INTERNET

 Also referred to as the NET or Information Superhighways

 Internet is the largest computer network in the world. It consists of thousands of smaller
interconnected networks around the world.
 Network
is a collection of computers connected to share information.

Networks may link tens, thousands and now millions of computers, enabling them to share information
with each other.

the networks from which the Internet is composed are usually public access networks, meaning that the
resources of the network can be shared with anyone logging on to, or accessing, the network.

 INTRANET

 are closed to public use.

 are the most common type of computer network used in companies and organizations to restrict
access to the information contained on the network.

A BRIEF HISTORY
 1960’s

 Internet is formed originally in the United States by the Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA).

 The Internet only connects limited areas under a contract with ARPA.

 ARPANET (ARPA Network)

 originally the very first computer network.

 was built with the intention of creating a network that would still be able to function efficiently if
the part of the network was damaged
  Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP)

 is the conceptual model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar
computer networks.

 provides end-to-end data communication specifying how data should be packetized, addressed,
transmitted, routed and received.

• TRANSMISSION control protocol (tcp)

• provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of octets between

applications running on hosts communicating by an IP network.

 INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)

 is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol Suite for relaying datagrams
across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially
establishes the Internet.

 1970’s

 Various governments, scientific and academic groups developed their own networks as a result of
ARPANET being a successful computer network.

Some of the networks developed:

 Department of Energy’s (DoE)

 Magnetic Fusion Energy Network (MFENet)

 The High Physics Network (HEPNET)

 National Science Foundation Network

  1989’s

 English Computer Scientist Timothy Berners-Lee introduced the World Wide Web (WWW).

 the World Wide Web was initially designed to aid communication between physicists who were
working in different parts of the world.

 1990’s

 the World Wide Web was officially launched and used by the public mainly because of it’s ability to
easily handle multimedia documents.

 World Wide Web (WWW.)

 is a set of programs, standards and protocols governing the way in which
multimedia files are created and displayed on the Internet.

Uses of the internet

 1960’s to 1990’s

 Internet was a communication and research tool used almost exclusively for academic and military
purposes.

 1989’s

 Internet’s use drastically change due to the introduction of the World Wide Web for public use.

Many ways internet is used:

 ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-mail)

 is sending mail through and over the network.

 is the most popular feature on the Internet.

 Information

 Business and individuals use the Internet to provide access to complex databases.

 The internet gives you access to information on any subject.

 Software

 thousands of programs are available on the Internet. It concludes applications, games, operating
system and more.
  Entertainment

 Media and entertainment companies use the Internet to broadcast audio and video, including live
radio and television programs.

 they also offer online chat groups in which people carry on discussions.

 Discussion groups

 Business and institutions mainly use the internet for voice and video conferencing.

 Scientists and scholars use the internet to communicate with colleagues from a distance, to perform
research and to distribute course materials

 Online shopping

 Companies carry out electronic commerce, including advertising, selling, buying, distributing
products and providing after-sales services.

 Nowadays, people can shop for goods and services over the internet around the world.

How does the internet work?

 The Internet is based on the concept of a CLIENT/SERVER Relationship between computers, also
called CLIENT/SERVER ARCHITECTURE.

 Client/server architecture

 In this type of concept, some computers act as information providers (SERVERS), while other
computers act as information receivers (CLIENTS).

 is not one-to-one – that is, a single computer may access many different servers, and a single server
may be accessed by a number of different client computers.
  Client computers

 is any computer that receives information from a server.

 may be a personal computer, a pared-down computer sometimes called Web appliance, or a

wireless device such as handheld computer or cellular telephone.

STEPS TO ACCESS information on the net

1. A user must first log on, or connect to the client computer’s host network.

 Host network

 is a network that a client computer is part of, and is usually a Local Area
Network (LAN)

2. Once a connection has been established, the user may request information from a remote server.

 Remote Server

 the remote access server allows users to gain access to files and print
services on the LAN from a remote location.

 CONDITIONS:

 if the information requested by the user resides on one of the computers on the host network, that
information is quickly retrieved and sent to the user’s terminal.

 if the information requested by the user is on a server that does not belong to the host LAN, the host
network connects to other networks until it makes a connection with the network containing the
requested server.

Did you know?

 In the process of connecting to other networks, the host may need to access a router, a
device that determines the best connection path between networks and helps networks
to make connections.

 Once the client computer makes a connection with the server containing the requested
information, the server sends the information to the client in the form of a file.

 Once the client computer makes a connection with the server containing the requested
information, the server sends the information to the client in the form of a file.

 Once the file is received by the user, a special computer program called a browser then enables
the user to view and retrieve the file.
  SOME EXAMPLES OF BROWSERS

 Mosaic, Netscape, internet explorer, Google chrome, Mozilla Firefox and

more.

 Downloading
 is the process of retrieving files from a remote server to the user’s terminal.

 Notes to remember:
 Multimedia files can only be viewed with a browser. Their pared-down counterparts, text-only
documents can be viewed without browsers.
 One of the strengths of the Internet is that it is structured around the concept of hypertext.
 HYPERTEXT
 is used to describe an interlinked system of documents in which a user may
jump from one document to another in a nonlinear, associative way.
 By clicking on the hyperlink, the user is immediately connected to the document specified by the
link.

 HYPERLINK

 a link from a hypertext file or document to another location or file

 Hypermedia Documents

 are the multimedia files on the internet.

Two Categories of Internet Access:

1. Dedicated Access
 the computer is directly connected
to the Internet via a router, or the
computer is part of a network linked
to the internet.

2. Dial-up Access

 a computer connects
to the Internet with
a temporary connection,
generally over the telephone
line using a modem.

NOTES TO REMEMBER:
 Modem (modulator-demodulator)

 a device that converts a computer’s digital signals into

signals that can be transmitted over traditional telephone lines.
Basic Information about Accessing the Internet:
 Packets
 Information that are broken down into small pieces.

 Each packet travels independently over the internet and may take a different path to arrive at the
intended destination.

 All data transmitted over the internet are divided up into small units of information called packets,
each of which is labeled with a unique number indicating its place in the data stream – the flow of
information between computing devices.

 When the various packets that make up a set of data arrive at their destination, they are
reassembled using the unique labels given them.

 If part of the network over which the packets are sent is malfunctioning, special automatic features
of the Internet’s routing equipment re-route the packets so that they travel over functioning
portions of the network.

 Packet Switching

 This system has features that make sure that all the data packets arrive intact, automatically
requesting that missing or incomplete packets be re-sent from the source.

 Uses a series of protocols or rules known as TCP/IP.

 Router

 Is a specialized computer that regulates traffic on the

Internet and picks the most efficient route for each
packet. A packet may pass through many routers
before reaching its intended destination

 Bandwidth

 is the amount of data a network can transmit.

 is usually measured in Kilobits per second (Kbps) or Megabits per second (Mbps).

 Bits - the smallest unit of information that computers can process have one of two values,
either 0 or 1.

 Backbone

 Consists of high-speed data lines,

like telephone lines, that connect
major networks all over the world.
Download/Upload Information

 Downloading
 is when you receive
information from another
computer on the Internet.

 Uploading
 is when you send
information from another
computer on the Internet.

 Transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP)

 Is a language computers on the Internet use to communicate with each other.
 Provides information you send into packets and sends the packets over the internet.
 When information arrives at the intended destination it ensures that all packets arrive safely.

Some Requirements to use the Internet:

 To be part of the Internet a computer must have
a unique Internet Protocol (IP) network address
so that messages can be correctly routed to and
from the machine over the Internet.
NOTES TO REMEMBER:
 Uniform Resource Locator(URL)
 Internet addresses are called URLs.
 Some URLs are a string of numbers,
but because long strings of numbers
are hard to remember, other addressing
conventions are used.
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http)
 indicates the protocol
– in this instance the http
– used to access the particular location on the internet.

EXAMPLE:
http://encarta.msn.com/downloads/pryearbk.asp

 The name after the colon and double slash indicates the hostname,
which is the name of the specific computer system connected to the internet.

 The remaining names after the hostname indicate various files to which the specific URL points.
Basic Requirements in order to Connect to the Internet:
 Computer

 Is an electronic machine that performs tasks under the control of a set of instructions called
program.

 Computers with high CPU speed and more memory will give you a better accessing and faster
processing of data.

 Program

 Before the introduction of the world wide web, various standards and types of software existed for
transmitting data. Many of these are still in use:

 TELNET

Allows an Internet user to connect to a distant computer and use that


computer as if he or she were using it directly.
 File Transfer Protocol (ftp)
 is a method of moving files from one computer to another over the Internet,
even if each computer has a different operating system or storage format.
 Gopher
 is an improvement of FTP, making it easier to list and retrieve files remotely.
 Modem (modulator-demodulator)
 is needed to connect your computer to the telephone lines, it will allow your connection to the
Internet.

 Internet Service Provider (ISP)

 are companies that provide dial-up

or dedicated access to the internet.

 CompuServe, Manila Online,

Pacific Internet, Sky Internet,
PLDT and Destiny are some of them.

 Commercial Online Service

 are also ISP-companies but

offers vast amount of information
and access to the Internet.

 America Online and Microsoft Network

 are some examples that provide such service.

The Future of the Internet
 The main challenge facing the continued growth of the Internet is the difficulty of providing enough
bandwidth to sustain the network.

 In order to accommodate the increasing number of users,

the non-profit organization University Corporation for
Advanced Internet Development (UCAID), is working on
the construction of Internet 2. It will add more bandwidth
to the current information superhighway in order to
accommodate larger packets of data.

World Wide Web

 also called the Web or WWW, is part of the Internet.

 is a wide-area hypermedia information retrieval initiative

e aiming to give universal access to a huge collection of
documents stored on computers around the world.

 in layman's term the Web is and Internet-based computer network that allows user to on the computer to
access information stored on another computer through the world-wide network.

 Structure of the www

 is based on the principle of universal readership: “if information is available, then any (authorized)
person should be able to access it from anywhere in the world.”

 its implementation follows a standard client-server model.

 in this model, a user relies on a program (the client) to connect to a remote machine (the server),
where the data is stored.

 its architecture is one of the clients, “which know how to present data but not what its origin is, and
servers, which know how to extract data”, but are ignorant of how it will be presented to the user.

 One of the main features of the WWW documents is their Hypertext Structure. On a graphical
terminal, for instance, a particular reference can be represented by underlined text or an icon. “The
user clicks on it with the mouse and the referenced document appears.

The History of Hypertext

 Hypertext

 was coined by Ted Nelson in his book “Literary Machines”

 was defined as “non-sequential writing”

 later on was considered as a medium limited to computers.

 1945’s

 Vannevar Bush published the earliest

electronic model of a hypertext system.

 Bush wrote of a “memex”, a conceptual

machine that could store vast amounts of
information, in which a user had the ability
to create information “trails”: links of related text and illustrations.

 1960’s

 Ted Nelson developed the modern

version of |hypertext inspired
by Bush’s unimplemented “memex”.

 1989’s Ted Nelson Tim Berners-Lee

 Tim Berners-Lee of CERN conceived the idea

of the World Wide Web learning from Nelson’s ideas.