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒

𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟏𝟓𝟖. 𝟎𝟖 𝒎

4. DISTANCE BY SUBTENSE BAR. With the use of a 1-sec theodolite positioned at the center of a six-sided lot, the
following readings were taken on a 2-m subtense bar setup at each corner: 0°26’16”, 0°12’35”, 0°15’05”, 0°22’29”,
0°30’45”, and 0°09’50”. Determine the distance of each corner from the instrument position.

Given:

2-m subtense bar

Θ1= 0°26’16” Θ3=0°15’05” Θ5=0°30’45”

Θ2= 0°12’35” Θ4=0°22’29” Θ6=0°09’50”

Required:

Distance of each corner from the instrument position, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6,

Illustration:

D2
D1
D3
D6
D4
D5
Solution:

0°26’16” 0°12’35” 0°15’05”

D1 = cot D2 = cot D3 = cot
2 2 2

D1 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏. 𝟕𝟔 𝒎 D2 = 𝟓𝟒𝟔. 𝟒𝟎 𝒎 D3 = 𝟒𝟓𝟓. 𝟖𝟑 𝒎

0°22’29” 0°30’45” 0°09’50”
D4 = cot D5 = cot D6 = cot
2 2 2
D4 = 𝟑𝟎𝟓. 𝟖𝟎 𝒎 D5 = 𝟐𝟐𝟑. 𝟓𝟗 𝒎 D6 = 𝟔𝟗𝟗. 𝟐𝟎 𝒎

5. DISTANCE BY SUBTENSE BAR. A 2-m long subtended bar was first set up at A and subsequently at B, and the subtended
angles to the bar, as read from a theodolite positioned somewhere along the middle of line AB, were recorded as 0° 24’
15”, and 0° 20’ 30”, respectively. Determine the length of AB.

Given:

2-m subtense bar

ΘA= 0° 24’ 15” ΘB=0°20’ 30”

Required:

Length of AB, DAB

Illustration:

0° 24’ 15”
0°20’ 30”

A B

Solution:
 DAB = DA + DB
1m 1m
DAB = (tan 0˚20′30") + (tan 0˚24′55")

DAB = 275.9383m + 375.3889m

DAB = 611.327m

6. SLOPE MEASUREMENT. A traverse line was measured in three sections: 295.85 m at slope 8° 45’, 149.58 m at slope 4°
29’, and 373.48 m at slope 4° 25’.Determine the horizontal length of the line.

Given:

295.85 m at slope 8° 45’ 149.58 m at slope 4° 29’

373.48 m at slope 4° 25’

Required:

The horizontal length of the line, LT

Illustration:

4° 25’
4° 29’
8° 45’
Solution:

L1 = 295.85𝑐𝑜𝑠(8° 45’) L2 = 149.58𝑐𝑜𝑠(4° 29’)

L1 = 292.407 𝑚 L2 = 149.122 𝑚

L3 = 373.48 𝑐𝑜𝑠(4° 25’) LT =292.407 𝑚 + 149.122 𝑚 + 372.371 𝑚

L3 = 372.371 𝑚 LT =𝟖𝟏𝟑. 𝟖𝟗𝟖 𝒎

7. SLOPE MEASUREMENT. A slope measurement of 545.38 m is made between points A and B. The elevation of A is 424.25 m
and that of B is 459.06 m. Determine the horizontal distance between the two points.

Given:

Elevation of A = 424.25 m Elevation of B = 459.06 m

Slope Measurement = 545.38 m

Required:

The horizontal distance between the two points, L

Illustration:

545.38m

424.25m 459.06m
Solution:

𝐷𝐸 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐵 – 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐴. 𝐿 = √𝑠 2 − 𝐷𝐸 2

𝐷𝐸 = 459.06 𝑚 − 424.25 𝑚 𝐿 = √545.382 − 34.512

𝐷𝐸 = 34.81 𝑚 𝑳 = 𝟓𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟕 𝒎

8. MEASUREMENTS WITH TAPE. The sides of a rectangular parcel of property were measured and recorded as 249.50 m and
496.85 m. It was determined, however, that the 30-m tape used in measuring was actually 30.05 m long. Determine the
correct area of the rectangle in hectares.

Given:

MLL = 496.85 m NL = 30 m

MLw = 249.50 m c = +0.05 m

Required:

The correct area of the rectangle in hectares, AHectares

Illustration:

496.85 m

249.50 m

Solution:
𝑊′ = 𝑊 + 𝐶 𝐿′ = 𝐿 + 𝐶

𝑊 𝐿
𝐶 = 𝑐 𝑥 (𝑁𝐿) 𝐶 = 𝑐 𝑥 (𝑁𝐿)

249.50 𝑚 496.85
𝐶 = 0.05 𝑚 𝑥 ( ) 𝐶 = 0.05 𝑚 𝑥 ( )
30𝑚 30𝑚

𝐶 = 0.4158 𝑚 𝐶 = 0.8280 𝑚

𝑊′ = 249.50𝑚 + 0.4158𝑚 𝐿′ = 496.85𝑚 + 0.8280𝑚

𝑊′ = 249.92 𝑚 𝐿′ = 497.68𝑚

𝐴 = 𝐿′ 𝑥 𝑊′

𝐴 = 249.92𝑚 𝑥 497.68𝑚

𝐴 = 124380.18 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚

𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 𝒉𝒂

9. MEASUREMENTS WITH TAPE. A 30-m steel tape when compared with a standard is actually 29.95 m long. Determine the
correct length of a line measured with this tape and found to be 466.55 m.

Given:

NL = 30 m c = -0.05 m

ML = 466.55 m

Required:

The correct length of a line, CL

Illustration:
Solution:
𝑀𝐿
𝐶𝐿 = 𝑀𝐿 − 𝐶 𝐶=𝑐𝑥 𝐶𝐿 = 466.55𝑚 − 0.78𝑚
𝑁𝐿

466.55𝑚
𝐶 = 0.05 𝑥 𝑪𝑳 = 𝟒𝟔𝟓. 𝟕𝟕𝒎
30𝑚
𝐶 = 0.78 𝑚

10. LAYING OUT DISTANCES. A track and field coach wishes to lay out for his team a 200-m straightway course. If he uses
a 50-m tape known to be 50.20 m long, determine the measurements to be made so that the course will have the correct
length.

Given:

L = 200m c = 0.20 m

NL = 50 m

Required:

The measurements to be made, L’

Illustration:
Solution:

𝐿
𝐿′ = 𝐿 − 𝐶 𝐶=𝑐𝑥 𝐿′ = 200𝑚 − 0.80𝑚
𝑁𝐿

200𝑚
𝐶 = 0.20𝑚 𝑥 ( 50𝑚 ) 𝑳′ = 𝟏𝟗𝟗. 𝟐𝟎 𝒎

𝐶 = 0.80 𝑚

11. LAYING OUT DISTANCES. It is required to lay out a building 80 m by 100 m with 30-m long metallic tape which was
found to be 0.15 m too short. Determine the correct dimensions to be used in order that the building shall have the
desired measurements.

Given:

L = 100m c = +0.15 m

W= 80m NL = 30 m

Required:

The correct dimensions to be used, L’ and W’

Illustration:

100 m

80 m

Solution:

𝐿′ = 𝐿 + 𝐶 𝑊′ = 𝑊 + 𝐶
𝐿 𝑊
𝐶=𝑐𝑥 𝐶=𝑐𝑥
𝑁𝐿 𝑁𝐿
 100𝑚 80𝑚
𝐶 = 0.15𝑚 𝑥 ( 30𝑚 ) 𝐶 = 0.15𝑚 𝑥 (30𝑚)

𝐶 = 0.50 𝑚 𝐶 = 0.40 𝑚

𝐿′ = 100𝑚 + 0.50𝑚 𝑊′ = 80𝑚 + 0.40𝑚

𝑳′ = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎 𝑾′ = 𝟖𝟎. 𝟒𝟎 𝒎

12. LAYING OUT DISTANCES. A steel tape whose nominal length is supposed to be 30 m long was found to be 30.02 m long
when compared with an invar tape during standardization. If the tape is to be used in laying out a 520 m by 850 m
rectangular parking lot, determine the actual dimensions to be laid out.

Given:

L = 850m c = -0.02 m

W= 520m NL = 30 m

Required:

The actual dimensions to be laid out, L’ and W’

Illustration:

850 m

520 m
Solution:

𝐿′ = 𝐿 − 𝐶 𝑊′ = 𝑊 − 𝐶
𝐿 𝑊
𝐶=𝑐𝑥 𝐶=𝑐𝑥
𝑁𝐿 𝑁𝐿

850𝑚 520𝑚
𝐶 = 0.02𝑚 𝑥 ( 30𝑚 ) 𝐶 = 0.02𝑚 𝑥 ( 30𝑚 )
𝐶 = 0.567 𝑚 𝐶 = 0.346 𝑚

𝐿′ = 850𝑚 − 0.567𝑚 𝑊 ′ = 520𝑚 − 0.346𝑚

𝑳′ = 𝟖𝟒𝟗. 𝟒𝟑 𝒎 𝑾′ = 𝟓𝟏𝟗. 𝟔𝟓 𝒎

13. CORRECTION DUE TO TEMPERATURE. A 30-m steel tape is of standard length at 20°C. If the coefficient of thermal
expansion of steel is 0.0000116/1°C, determine the distance to be laid out using this tape to establish two points
exactly1235.65 m apart when the temperature is 33°C.

Given:

NL= 30m α= 0.0000116/1°C To= 20°C

L=1235.65m T=33°C

Required:

The distance to be laid out, L’

Illustration:

Solution:

CT = L × α × (t – t0). L’ = L - CT

CT = 1235.65 m × 0.0000116/1°C × (33°C - 20°C) L’ = 1235.65m – 0.186m

CT = 0.186 m L’= 1235.46 m

14. CORRECTION DUE TO TEMPERATURE. A steel tape having a correct length at 22°C was used to measure a baseline and the
recorded readings gave the total of 856.815 m. If the average temperature during the measurement was 18°C, determine
the correct length of the line.

Given:

ML = 856.815 m α = 0.0000116/1°C

T = 18°C To = 22°C

Required:

Correct length of the line, CL

Illustration:

Solution:

CT = L × α × (t – t0). CL = ML ± CT

CT = 856.815 m × 0.0000116/1°C × (18°C - 22°C) CL = 856.815 m -0.040 m

CT = -0.040 m CL = 856.775 m

15. CORRECTION DUE TO TENSION. A heavy 30-m tape having a cross-sectional area of 0.05 cm2 has been standardized at a
tension of 5 kg. If E = 2.10 x 106 kg/cm2, calculate the elongation of the tape for an increase in tension from 5.5 kg
to 20 kg.

Given:
P = 20 kg A = 0.05 cm2

P0 = 5.5 kg E = 2.10 x 106 kg/c

L = 30 m

Required:

Elongation due to pull, CP

Illustration:

Solution:

(𝑃−𝑃0 )𝐿
𝐶𝑃 = .
𝐴𝐸

(20 𝑘𝑔 − 5.5 𝑘𝑔)(30 𝑚)

𝐶𝑃 =
𝑘𝑔⁄
(0.05 𝑐𝑚2 )(2.10 × 106 𝑐𝑚2 )

𝑪𝑷 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎

16. CORRECTION DUE TO TENSION. A steel tape is 30.0-m long under a pull of 6.0 kg when supported throughout. It has a
cross-sectional area of 0.035 cm2 and is applied fully supported with a 12-kg pull to measure a line whose recorded
length is 308.32 m. Determine the correct length of the line if E = 2.1 x 106 kg/cm2.
Given:

P = 12 kg A =0.035cm2 E = 2.10 x 106 kg/cm

P0 = 6.0 kg ML = 308.32 m

Required:

Correct length of the line, CL

Illustration:

Solution:

(𝑃−𝑃0 )𝐿
𝐶𝑃 = . CL = ML ± CP
𝐴𝐸

(12 𝑘𝑔−6.0 𝑘𝑔)(308.32 𝑚)

𝐶𝑃 = 𝑘𝑔 CL = 308.32 m + 0.025 m
(0.035 𝑐𝑚2 )(2.10 × 106 ⁄ 2 )
𝑐𝑚

𝐶𝑃 = 0.025 𝑚 CL = 308.345 m

17. CORRECTION DUE TO TENSION. A 30-m steel tape weighing 1.75kg is of standard length under a pull of 4.55 kg,
supported for full length. This tape was used in measuring a line (found to be1371.50 m) on smooth level ground under a
steady pull of 8 kg. Assuming E = 2.05 x 106 kg/cm2 and that the unit weight of steel is 7.9 x 10-3 kg/cm3, determine the
following: cross-sectional area of the tape, correction for increase in tension for the whole length measured, and the
correct length of the measured line.
Given:

P = 8.0 kg ML = 1371.50 m

P0 = 4.55 kg E = 2.05 x 106 kg/cm2

W = 1.75 kg NL = 30 m

ρ = 7.9 x 10-3 kg/cm3

Required:

Cross-sectional area of the tape, correction to be applied and correct length of the line, A, C and CL

Illustration:

Solution:

V = A × L, and ρ × V = W,
𝑊
𝐴= ,
𝜌×𝐿

1.75 𝑘𝑔
𝐴=
𝑘𝑔
7.90 × 10−3 ⁄𝑐𝑚3 × 3000 𝑐𝑚

𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒 𝒄𝒎𝟐
 (𝑃−𝑃0 )𝐿
𝐶𝑃 = , and
𝐴𝐸

(8.0 𝑘𝑔 − 4.55 𝑘𝑔)(1371.50 𝑚)

𝐶𝑃 =
𝑘𝑔⁄
(0.074 𝑐𝑚2 )(2.05 × 106 𝑐𝑚2 )

𝑪𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔 𝒎

CL = ML ± CP

CL = 1371.50 m + 0.026 m

CL = 1371.526 m

18. CORRECTION DUE TO SAG. A 30-m steel tape weighs 1.5kg and is supported at its end points and at the 5 and15-meter
marks. If a pull of 8 kg is applied, determine the correction due to sag between supports for one tape length.

Given:

L1 = 5.0 m L2 = 10.0 m L3 = 15.0 m

P = 8.0 kg W = 1.5 kg

Required:

Correction due to Sag, Cs

Illustration:
Solution:

𝑊2𝐿
𝐶𝑆 = − ∑( 24𝑃2 ).

(1.5 𝑘𝑔)2
𝐶𝑆 = − (5 + 10 + 15)𝑚
24(8.0 𝑘𝑔)2

𝑪𝑺 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒 𝒎

19. CORRECTION DUE TO SAG. A 30-m steel tape weighing 0.04 kg/m is constantly supported only at its endpoints, and used
to measure a line with a steady pull of 8.5kg. If the measured length of the line is 2465.18 m, determine the correct
length of the line.

Given:

ML = 2465.18 m NL = 30.00 m

w = 0.04 kg/m P = 8.5 kg

Required:

Correct length of the line, CL

Illustration:

Solution:
 𝑛(𝑤 2 𝐿3 )
𝐶𝑆 = − ∑
24𝑃2
2460 𝑚
𝑛= = 82 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑠,
30 𝑚

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
82 × (0.04 ⁄𝑚)2 × (30 𝑚)3 1 × (0.04 ⁄𝑚)2 × (5.18 𝑚)3
𝐶𝑆 = − −
24 × (8.5 𝑘𝑔)2 24 × (8.5 𝑘𝑔)2

𝐶𝑆 = −0.025 𝑚

CL = ML ± CS

CL = 2465.18 m – 0.025 m

CL = 2465.155 m

20. NORMALTENSION. Determine the normal tension required to make a tape exactly 30.0 m between its ends when used in an
unsupported mode, if the tape has a cross- sectional area of 0.045 cm2and weighs 0.90 kg. Assume that the tape is
exactly 30.0 m when supported throughout its length under a standard pull of 6.0 kg, and its modulus of elasticity is
2.10x106 kg/cm2.

Given:

NL = 30m PS = 6.0 kg
kg
E = 2.0 x 106 W= 0.90 kg
cm2

A = 0.045 cm2

Required:

Normal tension, PN

Illustration:
Solution:

0.204𝑊 2 √𝐴𝐸
𝑃𝑛 =
√𝑃𝑛 − 𝑃𝑠

0.204(0.90)2 √(0.045)(2.0 × 106 )

𝑃𝑛 =
√𝑃𝑛 − 6

𝑷𝑵 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝒈

21. NORMAL TENSION. A 30-m steel tape supported at its ends weighs 0.03 kg/m and is of standard length under a pull of
6.5 kg. If the elastic modulus of steel is 2.0 x 106 kg/cm2 and its weight density is 7.9 x 10-3 kgm3, determine the
tension at which the effect of sag will be eliminated by the elongation of the tape due to increased tension.

Given:
NL = 30m, PS = 6.5 kg
kg kg
wῥ = 7.90 x 10-3 , E = 2.0 x 106 ,
cm3 cm2

kg
W = 0.03 ,
m

Required:
Normal Pull, PN

Illustration:
Solution:

mass 0.204𝑊 2 √𝐴𝐸

A = (density x length) 𝑃𝑛 =
√𝑃𝑛−𝑃𝑠

𝑘𝑔
W x NL 0.204(0.09𝑘𝑔)2 √0.03797468𝑐𝑚2 𝑥 2.0𝑥106
𝑐𝑚2
A = (density x length) 𝑃𝑛 =
√𝑃𝑛−6.5𝑘𝑔

kg
(0.03 )(30m)
m
A=[ kg 100cm ] 𝑷𝒏 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝒈
(7.9 x 103 3 )(30m x )
cm m

0.09 kg
A=[ kg ]
(7.9 x 10−3 3 )(3000cm)
cm

A = 0.037974684 cm2

22. COMBINED CORRECTIONS. A 30-m tape weighs 12.5 g/m and has a cross section of 0.022 cm2. It measures correctly when
supported throughout under a tension of 8.0 kg and at a temperature of 20ºC. When used in the field, the tape is only
supported at its ends, under a pull of 9.0 kg and at an average temperature of 28ºC. Determine the distance between the
zero ad 30-m marks.

Given:

P = 9.0 kg P0 = 8.0 kg

𝑘𝑔⁄
A = 0.022 cm2 E = 2.0 x 106 𝑐𝑚2
t = 28ºC t0 = 20ºC

α = 11.6 x 10-6/ ºC NL = 30.0 m

Required:

Corrected Length, CL

Illustration:
`

Solution:
(𝑃−𝑃0 )𝐿
CT = Lα(t - t0) CP = 𝐴𝐸

(9.0 𝑘𝑔−8.0 𝑘𝑔)(30 𝑚)

CT = 30 m(11.6 x 10-6 / ºC)(28ºC -20ºC) CP = 𝑘𝑔
(0.022 𝑐𝑚2 )(2.0 × 106 ⁄ 2 )
𝑐𝑚

CT = 2.784 x 10-3 m CP = 6.818 x 10-4 m

CL = L ± Cp ± CT

CL = 30.0 m + 6.818 x 10-4 m + 2.784 x 10-3 m

CL = 30.0034658 m

CL = 30.003 m

23. COMBINED CORRECTIONS. A line was found to be 2865.35 m long when measured with a 30-m tape under a steady pull of
6.5 kg at a mean temperature of 30ºC. Determine the correct length of the line if the tape used is of standard length
at 20ºC under a pull of 5.5 kg. Assume the cross-sectional area of tape to be 0.025 cm2, elastic modulus as 2.10 x 106
kg/cm2, and coefficient of thermal expansion to be 0.0000116/1ºC

Given:

ML = 2865.35 m t = 30ºC

α = 0.0000116/1ºC t0 = 20ºC

P = 6.5 kg P0 = 5.5 kg
`
A = 0.025 cm2 E = 2.10 x 106 kg/cm2

Required:

Correct Length of the Line, CL

Illustration:

Solution:

CT = ML × α × (t - t0)

CT = 2865.35 m × 0.0000116/1ºC × (30ºC - 20ºC)

CT = 0.332 m

(𝑃 − 𝑃0 )𝑀𝐿
𝐶𝑃 =
𝐴𝐸

(6.5 𝑘𝑔 − 5.5 𝑘𝑔)(2865.35 𝑚)

𝐶𝑃 =
𝑘𝑔
(0.025 𝑐𝑚2 )(2.10 × 106 ⁄𝑐𝑚2 )

CP = 0.055 m

CL = ML ± CP ± CT

CL= 2865.35 m + 0.055 m + 0.332 m

CL = 2865.737 m
`
24. MEASURING ANGLES WITH TAPE. The sides of a triangle measure 1063.55, 1840.33, and 1325.05 m. Determine the three
angles in the triangle.

Given:

a = 1063.55 m, b = 1840.33 m, c = 1325.05 m

Required:

Angles A, B and C

Illustration:

Solution:

𝑏2 +𝑐 2 −𝑎2
𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 2𝑏𝑐

1840.332 +1325.052 −1063.552

𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
2×1840.33×1325.05

𝑨 = 𝟑𝟒°𝟑𝟗′ 𝟒𝟐. 𝟏𝟖"

𝑎2 +𝑐 2 −𝑏2
𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 2𝑎𝑐
)

−1840.332 +1325.052 +1063.552

𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
2×1063.55×1325.05
`
𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎°𝟏𝟐′ 𝟓𝟗. 𝟔𝟖"

𝐶 = 180° − (34°39′ 42.18"+100°12' 59.68")

𝑪 = 𝟒𝟓°𝟕′ 𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟒"

25. OBSTRUCTED DISTANCES. In the accompanying sketch it is required to determine the distance between points A and B
which spans a wide and deep river. Lines BD and CE, which measure 385.75 m and 529.05 m, respectively, are established
perpendicular to line ABC. If points D and E are lined up with A and the length of BC = 210.38 m, determine the
required distance.

Given:

BD = 385.75 m Solution:∆𝐴𝐶𝐸 ~ ∆𝐴𝐵𝐷

CE = 529.05 m 𝐴𝐶
=
𝐴𝐵
𝐶𝐸 𝐵𝐷
BC = 210.38 m 𝐴𝐵−𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵
=
𝐶𝐸 𝐵𝐷
Required:
𝐴𝐵−210.38 𝐴𝐵
=
Length of AB 529.05 385.75

Illustration: 𝑨𝑩 = 566.32
`