07505310e Power Systems Handbook 3rded PDF

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DC Power Systems Handbook

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Technical Services and Customer Support
075-053-10
Argus Technologies Ltd. 075-053-10 Rev E WC

Printed in Canada. © 2002 Argus Technologies Ltd. ARGUS is a registered trademark of Argus Technologies Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
D C P O W E R S Y S T E M S H A N D B O O K
Table of Contents
4.6 Cabling 60
1 The DC Power System 1 4.7 Power Up Procedure 62
1.1 DC Power Overview 1
4.8 Initial Charge and Discharge Test 63
1.2 Rectifier 5
4.9 Documentation 63
1.3 Battery 12
1.4 Distribution 20 5 Power System Commissioning 67
1.5 Battery Return Bus 23
1.6 Supervisory and System Control 24 6 Retrofit Installation 69
6.1 Precautions 69
1.7 Low Voltage Disconnect Contactor 28
6.2 Tools List 69
1.8 CEMF Cell 30
6.3 Distribution Circuit Addition 70
1.9 Battery Temperature Compensation 31
6.4 Common Ground Bus Addition 70
1.10 DC - DC Converter System 35
6.5 Distribution Panel Addition 71
1.11 DC Power System Integration 37
6.6 Rectifier Addition 72
1.12 Inverters/UPS 39
6.7 Shunt Replacement 72
2 Power System Sizing and Ordering 41

2.1 Calculations 41 7 Maintenance and Field Repair 73
7.1 Power System and System Controller 73
2.2 Formulas 43
7.2 RST Rectifiers 74
2.3 Power System Design Example 44
7.3 RSM Rectifiers 76
2.4 Ordering Information 44
7.4 Pathfinder Rectifiers 77
3 Site Engineering for DC Power 45 7.5 CS and CSM Converters 79

3.1 Site Layout and Loading 45 7.6 Vented Batteries 80
3.2 Grounding Network 46 7.7 Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA)
3.3 Surge Protection Devices (SPD’s) 49 Batteries 81
3.4 Wiring 51 7.8 Battery Failure; Detection, Prevention and
3.5 Thermal Management 53 Corrective Action 81
3.6 Engineering Drawings 53
8 Troubleshooting 83
4 Initial Installation 55 8.1 Power System and System Controller 83
4.1 Safety Precautions 55
4.2 Tools List 56 9 Acronyms and Abbreviations 91
4.3 Inspection 57
4.4 Power System Assembly/Mounting 57
10 Power Plant Turn Up and
4.5 Battery Installation 58 Commisioning Report 93
1
Chapter
The DC Power System

The DC power system is a vital part of the communication network.
1.1 DC Power Overview
M
ost communication equipment, including PBX’s, telephone switches, microwave transmission,
fiber optic transmission, mobile radio, cellular, etc. are designed to operate from a DC input
voltage. A DC source has the inherent benefit of higher reliability as compared to an AC
source. This is because the battery, which is often used for backup, is directly connected to the
load with no intermediate stage such as an inverter that may fail and disrupt power to the load. The basic
power system consists of a rectifier and usually a battery, but may include various other components. The
various components are discussed in detail later in this section.
1.1.1 Typical DC Voltage and Current Requirements

The two most common input voltage requirements for communication equipment are +24V and -48V.
The use of -48V is rapidly becoming the most predominate as this is the maximum safe working voltage
according to both the NEC (National Electrical Code) and the CEC (Canadian Electrical Code) that has
no current limiting requirements. The high voltage reduces the current requirements making fuses/circuit
breakers/cables smaller.
+24V evolved from the mobile radio industry, where equipment was designed to operate from either
an automotive (+12V) charging system or a truck (+24V) charging system.
-48V evolved from the telephony world where 48 volts was chosen because it was the maximum
voltage that was considered safe as technicians had to make live connections. The negative polarity
(positive ground, similar to the old British -6 VDC automotive charging system) was chosen as it
reduced the galvanic corrosion that occurred when the lead sheathed telephone twisted pair cables
were originally deployed and buried in the earth.
A RGU S  TECHNO LOG I ES 075- 053- 10 Rev E 1

Application Voltage Current Notes

Mobile Radio Base +12 VDC <50 Amps
Station
Analog Cellular Base +24 VDC 200-800 Amps
Station
Microwave +24 VDC <400 Amps
transmission station
Mobile Radio Base +24 VDC <50 Amps
Station
Digital Cellular Base +24 VDC 100-600 Amps
Station
Digital Cellular Base -48 VDC 100-400 Amps
Station
Microwave -48 VDC <600 Amps
Fiber optic -48 VDC <100 Amps
Telephone switching -48 VDC 20-100 Amps
center (pedestal)
Telephone switching -48 VDC 50-200 Amps
center (remote)
Telephone switching -48 VDC 200-10 000 Amps
center (large)
PBX -48 VDC <100 Amps
Pay phone coin +/- 130 VDC < 5 amps History
control
Fiber in the loop + 130 VDC 100 VA per circuit
(FITL)
Microwave -12, +130 & + 250 various History
transmission VDC
traveling wave tubes,
etc
TABLE A Typical Telecom Equipment Voltage and Current Requirements
2 0 75- 053- 10 Re v E A RGU S  T E C H N O L O G I E S

1.1.2 Typical AC Voltage Sources

There are many different voltage sources around the world. Identify the source that you are using and
watch the rectifiers to the source. See Table B and Figures 1 through 3.
Service Configuration L–L Volts L-N Volts Were used? Notes

120/240V 1 Single Phase 240 VAC 120 VAC USA, Canada
PH 3W
120/208V Three Phase 208 VAC 120 VAC USA, Canada
3PH 4W Wye
277/480V Three Phase 480 VAC 277 VAC USA
3PH 4W Wye
347/600V Three Phase 600 VAC 347 VAC Canada
3PH 4W Wye
208 V 3PH Three Phase 208 VAC N/A USA, Canada
3W Delta
480 V 3 PH Three Phase 480 VAC N/A USA
3W Delta
220/380 V Three Phase 380 VAC 220 VAC Europe
3PH 4W Wye Asia
South America
TABLE B Typical AC Commercial Voltage Sources
FIGURE 1 Single or Split Phase

FIGURE 2 Three Phase Delta
FIGURE 3 Three Phase Wye or Star

1.2 Rectifier
1.2.1 Description
The rectifier is a device that changes an AC (alternating current) input to a regulated and filtered DC
(direct current) output. The DC output supplies power to the load (communication equipment) and
charges a backup battery if required (see Figure 4).
1.2.2 Connection
The rectifier is connected in parallel with both the load and the battery (if applicable). Multiple rectifiers
may be connected together in parallel, with their corresponding (+) and (-) leads connected together.
1.2.3 Operation (Float Charge Mode)

The rectifiers are adjusted to the voltage requirement (float voltage) of the battery and to “share” the load
or supply the same output current in systems with more than one rectifier.
AC-ON - The rectifier supplies current to the load and provides a trickle charge current to the battery.
AC-OFF - The rectifier turns off and the battery will supply current to the load until the battery is
completely discharged.
AC-ON - The rectifier supplies current to the load, any extra current available from the rectifier will be
used to recharge the battery.
FIGURE 4 Basic DC Power System Operation

1.2.4 Sizing Details

The rectifier size is chosen by determining the most cost-effective means of satisfying the total capacity
requirements.
N+1 redundancy should always be considered. N is the number of rectifiers required to satisfy the
total capacity requirements of the load and the “1” is an extra rectifier added so that a failure of a
rectifier in the system will not jeopardize system integrity.
Correct choice of either positive ground (-48 VDC) or negative ground (+24 VDC) is critical. The
grounded potential is connected to a common point and the “live” cable is connected through either fuses
or circuit breakers.
Refer to power system design calculation section.
1.2.5 Features and Selection Criteria

Low output noise/ripple ensures that the load is unaffected by the rectifier in both battery and more
importantly battery-less operation. Note: the battery acts as a filter, but VRLA batteries will fail
prematurely when connected to rectifiers with high output ripple voltage.
Tight voltage regulation (line and load) to ensure that the battery is properly charged and the load
does not receive fluctuating voltages.
Modular vs. monolithic configuration; modular rectifiers allow for easy replacement and expansion.
Unity power factor (P.F.>.95) is becoming more important as the utilities move toward increased
monitoring of power factor. A poor power factor at your Telecom facility may result in the electrical
utility adding a surcharge to your electrical bill. In Europe, unity power factor is a CE requirement for
Residential and light commercial applications. North America may soon follow this trend. There are
two types of power factor measurements displacement and true. The displacement component of
power factor is the ratio of the active power of the fundamental wave (60 Hz), in Watts, to the
apparent power of the fundamental wave in volt-amperes. This is the value used by utilities to
determine billing. True power factor is the ratio of the total power input, in Watts, to the total volt
ampere input, this includes the fundamental wave (60 Hz) and all the harmonics (120, 180, 240, 360,
480 Hz, etc. This value is used for efficiency calculations. Early Argus rectifiers utilize passive power
factor correction to achieve reasonable power factor at low cost. The Pathfinder rectifiers offered by
Argus have a true power factor of >.99.

FIGURE 5 Power in an Inductive Circuit
FIGURE 6 Power Factor Triangle
Low THD (total harmonic distortion) and damaging harmonic currents, to meet CE requirements
and to eliminate AC generator and transformer overheating and interaction problems. THD refers to
the distortion of the incoming AC voltage or current waveform when the rectifier is connected and is
expressed as a percentage.
Three phase AC input - For higher power applications this becomes more important to ensure even
balancing of load on a three-phase AC source.
High efficiency as well as having the obvious power savings benefit, reduces the size of the input
feeder circuit breaker, input cabling, and air conditioning requirement.

Wide AC operating window for both frequency and voltage to tolerate fluctuations without the
rectifier shutting down. Argus rectifiers have a wide input tolerance range for both frequency and
voltage. This allows uninterrupted operation and also allows universal operation for 208/240V 60Hz
operation and 220V 50 Hz operation with no modification or reconfiguration required.
Pathfinder 48-3kW & 24-3kW rectifiers (208/240 VAC I/P) will continue to operate down
to 90 VAC (with reduced output)!
Compact and lightweight helps reduce installation, maintenance and shipping costs.
Balanced load sharing should be achieved between units of the same design and with other types of
rectifiers. Argus rectifiers accomplish this with a combination of forced sharing (master/slave) and/or
adjustable slope regulation. Adjustable slope allows you to tailor the voltage regulation characteristics
of different brands of rectifiers.
Forced sharing works by the rectifiers electing a master unit (the rectifier with the highest
output voltage). The other rectifiers are forced to adjust their output voltage to track the
master and therefore share the load.
Slope Regulation (Output Voltage) allows the user to drop the output voltage of the
rectifier a small amount from no load to full load. This is done at a fixed rate. The slope in
the voltage regulation of the rectifiers helps to allow the user to set the rectifiers to load
share easily and also allows you to tailor the voltage regulation characteristics of different
brands of rectifiers.
FIGURE 7 Output Slope Voltage Regulation and Current Limit
Adjustable current limit restricting output current of the rectifier, in either a discharged battery or
overload condition. The rectifier can operate in this condition without damage.
Power limit allows the rectifier to supply greater output current when the output voltage of the
system is low. This reduces battery recharge time and also provides greater overload capabilities
reducing the need for redundant rectifiers.

FIGURE 8 Current Output Pathfinder 48V-10kW e/w Power Limit
FIGURE 9 Power Limit (Pathfinder 48V-3kW) - Current Limit (RSM 48/50) Comparison
A float/equalize mode selector switch allowing selection of two operating modes:
1. Float mode for normal charging of the battery.
2. Equalize mode for boost charging (at a higher charging voltage) of batteries when
required. This boost charging eliminates any sulfation on the battery plates resulting in cell
voltage imbalances and poor performance. This is an important feature for vented lead
calcium batteries floated at reduced voltage levels. Typically not required with VRLA
batteries under normal operating conditions.

Automatic high voltage shutdown (HVSD) or over-voltage protection (OVP) to switch the rectifier
off in case of a high output voltage condition, preventing damage to the batteries and load. An
automatic restart feature should be included in the event that a site temporary abnormality surge as a
ground surge resulted in the HVSD.
Soft-start gradually steps each rectifier on-line at power up. This eliminates start-up current surges
associated with many rectifiers. The feeder breaker and feeder size requirements are decreased,
reducing the installation costs of the rectifier.
Adjustable delay start allows staggered start-up of rectifiers reducing stress on the AC generator and
also allows the rectifiers to be started after the site air conditioner compressor (drawing high surge
current) has started.
Alarms provide indication of rectifier failure and should be of “fail safe” design. Local indication plus
remote relay contacts are required.
Remote sensing leads are connected directly from the battery to the rectifiers via a sense fuse
distribution panel located in the supervisory panel. This allows the charger output voltage to be
regulated at the battery improving voltage regulation at the battery. This is important with power
systems that incorporate separate charge and discharge circuits or power systems where there may be
a significant voltage drop in the battery cables. If this feature is not connected, the rectifiers
automatically revert to internal sensing, regulating the rectifier output voltage to the rectifier output
terminals.
Remote Control and Monitoring allows the rectifiers to be remotely controlled and monitored from a
central supervisory and control panel.
Paralleling Diode (optional) prevents disruption of DC system output power in the event of a
rectifier internal fault in systems without batteries. A blocking diode prevents current from flowing
back into a failed rectifier from parallel rectifiers in some circumstances. It is not usually needed as
energy stored in the system battery or parallel rectifiers will clear the rectifier output fuse or circuit
breaker.
Model Voltage Current Features

Pathfinder & 24 VDC 18, 110 A • Convection or fan cooled
RSM 48/10 48 VDC 10, 28, 55, 180 A • Modular design
• Power factor corrected
RSM 24 VDC 15, 50,100 A • Convection or fan cooled
48 VDC 7.5, 30, 50, 100 A • Modular design
• 100 kHz forward converter design
• Passive power factor correction
RST 12 VDC 50, 100 A • Convection cooled
24 VDC 30, 50, 100 A • Monolithic Design
48 VDC 15, 30, 50, 100 A • 48 kHz forward converter design
• Passive power factor correction
TABLE C Argus Technologies Solutions

1.2.6 Theory of Operation RSM 24/50, 24/100, 48/30 and 48/50

Please refer to the power circuit block diagram. The 184-264 VAC 50/60 Hz input is fed through a circuit
breaker into a full wave rectifier, which provides a 120 Hz 340 V peak pulse train to an input filter circuit.
The input filter provides a nominal 290 volts DC "raw supply" with approximately 30 VP-P 120 Hz ripple
to the transistor switching circuit.
The transistor switching circuit chops the raw supply into nominally 525VP-P, 100 kHz rectangular
waveform with a nominal 66% duty cycle. This waveform is fed into a ferrite power transformer, which
steps down and isolates the high frequency switching waveform. A rectifier circuit converts the power
transformer output to a DC pulse train of nominally 136 V peak. A two-stage output filter averages and
smoothes this pulse train down to provide the nominal 52 VDC output with low noise.
A voltage error amplifier circuit senses the output voltage and compares it with the voltage reference to
provide a voltage error signal. Similarly, a current error amplifier senses the output current using a shunt
resistor and scaling amplifier to compare the output current to the desired maximum output current to
provide a current error signal.
These signals are fed into the pulse width modulator (PWM) via OR-ing circuitry so that either voltage or
current regulation is achieved. The pulse width modulator controls the "ON" time of the switching
transistors to vary the output as commanded by the error amplifiers. It also senses the switching transistor
current on an instantaneous basis to provide cycle-by-cycle protection of the switching transistors. An
auxiliary supply, powered via a small 50/60 Hz transformer, and a DC/DC converter power the control
circuit and front panel circuitry. The PWM receives the ON/OFF command and clock signal from the
front panel circuit and control circuitry.
FIGURE 10 RSM Block Diagram

1.3 Battery
1.3.1 Description
The battery is an electro-chemical means of energy storage. When AC power is interrupted to the
rectifiers or when there is insufficient current available from the rectifiers to support the load
requirements, the battery will automatically supply current to the load. The battery may be used in
combination with a generator to provide back-up power for extended time periods to the load. A battery
consists of a series connection of multiple cells. The number of cells in series is determined by the
operating voltage of the system and the operating voltage of each cell.
1.3.2 Connection
The battery is connected in parallel with the rectifier and the load.
1.3.3 Operation
As detailed in the rectifier operation section.
Float charge the battery at the voltage recommended by the battery manufacturer (temperature
dependent).
Some batteries may require periodic equalization. Equalization is where a higher boost voltage is applied
to the battery to ensure the proper cell voltage balance and correct conditioning of the battery cells.
Parameter Valve Regulated Lead Acid Battery Flooded or Vented Battery

(VRLA)
One Cell 24 V 48 V One Cell 24 V 48 V
System System System System
Nom. V 2 24 48 2 24 48
Float V 2.25 27 54 2.20 26.4 52.8
Equalize V 2.30 27.6 55.2 2.30 27.6 55.2
End V 1.75 21 42 1.75 21 42
Op. Win. V 1.75-2.30 21-27.6 42-55.2 1.75-2.30 21-27.6 42-55.2
# cells 1 12 24 1 12 24
TABLE D Typical Battery Operating Parameters
1.3.4 Sizing Details

1. Determine your load profile (i.e. amps per hrs) and select the battery using the manufacturers
sizing tables (See examples: Table E). Batteries are rated using the following criteria:
Temperature Reference (25 deg C in North America, 20 deg C in Europe).
End voltage (the lowest voltage that the cell is discharged down to). The end voltage used in
calculations is usually the minimum voltage that the battery can be discharged down to without
damage. A more conservative end voltage will increase the life expectancy of the battery but reduce
back up time.
Refer to IEEE battery sizing guidelines for calculating battery size for complex load profiles
Evaluate battery charge rate for sizing intercell and inter-tier connectors

2. Apply temperature performance correction factor for average temperatures below 25 deg. C,
(77 deg. F), if applicable (See: Table F).
3. Ensure that the battery operating voltage coincides with the acceptable operating voltage window
for the equipment connected.
4. Apply the beginning and end of life de-rating factor. This factor is 20% and allows for:
The battery shipped at less than 100% capacity, typically 90% (Full capacity is achieved
after a short period of float service).
Note: Cells that are “tank” formed ship at 100 % capacity.
Battery end of life considered as 80% of capacity (See: Figure 11).
5. Battery capacity is determined by the number & size of the plates, therefore the larger the battery
the greater the capacity.
6. Battery strings may be connected in parallel to obtain additional capacity. Strings should be equal
in capacity and interconnecting cables should be of approx. the same size and length to obtain
optimum charge and discharge characteristics. The maximum recommended number of parallel
strings is three.
7. Smaller applications commonly use mono-block batteries. Mono blocks are batteries that have
more than one cell contained in the assembly (i.e. an automotive battery is a 6 cell 12 VDC mono-
bloc).
For further information, please refer to:
IEEE-485-199- IEEE recommended practice for sizing large lead-acid batteries for stationary
applications.
IEEE-1184 IEEE guide for the selection and sizing of batteries for uninterruptible power
systems.
IEEE-1689 IEEE guide for the selection of valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries for
stationary applications.

Average Cell Performance Data*

Discharge rates in amperes.
1.215 Sp. Gr. Electrolyte @ 77°F (25°C), including cell connectors.
Nom. To 1.50
A.H. 72 24 12 8 5 4 3 2 1.5 1 30 15 1 VPC
TYPE
CAP. hr. hr. hr. hr. hr. hr. hr. hr. hr. hr. min. min. min. 1 min.
To 1.75 VPC Final
EA-5 230 4.6 11.1 18.8 26.6 44.0 49.9 59 75 87 102 152 197 290 530
EA-7 270 4.8 12.9 23.7 33.3 49.0 58.5 73 98 120 154 226 291 426 790
EA-9 350 6.4 17.2 31.6 44.4 65.3 78.0 97 131 160 205 298 380 548 1010
EA-11 440 8.0 21.5 39.5 55.5 81.7 97.5 122 164 199 257 367 465 685 1270
EA-13 530 9.6 25.8 47.4 66.6 98.0 117 146 197 239 308 435 558 792 1460
EA-15 620 11.2 30.1 55.3 77.7 114 137 171 229 279 359 507 651 924 1700
EA-17 710 12.8 34.4 63.2 88.8 131 156 195 262 319 411 571 728 1010 1870
EA-19 800 14.4 38.7 71.1 99.9 147 176 219 295 359 462 634 801 1100 2030
EA-21 890 16.0 43.0 79.0 111 163 195 244 328 399 513 694 870 1190 2200
*Rates shown depict average values and are subject to IEEE-485
Constant Current Discharge Ratings Amperes @ 77°F (25°C).

Operating Time To End Point Voltage
End
Point 5 15 30 60 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 20 24 48 72 100
Volts min. min. min. min. hr. hr. hr. hr. hr. hr. hr. hr. hr. hr. hr. hr. hr. hr.
per
Cell
1.75 274 162 105 61.5 34.8 25.0 19.6 16.2 14.0 12.3 11.0 9.08 7.79 5.00 4.19 2.13 1.43 1.04
1.80 240 151 99.0 60.1 34.0 24.2 19.0 15.8 13.6 11.9 10.7 8.80 7.58 4.89 4.10 2.10 1.42 1.03
1.85 203 136 92.0 55.0 31.4 22.8 18.0 15.0 12.9 11.3 10.1 8.44 7.23 4.67 3.92 2.02 1.37 0.99
1.90 156 110 75.0 47.0 28.9 21.0 16.8 14.0 12.0 10.6 9.50 7.90 6.73 4.34 3.65 1.88 1.26 0.91
TABLE E Typical Battery Performance Tables

This table is based on flooded lead-acid cells only.
Cell size
Electrolyte ºC Temperature ºF
correction factor
-3.9 25 1.520
-1.1 30 1.430
1.7 35 1.350
4.4 40 1.300
7.2 45 1.250
10.0 50 1.190
12.8 55 1.150
15.6 60 1.110
18.3 65 1.080
18.9 66 1.072
19.4 67 1.064
20.0 68 1.056
20.6 69 1.048
21.1 70 1.040
21.7 71 1.034
22.2 72 1.029
22.8 73 1.023
23.4 74 1.017
23.9 75 1.011
24.5 76 1.006
25.0 77 1.000
25.6 78 0.994
26.1 79 0.987
26.7 80 0.980
27.2 81 0.976
27.8 82 0.972
28.3 83 0.968
28.9 84 0.964
29.4 85 0.960
30.0 86 0.956
30.6 87 0.952
31.1 88 0.948
31.6 89 0.944
32.2 90 0.940
35.0 95 0.930
37.8 100 0.910
40.6 105 0.890
43.3 110 0.880
46.1 115 0.870
48.9 120 0.860
51.7 125 0.850
TABLE F Temperature Performance Correction Factor Table

FIGURE 11 Battery Performance vs. Time


There are three main types of lead acid batteries that are used in telecommunication applications. The
three types, based on acid classification, are listed in Table G. Choose the appropriate type for the
application.
Acid Description Advantages Disadvantages

Classification
Flooded free liquid electrolyte, -proven technology -high maintenance
Technology similar to an -flat, tubular, plant -transportation
automotive battery options restrictions
-best life expectancy
of lead acid batteries
at higher operating
temperatures
VRLA-AGM a small quantity of -low maintenance -difficult to evaluate
(Absorbed Glass liquid electrolyte is -minimal vented battery state of health
Mat) Technology held in suspension in gasses -rapid reduction of
the fiberglass mat -easy installation in life expectancy when
any position operated at high
-easier shipping temperatures (above
classification 25 deg C)
-will not freeze
VRLA-Gel fumed silica is added -lasts longer than -performance (AH
Technology to gel the liquid AGM at high per kg) is less than
electrolyte operating AGM battery
temperatures
TABLE G Battery Type Comparison

FIGURE 12 Battery Construction

Cycling requirement - different cell plate alloys and plate configuration affect the cycling (charge and
discharge) performance of the battery. Determine the cycling requirement of your application (i.e.
float with light cycling, float with heavy cycling and full cycle service) and choose the correct battery
for the application.
Rate of discharge:
High < 15 minutes

Medium 15 min. - 2 hr.
Low 2 hr +
Maintenance requirements.
Physical design parameters, ventilation, floor loading, available space.
Cost including life expectancy.
VRLA batteries of both AGM and “gel” type are usually the first choice for backup. Some of the
important features to look for in a VRLA battery are:
Jar material with low water vapor diffusion rate i.e. polypropylene or PVC to prevent dry
out.
Flame retardant jar materials.
Even compression of plates through a fixed method of jar compression to maintain, plate
to microporous separator integrity (AGM).
Designed to prevent strap corrosion and lug corrosion (AGM).
Packaging – the battery may be packaged on a traditional battery stand or be of bolt together self
supporting construction. For smaller battery strings the use of relay rack shelves or cabinets is a
consideration. There are also AGM batteries available from the manufactures prepackaged for easy
installation into a relay rack.
1.3.6 Argus Solutions

Argus does not manufacture batteries, but will provide batteries as part of the integrated power system.

FIGURE 13 Basic System e/w Distribution
1.4 Distribution
1.4.1 Description
Fuses and circuit breakers are used to safely distribute the DC power from the rectifier and battery to the
loads. These devices protect the loads and load cables from short circuits, overload conditions and allow
easy manual shutoff . This helps to isolate faults between circuits. Circuit breakers and fuses are also used
for protecting the battery and battery cables and to allow an easy means of disconnecting the battery from
the system for safety, fire prevention and maintenance.
1.4.2 Connection
Primary Distribution
Load fuses or circuit breakers located at the power system are connected in series between the power
system and the loads and/or between the power system and the battery.
Secondary Distribution
Large main fuses are installed in the power system to distribute dc power to remote BDFB’s (Battery
Distribution Fuse Board’s) or BDCBB’s (Battery Distribution Circuit Breaker Boards). From the BDFB
power is distributed to the loads with smaller individual circuit breakers.
1.4.3 Operation
Fuse
Excessive current flowing through the fuse melts the internal link, disconnecting the load from the power
system. A guard fuse is connected in parallel with the main fuse and will blow when the main fuse blows.
The guard fuse provides a local indication and also will send an external alarm signal via a built-in contact.

Circuit Breaker
Excessive current flowing through the circuit breaker causes excessive heat (thermal) or an excessive
magnetic field (magnetic) to trip the circuit breaker to the off position. Alarm sending is via breaker
auxiliary contacts or electronic trip detection circuitry.
Electronic Trip Detection Circuitry

A 10 000 ohm bypass resistor is connected across the circuit breaker (to limit current) and the output
voltage of the circuit breaker is monitored. The benefit of the circuit is that an alarm is indicated only
when a breaker is off with a load connected and no connection to the auxiliary contacts is needed.
Breaker ON with no load voltage on breaker output is high no alarm.
Breaker ON with load voltage on breaker output is high no alarm.
Breaker OFF with no load voltage on breaker output is high (due to bypass resistor) no alarm.
Breaker OFF with load voltage on breaker output is low (due to load forcing voltage down to zero V)
alarm is indicated.
Voltage will be measured on the output of a circuit breaker even when the breaker is off,
however current flow is limited to a few mA due to the 10,000 ohm resistor.
Sizing
Most communication equipment requires fuses or circuit breakers with short delay curves “fast blow” to
provide proper protection Fuses with different curves may be utilized to match specific load requirements.
Load fuses and circuit breakers should be sized 1.25 to 1.5 times the maximum continuous anticipated
load on the circuit for reliable operation.
Battery fuse/circuit breaker should be sized at 1.25 times the maximum current rating of all the rectifiers
in the system (minimum).
Ensure that the current capacity of the circuit breaker panels is not exceeded by the current draw of the
connected loads.
The interrupting capacity (highest fault current that the device is rated to safely interrupt) of the protection
device should match the application. Battery protection devices require higher interrupting capacity due to
the high short circuit current capability of a battery and the large cables (low impedance).
Features and Selection Criteria

Remote alarm sending via guard fuse or remote contacts on circuit breaker.
Alarm indicating lamp and an isolating relay.
Installation method may be traditional “bolt-in”, “plug-in” or “snap-in” circuit breakers.
Guard bars to prevent accidental tripping of circuit breakers.
Electronic breaker trip detection circuitry.

Combination – various types of fuses and circuit breakers can be combined in different panels to
meet load requirements.
Current monitoring via series shunts to ensure circuits are not overloaded or power consumption
monitoring for billing purposes.
Battery protection
EPO - Emergency Power Off control capability using contactor or shunt trip breaker for
locations that require a mandatory emergency power shutdown to meet local fire codes.
LVBD - Low Voltage Battery Disconnect control capability to automatically disconnect

and reconnect the battery during an extended ac power outage.
Manual battery disconnection - Single string disconnection for maintenance and fault
isolation.
Fuses or circuit breakers?
Fuse advantages - high interrupting capacity, cost, flexibility, fast speed.
Circuit breaker advantages - can be reset, accuracy, low speed.
Fuse blocks:
Type Rating-Range (block size)
GMT 0-15A
70 Type 1/2A used for indicating purposes
BAF 0-30A
Cartridge 0-30A, 31-60A, 61-100A, 101-200A
TPL 61-800A
Breakers:
Manufacturer Type Rating Interrupting Capacity Usage
Heinemann AM 5 - 100 A 5 or 10kA Load or battery
Heinemann CD 5 - 100 A 10,000A Load or battery
Heinemann GJ 100-700 A 25,000A Load or battery

1.5 Battery Return Bus

1.5.1 Description
The battery return bus (BRB), also referred to as the common ground bus, provides a common
return/reference point for the connected loads and the power system. This common reference point is
connected to the site ground to provide a low impedance path to ground for transients and noise and also
provides a ground reference to the connected equipment.
1.5.2 Connection
The ground lead of all DC load inputs, batteries and rectifiers should be connected to this point. This bus
must also be connected to the site ground grid (see grounding network section).
1.5.3 Sizing
Ground bars are sized according to load requirements.
1.5.4 Features
Allowances for termination of two-hole lugs of various sizes should be provided.
Ground bars must be isolated from the relay rack through glastic insulators so that the power
system can be integrated correctly into the site single point ground network.
Provisions for small cable termination shall also be provided.
Tin-plated copper construction for corrosion resistance.

Various types are available from Argus including flat bars and “U” shaped bars for additional cable
termination.

FIGURE 14 Basic System e/w Distribution & Supervisory Panel
1.6 Supervisory and System Control

1.6.1 Description
In most power systems it is desirable to have a central control and monitoring panel to provide local and
remote indication of system operating parameters and alarms and also to provide system control.
1.6.2 Connection
Various connections are made to the supervisory panel from different components so that different
parameters and levels may be monitored and controlled.
Shunts can be installed in the grounded or live load, battery or system conductor. See Figure 14.
1.6.3 Operation
The battery (charge) and load (discharge) voltage is monitored with a direct connection of the sense leads
to the source; battery or load.
The battery (charge) and load (discharge) current is monitored with an external shunt. Shunts are
calibrated low resistance resistors designed to provide a specific voltage drop at a specific current (linear
relationship). This voltage drop is measured by the ammeter. A typical shunt rating would be 200A,
50mV. Therefore 200 amps of current flowing through this shunt will cause a voltage drop of 50mV.
Calculated values may also be displayed such as total rectifier output current (numerical addition of
individual rectifier output currents). In systems where there is no battery shunt an estimation of battery
current can be calculated by subtracting the discharge current from the rectifier total output current.

Room and battery temperature can be monitored with temperature probes.
Additional analog parameters can be monitored using available inputs.
Events such as distribution fuse alarm, battery fuse alarm, rectifier failure, converter failure, etc. are
monitored by the supervisory panels.
Alarms are based on an analog or digital event. Each alarm has a two to five second delay before
extending an alarm. The delay eliminates false triggering due to line transients or false alarms. Analog
alarms usually incorporate a hysteresis into the trigger level to prevent oscillation of an alarm condition
caused by a level fluctuating around the set point. Alarm functions provide both local (visual and audible
(optional)) and remote (relay contact) indicators.
Relay contacts may be configured as form “A” (NO), form “B” (NC), or form ”C” (NO & NC).
Control functions are extended from the supervisory panel to control various other power system
components.
Microprocessor based supervisory panels have direct communications with rectifiers for monitoring and
single point control. Communications is via RS-485 connection.
1.6.4 Sizing
Shunts are sized according to load requirements and limit the initial capacity of the power system. Current
flowing through a shunt must not exceed 80% of its nominal rating on a continuous basis.
1.6.5 Features (Panel Dependent)

Typical Alarms
high/low voltage (1 & 2)
AC mains high/low/failure
distribution fuse/breaker
battery fuse/breaker
control fuse trip
rectifier failure alarm minor (one rectifier)
“ major (>one rectifier)
converter failure alarm minor (one converter)
“ major (>one converter)
auto-equalize
high voltage shutdown
low voltage disconnect
CEMF (out)
CEMF (fail)
rectifier communication lost
Power system minor alarm (logical “or-ing” of various non critical alarms)
Power system major alarm (logical “or-ing” of various critical alarms)
etc.

Controls
Control features are used to control power system devices such as rectifiers and contactors.
Manual equalize - Allows the user to initiate all the rectifiers into the equalize mode with one
common switch. Used for maintenance purposes with VRLA batteries, i.e. equalizing cell voltages in a
battery string.
Auto-equalize - Common in applications where flooded batteries are deployed. This function initiates
the rectifiers into the equalize mode (boost charge) for a preprogrammed amount of time (duration).
It is used with vented batteries floated at low voltages to prevent lead plate sulfation or where a
quicker recharge of the battery is required after a power failure. Auto-equalize is initiated in one of
three ways:
1. after power failure based on the voltage of the battery;

arm voltage (indicating that a long outage has occurred, rectifiers are off and the batteries
have been discharged) and
activate voltage (indicating the battery is nearing full charge and the equalize mode is
triggered, rectifiers are on) The rectifiers will remain in the equalize mode for the duration.
2. periodic equalize; where the batteries are equalized at the interval programmed in days.
3. manual initiation using the duration setting to return the rectifiers to float after the
duration has expired.
HVSD/OVP - automatically shuts down all the rectifiers when an output DC over-voltage condition is
detected.
LVD - controls 1 or more contactors that automatically open when a low battery voltage condition is
detected and close when the battery voltage returns to normal. See LVD section.
LVD override control - switch for maintenance.
Battery temperature compensation is used to adjust the rectifier output voltage to ensure that the
battery float voltage is correct for the operating temperature of the battery. See battery temperature
compensation section.
Charge current control is used to limit the flow of current into the battery when recharging
commences after a power failure. It is programmed typically at C/5 (capacity of the battery/5). This
ensures that the battery is not charged too quickly, resulting in excess heat generation and possible
reduction in battery life. This can be very important for VRLA type batteries.
Battery diagnostics
Battery state of health estimation - a continual measurement of the batteries

performance and state of health. It is expressed as a percentage of the manufacturer's
specification. Alarm triggers can be set to alarm when the battery state of health falls
below 80%. This is measured each time a significant discharge of the battery is recorded.
Battery run time prediction - the algorithm predicts the number of hours that the
battery will last, before the battery will be fully discharged or a LVD will occur, at the
present discharge rate.

Rectifier group single point adjustment - allows the operator to setup and adjust all the rectifiers at
one central location.
CEMF (counter-electro-motive-force) controls 1 or more contactors that automatically close when a

high load voltage condition is detected and open when the load voltage returns to normal or is in a
low voltage condition. See CEMF section.
1.6.6 Other Features

VAR (Visual alarm reset) - Is used to clear visual alarms.
Lamp test - Illuminates all lamps to verify operation.
Test - Combined with an external power supply, allows the user to test and calibrate the power
system while in service (SD series only).
ALCO (Alarm Cutoff) - Is provided to clear the relay contacts and audible alarm associated with each
alarm condition this allows extended alarms to be canceled while alarm condition is being resolved by
local personnel.
1.6.7 Advanced Features (SM Series)

Remote access for control and monitoring,
Local RS 232
Remote dial-in
Remote dial back
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) alarm reporting over network LAN or
WAN
History and statistics
Programmable alarm relays
LCD display of alarms, parameters, etc.

SM02
This microprocessor based supervisory panel combines a large LCD display and keypad with optional
modem card to provide advanced power system monitoring and control features.
SM03
This microprocessor based supervisory panels provides many of the features of the SM02 (without the
remote access) in a smaller, reduced cost package.
SM04
This microprocessor based supervisory panels provides the features of the SM03 with the addition of
remote communications using a built-in modem.
SD02 & 04
These discrete component supervisory panels provide comprehensive metering, control and alarm
functionality.
SD03 & 05
These discrete component supervisory panels provide basic metering, control and alarm functionality.

FIGURE 15 Basic System e/w Load Disconnect Panel
1.7 Low Voltage Disconnect Contactor

1.7.1 Description
The low voltage disconnect (LVD) contactor is used to disconnect either the load from the system (load
disconnect) or the battery from the system (battery disconnect) when the battery has been completely
discharged in a long duration power outage. There are three reasons for using a LVD:
1. Prevention of load damage due to an under voltage condition. Some communications

equipment may be damaged when operated with an excessively low input voltage or draw
excessive current that could trip a feeder circuit breaker.
2. Prevention of damage to the battery due to over-discharge. Discharging a battery below the
lowest recommended end voltage (see battery section) might permanently damage the battery.
3. Load shedding - to disconnect specific loads in a prioritized sequence to maximize backup

time for more critical loads (ex. up to three individually controlled contactors can be used
with the SM02).
1.7.2 Connection
The low voltage disconnect can be connected in series with the load (load disconnect) or in series with the
battery (battery disconnect).
The LVD is controlled by the supervisory panel. See Figure 15.

1.7.3 Operation
The supervisory panel continuously monitors system voltage.
After an extended AC outage the batteries will discharge down to the disconnect point. The disconnect
point is typically set to the lowest acceptable battery discharge voltage (end voltage). In a Telecom
application the end voltage typically used is 1.75 volts per cell (21 VDC in a 24 VDC system and 42 VDC
in a 48 VDC system). When the disconnect point is reached the load or battery will be disconnected from
the system.
The load or battery will remain disconnected until AC outage is over. On return of AC a load disconnect
and a battery disconnect system function differently (see below).
Load disconnect The rectifiers will pre-charge the batteries for a few minutes until the battery voltage
reaches the reconnect point (typically 25 VDC or 50 VDC). When the reconnect point is reached, the
load is connected on line at this voltage level.
Battery disconnect Immediately after the reapplication of AC, the load will see a slowly increasing
DC voltage (0-50 VDC over an 8-10 second period, due to the soft start feature in the rectifier). At
the 50 VDC point the battery will be connected on line.
A wide voltage differential between the in and out settings (i.e. out 42V, in 50 V in a 48V system) prevents
the contactor from oscillation because the battery voltage will naturally rise after the load has been
removed from it and reconnection without the rectifiers on-line would not be desirable.
Load vs. battery disconnect. - In some cases battery, instead of load, disconnection is desirable. The
advantage of this system is that an accidental operation of the LVD will not disrupt power to the load
unless the AC is also off. The disadvantage of the battery disconnect that the load will see a slowly
increasing input voltage 0-50V as the rectifiers perform the soft start this may cause damage to the load or
inadvertent fuse or circuit breaker tripping. Careful evaluation of the load specifications is required to
verify that this method of disconnection will not affect the load.
1.7.4 Sizing
Low voltage disconnect contactors are available in various sizes. The rating of the LVD indicates its
maximum current carrying/switching ability.

Able to switch high current loads reliably.

200 A, 800A and 1200A available.

1.8 CEMF Cell

1.8.1 Description
The CEMF cell is a diode array that is connected in series between the power system and the loads. A
contactor is installed in parallel with the diodes. The diodes are used to reduce the voltage applied to the
loads by a fixed value during normal operation or when the batteries are equalize charged. The contactor
automatically bypasses the CEMF when the system is on battery to maintain maximum backup time for
the loads.
CEMF cells are rarely used in modern telecommunications systems as they introduce step voltage changes
to the load voltage when switched in or out that may affect load operation. It also introduces another
single point of failure.
It was historically used with both step by step and crossbar telephone switching offices.
A common alternative to the CEMF cell is to remove one battery cell from the string and lower the
rectifier output voltage to reduce the operating voltage of the system; for example: 23 cell system with
VRLA batteries 23 x 2.25 V per cell = 51.75V.
1.8.2 Connection
The CEMF cell is connected in series with the load.
The supervisory panel controls the CEMF cell.
1.8.3 Operation
The supervisory panel continuously monitors system voltage.
There are two scenarios for CEMF use:
1. CEMF cell normally IN to reduce load voltage in the float and equalize mode. The normal
system float voltage is above the IN setting of the CEMF cell the CEMF contactor is opened
so that current flow is through the CEMF diodes and the load voltage is reduced. When a
power failure occurs and the voltage drops the contactor is closed to increase the voltage at
the load to ensure maximum back up time. When power is restored the contactor will open
when the voltage returns to normal diverting current through the diodes and reducing the
load voltage.
2. CEMF cell normally OUT to reduce load voltage in the equalize mode only. In this system the
IN setting of the CEMF is set higher than the float voltage and the contactor normally
bypasses the diodes. When equalize mode is selected the voltage rises above the IN setting
and the contactor is opened, current flows through the diodes and the voltage at the load is
reduced. When the rectifiers are returned to float mode the voltage drops below the out
setting and the diodes are again bypassed by the contactor and the load voltage returned to
normal.

1.8.4 Sizing
Voltage drop required.
Current required by load.
1.8.5 Features
Monitoring of cell status.
Alarm on failure of cell.

Cells and contactors in various sizes are available.
1.9 Battery Temperature Compensation

1.9.1 Background
Battery performance and life expectancy is directly related to the battery ambient temperature. The
optimum temperature for battery operation is 25 deg. C (77 deg. F). Above this temperature, battery life is
compromised and below this temperature battery performance is reduced.
VRLA batteries have a negative characteristic called “thermal runaway”. This occurs when the internal
temperature of the battery rises due to overcharge, high ambient temperature or internal fault. The rise in
internal ambient temperature causes the battery to draw more float current which in turn elevates the
internal battery temperature. This cycle continues until the battery fails. The failure of the battery may be
quite dramatic.
1.9.2 Description
Temperature compensation is the process of automatically reducing the charge voltage applied to the
battery at high temperature (to increase life and prevent thermal runaway) and increasing the voltage
applied to the battery at low temperatures (to increase the battery capacity and to ensure correct charging
of the battery).
1.9.3 Connection
Connection is as follows:
1. Traditional rectifiers with non-SM supervisory panels use a temperature compensator module
(TCM) connected in series with the rectifier remote sense line input and the battery that
requires temperature compensation.
2. Smaller rectifier systems (i.e. RSM 48/7.5 and 48/10) have this feature built in; there are no
additional sense/battery connections required.
3. RSM/Pathfinder rectifiers with SM supervisory panels, require no additional sense/battery

connections.
Temperature probes (1-4) are mounted directly to either the same battery negative termination post or to
multiple negative posts to monitor multiple battery strings.

1.9.4 Operation
Operation is as follows:
1. Non-SM based systems, the TCM adjusts the output sense voltage to the rectifiers based on
ambient temperature detected at the battery. The rectifiers will adjust their output voltage
according to the sense voltage level detected at their remote sense input. (See Table H & I).
2. Small systems adjust the rectifier output voltage based on ambient temperature detected at the
battery. (See Table H & I).
3. SM based systems, the SM will automatically adjust the rectifier float voltage based on the
battery temperature detected. It will repeat this process at the interval programmed. The
rectifier RS 485 communications link is used for this purpose.
At 25 deg. C (77 deg. F) no voltage compensation will occur.
At temperatures below 25 deg. C, the rectifier will increase its output at a fixed rate(ex. -2.5 mV per cell
per deg. C change from 25 deg C reference).
At temperatures above 25 deg. C, the rectifier will decrease its output at a fixed rate(ex. -2.5 mV per cell
per deg. C change from 25 deg C reference).
To prevent excessive voltage from damaging the load, the battery or causing a high voltage alarm
condition; the battery voltage maximum compensation may be limited (lower break point) at a fixed
temperature (ex. 0 deg C).
To prevent excessively low voltage from undercharging the battery or discharging the battery; the battery
voltage maximum compensation may be limited (upper break point) at a fixed temperature (ex. 50 deg C).
1.9.5 Sizing
Temperature Compensation Slope
Match the compensation slope to the recommendations of the battery manufacturer. Default to
conservative 2.5 or 3.5 mV if this information is unavailable.
Breakpoint
The selection of the breakpoint is critical. This determines the maximum and minimum voltage that will
be applied to the battery and the load. Match the breakpoints to the recommendations of the battery
manufacture. Carefully select the lower breakpoint as this determines the maximum voltage applied to the
load.
Check load acceptable input voltage operating window; for example: a 4.5 mV slope with a -
40 deg C breakpoint in a 48V system will result in 61 volts applied to the load in a low
temperature condition.

Fail detection circuitry.
Redundant temperature probes for increased safety.
Automatic turn off if a fault is detected and an alarm extended.


TCM
This external temperature compensation module can be either relay rack or surface mounted. It will
operate with RST (6 max.) and the larger remote sense input equipped RSM rectifiers (6 shelves max.). It
will also operate with non-Argus remote sense input equipped rectifiers.
TCM Internal
This feature is available built into Argus non-sense line equipped rectifiers, including RSM 48/7.5, RSM
24/15 and RSM 48/10.
SM System Controllers
Control larger RSM rectifiers and pathfinder rectifiers through the communications link.
TEMPERATURE* BFV**=27.00V BFV**=27.25V BFV**=27.50V

°C °F @25°C(77°F) @25°C(77°F) @25°C(77°F)
2.5mV 3.5mV 4.5mV 2.5mV 3.5mV 4.5mV 2.5mV 3.5mV 4.5mV
(volts) (volts) (volts) (volts) (volts) (volts) (volts) (volts) (volts)
-40 -40 28.95 29.73 30.51 29.20 29.98 30.76 29.45 30.23 31.01
-35 -31 28.80 29.52 30.24 29.05 29.77 30.49 29.30 30.02 30.74
-30 -22 28.65 29.31 29.97 28.90 29.56 30.22 29.15 29.81 30.47
-25 -13 28.50 29.10 29.70 28.75 29.35 29.95 29.00 29.60 30.20
-20 -4 28.35 28.89 29.43 28.60 29.14 29.68 28.85 29.39 29.93
-15 5 28.20 28.68 29.16 28.45 28.93 29.41 28.70 29.18 29.66
-10 14 28.05 28.47 28.89 28.30 28.72 29.14 28.55 28.97 29.39
-5 23 27.90 28.26 28.62 28.15 28.51 28.87 28.40 28.76 29.12
0 32 27.75 28.05 28.35 28.00 28.30 28.60 28.25 28.55 28.85
5 41 27.60 27.84 28.08 28.60 28.09 28.33 28.10 28.34 28.58
10 50 27.45 27.63 27.81 27.70 27.88 28.06 27.95 28.13 28.31
15 59 27.30 27.42 27.54 27.55 27.67 27.79 27.80 27.92 28.04
20 68 27.15 27.21 27.27 27.40 27.46 27.52 27.65 27.71 27.77
25*** 77 27 27 27 27.25 27.25 27.25 27.5 27.5 27.5
30 86 26.85 26.79 26.73 27.10 27.04 26.98 27.35 27.29 27.23
35 95 26.70 26.58 26.46 26.95 26.83 26.71 27.20 27.08 26.96
40 104 26.55 26.37 26.19 26.80 26.62 26.44 27.05 26.87 26.69
45 113 26.40 26.16 25.92 26.65 26.41 26.17 26.90 26.66 26.42
50 122 26.25 25.95 25.65 26.50 26.20 25.90 26.75 26.45 26.15
55 131 26.10 25.74 25.38 26.35 25.99 25.63 26.60 26.24 25.88
60 140 25.95 25.53 25.11 26.20 25.78 25.36 26.45 26.03 25.61
65 149 25.80 25.32 24.84 26.05 25.57 25.09 26.30 25.82 25.34
TABLE H 24 Volt Temperature Compensated Battery Float Voltage
These tables are provided as a guideline only. If battery temperature falls between values on
the above scale, estimate the voltage setting based on the closest numerical values.
* Refers to ambient temperature at the battery terminal posts.

** BFV refers to “Battery Float Voltage” Check battery manufacturer's recommended settings.
*** Refers to “Nominal Battery Temperature.” This is the optimum temperature for battery
operation. No compensation occurs at this temperature (use as a reference point).

TEMPERATURE* BFV**=54.00V BFV**=54.50V BFV**=55.00V

°C °F @25°C(77°F) @25°C(77°F) @25°C(77°F)
2.5mV 3.5mV 4.5mV 2.5mV 3.5mV 4.5mV 2.5mV 3.5mV 4.5mV
(volts) (volts) (volts) (volts) (volts) (volts) (volts) (volts) (volts)
-40 -40 57.90 59.46 61.02 58.40 59.96 61.52 58.90 60.46 62.02
-35 -31 57.60 59.04 60.48 58.10 59.54 60.98 58.60 60.04 61.48
-30 -22 57.30 58.62 59.94 57.80 59.12 60.44 58.30 59.62 60.94
-25 -13 57.00 58.20 59.40 57.50 58.70 59.90 58.00 59.20 60.40
-20 -4 56.70 57.78 58.86 57.20 58.28 59.36 57.70 58.78 59.86
-15 5 56.40 57.36 58.32 56.90 57.86 58.82 57.40 58.36 59.32
-10 14 56.10 56.94 57.78 56.60 57.44 58.28 57.10 57.94 58.78
-5 23 55.80 56.52 57.24 56.30 57.02 57.74 56.80 57.52 58.24
0 32 55.50 56.10 56.70 56.00 56.60 57.20 56.50 57.10 57.70
5 41 55.20 55.68 56.16 55.70 56.18 56.66 56.20 56.68 57.16
10 50 54.90 55.26 55.62 55.40 55.76 56.12 55.90 56.26 56.62
15 59 54.60 54.84 55.08 55.10 55.34 55.58 55.60 55.84 56.08
20 68 54.30 54.42 54.54 54.80 54.92 55.04 55.30 55.42 55.54
25*** 77 54 54 54 54.5 54.5 54.5 55 55 55
30 86 53.70 53.58 53.46 54.20 54.08 53.96 54.70 54.58 54.46
35 95 53.40 53.16 52.92 53.90 53.66 53.42 54.40 54.16 53.92
40 104 53.10 52.74 52.38 53.60 53.24 52.88 54.10 53.74 53.38
45 113 52.80 52.32 51.84 53.30 52.82 52.34 53.80 53.32 52.84
50 122 52.50 51.90 51.30 53.00 52.40 51.80 53.50 52.90 52.30
55 131 52.20 51.48 50.76 52.70 51.98 51.26 53.20 52.48 51.76
60 140 51.90 51.06 50.22 52.40 51.56 50.72 52.90 52.06 51.22
65 149 51.60 50.64 49.68 52.10 51.14 50.18 52.60 51.64 50.68
TABLE I 48 Volt Temperature Compensated Battery Float Voltage
These tables are provided as a guideline only. If battery temperature falls between values on
the above scale, estimate the voltage setting based on the closest numerical values.
* Refers to ambient temperature at the battery terminal posts.

** BFV refers to “Battery Float Voltage” Check battery manufacturer's recommended settings.
*** Refers to “Nominal Battery Temperature.” This is the optimum temperature for battery
operation. No compensation occurs at this temperature (use as a reference point).

1.10 DC - DC Converter System

1.10.1 Description
A DC-DC converter system takes a DC input voltage and converts it to a different output voltage. The
converter system is utilized for any of the following reasons:
• Provide different voltage levels; i.e. -48V to +24V conversion.

• Ground swapping; i.e. +24V to -24V.
• Galvanic or ground isolation; i.e. +24V to +24V, floating ground.
• Voltage regulation for equipment, with a tight input voltage operating window, operated from a
battery system.
1.10.2 Connection
The DC-DC converter system is connected in series between the main DC power system and the load.
A converter system consists of single or multiple parallel DC-DC converters and may incorporate many
of the features found in the main DC power system including distribution, common ground bus and
supervisory.
DC-DC Converters should have dedicated fuse/circuit breaker positions on the main DC power system
for protection and isolation.
If converters are located in the same relay rack as the main DC power system, direct
connection to the busswork on the input is permissible.
1.10.3 Operation
Since the converter system does not have a battery connected to its output adjustment of the output
voltage is less critical and LVD’s, temp comp, etc. are not required. The output voltage of the converters
is adjusted to match the requirements of the load and to ensure correct load sharing between parallel
converters.
1.10.4 Sizing
The converter system should be sized to adequately supply the load under all conditions.
There should be substantial converter redundancy built in to the converter system to account for fuse
clearing and circuit breaker tripping. If this redundancy is not built in, the converters may not be able to
clear a fault and current limiting will take effect and the output of the converter system may be affected.
Always use fast acting fuses in converter system distribution circuits and do not use excessively high fuse
ratings.
DC - DC converter systems can add substantial load to the main power system, allowances should be
made for this when sizing the main system.


Standardization of unit for ease of maintenance.
Modular vs. monolithic configuration. Modular converters allow for easy replacement and expansion.
Supervisory and distribution may be incorporated into a modular converter system.
High efficiency for power saving and air conditioning.
Physical constraints in most new facilities demand compact designs. Lightweight converters combined
with space saving designs help reduce installation and shipping costs.
Balanced load sharing should be achieved between converters. Argus converters accomplish this
with output slope regulation it is adjustable on CS units to allow load sharing with other types of
converters. CSM units utilize a fixed slope set at 1%.
Current limiting should be provided, Argus units are factory set at 105% of rated output, to provide
protection in a overload condition.
High voltage shutdown to switch converter off in case of high output voltage condition, preventing
damage to the load.
Soft-start to gradually bring the converter on line from zero load to the load requirement, eliminating
high inrush currents surges. The feeder breaker and feeder size requirements are decreased, reducing
the installation costs of the converter.
Alarms provide indication of converter failure and should be of “fail safe” design. Local indication
plus remote contacts are required.

The converters are available in various input and output configurations including 24V and 48V input;
12V, 24V and 48V output. With current ratings from 5 Amps to 40 Amps. Specialized converters with
130 V /100VA output are available for powering FITL (fiber in the loop) applications.
CS Series Monolithic
Traditional converter packaging - each individual converter is a stand-alone unit.
CSM Series Modular

Modular construction - three or four individual modules are housed in a hardwired cabinet. Each
converter is easily removed for maintenance purposes.

1.11 DC Power System Integration

1.11.1 Description
The DC power system integrates and connects all the components mentioned in previous sections.
1.11.2 Connection
Intersystem
In a typical power system there should be provisions for easy termination of intersystem cables.
Buswork should be copper; cables should meet electrical code requirements and utilize quality
compression lugs.
Lock washers or “Belleville” washers should be used on electrical/mechanical connections to ensure
integrity under different temperature conditions, (high/low load). All termination’s should have provisions
for connection of standard 2 hole lugs (typically 3/8” hole, 1” spacing).
Argus power systems include all these features and utilize tin-plated copper buswork to eliminate
oxidization.
The intersystem wiring and buswork determines the ultimate capacity of the power system.
The vertical discharge riser bus is used to connect the distribution panels to the charge/discharge
termination in a traditional power system.
Battery
Separate charge/discharge configuration - This method of connecting the battery was utilized in the
past to reduce the rectifier ripple voltage at the load. The vented battery was used as a filter. With the
advent of low ripple rectifiers this method of battery termination is generally not required.
Two busses are provided for both negative and positive termination. Rectifier negative output
cables are terminated to one bus (- charge bus) and a cable is run to the neg. battery terminal from
this bus. A second cable is connected from the negative battery terminal back to the second bus (-
discharge bus) and the neg. load feed is also connected to this bus. This is repeated for the
positive side also. This method has the added benefit of better load regulation and a slightly
reduced voltage level seen at the load.
Common charge/discharge configuration - This is the current standard method of terminating the
battery cables. One bus is provided for the negative connections and one for the positive connections.
Rectifier output cables, battery cables and the load feed are connected directly to these bus’.
1.11.3 Sizing
Power systems should be oversized by a factor of 20-25 %. To calculate the power system size multiple
the maximum anticipated load by a factor of 1.2 - 1.25. This over-sizing factor will ensure that the shunt is
not overloaded and that adequate capacity is available in the buswork and cables to accommodate both
the load and battery recharge current.

Access requirements front only or front and rear.
Open relay rack or box bay.
Size restrictions.


Traditional Power Systems
Traditional power system packaging is in either open relay rack or box frame.
Choices of 19” and 23” rack widths.
Access is required from both the front and the rear.
Up to 10 000 amps.
Front Access Power System

With less space available in many of the new communications facilities front access power
systems have become popular. Argus front access power systems require some rear access upon
initial installation. After initial installation the power system may be relocated closer to the wall,
with allowances for ventilation of course.
All maintenance and circuit termination may be performed from the front.
Up to 1200 amps.
Miscellaneous Power Systems

Variations on the traditional packaging techniques include mounting the equipment in portable
cabinets on castors or utilizing wall mount brackets.
There would be obvious limitations for either of these methods, but they do provide solutions for
specific applications and ensure flexibility of Argus equipment.
Ultra Compact Power Systems

RSM 48/10 AND 24/18
These fully self contained power systems (except for battery), may be configured in various packages
combining up to five rectifiers modules, distribution, supervisory, temperature compensation and low
voltage disconnect. Packages are 17” wide, 12 “ deep and 5.25” high.
RSM 48/7.5 AND 24/15
These fully self contained power systems (except for battery), may be configured in various packages
combining two or three rectifiers modules, distribution, supervisory, temperature compensation and
low voltage disconnect. Packages are 17” wide, 12 “ deep and of various heights from 3.5” to 7”.
US SERIES
Combine battery, rectifier and supervisory in a single package to provide either 5 Amps at 48V or 8
Amps at 24V backup time is approx. 2 hr. with internal battery. Extra extended backup battery
cabinets may be added.

1.12 Inverters/UPS
1.12.1 Description
The inverter or Uninterruptable Power System (UPS) is utilized to supply AC voltage to loads such as
computers in the Telecom environment. These systems are often connected to the DC power system.
There are a various options for providing uninterruptable AC for your loads including:
1. On-line Inverter - DC input, AC output. Connected directly to DC main power system. Has a
standby AC line available (optional).
2. Off-line Inverter - AC input, AC output. Has a standby DC line connection available. The
DC standby line is connected to the DC power system.
3. Double conversion UPS - Dedicated rectifier, battery and inverter, Traditional concept.
4. Line Interactive UPS - Ferroresonant transformer with small battery charger, battery, inverter
and intelligent control. Normal operation is through a Ferro circuit. Ferro provides filtering
and some energy storage. Inverter is switched on-line when required by the control. Battery
charger charges the batteries only.
Type Advantages Disadvantages

1 -simple -inefficient
-reliable -heavy DC system loading and inrush
-utilize main DC battery
-may be paralleled for redundancy
2 -compact
-reliable
-efficient
-utilize main DC power system
battery
3 -rugged -inefficient
-good energy storage -large, heavy
4 -compact -internal battery
-easy to install
-efficient
TABLE J Inverter & UPS comparison
Both inverter system designs (type 1 &2) will be discussed in this section since they connect to and affect
the operation and design of a DC power system.
1.12.2 Connection
On-line inverter- The inverter is connected in series with the DC power system and the connected loads.
A connection is made to a standby AC source for redundancy.
Off-line inverter- The inverter is connected in series with the AC source and the connected loads. A
connection is made to the DC power system for redundancy.

1.12.3 Operation
On-line inverter - In normal operation the inverter draws current from the DC power system and coverts
this to AC to power the connected load. If the inverter fails or the DC supply is interrupted there inverter
automatically transfers to a connected AC stand-by source.
Off-line inverter - In normal operation the connected load is powered from the AC source through the
inverter. Upon loss of the AC source the load is transferred to the inverter. There may be a ferroresonant
circuit to provide energy storage while the load is transferred to the inverter.
1.12.4 Sizing
Inverters/UPS should be sized such that the continuous load (VA) does not exceed 75% of the inverter
rating (VA).
Inverters often supply computers that incorporate switch mode power supplies and other non-linear
loads. If loads with high crest factors (i.e. > 2.5) are connected, the UPS rating may have to be de-rated.
See the manufacturer for further information.
Neutral current should also be monitored after UPS installation to ensure it is within the limits of the
conductor. Unbalanced loads and low power factor often generate substantial neutral currents. It is
possible for these currents to overload the neutral conductor since there is no protection for the neutral
conductor.
If the on-line inverter is utilized both the DC power system battery and the rectifiers will have to be
oversized to supply the additional load imposed by the inverter.
If the off-line inverter is utilized only the DC power system battery need be oversized since the inverter is
normally operating from the AC source and will only draw current from the DC power system when
there is a failure of the AC source.
Inverters may also draw substantial inrush current on start-up; breaker/ fuse curve coordination may be
required.

Many UPS systems combine the battery in the UPS. These batteries rarely see proper maintenance and
tend to be forgotten. These batteries never achieve proper ventilation due to the often-cramped
compartments that they occupy. Many UPS systems utilize high DC voltage battery systems. Each of
these many small cells is the potential weak link in the chain. Powering your AC loads from an inverter
connected to the high quality, well-maintained DC main system battery, reduces many of these problems.

We will provide assistance in helping you chooses the right AC solution and integrating it into the DC
power system.

2
Chapter
Power System Sizing and Ordering
2.1 Calculations
2.1.1 Step 1 System Load Analysis
To determine your DC power system requirements evaluate your loads and the backup period required.
Review all system components and determine:
(A) Loads that require voltage conversion.
(B) Loads that require battery backup. Don’t forget AC loads i.e. computers that require backup.
Determine the individual load currents for the different load voltages required. The voltage with the
highest load is generally chosen as the main system voltage.
(C) Battery details:
Main system Voltage __________ current ____________

Secondary system 1 Voltage __________ current ____________
Secondary system 2 Voltage __________ current ____________
AC Secondary system Voltage ________ Watts _______ P.F. ______
Redundancy N+ __________
Battery discharge time hrs __________
Battery recharge time hrs __________
Battery end Voltage __________
Warning: Check and record the polarity requirement of your connected loads. “Which
polarity is connected to the common ground”? This is vital information to ensure
functionality of the DC system and load.

2.1.2 Step 2 Converters

Determine the quantity and type of converters to meet each of the secondary DC voltage requirements (if
applicable).
Add redundant converters as required.
Determine the total load that the converters will have on the main DC system. Use formula (i).
Refer to converter sizing section for extra details.
2.1.3 Step 3 Inverters

Determine the size and type of inverter to meet the secondary AC voltage requirements (if applicable).
Determine the load that the inverter will have on the main DC system. Use formula (ii).
Refer to inverter sizing section for extra details.
2.1.4 Step 4 Total System Load

Determine the total system load using formula (iii).
2.1.5 Step 5 Total Rectifier Capacity

Determine total rectifier capacity. Total rectifier capacity includes capacity to supply the load and recharge
the discharged battery in the specified recharge interval. Use formula (iv).
Determine the quantity and type of rectifiers required to meet the requirements of the total
rectifier capacity.
Add redundant rectifiers as required.
2.1.6 Step 6 Battery

Using battery manufactures advertised literature select a battery that will meet the list of criteria
established.
Discharge hours
Total system load
End voltage
Temperature performance
Refer to the battery sizing section for more details.
2.1.7 Step 7 Power System

Select a power system capacity that is at least 1.2-1.25 times larger than the maximum anticipated total
system load. This will ensure that you don’t overload the ammeter shunt and also have sufficient capacity
in the intersystem buswork to charge the batteries.
Include provisions for growth (growth factor) if required.
Size load and battery fuses and circuit breakers as per fuse/CB sizing section.
Size the LVD as per the LVD sizing section.

2.2 Formulas
2.2.1 Power System Design Formulas
Formula (i) Converter Load (Amps)
= secondary load (amps) x (output voltage/input voltage)
converter efficiency
Formula (ii) Inverter Load (Amps)

= load (Watts)
inverter efficiency x battery float voltage
Formula (iii) Total System Load (Amps)

= (main load (amps) + converter load (amps) + inverter load (amps))
Formula (iv) Total Rectifier Capacity (Amps)

= Total system load (1) + ((R.F (2) x Dischg. hrs) x total system load)
Rechg. hrs
If an off-line inverter is connected to the DC power system its load must be subtracted from
the total system load (1) when calculating total rectifier capacity.
Recharge factor is the recharge efficiency factor for the battery string. Typically 1.1 -1.2 for
lead acid batteries.
2.2.2 Other Useful Power Formulas

Formula (v) Rectifier and Converter Efficiency
=P(out) = V(out) x I(out) or V(out) x I(out)
P(in) P(in) Watts V(in) x I (in) x P.F.(true)
P.F. is not required in converter efficiency calculations.
Formula (vi) Apparent Power (VA)

= Power (Watts)
P.F.
Formula (vii) Crest Factor Calculation
= Peak input current ideal = 1.414 (sine wave)
R.M.S. input current
Formula (viii) Temperature Compensated Battery Voltage Calculation
= (25 - bat. temp.)(#cells)(slope) + nominal bat. float v @ 25 deg. C
All calculations use deg. C as base units not deg. F.

2.3 Power System Design Example

Main system Voltage -48V current 125A
Secondary system 1 Voltage +24V current 30A
AC Secondary system Voltage 120V 240 Watts P.F. 75
Redundancy N+ 1
Battery discharge time hrs 8
Battery recharge time hrs 24
Battery end Voltage 1.75V/cell
2.4 Ordering Information

When individual components are ordered special consideration should be given to the following items:
Relay rack width and mounting hole spacing.
Mounting offsets; i.e. flush or specific depth.
Physical size of equipment including depth.
Environmental constraints including temperature, humidity, rain protection, dust, dirt, etc.; i.e.
don’t order a fan-cooled unit to be used in an extremely dusty environment.
Access for maintenance, future distribution connection and most importantly airflow. Each
rectifier or converter generates heat and the minimum ventilation requirements must be met for
reliable operation.
Custom engineering drawings are available from Argus to assist in the installation of system
components.

3
Chapter
Site Engineering for DC Power
3.1 Site Layout and Loading

The floor loading and the physical space required for the power system and the battery is often
overlooked. With the weight of a typical common battery exceeding several tons special arrangements
may have to be made to deal with this extra weight.
3.1.1 Floor Plan Layout

The power system must be mounted in a clean and dry environment. Sufficient free space must be
provided at the front and rear of the power system to meet the cooling requirements of the rectifiers
utilized in the power system and to allow easy access to the power system components.
The battery should be located in a temperature-controlled environment also. The temperature should be
regulated at approx. 25 °C (77 °F). Significantly lower temperatures reduce performance and higher
temperatures decrease life expectancy. Provide adequate ventilation for the battery.
VRLA batteries, though not requiring the special ventilation requirements of a flooded
battery, should not be installed in an airtight enclosure. Hydrogen gas may be vented in a
fault condition; i.e. failed battery.
For large systems with secondary distributed power consider:
Cable flow and congestion.
Minimizing cable lengths (cost).
Cable rack routing.
3.1.2 Cable Rack Layout

The cable racking should be carefully laid out to minimize cable run lengths and voltage drop to keep
installation cost to a minimum.

3.1.3 Floor Loading

Raised Computer Floor
Power plant and battery may have to be suspended above the computer floor mounted on top of
threaded rods extending through the floor tile.
An arrangement of “I” beams may have to be bolted to the concrete floor and extend above the
computer floor to provide a strong platform.
Concrete Floor
The thickness of the concrete should be evaluated to ensure that its weight carrying capabilities meet the
requirements.
Steel plates may have to be installed on top of the concrete to reduce the point loading problems common
with the base configuration with most VRLA batteries.
“I” beams attached to the building pillars may have to be installed.
Wood Floor
Steel plates
“I” beams under the floor and steel plates
Concrete pads.
Check the placement of the floor trusses so that the weight is evenly distributed over as
many floor trusses as possible.
3.1.4 Cable Rack Loading

For installations where multiple large conductors are installed consideration should be given to the weight
that these cables will be placing on the cable rack and the structure supporting the cables. For example
750 MCM cable weighs approx. 2.8 lbs. per foot.
3.2 Grounding Network

3.2.1 Description
The grounding network, though part of the site installation, is an integral part of the power system and
greatly affects the performance of the DC power system and the connected loads.
The site grounding system provides a low impedance path to ground for noise, lightning (high frequency),
transients and surges. It also provides a common ground reference point for all equipment.
3.2.2 Connection
The North American standard for the grounding network of a communications installation dictates that a
single point ground (SPG) philosophy is used See Figure 16.
The first stage of the grounding system is the ground grid that usually consists of multiple driven ground
rods interconnected in a ring configuration encircling the building to be protected. Metallic objects such as
towers or lightning arrestor’s are connected into this ground grid.

The second stage of the grounding network is the master ground bus (MGB). The connection sequence at
the MGB is important. Surge producers (AC ground bond, frame ground bonds, metallic ground bonds,
etc.) are separated from protected equipment (power system battery return reference) by the surge arrestor
(connection to the ground grid.
The third stage of the grounding network is the battery return bus (BRB) on the power system. This is
where all the load ground connections are made. Typical communication systems also use this as the
reference point for logic ground reference.
Frame grounding is also very important for both safety and also to ensure proper operation of the rectifier
surge divertor metal oxide varistors (MOV). Industry standard is a cable connection from each relay rack
to the MGB.
3.2.3 Sizing
The cable from the BRB to the MGB should be sized to provide sufficient ampacity to clear the largest
fuse or breaker on the power system, excluding the battery protection fuse or circuit breaker. This is the
minimum requirement, other factors including length of cable and special grounding requirements of the
load should also be factored in. The intention is to provide the lowest impedance path to ground for high
frequency (lightning) transients see Table K.
System Ampacity Typical ground reference conductor size

< 30A #10
30-100A #6-2
100-400A 0000
400-800A 350 MCM
> 800A 750 MCM
TABLE K Typical Ground Reference Conductor Selection
The connection between power system frame and the MGB should be #6 AWG (16 mm)
minimum.


Insulated cable should be used for grounding equipped with two hole crimp type lugs and should
not have any tight bends or kinks.
The use of welding cable should be avoided.
FIGURE 16 Typical Site Grounding and Surge Protection
3.2.5 Typical Requirements for Grounding Network

As specified by the electrical utilities, neutral and safety ground 10 ohm’s is required.
For adequate facility lightning protection one to five ohms is required.
For protecting sensitive telecom facilities less than one ohm is desirable.

3.3 Surge Protection Devices (SPD’s)

3.3.1 Description
To protect both rectifiers and connected loads from surges entering the site via the AC source surge
protection devices are commonly installed at telecommunications sites see figure 17.
Stage one - This first stage of surge protection provides increased protection for the power system
rectifiers and other equipment in locations where lightning is prevalent. This stage is critical in high
lightning activity areas to prevent damage to the rectifiers.
Stage two - This optional level of protection provides increased protection over a level one and three
combination. It is also useful in locations where there are large surges and transients generated within the
site.
Stage three - This stage provides basic protection for each rectifier.
3.3.2 Connection
Stage one - This first stage of the surge protection for any site is located at the AC service entrance,
usually connected either to the AC distribution service panel or directly to the main building disconnect
switch.
Stage two - This optional level of protection can be located at the DC power system rack. This will
provide increased levels of protection for the rectifiers.
Stage three - This stage is built into the rectifiers. Short lead lengths are critical to keep let through
voltage low.
FIGURE 17 Staging of Surge Protection Components

3.3.3 Operation
Various types of protection devices are available. The most common technology used is a either silicon
avalanche diode (SAD), metal oxide varistor (MOV) or a combination of both. These devices function as
non-linear resistors.
At voltages below their operating voltage they operate in the high impedance mode.
At voltages above the operating voltage they operate in the low impedance mode.
They are connected in parallel with the AC source either line to line or line to ground.
Surges cause these devices to conduct, effectively clamping the surge voltage.
3.3.4 Sizing
Stage one and two - Minimum size should meet the requirements of the ANSI/IEEE C62.41 category
B3/C1 standard. Higher capacities should be used in areas where frequent violent lightning strikes are
common.
Stage three - Minimum size should meet the requirement of the ANSI/IEE C62.41 category B3
standard.

SAD based SPD’s offer low let through voltage and fast response time but have limited capacity and are
more expensive. SAD’s also do not degrade while in service.
MOV based SPD’s offer reasonable cost and high capacity but are slower to respond and have a higher let
through voltage (up to 1200 volts for a 240 volt rated SPD). MOV’s degrade with each surge absorbed by
the MOV.
Combination SPD’s offering both SAD and MOV protection.

Low pass filtering capability.
Local and remote failure indication.
Use devices that have no main fuse or circuit breaker protection to keep let through voltage as
low as possible (preferred installation).
Consult other users in your area to determine what units have the best track record.
Easy to replace modules.
Technical assistance in choosing the protection device.
Stage two panel available.

3.4 Wiring
The cable chosen for use in power plant applications not only has to meet the requirements of the
electrical code for ventilated cable tray installations, ampacity and cable type. The cable size must also be
carefully selected to ensure minimum voltage drop across its length when fully loaded. Keeping the
voltage drop to a minimum insures maximum back-up time and best performance when the system is
operating on battery.
The information below can be used to calculate the cable size using typical voltage drop recommendations
for Telecom installations. Refer to Table L for more information.
Calculating Wire Size Requirements Definitions
CMA= A x LF x K CMA = Cross section of wire in circular

AVD MIL area
A = Ultimate drain in amps
LF = Conductor loop feet
AVD = Allowable voltage drop
LF = Conductor loop feet
K = 11.1 constant factor for commercial
(TW type) copper wire
3.4.1 AC Cabling
Individual circuit breakers and circuits are recommended for each rectifier. Use conduit or liquid type
cable matching the cable size to the ampacity of the circuit.
3.4.2 Rectifier Sensing

Recommended cable for sense circuit if used is 16 Ga.
3.4.3 Battery
Battery cables should be sized for a .25 V loop drop from battery to the distribution panel at full load
including anticipated growth. The cables should also meet ampacity requirements of the protection
breaker in the circuit.
3.4.4 Alarms
Recommended cable size is 16-24 Ga.; from the power system supervisory panel to the site alarm
monitor.
3.4.5 Distribution
Refer to guidelines supplied with the load equipment. Typically distribution cables are sized to provide a .5
V loop drop at full load as well as meeting ampacity requirements of the protection fuse or circuit breaker.
3.4.6 BDFB (Battery Distribution Fuse Board) or BDCBB (Battery Distribution Circuit
Breaker Board)
Circuits feeding BDFB’s should be sized for .25 V loop voltage drop at maximum anticipated load (80 %
of the BDFB rating). Cables must also meet the ampacity requirements of the protection fuse or circuit
breaker.

AWG mm Area Cir. Mils. Current Rating Amps

(for ventilated cable rack installation)
18 .75 1,620 5
16 1.5 2,580 10
14 2.5 4,110 15
12 4 6,530 20
10 6 10,380 30
8 10 16,510 45
6 16 26,240 65
4 25 41,740 85
2 35 66,360 115
1 50 83,690 130
0 105,600 150
00 70 133,100 175
000 95 167,800 200
0000 120 211,600 230
250 MCM 250,000
300 MCM 150 300,000 285
350 MCM 185 350,000 310
400 MCM 400,000 335
500 MCM 240 500,000 380
600 MCM 300 600,000 420
700 MCM 700,000 460
750 MCM 400 750,000 475
800 MCM 800,000 490
900 MCM 900,000
1000 MCM 500 1,000,000
1,250 MCM 1,250,000
1,500 MCM 1,500,000
1,750 MCM 1,750,000
2,000 MCM 2,000,000
TABLE L Wire Gauge Table and Ampacity Ratings

FIGURE 18 Typical Power System Voltage Drop Diagram @-48VDC
3.5 Thermal Management

3.5.1 Description
Rectifiers produce heat during normal operation. Heat increases during recharge of the system batteries
after a power failure. Thermal management should be provided to maximize battery and equipment life.
3.5.2 Sizing
Determine the BTU’s generated by the power system and size the air conditioning accordingly.
BTU’s per hour = (1/Eff. – 1) x WDC x 3.42,
where Eff. = rectifier efficiency,

and WDC = output voltage x output amps
Notes
Use system maximum output amps to size air conditioning correctly for worst case.
Batteries will radiate 5-10% of the energy used to recharge them and will also contribute
to heat rise.
3.6 Engineering Drawings

Complete engineering drawings should be completed to provide the necessary detail for the installer to
install the power system.


4
Chapter
Initial Installation
T
his is a generic installation guide intended to be applicable for various types of Argus power
systems, including front access and traditional power systems. For battery installation refer to the
manufacturers guidelines for more specific information.
4.1 Safety Precautions

Hazardous voltages are present at the input of the rectifier systems. The DC output from the rectifiers
and the battery system though not dangerous in voltage has a high short circuit current capacity that may
cause severe burns and electrical arcing.
Before working with any live battery or power system the following precautions should be followed:
Removal of all metallic jewelry i.e. watches, rings, eyeglasses, necklaces, etc.
Safety glasses with side shields must be worn at all times.
Metallic tools must be properly insulated. Standard hand tools may be insulated using the
following method: Apply one layer of half lapped rubber splicing tape. Cover the rubber spicing
tape with two half lapped layers of vinyl tape.
Extra care is required when working with flooded battery systems. Protective clothing, eye protection and
standard battery safety kits (as detailed on the next page) should be provided for installation personnel to
deal with accidental spillage of acid. Avoid short circuits and arcing, which could cause explosion of any
gases vented from the batteries. Follow battery manufactures safety recommendations when working
around battery systems.
Warning: Do not smoke or present an open flame when batteries (especially vented
batteries) are on charge. Batteries vent hydrogen gas when on charge which creates an
explosion hazard.
Installer should follow all applicable local rules and regulations for electrical and battery installations; i.e.
CSA, UL, CEC.
Batteries are hazardous to the environment and should be disposed of safely at a recycling facility. Consult
the battery manufacturer for recommended local authorized recyclers.

4.2 Tools List

Electric drill with hammer action 1/2” capacity
Battery lifting apparatus (as required)
Various crimpers and dies, to match lugs used in installation
4 1/2 digit digital voltmeter equipped with test leads
Load bank of sufficient capacity to load largest rectifier into current limit
0-60 V test supply 0.5 amp capacity, equipped with 1/8” diameter banana plug test leads (SD
equipped systems only)
Cable cutters
Torque wrench
0-150 in/lbs. (for battery post connections and intercell connectors)
0-100 ft/lbs (for power system connections)
Laptop computer with Argus Insight software e/w DB9-F to DB9-F null modem cable (SM02
equipped systems only)
Insulating canvas as required (2’ x 2’, 1’ x 1’, 3’ x 3’, etc.)
Various insulated hand tools, including:
Combination wrenches
Ratchet and socket set
Fine tipped slot screwdriver “tweaker”
Various screwdrivers
Electricians knife, etc.
Battery safety spill kit (required for wet cells only), including:
Protective clothing
Face shields
Gloves
Baking soda
Eye wash equipment

4.3 Inspection
All Argus products are shipped in rugged, double walled boxes and suspended via solid polyurethane
foam inserts to minimize shock that may occur during transportation. Packaging assemblies and methods
are tested to National Safe Transit Association standards.
Power systems are custom packaged in heavy-duty plywood crates with an equipment inspection window.
Power systems are also wrapped with a plastic sheet that is impregnated with CORTEX a corrosion
inhibitor.
Batteries are shipped on individual pallets and are packaged as per the manufacturer's guidelines.
Prior to unpacking the batteries, power system or components, note any damage to the shipping
container. Unpack the equipment and inspect the exterior for damage. If any damage is observed contact
the carrier immediately.
Continue the inspection for any internal damage. In the unlikely event of internal damage please inform
the carrier and contact Argus Technologies for advice on the impact of any damage.
4.4 Power System Assembly/Mounting

The power system must be mounted in a clean and dry environment. Sufficient free space must be
provided at the front and rear of the power system to meet the cooling requirements of the rectifiers
utilized in the power system and to allow easy access to the power system components. Front access
systems that are to be positioned close to a wall should be installed at least 12 inches away from the wall to
meet seismic requirements.
Secure the power system to the floor utilizing either heavy duty concrete anchors 1/2” X 2 1/2” or for
wooden floors, heavy duty screw type lags 5/8” X 2 1/2” and appropriate flat washers.
It is recommended that the Relay Rack be secured to the overhead cable tray utilizing the brackets
mounted on either side of the top of the relay rack. Mechanical details necessary for overhead support are
not provided by Argus.

4.5 Battery Installation

4.5.1 Preparation/Mounting
The battery should be located in a temperature-controlled environment. The temperature should be
regulated at approx. 25 °C (77 °F). Significantly lower temperatures reduce performance and higher
temperatures decrease life expectancy.
Provide adequate ventilation for the battery.
VRLA batteries, though not requiring the special ventilation requirements of a flooded
battery, should not be installed in an airtight enclosure. Hydrogen gas may be vented in a
fault condition (i.e. failed battery).
Before assembly, clean cells as per the battery manufacturer's recommendations. First neutralize any acid
with a baking soda and water solution. Then wipe the cells with clean water.
4.5.2 Installation of Batteries in Argus Power Systems

Locate batteries on shelf or in cabinet provided, with a minimum of 1/2” between cells or mono-blocs if
possible. Ensure that the battery output cables will reach the (+) and (-) termination cells of the series
string and that the batteries are orientated correctly for easy installation of the inter-cell connectors.
Remove any no-oxide “A” grease from battery terminals, burnish terminal posts with a non-metallic
brush, polishing pad or 3M type scotch pad, apply a light coating of no-oxide “A” anti-corrosion grease to
the terminal posts. If lead plated intercell connectors are used they should also be burnished and no-oxide
“A” applied to the contact surfaces. Install all intercell connectors. After assembly, cells should be
numbered and “as received” readings taken, including specific gravity, cell voltage and temperature. One
cell will be designated as the pilot cell; this is usually the cell with either the lowest specific gravity or
voltage. Refer to manufactures literature for guidelines (refer to Table M).
4.5.3 Installation of External Batteries

Assemble battery rack (if required) and the cells or mono-blocks as per the installation instructions
supplied with the batteries, with a minimum of 1/2” between cells if possible. Remove any no-oxide “A”
grease from battery terminals, burnish terminal posts with a non-metallic brush, polishing pad or 3M type
scotch pad, apply a light coating of no-oxide “A” to the terminal posts. Intercell connector contact
surfaces should also be burnished and no-oxide “A” applied. Install all intercell and inter-tier connectors.
After assembly, cells should be numbered and “as received” readings taken, including specific gravity, cell
voltage and temperature. One cell will be designated as the pilot cell; this is usually the cell with either the
lowest specific gravity or voltage. Refer to manufacturer's literature for guidelines (see Table M).

Company _______________________________________ Date:
Address
Battery Location and/or Number
No of cells ____________ Type ______________ Date New
Date installed _____________ Float Voltage _______ Ambient Temp.
Cell Readings
Cell Serial # Voltage Specific Ohms Mhos Observations

# Gravity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Remarks and Recommendations
Readings taken by
TABLE M Typical VRLA Battery Maintenance Report

4.6 Cabling
4.6.1 AC Cabling
Shut off power to the AC distribution panel, if possible, before proceeding.
Cable and connect from the AC distribution panel to each rectifier, follow the connection information
detailed in the rectifier manual. With the modular rectifiers it is recommended to pre-cable all rectifier
positions to allow for easy addition of future rectifiers. If connection is to a 3-phase AC service, care
should be taken to balance the load across the phases.
4.6.2 Rectifier Sensing

There are various methods of providing rectifier output voltage sensing.
SD Equipped System:
Built in internal sensing. No connections required.
Remote sensing referenced to battery, with no temperature compensation. (Note: Power

system supervisory panel should be equipped with the rectifier remote sensing option.)
Cable and connect leads from sense termination on the supervisory panel to the battery
termination details.
Final connection to battery live should not be made, insulate and leave unconnected.
If the battery temperature compensation feature is ordered in addition to remote sensing,

the rectifier sense leads from the batteries will be terminated at the temperature
compensation unit.
SM Equipped Systems:
With a SM system the rectifier will regulate its voltage to the charge voltage displayed on
the SM02.
To regulate at the battery the charge input connection to the SM02 should be removed
and the charge input connection should be directly to the battery.
4.6.3 Battery
Battery cables should be sized for a .25 V drop from battery to the distribution panel at full load including
anticipated growth. The cables should also meet ampacity requirements. Cables terminating directly on
battery posts or connection details should be secured so that there is no stress on the battery posts. Lead
plated lugs and lead plated or stainless steel hardware should be used on all terminations with vented
batteries to reduce corrosion.
Cable and connect cables from power system to battery termination details. Terminating points should be
burnished and no-oxide “A” grease applied.
Final connection to battery live should not be made. Insulate and leave disconnected.

4.6.4 Alarms
All applicable alarms should be connected to the local alarm-sending unit from the power system. The
deluxe supervisory panels provide a central point for all external alarm lead connections. The more basic
panels provide for some alarm terminations such as low/high voltage but alarms such as rectifier or
converter fail may have to be connected directly to the rectifier or converter. The type of alarm input
required by the alarm sending unit determines how the alarm contacts are configured and wired; i.e. form
“A”,“B” or “C” wired for ground sending, battery sending, loop closure, loop open, etc. Some
supervisory panels require jumpers to be moved to configure the alarm contacts as form “A” or “B”.
4.6.5 Grounding
The isolated power system battery return bus (BRB) should be connected to the building master ground
bus (MGB) or floor ground bus (FGB) in a larger building. This acts as a system reference and as a low
impedance path to ground for surges, transients, noise, etc. The MGB or FGB should have a direct low
impedance path to the building grounding system; i.e. the water main. The cable from the power system
to the MGB or FGB should be sized to provide sufficient ampacity to clear the largest fuse or breaker on
the power system, excluding the battery protection fuse or circuit breaker; this is the minimum
requirement. Other factors including length of cable and special grounding requirements of the load
should also be factored in. The insulated cable should be equipped with two-hole crimp type lugs and
should not have any tight bends or kinks.
The power system frame must also be connected to the MGB or FGB. This is done for personnel safety
and to meet many telco-grounding requirements. Cable should be #6 AWG (16mm).
4.6.6 Distribution
Refer to guidelines supplied with the load equipment. Typically distribution cables are sized to provide a .5
V loop drop at full load as well as meeting ampacity requirements of the protection fuse or circuit breaker.

4.7 Power Up Procedure

4.7.1 SD Based Power Systems
1. Ensure battery is disconnected, fuses pulled, rectifiers removed and AC is off.
2. Triple check the polarity of all connections.
3. Turn up the system with one rectifier, verify operation of system.
4. Verify that the battery voltage is correct and no cells are reversed and connect/turn on
battery.
5. Install and turn up all rectifiers in the system.
6. Check/adjust system parameters.
7. Verify the functionality of all system alarm relays.
8. Initial charge system battery as per manufactures specification. Record cell readings
following installation specification.
9. Perform battery testing capacity, conductance, impedance, etc. if required.
10. When everything has been completed ensure that all alarms have been cleared.
4.7.2 SM Based Power Systems

1. Ensure battery is disconnected, fuses pulled, rectifiers removed and AC is off.
2. Triple check the polarity of all connections.
3. Turn up the system with one rectifier, verify operation of system.
4. Verify that the battery voltage is correct and no cells are reversed and connect/turn on
battery.
5. Install and turn up all rectifiers in the system.
6. Check/adjust SM02 parameters as per configuration sheet.
7. Download settings to rectifiers.
8. Verify the functionality of all system alarm relays.
9. Initial charge system battery as per manufactures specification. Record cell readings
following installation specification.
10. Perform battery testing capacity, conductance, impedance, etc. if required.
11. When everything has been completed ensure that all alarms have been cleared.
12. Enable the battery features (if applicable):
- Temperature compensation
- Auto-Equalize
- Charge current control, etc.
13. Enable Plug and Play feature.

4.8 Initial Charge and Discharge Test

After installation of batteries it is usually necessary to “initial charge” the batteries to ensure proper
operation and to eliminate plate sulfation. Follow guidelines supplied with the battery and record initial
charge readings; i.e. specific gravity, cell voltage, charge current and temperature.
Battery warranty may be void if batteries are not initial charged following the manufacture's
guidelines and proper records are kept.
Some VRLA batteries do not require initial charging if placed on charge within 3-6 months of
manufacture, check with the manufacturer. After the equalization period battery voltage should be
reduced to the recommended float level.
Once the batteries have been initial charged it is suggested to perform a short duration-high rate discharge
test on the batteries to verify the connections on the batteries and also to verify that there are no open or
failed cells. Cell voltages should be monitored during this process.
Discharge for 15 minutes at the C/8 rate.
Record cell voltages every 5 minutes.
Check for overheating connections.
4.9 Documentation
Complete all necessary documentation; i.e. battery reports (Table M), DC wiring lists (Tables N and O), AC
distribution tables (Table P), floor plans, etc. Tag wires, fill out identification strips, and identify circuit
breakers.

TABLE N DC Wiring List (“Table A”)

TABLE O DC Wiring List (“Table B”)

TABLE P AC Distribution Table

5
Chapter
Power System Commissioning

Please refer to Chapter 10 for the detailed procedure.
A
ll Argus power system components undergo thorough factory testing and all levels/alarms are
set to factory default values, unless custom levels are specified. Good installation practice is to
check the operation of all features and alarms and to set the power system levels as per the
specific requirements of your system. The manuals supplied with the equipment detail the
method to test and calibrate all system components.


6
Chapter
Retrofit Installation
This is a retrofit installation guide intended to be applicable for installation of power system components
in “live” standard Argus power systems.
6.1 Precautions
When working on live power systems there are two very important criteria to be considered.
1. Personnel safety - Follow guidelines in initial installation section.
2. System integrity - “No” interruption of DC power can be tolerated during work on a power
system. Every power system upgrade, addition, maintenance procedure can be completed
while working live on a DC power system, without interrupting the load if the proper steps
and precautions are followed.
It is highly recommended that only personnel with DC power experience and training
perform operations on a live power system, including the operations detailed in this guide.
Consult the factory before beginning any operation that you are unsure of.
6.2 Tools List

Tool list as detailed in initial power system installation, plus the following:
Bridging cables as required.

“Clamp-on” ammeter.
Ungrounded electric drill (as required).

6.3 Distribution Circuit Addition

1. Decide on cable size and where the conductors are to be terminated.
2. Run cables in place, insulate at both ends.
3. Temporarily wrap all live buswork on the power system with insulating canvas’ while work is
being performed on the power system, use tape or tyraps to secure the canvas’.
4. Crimp lugs on cables, connect and secure cables at the power system and then at the load.
5. Remove canvases.
6. Fuse up circuit or close circuit breaker and test circuit.
7. Tag wires with identification tags and identify fuse/circuit breaker positions as required.
6.4 Common Ground Bus Addition

1. Decide where the ground bus will be mounted (ground bus should be located in top of the
relay rack as close as possible to initial power system).
2. Protect equipment in relay rack with insulating canvas before proceeding.
3. Secure ground bus to the top of relay rack and ensure that ground bus is fully isolated from
the frame.
4. Decide where the ground bus will be connected to at the power distribution system. The new
ground bus should be connected to the initial power system ground bus with a cable of
sufficient capacity to carry the full anticipated load to be connected to the new ground bus.
5. Temporarily wrap all live busswork on the power system with insulating canvas’ while work is
being performed on the power system, use tape or tie-wraps to secure the canvas.
6. Crimp lugs on cables and connect at both ends.
7. Remove canvas.

6.5 Distribution Panel Addition

When adding new fuse panels and loads, care should be taken not to exceed the maximum
current rating of the power system. Load current should not exceed 80% of shunt rating for
continuous operation.
6.5.1 Pre-provisioned
1. Temporarily wrap all live buswork on the power system with insulating canvas’ while work is
being performed on the power system, use tape or tie-wraps to secure the canvas.
2. Clean buswork to remove any oxidation of the copper buswork, with 3M scotch pads. Tin
plated buswork does not generally require cleaning before using.
3. Bolt new panel in place and connect to vertical distribution riser bus.
4. Connect fuse fail alarm card into power system.
5. Install protective cover on the rear of the fuse panel if required.
6. Remove insulating canvases.
6.5.2 Non-Pre-provisioned
Procedure is the same as for the pre-provisioned fuse panel addition except the following extra steps will
have to be taken to connect the new fuse panel into the power system. Insulating canvases should be used
to prevent short circuits between live buswork and chassis/load ground.
If there is room to add fuse/circuit breaker below existing panels the vertical distribution riser bus
may be replaced with a longer bus that will extend down to the new fuse/circuit breaker panel as
follows:
1. Using bridging cable(s) (sufficiently sized to carry the load on the existing fuse/circuit
breaker panel, check load with clamp on ammeter), bypass the vertical riser and connect
directly from the power system charge battery (live) bus to the fuse panel distribution bus.
2. Disassemble the vertical riser to fuse panel distribution bus connection and either replace
riser with longer bus or extend riser with additional bus section to the new fuse/circuit
breaker. panel. Clean buswork as required.
3. Tighten connections and remove bridging cable(s).
4. Install protective cover to cover the rear of the fuse panel (if ordered).
If there is no room below existing fuse/circuit breaker panels, the new fuse panel will have to be
cable connected to the existing power system as follows:
1. Locate fuse/circuit breaker panel in position.
2. Run appropriately sized cable (sized to carry max. anticipated load on fuse panel) in place.
3. Connect cable to new fuse/circuit breaker panel termination buswork.
4. Decide where connection will be made on vertical distribution riser on the power system.
5. Mark hole spacing for cable lug on bus and drill hole with isolated drill (use canvas,
plywood, etc. to protect equipment and to prevent short circuits).
6. Bolt cable in place.
7. Remove canvases, wood, etc.

6.6 Rectifier Addition

1. Follow initial installation guide and manual for connection information.
2. Utilize TECK 90 type cable for rectifier AC connections, this cable is equipped with a vinyl
sheath that prevents short circuits when installations are being performed on live power
systems.
3. Utilize insulating canvas to prevent short circuits between battery and ground terminations.
6.7 Shunt Replacement

1. Shunts may be upgraded in power systems, up to the maximum rating of the buswork,
intersystem cabling and contactor rating.
2. Use bridging cables to maintain circuit continuity while the shunt is being replaced.
3. Utilize insulating canvas to prevent short circuits.

7
Chapter
Maintenance and Field Repair
7.1 Power System and System Controller

7.1.1 Annual Maintenance
Test and calibration of supervisory, and other misc. control circuits.
Verify the operation of all alarm relays.
Periodic removal of dust with compressed air is recommended, interval determined by

environment.
Check and record power system load and verify that system capacity meets the load requirements.
Check and re-torque nuts and bolts securing cable lugs to buswork. Check and re-torque
mechanical lug set screws (if applicable).
Note: Caution should be used when performing field repair on power system supervisory
components. If there is a low voltage disconnect in the power system precautions must be
taken to ensure that the contactor is not accidentally tripped.
7.1.2 Supervisory Circuit Board Replacement

If the power system is equipped with a low voltage disconnect contactor, provision’s should be made to
bridge across the contactor to maintain power system integrity when the supervisory PCB (printed circuit
board) or panel is replaced, follow procedure below:
1. Assemble bridging cable; size cable to carry the full load on the contactor and check with a
clamp on ammeter.
2. Temporarily insulate adjacent grounded metal work while installing bridging cable across the
contactor.
3. Install bridging cable across LVD contactor, effectively bypassing the contactor.

4. If the power system is equipped with high voltage shutdown or remote sensing for the
rectifiers, remove these leads at the rectifiers. The rectifiers will automatically revert to internal
sensing. This will prevent problems occurring when the supervisory circuit board is being
replaced.
5. Identify wires terminating on the supervisory panel and tag wires to ensure wires are
reinstalled in the correct position.
6. Remove fuses in supervisory panel, disconnect and insulate leads.
Warning: Use extreme care some leads will be live.
7. Remove supervisory panel or PCB and install replacement board in position. Remove fuses in
new PC board and reconnect leads in reverse order.
8. Install fuses.
9. Check all PC board functions and set levels (refer to manual for more detailed information).
10. Reconnect high voltage shutdown and remote sensing leads at rectifiers as required.
11. Remove temporary bridging cable across the low voltage disconnect contactor and remove
insulating canvas.
7.2 RST Rectifiers

Visually inspect the rectifier inside and out.
Remove dust using compressed air.
Replace fuses(s) F1 (and F2).
Replace varistor(s) VR1 (VR2 & VR3) if in high lightning/surge activity area (located across input
circuit breaker).
Check meter calibration.
Check and adjust levels; float voltage/equalize voltage at battery, load sharing, etc.
7.2.2 Five Year Maintenance

Replace varistor(s) VR1 (VR2 & VR3) if in low to moderate lightning surge area.
7.2.3 Ten Year Maintenance

Replace large input (electrolytic) surge capacitors (C11 & C12 for 48/50) and damper capacitor
(C12 for 48/50).

Consider sending unit to factory for full maintenance “tune-up” complete with 100 % unit
performance testing.
7.2.4 Rectifier Replacement

1. Open AC input breaker at distribution panel. Open input/output breakers on rectifier.
2. Disconnect live lead from rectifier at the power system charge bus.
3. Verify leads are dead at rectifier.
4. Tag leads and remove input, output, alarm and control leads from rectifier and insulate.
5. Remove rectifiers and install replacement rectifier in the same position.
6. Reconnect all cables and make the live connection at the battery charge bus last.
7. Power up and test rectifier as per the procedure outlined in the manual.
7.2.5 Rectifier Front Panel Replacement

Many control, alarm, display problems may easily be solved by replacing the front control panel instead of
sending the entire rectifier for repair. Replacement is as follows:
2. Open front panel, tag leads connected to front panel PC board, insulate and remove.
Disconnect ribbon cable.
3. Compress PC board retaining clips and remove PC board.
4. Install new PC board, reconnect wires and ribbon cable.
5. Power up and fully test rectifier as per the procedures detailed in the manual.
7.2.6 Rectifier MOV Replacement

2. Refer to RSM rectifier section for identifying and testing of MOV. Open front panel,
disconnect and remove MOV from load side of the input circuit breaker.
3. Install new MOV and close front panel.
4. Power up and fully test rectifier as per the procedures detailed in the manual.

7.3 RSM Rectifiers

Replace input varistors if in high lightning/surge activity area.
Check and adjust levels.

Replace input varistors if in low to moderate lightning surge area (located across input circuit
breaker, requires removal of front panel).


1. Open input/output breakers on rectifier.
2. Loosen mounting screws and remove rectifier and install replacement rectifier in the same
position, tighten mounting screws.
3. Power up and test rectifier following the procedure outlined in the manual.
7.3.5 Rectifier Addition

1. To add an additional rectifier either set the corresponding DIP slide switch (5KW & 7KW
cabinets) or remove the module fail defeat plug (9KW & 12KW cabinets).
2. Verify that AC feed is in place for new rectifier position.
3. Insert module, tighten mounting screws, power up and test following the procedures outlined
in the manual.
7.3.6 Fan Replacement

2. Loosen mounting screws and remove power module.
3. With rectifier removed from the shelf, remove fan power leads and mounting screws.
4. Install replacement fan and reconnect leads.
5. Install power module, tighten screws, power up and test rectifier following the procedure
outlined in the manual.

7.3.7 Rectifier MOV Check (RSM 48/50, 24/100, and 48/100)

2. Remove power module.
3. Remove “warranty void” label and screws securing the front panel to the chassis.
4. Identify MOV’s; located usually on the load side of the input circuit breaker inside the rectifier
cabinet (a small disc approximately the size of an U.S. 5 cent piece).
5. Measure resistance of MOV. A short circuit or low resistance indicates a failed MOV.
6. Replace if failed.
7.3.8 Rectifier MOV Replacement (RSM 48/50, 24/100, and 48/100)

3. Remove “warranty void” label and screws securing the front panel to the chassis.
Warning: Removal of the warranty void label will void the warranty.
4. Disconnect and remove MOV from load side of the input circuit breaker.
5. Install new MOV and reinstall front panel.
6. Install power module, tighten mounting screws, power up and fully test rectifier as per the
procedures detailed in the manual.
7.4 Pathfinder Rectifiers

Replace input varistors if in high lightning/surge activity area.

Replace input varistors if in low to moderate lightning surge.



1. Turn rectifier off and loosen mounting screws.
2. Remove rectifier and install replacement rectifier in the same position, tighten mounting
screws.
3. Set up and test rectifier following the procedure outlined in the manual. If the system is SM
equipped, perform an inventory update and then download all the rectifier settings from the
SM to the rectifiers.
7.4.5 Rectifier Addition

1. Verify that AC feed is in place for new rectifier position.
2. Insert module, power up and test following the procedures outlined in the manual. If the
system is SM equipped, perform an inventory update and then download all the rectifier
settings from the SM to the rectifiers.
7.4.6 Fan Replacement

1. Turn rectifier off and loosen mounting screws.
3. With rectifier removed from the shelf, remove fan power leads and mounting screws.
4. Install replacement fan and reconnect leads.
5. Install power module, power up and test rectifier following the procedure outlined in the
manual.
7.4.7 Rectifier MOV (Check and Replace)

1. Open AC input breaker at distribution panel. Turn rectifier off and loosen mounting screws.
3. Remove rear rectifier cover by removing three screws on each side of the rectifier module.
4. Identify MOV’s; located beside the AC input fuses. MOV’s are small discs approximately the
size of an U.S. 5 cent piece.
3kW Pathfinders have 3 MOV’s and 10kW Pathfinders have 9 MOV’s.
5. Measure resistance of MOV. A short circuit or low resistance indicates a failed MOV.
6. Remove the MOV’s if failed using side cutters to clip the MOV leads, clean printed circuit
board of all metallic particles that may contaminate the PCB when the MOV fails.
7. Plug in the replacement MOV pack on the PCB.
8. Reinstall rectifier following the procedure in reverse sequence.

7.5 CS and CSM Converters

Visually inspect unit inside and out.

7.5.3 CS Series Converter Replacement

1. Open DC input breaker/fuse at DC distribution panel. If DC is not fused then the input live
lead must be removed from the associated bus. Open input/output breakers on the
converter.
2. Disconnect live output lead from converter at the converter distribution bus.
3. Ensure all leads are dead at converter.
4. Tag leads and remove input, output, alarm and control leads from converter and insulate.
5. Remove converter and install replacement converter in the same position.
6. Reconnect all cables and make the live connections at appropriate bus last.
7. Power up and test converter following the procedure outlined in the manual.
7.5.4 CSM Series Converter Replacement

1. Turn down the output voltage on the converter, so that the converter is not carrying any load.
2. Remove converter and install replacement converter in the same position.
3. Power up and test converter following the procedure outlined in the manual.
7.5.5 CSM Converter Addition

1. To add an additional converter set the corresponding jumpers on the converter shelf.
2. Insert converter module, power up and test following the procedures outlined in the manual.

7.6 Vented Batteries

This is a generic maintenance schedule. Recommended maintenance for battery strings varies with each
manufacturer and each type of battery. Refer to manufacturer for specific instructions for the battery
string in question.
7.6.1 Monthly Maintenance

Visual inspection
General appearance, cleanliness - neutralize with baking soda and water solution as
necessary and wash cells with clean water.
Electrolyte levels - top up with approved water as required.
Cracks in cells or electrolyte leakage - report immediately.
Corrosion at terminals or connectors - neutralize and clean as required. If corrosion is

serious and threatens the integrity of the connection, the assembly will have to be
disconnected, cleaned, greased with no-oxide “A” and reassembled.
Verify battery voltage - adjust as necessary.
Check and record ambient temperature and condition of ventilation equipment.
Check and record pilot cell voltage, specific gravity and electrolyte temperature.
7.6.2 Quarterly Maintenance

In addition to the monthly items also check and record the following:
Specific gravity for each cell.

Voltage of each cell.
Total battery voltage.
Temperature of one cell on each row of the rack.
Check 10 % of intercell connection resistance’s chosen at random, if resistance is high, all
connection assemblies should be checked. Disassemble and clean as required.

In addition to the quarterly items also:
Visually inspect each cell.

Check and re-torque all intercell connector bolts.
Check connection resistance “cell to cell” and “cell to terminal”.
Check integrity of rack.
Conductance or impedance measurements of each cell.

7.7 Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) Batteries

This is a generic maintenance schedule. Recommended maintenance of battery strings varies with each
manufacturer and each type of battery. Refer to manufacturer for specific instructions for the battery
string in question.
7.7.1 Monthly Maintenance

Check and record pilot cell voltage.
Check and record ambient temperature.
7.7.2 Quarterly or Annual Maintenance

In addition to the monthly items also check and record the following:
Voltage of each cell.

Total battery voltage.
Temperature of one cell.
Visual inspection:
General appearance cleanliness.
Cracks in cells or electrolyte leakage.
Corrosion.
Check and re-torque all intercell connector bolts.

Check connection resistance “cell to cell” and “cell to terminal”.
Conductance or impedance measurements of each cell.
7.8 Battery Failure; Detection, Prevention and Corrective

Action
7.8.1 Performance/Integrity Checks
Real-time monitoring of battery performance using the SM02 power system control to chart
battery performance.
Measurements of voltage, specific gravity, conductance and impedance are useful in charting a cell
state of health over time and to alert personnel to a problem cell or battery.
Periodic evaluation of a battery system performance should also be completed. There are various
methods of evaluating battery condition. Performance can be measured automatically with the
SM02 or recorded manually.
1. Short duration high rate discharge.
2. Full discharge to 80% of capacity.
The battery end of life is determined when the capacity has dropped to 80% of nominal.

7.8.2 Alternatives for Detecting Battery Problems

A real time midpoint cell voltage monitor such as the Argus SD08 can be used to detect cell
voltage imbalances in the battery string during float, charge or discharge conditions. This can
provide an early warning of a failing cell.
1. Splits the battery string voltage in half.
2. Compares the two halves.
3. When the difference exceeds a preset value an alarm is extended.
7.8.3 Corrective Action

Report any serious problems to the manufacturer immediately.
If any of the individual cell voltages fall out of range an equalizing charge will have to be applied. This may
be applied by one of the following methods:
On-line utilizing the power system rectifiers, to the voltage limits of the load.
Alternatively the battery string may disconnected in a multiple string application, boost
charged with an auxiliary charger and reconnected on line (see string/cell replacement
section).
On-line utilizing a single cell battery charger. The special single cell charger is connected
across cell in question and the cell is boost charged while system is on-line.
7.8.4 String/Cell Replacement

1. Assemble temporary battery string if the power system is equipped with only one battery
string.
2. Match temporary battery string voltage to main power system voltage by either using an
external charger to raise the voltage of the temporary string or by lowering the voltage on the
power system to match the temporary string voltage (voltage should be within .5 volts).
3. Connect temporary string on line.
4. Disconnect battery string in question.
5. Perform boost charging, cell replacement and/or maintenance on battery string.
6. Match power system voltage to the voltage of the disconnected battery string.
7. Connect battery string on line.
8. Disconnect temporary string.

8
Chapter
Troubleshooting
8.1 Power System and System Controller

To use the following troubleshooting guide, look for the specific symptom that you are experiencing.
Then check the numbers in the left column to verify which power equipment it applies to, then check the
solution in the right column.
1. RST rectifiers.
2. RSM 48/100 rectifiers.
3. RSM 48/50 and 24/100 rectifiers.
4. RSM 48/30 and 24/50 rectifiers.
5. RSM 48/10 rectifier systems.
6. RSM 48/7.5 rectifier systems.
7. SD 03 and 05 supervisory panels.
8. SD 02 and 04 supervisory panels.
9. SM 02 supervisory panel.
10. Temperature compensation panel.
11. Circuit breaker, fuse and distribution centers.
12. Battery back-up.
13. CS converters.
14. CSM converters.
15. Pathfinder 1.5, 3, 10 kW rectifiers.
16. SM 03 supervisory panel.
See equipment manuals for additional details.

Units Symptom Solution

1-5, 15 Rectifier fail • Check that the voltage on each rectifier is set to the same value.
alarm • Check that there is a load on the system greater than 5% of the
indication. current capacity of a single rectifier in the system or that a battery is
connected to the system.
2-4 Module not • Perform a microprocessor reset, see rectifier manual.
responding to
commands.
3-4, 6 Alarm relay • Check yellow alarm relay fuse located behind left module (3) or
contacts not “resistor style” fuse behind SCI PCB (4). Check “resistor style”
functional. supervisory control fuses on backplane of rectifier cabinet (6).
2-4 Rectifiers not • Set the slope on rectifier to the same value (0.5% preferred).
sharing current • Enable the forced sharing on each rectifier.
evenly > 10 % • Adjust the float and equalize voltage on each rectifier to the
difference in same value off-line (output breaker off).
current
• Connect rectifier on line.
between
modules. • Repeat with each rectifier in the system.


1, 5, 6 Rectifiers/converters Systems not SM equipped
or a not sharing current • Set the slope on rectifier/converter to the same value, 1%
mixed evenly > 10 % preferred (1,6,13) non-adjustable (5,14).
model difference in current • Adjust the output voltage on each unit while monitoring
system. between modules. the voltage at the batteries or load. Ensure that the battery or
load voltage is correct and the load current is split evenly
between the units.
• Repeat for the equalize voltage setting (1).
2-4,15 Rectifiers not sharing Systems SM equipped
9,16. current evenly > 10 • Set the slope on rectifier to the same value (0.5%
% difference in preferred).
current between • Enable the forced sharing on each rectifier.
modules. Systems. • Adjust the float and equalize voltage on each rectifier to
the same value off-line (output breaker off).
• Download the settings to the rectifiers.
1-6, 15. Rectifier fail and/or • Check AC voltage level in the rectifier status display (2-4)
AC Mains fail alarm. or at rectifier input circuit breaker/termination (1,5,6,13,14).
• Check input feeder circuit breaker.
• Reset breaker as required.
• Check and replace rectifier input fuse (15).
2-4, 6, Fan fail/speed error. • Check fan cable connection.
15 • Replace fan assembly.
1,13 Rectifier/converter • Replace front panel control PCB, see maintenance and
control and/or alarm field repair section.
problem.
3, 4,5, No module fail alarm. • Check module fail dip-switch (4), defeat plug (3) or
6,14 jumpers (5,6,14).
1-6, Thermal • Check the cooling vents for obstruction or excessive dust
13,14,1 shutdown/over build up.
5 temperature alarm. • Clean as required.
• Reset unit.
1-6, 15 Input breaker/fuse • Turn off AC feeder circuit breaker.
trip/blow. • Turn on rectifier input circuit breaker (1-6).
• Turn on feeder breaker.
• If breaker trips again rectifier has been damaged, check
and/or replace MOV in rectifier (1,2,3,6,15) or send for repair
(1-6,15).


1-6, 15 OVP (over • Check that the OVP and float settings are correct.
voltage • If module continues to trip off due to OVP, set OVP setting
protection) trip or to the maximum setting and float voltage to the minimum
HVSD (high setting i.e. manually adjust potentiometers (1,5,6) or adjust
voltage stored setting in the microprocessor with the input breaker
shutdown). off and a power source connected to the DC output (2,3,4).
• Turn rectifier on.
• Readjust settings to the correct value.
5,6,9,10, OVP (over • Check that the temperature compensated float voltage does
16 voltage not exceed the OVP setting when maximum voltage boost is
protection) trip or occurring i.e. at low temperatures.
HVSD (high • Check and adjust the OVP and/or float voltage settings as
voltage shutdown) necessary, see battery temperature compensation section for
at low more details. There should be at least 1 volt between the
temperature only. maximum float voltage and the OVP setting.
1,2,3,4, AC on, no DC • Check start delay setting, rotary switch (1) or programmed
15 output after reset setting (2,3,4).
and LVA. • Wait for delay to elapse or reset delay to zero.
3,4,5,6, New installation • Check that AC is actually connected and energized to module
15 or rectifier position.
addition - rectifier
not operational.
6,7,8 Supervisory panel • Check power fuse for supervisory panel located on the front-
fail, LVD open or GMT type (8), on the rear-GMT type (7) or on the
incorrect non- backplane-”resistor style”(6).
functional alarms.
5,6,7,8 Supervisory panel • Replace supervisory control PCB.
fail, LVD open or
incorrect non-
functional alarms.


5,6,11 Load circuit • Check for fault condition.
breaker/fuse trip. • Reset circuit breaker or replace fuse.
• Check that load on circuit breaker does not exceed 75-
80% of the fuse/c.b. rating using a clamp on ammeter.
• If load is within limits, monitor the situation and replace
circuit breaker if there is a reoccurrence.
• If the load is exceeding limit upgrade the fuse/circuit
breaker size and associated wiring if required.
11 Circuit breaker alarm • Check alarm signaling jumpers on rear of circuit breaker,
not functional. ensuring continuity of alarm path. Check operation if
possible by turning breaker off.
• Check that jumper setting on alarm PCB is correctly
configured for voltage application.
5-9,12, On power failure - no • Check battery circuit for poor or missing connection. (12).
16 battery back up. • Check battery for open cell (12).
• Check that the supervisory panel LVD control settings are
correct. (5-9).
5-9,12, On power failure - • Check battery circuit for poor or missing connection. (12).
16 short battery back up. • Check that battery is sized correctly for load and back-up
time required (12).
• Check battery performance (12).
• Check that the supervisory panel LVD control settings are
correct. (5-9).


15 Module fail & AC • Ensure that the rectifier is seated correctly and that the
mains OK. mounting screws are tight.
• Verify rectifier settings and download (from SM02).
• Check AD and DC fuses.
• Replace module.
15 Module fail & AC • Check AC feeder breaker and circuit.
mains fail.
15 Module minor alarm • Check AC input voltage.
(red LED flashing). • Ensure that the rectifier is seated correctly and that the
Note: LED will flash mounting screws are tight.
when the rectifier is in • Verify rectifier settings and download (from SM02).
current limit if the
• Check and/or replace fan, connections, etc.
feature is enabled.
• Replace module.
15 No display, no power • If new rectifier module is installed in the early version of
up. the pathfinder cabinets the module interlock jumper must
be set correctly. This jumper is located below the DC
output connectors on the module. It is the jumper on the
left and it should be installed on the center and the left
most pin if used in an older system (3kW only).
9,16 Out of tolerance. • Verify rectifier settings and download (from SM) to the
rectifiers.
9,16 Communications lost • Check cables.
alarm. • Verify baud rate.
• Enable remote access.
• Verify that rectifier mounting screws are tight.
9,16 Measurement error. • Calibrate analog channel
9 RS 232 • Verify cable; must be “null” modem.
communications • Verify communications speed.
problems. • If a baud rate change has been made the reset button must
be depressed to activate the new communications speed.
• Enable remote access.
• Reset SM02.
• Activate communications program from DOS to be sure
that windows isn’t taking control of the communications
port.


9 Modem • Same as above.
communications • Must use jumper configurable modem not “plug and play”.
problems. • Ensure that IRQ is set to 3, com port 4.
9 Function keys locked • Reset microprocessor.
out. • Depower SM controller and reapply power.
9 No rectifier ID • Make sure rectifier mounting screws are tight.
aquistion. • Check and/or replace RS 485 communications cable.
• Check that the RSM count is set to zero if using pathfinder
type rectifiers. Set the count to the quantity of RSM type
rectifiers in the system when using RSM type.
9 Display hard to read. • Use left/right arrow keys in Normal operation mode to
adjust the view angle.
9 Alarm messages on • Depress visual alarm reset button (VAR) to clear.
display with (clear).
9 Rectifier “Lockout • This message will appear on the SM02 if the rectifiers are
message.” equipped with local display/control and the keys in the
rectifier have been depressed. Return to normal operation
in the rectifier menu to clear this alarm.
• Ensure that remote access and remote adjust have been
enables in all the rectifiers.


9
Chapter
Acronyms and Abbreviations

AC alternating current LVD low voltage disconnect
AGM absorbed glass mat (battery) LVLD low voltage load disconnect
AH ampere hour MGB master ground buss
BDCBB battery distribution circuit breaker board MOV metal oxide varistor
BDFB battery distribution fuse board NEC National Electrical Code
BFV battery float voltage NSTA National Safe Transit Association
BRB battery return buss OVP over-voltage protection
CEC Canadian Electrical Code PCB printed circuit board
CEMF counter electro-motive force PWM pulse-width modulation
CMA circular mil area SAD silicon avalanche diode
CSA Canadian Standards Association SNMP simple network management protocol
DC direct current SPD surge protection devices
EPO emergency power off SPG single point ground
FGB floor ground buss TCM temperature compensator module
FITL fiber in the loop THD total harmonic distortion
HVA high voltage alarm UL Underwriter's Laboratory
HVSD high voltage shutdown UPF unity power factor
LCD liquid crystal display UPS uninterruptable power supply
LED light-emitting diode VAR visual alarm reset
LVA low voltage alarm VRLA valve regulated lead acid (battery)
LVBD low voltage battery disconnect


10
Chapter
Power Plant Turn Up and Commisioning

Report
1. Site Information
Customer Name ______________________

Site Address ______________________
City ______________________ Country _______________________
Contact ______________________ Phone _______________________
2. Pre-Turn Up Inspection
2.1. AC Panel/Protection Inspection
2.1.1. General
AC Service ________V__PH__W
Main Breaker ________A Panel rating __________A
Surge Protection Model#___________ Type_________________
Rectifier feeder circuits _________A _______ Ga. or ________mm
Circuit breakers labeled yes no
Electrical connections ok yes no
Measured AC Voltage ___________V
2.2. Power Plant Inspection

2.2.1. General
Power Plant #_______________ ______V Max________A
Rectifiers labeled yes no
Converters labeled yes no n/a
Distribution breakers labeled yes no
Serial numbers recorded yes no appendix _____

2.2.2. Mechanical
Seismic Zone 4 required yes no
System secure bottom (required) yes no
System secure top (optional) yes no n/a
System bays bolted together yes no n/a
Box bay shipping braces removed yes no n/a
Verify busbar assembly yes no n/a
2.2.3. Electrical
Rectifier output cables ____ Ga.
Verify inter-bay cabling yes no
Verify shunt lead installation yes no
Verify comm's cable installation yes no
Live buswork insulated adequately yes no
Grounding method Single Point Ground Halo
Frame ground each bay ____Ga. Green Black
Power system battery return ground ____Ga. Green Black
Battery return ground isolated yes no
2.3. BDFB (BDCCB) Inspection

2.3.1. BDFB ______________
2.3.1.1. General
BDFB Identification_____________________________________________
Power Plant #_________________
Source feed labeled yes no
2.3.1.2. Mechanical
System secure top (optional) yes no
2.3.1.3. Electrical
Single feed ___________ MCM ___________A protection
A+B ___________ MCM ___________A protection
A,B,C+D ___________ MCM ___________A protection
Frame ground each bay ____Ga. Green Black
Live buswork insulated adequately yes no

2.4. Battery Inspection

2.4.1. Battery ________________________________________________
2.4.1.1. General
Battery Identification #________________________________________
Manufacturer______________________ Model____________________
Serial Number(s) _____________________
Visual inspection for cracks, leakage, etc ok
As received battery voltage report attached yes no appendix _____
As received battery cond/imped. report attached yes no appendix _____
Anti-oxidation compound used yes no
Cells labeled yes no
Battery labeled yes no
2.4.1.2. Mechanical
System secure top (optional) yes no
Battery assembled correctly yes no
Cable connections tight yes no
2.4.1.3. Electrical
Battery cables __________________MCM/AWG
Temperature probes installed yes no n/a
Where installed?___________________________________________
2.4.2. Battery Protection

Manufacturer______________________ Model____________________
Serial Number _____________________
Max. Ampacity__________A Fuse/C.B. Rating __________A
LVBD yes no EPO yes no
2.5. Torque Check

Cable connections ½” bolts (sample 1) _____________ft/lbs torque (75 ft/lbs rec’d)
Cable connections ½” bolts (sample 2) _____________ft/lbs torque (75 ft/lbs rec’d)
Cable connections 3/8” bolts (sample 1) _____________ft/lbs torque (__ ft/lbs rec’d)
Cable connections 3/8” bolts (sample 2) _____________ft/lbs torque (__ ft/lbs rec’d)
Cable connections ¼” bolts (sample 1) _____________ft/lbs torque (__ ft/lbs rec’d)
Cable connections ¼” bolts (sample 2) _____________ft/lbs torque (__ ft/lbs rec’d)
Battery posts ________bolts (sample 1) _____________in/lbs torque (__ft/lbs rec’d)
Battery posts ________bolts (sample 2) _____________in/lbs torque (__ft/lbs rec’d)

3. Turn Up procedure
3.1. Ensure all batteries are disconnected, rectifier modules are removed, fuses pulled and circuit
breakers turned off.
3.2. Triple check the polarity of battery connections.
3.3. Install one rectifier.
3.4. Turn on the AC to the rectifier and allow it to start up.
3.5. Verify that the system starts up ok, controller turns on.
3.6. Check the battery polarity is correct and turn on the breakers, fuse or circuit breakers for the
batteries. Note: If there is no means of disconnecting the battery then the rectifier output voltage
should be reduced using the controller to match the rectifier voltage to the battery voltage to
avoid sparks.
3.7. The single rectifier in the system will now begin charging the batteries, this is normal. Install the
remaining rectifiers in the system. One at a time. Turning the AC on to each unit and verifying
breaker position.
3.8. If the SM type of controllers are used a inventory update followed by a download of the system
settings should be performed.
3.9. Install main fuse followed by the guard fuse for the BDFB (BDCCB’s) if required.
4. Test
4.1. Power Plant
4.1.1. Verify Analog Measurements complete
4.1.2. Load test power plant 100A complete
4.1.3. Verify, adjust and download system settings complete appendix____
4.1.4. Verify output alarm relay function complete
4.1.5. Shunt multiplexer complete n/a
4.2. Battery
4.2.1. Initial charge/report complete n/a appendix____
4.2.2. Discharge test/report complete n/a appendix____
4.3. Battery Disconnect

4.3.1. Verify LVLD Function complete n/a
4.3.2. Verify EPO Function complete n/a
4.3.3. Verify Alarm Reporting complete n/a

5. Notes:
Note Action Details
CAR – Corrective Action Required REC – Recommendation

COM - Comment
6. Acceptance
_________________________ ______________________ ________________

Print Name Signature Date
_________________________ ______________________
Company Phone Number
_________________________ ______________________ ________________

Print Name Signature Date

Power Plant Settings Report

Item Default Check Reference/Notes
Rectifiers
Float voltage
Equalize Voltage
Force share enabled/disabled
Slope
Current limit
Delay start
High voltage shutdown or OVP
High voltage alarm
Low voltage alarm
Security code
Backlight time-out
Temp display C or F
Current Limit Alarm enabled/disabled
Equalize time-out
Remote access enabled/disabled
Remote adjust enable/disabled
Local access alarm enabled/disabled
DC-DC Converters
Output voltage
High voltage alarm
Low voltage alarm
Slope
Current limit


Supervisory
High voltage alarm 1
High voltage alarm 2
Low voltage alarm 1
Low voltage alarm 2
Alarm hysterisis
Discharge amps alarm
Charge amps alarm
AC Mains high
AC Mains Low
Rectifier minor trigger count
Rectifier major trigger count
User alarm 1
User alarm 2
User alarm 3
User alarm 4
User alarm 5
Low voltage disconnect 1 - in
Low voltage disconnect 1 - out
CEMF control - in
CEMF control - out
Auto-equalize duration
Auto-equalize interval
Temp comp enable/disable
Temp comp slope
Temp comp upper breakpoint
Temp comp lower breakpoint
Temp comp interval
Temp comp sensor 1 enable


Auto equalize enable
Auto equalize duration
Auto equalize interval
Auto equalize high V threshold
Auto equalize low V threshold
Rectifier baud rate
Terminal baud rate
Remote access enable
Dial back number 1
Dial back number 2
Dial back number 3
User access code
Supervisor access code
Alarm scroll rate
Maximum RSM count
SM02 Temperature scale
100 0 75- 053- 10 Re v E A RGU S  T E C H N O L O G IE S


TECHNICAL SERVICES AND CUSTOMER SUPPORT
 Argus Technologies Ltd.

5700 Sidley Street • Burnaby, B.C. • CANADA
Phone 604.436.5900 • Fax 604.436.1233
Toll-Free Customer Service: 1.888.462.7487 (Canada and USA), 1.604.436.5547 (International)

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DC Power Systems Handbook

Argus Technologies Ltd. Visit www.argus.ca

DC Power Systems Handbook

Argus Technologies Ltd. 075-053-10 Rev E WC

2 Power System Sizing and Ordering 41

3 Site Engineering for DC Power 45 7.5 CS and CSM Converters 79

The DC Power System

1.1 DC Power Overview

1.1.1 Typical DC Voltage and Current Requirements

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Application Voltage Current Notes

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1.1.2 Typical AC Voltage Sources

Service Configuration L–L Volts L-N Volts Were used? Notes

FIGURE 1 Single or Split Phase

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FIGURE 2 Three Phase Delta

FIGURE 3 Three Phase Wye or Star

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1.2.3 Operation (Float Charge Mode)

FIGURE 4 Basic DC Power System Operation

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1.2.4 Sizing Details

Refer to power system design calculation section.

1.2.5 Features and Selection Criteria

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FIGURE 5 Power in an Inductive Circuit

FIGURE 6 Power Factor Triangle

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FIGURE 7 Output Slope Voltage Regulation and Current Limit

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FIGURE 8 Current Output Pathfinder 48V-10kW e/w Power Limit

A float/equalize mode selector switch allowing selection of two operating modes:

1. Float mode for normal charging of the battery.

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Model Voltage Current Features

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1.2.6 Theory of Operation RSM 24/50, 24/100, 48/30 and 48/50

FIGURE 10 RSM Block Diagram

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Parameter Valve Regulated Lead Acid Battery Flooded or Vented Battery

1.3.4 Sizing Details

Temperature Reference (25 deg C in North America, 20 deg C in Europe).

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Note: Cells that are “tank” formed ship at 100 % capacity.

Battery end of life considered as 80% of capacity (See: Figure 11).

For further information, please refer to:

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Average Cell Performance Data*

To 1.75 VPC Final

Constant Current Discharge Ratings Amperes @ 77°F (25°C).

TABLE E Typical Battery Performance Tables

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This table is based on flooded lead-acid cells only.

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FIGURE 11 Battery Performance vs. Time

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1.3.5 Features and Selection Criteria

Acid Description Advantages Disadvantages

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FIGURE 12 Battery Construction

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