Nama : Yulia Gusmiarni

NPM : 16611051

M.P : Psycholinguistics

 The Creativity of Human Language

Language is a system that allows people immense creativity. For one, speakers of a language
can create and understand novel sentences for an entire lifetime.
 Some Characteristics of the Linguistic System

grammar lexicon
The set of rules that creates the words of a language.
sentences in a language is a
language’s grammar.

 The Distinction between Descriptive and Prescriptive Grammar.

prescriptive grammar descriptive grammar

People who teach language are interested People who study language, in contrast, are
in teaching a standardized use of language, interested
the form of a language that in what/something.
is accepted in academic and business circle

 Linguistic Competence and Linguistic Performance

linguistic competence Linguistic performance pragmatics

When people know a Linguistic performance, in The description of how
language, contrast, is the language is actually used.
they know its grammar use of such knowledge in
and its lexicon. the actual processing of
Linguistic competence is a sentences, by which
technical we mean their production
term, different from the and comprehension.
usual meaning of the word
competence. it simply
refers to the knowledge of
language that is in a
person’s brain (or mind),
knowledge that provides a
system for pairing
sound and meaning.
encoding
In the encoding process, an abstract object
– an idea – is translated
into a physical object – a speech signal.
decodes
When the hearer decodes the physical signal,
he recovers
the same abstract object – the idea – that was
encoded by the speaker.
Let us take this a step further by pointing out
that, since the idea and
the physical signal are not part of the linguistic
system, neither is
directly reflected in the (also abstract)
representations built by the linguistic
system during the encoding or decoding
processes. (

 Origins of Contemporary Psycholinguistics

Contemporary psycholinguistics behaviorist psychology

Contemporary psycholinguistics is an
interdisciplinary field combining
the two disciplines of linguistics and
experimental cognitive psychology
The behaviorist psychology of that day
took the domain of
psychology to be behavior (of people or
animals), rather than mental
operations of any kind.
Chomsky : language sis based on the
rules.universal grammar is the theory of
the genetic component of language
faculty. By noam chomsky.
A teacher is use prescriptive way.

 The Nature of Linguistic Competence

Prosody stress-timed syllable-timed Moratimed
An aspect of language Languages have Languages like languages like
controlled by the been categorized Spanish, French, and Japanese are
phonological into classes based Italian, in contrast, categorized as
component on their general are categorized. moratimed
rhythmic
tendencies.
Languages like
English and Dutch
are often
described
  The Acquisition of Language
 A Biological Predisposition for Language
nativist a predisposition
model of language acquisition to acquire language
nativist The nativist
model of language acquisition. claim is that the developing brain provides
It is important to be very clear about how we the infant with a predisposition
frame the nativist conception to acquire language; but language
of language acquisition. The claim is not that acquisition will not happen
humans acquire in a vacuum. The child must be exposed to
language without experience – on the external input to construct
contrary. In fact, biologically a grammar and a lexicon with all the
based systems, for humans and other properties associated with human
animals, require environmental language.
input to trigger or stimulate development.
For example, the biologically
based system for human vision is already
well developed at birth,
but newborns cannot differentiate the input
they receive from their left
versus their right eye, so they have no depth
perception. During an
infant’s first month of life, visual input
triggers important changes in
how the brain organizes stimuli that enter
from the left versus the right
eye, and eventually the baby is able to
perceive perspective, distances,
and depth.

 The Biological Basis of Language

 Anatomical and Physiological Correlates for Language
aphasia Neurolinguistics Broca’s aphasia Wernicke’s
aphasia
first case of Neurolinguistics Broca’s aphasia, Wernicke’s
aphasia (Dingwall is the study of the also known as aphasia, also
1993). representation non-fluent called fluent
Aphasia is a of language in the aphasia, is aphasia, is
language brain, and the characterized by characterized by
impairment discovery of halting, effortful fluent
linked to a brain aphasias led speech; it is meaningless
lesion to the birth of associated with strings; it is
this damage caused by
interdisciplinary involving Broca’s damage involving
field area in the frontal Wernicke’s area
lobe of the left the temporal lobe
hemisphere of the left
hemisphere
  Second Language Acquisition
In the sections above, bilingual language acquisition came up in various places. Children
who are exposed to two languages simultaneously from birth are bilingual (simultaneous)
acquirers. Other bilinguals acquire their two languages one after the other (sequentially).
The study of how people learn languages after their first is called second language
acquisition – even when the language being learned is the third, or fourth, or fifth.

 The Speaker: Producing Speech

 The Morphological Component

morphemes
Phonemes are completely meaningless
by themselves, yet they combine
to form morphemes, the smallest units
of meaning or grammatical
function in a language. Morphemes can
be divided into two classes,
bound and free. free. Free morphemes
are individual words, like dog or bite,
that can appear alone or with other
morphemes. In contrast, bound
morphemes – like the –s in plays or the
re– in rewrite – must be affixed to
other words. Bound morphemes are
called affixes in general – or, more
specifically, prefixes (dis– in disbelief ) or
suffixes (–sion in suspension),
depending on how they attach to the
stem (or root) of the word.
morphophonological
rules
Some morphemes change based on the
phonological environment in
which they occur. These regularities are
expressed as morphophonological
rules. An example of such a rule applies
to indefinite articles
(also called determiners) in English.
Words like the definite article the
are used to specify a noun (e.g., the
book specifies a particular book, while
the indefinite article a is less specific
(e.g., a cat refers to some cat,
any cat.

Inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes

Inflectional morphemes mark
features like tense,
number, gender, and case. The
meaning of the stem to which an
inflectional
morpheme is attached does not
change, nor does its grammatical
category (also known as part of
speech, such as noun, verb, adverb, or
adjective). adding –ing does
For instance, adding –er
to a verb changes it into a noun
(make, maker); adding –ness to an
adjective
changes it into a noun (kind,
kindness); adding –ly to an adjective
changes it into an adverb (interesting,
interestingly). Some derivational
morphemes change the meaning of a
word without
 not change the part of speech nor the changing the part of speech.
meaning of race, but it changes the
verb’s aspect to progressive: racing in
It was racing down the street
performs
a different grammatical function than
does raced in It raced down the street.
Of course, there is another use of the
bound morpheme –ing; it can change
a verb to a noun, as in Racing can be
lots of fun.

 Representing the grammatical properties of words

Content Function words

words
Content
words are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and
adverbs – all of which are also
characterized as open class words, because an
unlimited number of such
words can be added to the lexicon.
Function words are grammatical
markers of various types – prepositions,
conjunctions, determiners, and
so on – and are known as closed class words
because new function words
cannot be added to the lexicon of a language.

Discourse Processing Anaphoric reference

The goal of discourse integration requires at
least two
major processes: anaphoric reference and
inference.
 An anaphor is a linguistic device that
refers to someone or something that
has been mentioned in the previous context.
For ex :
 I got a new puppy yesterday. The little
darling slept with me last night.
The little darling (difinite non phrase)
 Rama came home yesterday for spring
break ‘he’ spent the afternoon telling
dad all about college life.
Pronouns are anaphors because they cannot be
interpreted without
locating an antecedent (grammatical form)
anaphoric because the use of the definite
article the presupposes that
the referent of that noun phrase is already in
the discourse. The first
mention of an entity is introduced with an
indefinite article (as in a new
puppy in (12) ). Later reference to the same
entity requires the use of the
 definite article. The entailment for the hearer
is that when a noun phrase
with a definite article is encountered it must
refer back to an earlier
instantiation of the same referent: it is
anaphoric. (An exception to this
is the use of the definite article to refer to a
species, as in The snowy owl
is a diurnal bird of prey.)
having any male referent.

 Speaker and hearer

Speaker hearer

Producing speech (the girl pets the dog) syntatic representation <= lexical selection <=
phonological representation <= Auditory
Encoding speaker => lexical selection => system (hear someone talking then he talks)
syntatic representation => phonological
representation => articulatory system (think
first then speak)

 Bottom-up and top-down information

An influential concept in psycholinguistics (and in psychology in general) is the distinction between

bottom-up and top-down processing.

bottom-up information top-down information

Psycholinguistic processes are, at their core, ided by
information processing contextual information, either in the
routines; we can ask to what extent these communication situation or within
processes are triggered automatically the sentence being processed (top-down).
based only on the acoustic signal. Top-down processing is defined as the
In the bottom-up processing approach, development of pattern recognition through
perception starts at the sensory input, the the use of contextual information.
stimulus. For example, there is a flower at
the center of a person's field. The sight of
the flower and all the information about the
stimulus are carried from the retina to the
visual cortex in the brain. The signal travels
in one direction.