Level B1 (SUMMIT 1)

 Grammar Topics:
 Gerunds and Infinitives
 Present Perfect
 Perfect Continuous
 Noun clauses
 Future plans and finished future actions.
 The past unreal conditional: inverted form
 Quantifiers
 Possessives with gerunds
 Paired conjunctions
 The passive voice with modals
 Passive forms of gerunds and infinitives
 Repeated comparatives and double comparatives
 Indirect speech with modals
 Perfect modals in the passive voice for speculating about the past
 Order of modifiers

Practice Grammar with PRACTICAL GRAMMAR BOOK 2 AND 3

VOCABULARY WITH SUMMIT 1 AND SUMMIT 2

LISTENING SUMMIT 1 AND SUMMIT 2 AND MOVIES WITH SUBTITLES

 UNIT 1
Word / Phrase Type Meaning
I can’t get over Expression When you say that you
can't get over something,
you mean that you are
very surprised by it.
sweetheart Noun a person you love, esp.
one with whom you have a
romantic relationship / is
also a kind, generous
person:
Get along phrasal verb If two or more people get
along, they like each other
and are friendly to each
other. /
to deal with a situation,
usually successfully
A team player noun a member of a group who
tries to do what is good for
the group rather than
what is good for just
himself or herself
A brain noun A brain is also a very
intelligent person
A people person Noun someone who is good at
dealing with other people
a pain (in the neck) informal someone or something
that is very annoying
A wise guy noun someone who is always
trying to seem more clever
than anyone else in a way
that is annoying:
silly adjective showing little thought or
judgment/ embarrassed;
afraid that people will
laugh at you / not
important, serious, or
practical
lovable adjective having qualities that make
a person or animal easy to
love
helpful adjective willing to help, or useful:
Example Pronunciation
I can't get over the
way he behaved at
your party - it was
appalling!
Jeanne was my high [ sweet-hahrt
school sweetheart. /
She’s a sweetheart.
]
I don't really get along
with my sister's
husband. /
I wonder how Michael
is getting along in his
new job?
London company
requires a team player
committed to quality
management.
We’ve got the best
brains in the country
working on this
problem.
Colleagues say she's a
good people person
who can really
motivate a team.
That child is a real
pain in the neck.
Okay, wise guy, if [ wahyz ]
you're so damned
smart, you can tell
everyone how it's
done!
Don't do that, you silly [ sil-ee ]
boy!/ I feel silly in this
dress. /
She gets upset over
such silly things.
a lovable child [ luhv-uh-
buhl ]
She's such a pleasant, [ help-fuhl ]
helpful child!
reliable adjective Someone or something
that is reliable can be
trusted or believed
because he, she, or it
works or behaves well in
the way you expect
talkative adjective talking a lot
Spouse noun a person's husband or wife
Facing Verb in If you face a problem, or a
gerund problem faces you, you
have to deal with it
feel-down Verb To feel depressed or
unhappy
cynical adjective believing that people are
only interested in
themselves and are not
sincere
look on the bright Expression to find good things in a
side bad situation:
dose noun a measured amount of
something such as
medicine:
Achieve verb to succeed in finishing
something or reaching an
aim, especially after a lot
of work or effort
Goodness noun/ the personal quality of
exclamation being morally good / used
to express any strong
emotion, especially
surprise:
Wise Adjective having or showing the
ability to make good
judgments, based on a
deep understanding and
experience of life:
warm up Phrasal verb If an event warms up, it
starts to become more
interesting, enjoyable, or
exciting:
raise noun an increase in the amount
that you are paid for the
work you do
stick verb to put something
somewhere, especially in a
not very careful way
Gideon is very reliable Gideon is very
- if he says he'll do reliable - if he says
something, he'll do it. he'll do something,
he'll do it.
She's a lively, talkative [ taw-kuh-tiv ]
person.
In 60 percent of the spous
households surveyed
both spouses went
out to work.
This is one of the
many problems faced
by working mothers.
I feel down each time
I have to leave home.
She has a pretty
cynical view of men.
Look on the bright [ sin-i-kuhl ]
side - no one was
badly hurt.
a high/low dose [ dohs ]
a dose of penicillin
the government's [ uh-cheev ]
training policy, he
claimed, was
achieving its
objectives.
Mother Teresa's
goodness is an
example to us all./
(My) goodness! how
many more times do I
have to tell you!
I think you made a
wise choice.
The party was only
just starting to warm
up as I left.
She asked the boss for [ reyz ]
a raise.
"Where shall I put [ stik ]
these books?" "Oh,
just stick them on the
table for now."
disease noun (an) illness of people,
animals, plants, etc.,
caused by infection or a
failure of health rather
than by an accident
disgruntled adjective unhappy, annoyed, and
disappointed about
something
fed up adjective bored, annoyed, or
disappointed, especially by
something that you have
experienced for too long
leader noun [ a person in control of a
group, country, or
situation:
abroad adverb in or to a foreign country
or countries
Rewarding adjective giving a reward, especially
by making you feel
satisfied that you have
done something important
or useful, or done
something well
all of a sudden informal very quickly
Safety noun a state in which or a place
where you are safe and
not in danger or at risk
get over something Phrasal verb to accept an unpleasant
fact or situation after
dealing with it for a while
altogether Adverb in
total/completely/consideri
ng everything
into Preposition toward the inside or
middle of something and
about to be contained,
surrounded, or enclosed
by it:
housing noun buildings for people to live
in
a [ dih-zeez ]
contagious/infectious
disease
A disgruntled former [ dis-gruhn-
employee is being
blamed for the
tld ]
explosion.
I'm fed up with my [ fed ]
job.
He's a natural leader. [ lee-der ]
We always go abroad [ uh-brawd ]
in the summer.
Textbook writing can [ ri-wawr-ding
be an intellectually
and financially
]
rewarding activity.
It seemed to happen [ suhd-n ]
all of a sudden - I felt
dizzy and I just
collapsed.
Reporters may enter [ seyf-tee ]
the danger zone but
unfortunately we
cannot
guarantee/assure
their safety.
They’re upset that you
didn’t call, but they’ll
get over it.
That'll be $52.50 [ awl-tuh-
altogether, please./
The government
geth-er, awl-
ought to abolish the tuh-geth-er ]
tax altogether./ He's
bad-tempered, selfish,
and altogether an
unpleasant man
Pour some sugar into
the bowl.
There's a shortage of
cheap housing in the
region.
cut down phrasal verb to do or use less of 'm trying to cut down
something on caffeine.

put sth off Phrasal verb to decide or arrange to
delay an event or activity
until a later time or date:
stress sb out phrasal verb to make someone feel
very nervous and worried
The meeting has been
put off for a week.
Interviews always
stress me out.

rate noun the speed at which Although she's [ reyt ]

something happens or recovering from her
changes, or the amount or illness, her rate of
number of times it progress is quite slow.
happens or changes in a
particular period
get by Phrasal verb to manage or continue to When we were
exist in a state or situation students we got by on
where something is very little money.
lacking:
groove noun A particular rhythm in ‘her vocals drift [ groov ]
popular or jazz music. delicately across a
soaring soul groove’
rough Adjective A rough voice or sound is If a machine sounds [ ruhf ]
hard and loud. rough, it is making a
noise because it is in
bad condition.
growl noun a long, low sound, like the The dog eyed me [ groul ]
threatening sound made suspiciously and gave
by a dog a low growl.
interplay noun the effect that two or the interplay of light
more things have on each and shadow in a
other photograph
Set Verb to establish or decide The school has been
something criticized for failing to
set high standards for
its students.
tempo Noun specialized music the a change in tempo [ tem-poh ]
speed at which a piece of
music is played:
Race verb to compete in a race or He’s been racing (cars) [ reys ]
run a race with someone for over ten years.

Move away Phrasal verb to stop living in one place ‘They’ve moved
and go to live in another away,’ said the old
man in the garden. ‘I
don’t know where to.’
kick off Phrasal verb If a game of football kicks What time does the
off, it starts game kick off?

hum verb to sing without opening I've forgotten how [ huhm ]

your mouth that song goes - could
you hum it for me?
arrange verb (WRITE MUSIC) to write the parts of a [ uh-reynj ]
piece of music so that
it can be played by a
 particular instrument
or instruments

haunting adjective beautiful, but in a sad way the haunting beauty [ hawn-
and often in a way that of Africa
cannot be forgotten
ting, hahn- ]
You’ve got quite sth Expression It means “ you have a lot You’ve got quite a CD
of sth” collection. ( You have
a lot of CDS)
Put sth on Phrasal verb It means play something, Let’s put something
specifically music. on. (Let’s play
something.)
Get on my nerves Expression When sth get on your His saxophone playing
nerves, you feel annoyed kind of gets on my
about it. nerves on that one.
Into someone Expression When you are into I’m totally into him.
someone, you like
someone.
Stuff Noun a substance, especially There's sticky stuff all [ stuhf ]
when you do not know or over the chair.
say exactly what it is
Dozens noun Many I've spoken to him [ duhz-uh n ]
dozens of (= many)
times, but I still don't
know his name!
Astonish verb to surprise someone very I was astonished by [ uh-ston-ish
much how much she'd
grown.
]
get (someone) Phrasal verb To get someone through My friendship with
through something something is to make it Carla got me through
possible for that person to those tough months
deal successfully with a just after we moved.
difficult or painful
experience, and come to
the end of it
unwind Verb (RELAX) I’m just going to [ uhn-
watch some TV and
unwind.
wahynd ]
eccentric adjective strange or unusual, eccentric behaviour [ ik-sen-trik,
sometimes in a humorous
way
ek- ]
moody adjective If someone is moody, their a moody teenager [ moo-dee ]
moods change suddenly
and they become angry or
unhappy easily
Egotistical Adjective characterized by egotism : each individual ee-guh-tis-ti-
having, showing, or arising depends upon their
from an exaggerated sense friends to validate
kuh l
of self-importance their own egotistical
world view.
Despite Preposition A pesar de I still enjoyed the dih-spahyt ]
week despite the
weather.
mutter verb to speak quietly and in a Laurence muttered [ muht-er ]
low voice that is not easy something about his
to hear, often when you wife and left.
 are worried or
complaining about
something
neglect verb to not give enough care or He neglects that poor [ ni-glekt ]
attention to people or dog - he never takes
things that are your him for walks or gives
responsibility him any attention.
engage verb to employ someone We're engaging the [ en-geyj ]
services of a
professional
administrator.
deaf adjective unable to hear, either He's been [ def ]
completely or partly totally/partially deaf
since birth.
Turn around Phrasal verb move so as to face in the "Alice turned around
opposite direction. and walked down the
corridor"
[push someone PHRASAL to show that you do not I feel as though you’re
away] VERB want someone’s help or always pushing me
attention away.
burst of NOUN a sudden strong emotion Stephen felt a sudden [ burst ]
that you feel for a short burst of indignation.
time
count out PHRASAL to count things one by one he counted out £100
VERB in £5 notes.

soothing adjective making you feel calm: I put on some nice [ soo-th ing ]
soothing music.

raise verb to lift something to a Would all those in [ reyz ]

higher position:
IQ noun abbreviation for
intelligence quotient: a
measure of someone's
intelligence found from
special tests
paycheck noun the amount of money a
person earns
put sth away phrasal verb to put something in the
place or container where it
is usually kept
fall back on sth phrasal verb to use something,
especially a form of
financial support, when
other things have failed
wealthy adjective rich
arise verb to come into existence or
begin to be noticed;
happen
favour please raise
their hands?
Children with very [ kwoh-
low/high IQs often
have problems at
shuh nt ]
school.
It's easy to go on [ pey-chek ]
expensive holidays
when you have a
paycheck the size of
hers.
Put your toys away
now.
When the business
failed, we had to fall
back on our savings.
With their natural [ wel-thee ]
resources they are
potentially a very
wealthy country.
Problems arise when [ uh-rahyz ]
kids leave school.
budget Noun the amount of money you
have available to spend
add up phrasal verb to increase gradually until
there is a large amount:
income Noun money that is earned from
doing work or received
from investments
expense noun something that makes you
spend money
track noun a mark or line of marks left
on the ground or on
another surface by an
animal, person, or vehicle
that has moved over it,
showing the direction they
moved in
carry around Verb To physically carry
someone or something to
many places; to tote
someone or something
around. A noun or
pronoun can be used
between "carry" and
"around."
purse noun a small container for
money, usually used by a
woman
Keep up Phrasal verb to stay level or equal with
someone or something:
save (sth) up Phrasal verb to keep money so that you
can buy something with it
in the future
out of hand expression out of control
means Noun available resources,
especially money:
" I cut way back on Expression yo reduzco mis gastos
my spending "
Pay off Phrasal verb to give someone all the
money that you have
borrowed from them to
buy something
make ends meet Expression to have just enough
money to pay for the
things that you need
an annual budget of [ buhj-it ]
£40 million
The changes in air
quality are small, but
after a while they do
add up and affect
people's health.
Average incomes have [ in-kuhm ]
risen by 4.5 percent
over the past year.
Our biggest expense [ ik-spens ]
this year was our
summer holiday.
The hunters followed
the tracks of the deer
for hours
After carrying a
toddler around all
day, my arms are
pretty sore.
a leather purse [ purs ]
You run too fast – I
can’t keep up.
It took me months to
save up enough
money to go
travelling.
hings got a little out of
hand at the party and
three windows were
broken.
They lived beyond [ meen ]
their means.
yo reduzco mis gastos
Only another six
months and the house
will be paid off.
I can’t make ends
meet.
put sth aside Phrasal verb to save something, usually I put aside a little
time or money, for a every month for a
special purpose deposit on a house.

Stick Verb to become fixed to he pasta has stuck to

something, especially by the bottom of the
means of a sticky pan.
substance
Budget Noun the amount of money a Try to work out a [ buhj-it ]
person or organization has monthly budget and
to spend on something stick to it.
loan noun an amount of money that She's trying to get a [ lohn ]
is borrowed, often from a $50,000 loan to start
bank, and has to be paid her own business.
back, usually together with
an extra amount of money
that you have to pay as a
charge for borrowing
owe Verb to need to pay or give I owe you a drink for [ oh ]
something to someone helping me move.
because they have lent
money to you, or in
exchange for something
they have done for you
Forty noun a cardinal number, ten He looks about forty. [ fawr-tee ]
times four.

settle down Verb Someone who settles He settled down after [ set-l ]
down accepts he married Vicki.
responsibilities and lives a
calmer life
maintain Noun to continue to have; to We have standards to [ meyn-teyn ]
keep in existence, or not maintain.
allow to become less
Take up Verb to fill a particular amount These files take up a
of space or time lot of disk space.

Sit around Expression This is a fun expression I sold it because it was [ duhst ]
collecting dust that is used to describe a just sitting around
thing or machine that we collecting dust.
bought but never use.
A big spender Noun Someone who likes to Anyway, the big
spend large amounts of spender didn't want
money. to pay the filing fee.
spendthrift Noun someone who spends a lot Free access to [ spend-thrift
of money in a carelessly additional borrowings
way that wastes it can prove a disaster
]
for spendthrifts.
Cheapskate/ Nouns someone who does not That cheapskate [ cheep-skeyt
tightwad like to spend money won’t even pay for a
postage stamp.
] / [ tahyt-wod
]
stingy Adjective unwilling to spend, give, or The country, with its [ stin-jee ]
use a lot of money own economic
problems, has grown
 stingy with its
financial aid.

adjective careful when using money a frugal meal of bread [ froo-guh l ]

frugal or food, or (of a meal) and soup
cheap or small in amount
cut back PHRASAL to reduce the amount of We’re trying to cut
VERB something, especially back on the amount
money that you spend we spend on food.
Profit Noun money that you make by Investors have made a [ prof-it ]
selling something or from 14% profit in just 3
your business, especially months.
the money that remains
after you have paid all
your business costs.
not-for-profit adjective, not intended to make a We are a non-profit
noun profit, but to make money organization
for a social or political dedicated to the
purpose or to provide a conservation of ocean
service that people need mammals.
common sense [ONLY using or involving common a common-sense
BEFORE sense approach to the
NOUN] problem
Sainthood Noun the fact or position of To achieve sainthood, [ seynt-hoo d
being a saint: two miracles are
required.
]
put sth back Phrasal verb to return an object to Will you put the books
where it was before it was back when you've
moved finished with them?
Soil Noun the material on the Plant the seeds in [ soil ]
surface of the ground in potting soil.
which plants grow; earth
Take out Phrasal verb to remove something from Henry took out his
a pocket, bag etc wallet.

UNIT 4
overdressed ADJECTIVE wearing clothes that are Everyone else was [ verb oh-ver-
too formal for the wearing jeans, so I felt
situation, or wearing more a little overdressed in
dres; noun o
clothes than you need to my best suit. h-ver-dres ]
wear
underdressed ADJECTIVE not wearing suitable Everyone else was in
clothes, either because formal suits and I felt
they are not formal completely
enough or because they underdressed.
are not warm enough
attire NOUN the clothes that someone I hardly think jeans [ uh-tahyuh r ]
is wearing are appropriate attire
for a wedding.
Toward Adjective about to come soon; tawrd
imminent.
“on the way out” PHRASE while leaving a place
Dress up PHRASAL to put on clothes that are
VERB more formal than the
clothes you usually wear
dress down PHRASAL to wear clothes that are
VERB more informal than the
clothes that you usually
wear
flashy ADJECTIVE very fashionable or
expensive in a way that is
deliberately intended to
impress people
self-esteem NOUN the feeling that you are as
important as other people
and that you deserve to be
treated well
self-pity NOUN the feeling that your
situation is worse than
other people’s and that
people should feel sad for
you
likewise ADVERB in the same way, or in a
similar way
whereas CONJUNCTIO used for comparing two
N things, people, situations
etc and showing that there
is an important difference
between them
UNIT 5
Run over Phrasal verb to hit someone or
something with a vehicle
and drive over them
'Keep up the pace' PHRASE 'Keep up the pace' means
to continue doing
something at the same
speed or intensity as you
have been doing or to go
at the same rate as others
and not fall behind.
on toes phrase Active, alert, and focused.
I’ll turn off the light on
the way out.
Jonah had obviously
made an effort to
dress up for the
occasion.
She always tried to
dress down on her
first date with a man.
flashy gold jewellery [ flash-ee ]
low/high self-esteem [ self-i-
(=not much/a lot of
this feeling): patients
steem, self- ]
suffering from
depression and low
self-esteem
He faced his illness [ self-pit-
bravely and without
any hint of self-pity.
ee, self- ]
The character of the [ lahyk-
lake has changed and
the character of the
wahyz ]
surrounding area
likewise.
Doctors’ salaries have [ hwair-az,
risen substantially,
whereas nurses’ pay
wair- ]
has actually fallen.
Keeley was run over
by a car
outside her
house.
Having two kids under
age five sure keeps
me on my toes!
get to phrasal verb to make someone feel
somebody/somethi annoyed or upset
ng
courteous ADJECTIVE polite, especially in a
formal way
litter verb to cover across an area or
place untidily: (ensuciar)
secondhand smoke tobacco smoke that you
breathe in because
someone else is smoking
unhygienic ADJECTIVE not clean, and likely to
cause disease
“pet peeve” PHRASE Something that is maybe a
bit annoying to most
people but is very
annoying or upsetting to a
particular person.
willing ADJECTIVE to be happy to do
something if it is needed:
speak up phrasal verb to speak in a louder voice
so that people can hear
you:
well-being NOUN the satisfactory state that
someone or something
should be in, that involves
such things as being
happy, healthy, and safe,
and having enough money
Differ VERB to be different from
something else
Widening Adjective When something is
widening, it means that is
always in increase.
Gap Noun a space or opening in the
middle of something or
between things
Deprivation NOUN a situation in which people
do not have basic things
that they need to live a
comfortable life
Livable ADJECTIVE pleasant enough to live in
Boundary NOUN something such as a line
on a map that marks
where one area of land
ends and another begins
I’m under a lot of
pressure at work, and
sometimes it gets to
me a bit.
Hotel staff must be [ kur-tee-uhs ]
courteous at all times.
The park was littered lit-er
with bottles and cans
after the concert.
unhygienic [ hahy-jee-en-
conditions/surroundin
gs
ik, hahy-jen-,
-jee-nik ]
Tim: grr, I guess stupid [ peev ]
people are just a pet
peeve of mine.
You said you needed a
volunteer - well, I'm
willing.
Could you speak up?
We can't hear at the
back.
Laughter is taken as a
sign of well-being.
English differs from [ dif-er ]
Spanish in that it is
not pronounced as it
is written.
[ wahyd ]
Through the gaps [ gap ]
between the trees I
could see a river in the
distance.
social deprivation [ dep-ruh-
vey-shuh n ]
[ liv-uh-buhl ]
Akbar extended the [ boun-duh-
boundaries of his
empire in the north
ree, -dree ]
and to the south.
Sterile ADJECTIVE completely clean, with no Make sure that the ster-il
bacteria needles are sterile.

turn over PHRASAL to turn something such as You may turn over
VERB a page in a book or a sheet your exam papers
of paper so that the other now.
side is towards you
towards preposition in the direction of She turned towards [tuh-wawrd]
him.

put out PHRASAL to put something in a I put out food for the
VERB place where someone will birds in cold weather.
see it, so that they can use
it or have it

UNIT 6
somewhat adverb Rather (un tanto) We were somewhat
disappointed with the
food.
Cheerful adjective Happy She seemed fairly [ cheer-fuhl ]
(alegre) cheerful.

look up to PHRASAL to admire and respect He’s a role model for

VERB someone other players to look
up to.
Caring ADJECTIVE kind, helpful, and John was a caring and [ kair ing ]
sympathetic towards other loving father.
people
plenty ADVERB, a large amount of We spent all day /ˈplenti/
PRONOUN something, or a large painting one side of
number of things or the house, but there’s
people, usually more than still plenty left to do.
enough
coop up PHRASAL if a person or animal is I’ve been cooped up [ koop, koo p ]
VERB cooped up in a place, they in this office all day.
have to stay there without
being able to move around
much
frightening ADJECTIVE making you feel afraid It was supposed to be [ frahyt-n ]
a horror film but it
wasn’t very
frightening.
bullfight NOUN a traditional [ boo l-fahyt ]
entertainment in which a
person called a matador
fights a bull and tries to kill
it. Bullfights are popular
especially in Spain and
Mexico.
Otherwise Adverb If not The programme has [ uhth -er-
saved thousands of
children who would
wahyz ]
otherwise have died.
cattle NOUN cows and bulls kept by a cattle ranch [ kat-l ]
farmers for their milk or
meat. A group of cattle is
called a herd
deer NOUN venado [ deer ]

slaughtered ADJECTIVE extremely drunk [ slaw-ter ]

filthy ADJECTIVE very dirty [ fil-thee ]

good-natured ADJECTIVE kind and friendly, and not

easily annoyed

Misconception NOUN a wrong belief or opinion The question is open mis-kuh n-

as a result of not to misconception.
understanding something
sep-shuh n ]
maintenance NOUN the process of continuing the maintenance of [ meyn-tuh-
something or keeping it in international peace
existence and security
nuh ns
charming adjective pleasant and attractive: We had dinner with [ chahr-ming
our director and his
charming wife.
clever ADJECTIVE good at learning or Tony was a charming [ klev-er ]
understanding things and clever man.

gullible ADJECTIVE a gullible person is easy to gullible tourists [ guhl-uh-

trick because they trust
and believe people too
buhl ]
easily
inheritance NOUN property or money that advice for people who in-her-i-
you receive from someone have recently received
when they die an inheritance
tuhns ]
unrivaled adjective having no equal; better unrivaled beauty [ uhn-rahy-
than any others:
vuh ld ]
mammal NOUN an animal that is born [ mam-uh l ]
from its mother’s body,
not from an egg, and
drinks its mother’s milk as
a baby. Humans, dogs, and
cows are all mammals.
old-growth vADJECTIVE an old-growth forest has a 200-acre old-growth
grown to a great age forest
without significant
disturbance and is
therefore rich in wind-
thrown trees, snags,
stumps, mosses, lichens
and other kinds of life
Endured ADJECTIVE to suffer something He endured solitude [ en-door, -
difficult or unpleasant in a and torture for
patient way over a long months at a time.
dyoor ]
period
Awareness NOUN knowledge or There was a general [ uh-wair-nis ]
understanding of a lack of awareness
subject, issue, or situationabout safety issues.
Spread verb to (cause to) cover, reach, It started off as cancer [ spred ]
or have an effect on a of the liver but it
wider or increasing area: spread to other areas
of the body.
Renewable ADJECTIVE a renewable contract, It’s a three-year [ ri-nooabul, -
agreement etc can be contract, renewable
continued for a longer for a further 12
nyoo ]
period of time months if both parties
agree.
head off PHRASAL to prevent something from The police acted
VERB taking place quickly and managed
to head off a violent
confrontation.
endanger VERB to put someone or The hospital is [ en-deyn-
something into a situation accused of
where they might be endangering patients’
jeyr ]
harmed or damaged lives.
Shelter Noun (a building designed to They opened a shelter [ shel-ter ]
give) protection from bad to provide temporary
weather, danger, or housing for the city's
attack: homeless.
interdependence noun the quality or condition of Globalization of [ in-ter-di-
being interdependent, or economies leads to an
mutually reliant on each ever-increasing
pen-duh ns ]
other: interdependence of
things that are countries.
interdependent are
related to one another in
such a close way that each
one needs the others in
order to exist
Profound ADJECTIVE needing serious thought or profound questions [ pruh-found ]
study

Sort Noun a group of people or things What sort are you [ sawrt ]
with the same qualities or looking for?
features
Captivity NOUN a situation in which wild crocodiles that were [ kap-tiv-i-tee
animals are kept in a place born in captivity
such as a park or zoo
]
instead of living in their
natural environment
Humankind NOUN people in general

Demonstrate VERB to show clearly that an experiment [ dem-uhn-

something is true or that it intended to
exists demonstrate the
streyt ]
importance of family
relationships
argue verb to present reasons for or He argued in favor of [ ahr-gyoo ]
against a thing: capital punishment.
Unethical ADJECTIVE morally wrong, or against unethical business [ uhn-eth-i-
accepted standards of practices
behaviour, especially in a
kuh l ]
particular profession

UNIT 7
what on earth Idiom Just what on earth is
An exclamation used to going on here?
emphasize surprise, shock,
anger, disgust, etc.
get (one's) hands on Idiom To acquire something, I need to go to the
(something) usually a physical object. library and get my
hands on this book for
my research paper.
NOUN something you buy that You should be able to [ bahr-guhn ]
bargain costs much less than pick up a few good
normal bargains.
Steal NOUN [SINGULAR] INFORMAL At that price, those [ steel ]
something that is very shoes are a steal.
cheap
it's/that's a bit IDIOM That's a bit more Thirty bucks for two
steep expensive than expected. movie tickets and
popcorn? That's a bit
steep, don't you
think?
rip-off NOUN something that is more
expensive than it should Our meal in town was
be a complete rip-off.
highway robbery PHRASE A situation in which one is I need to find another [ rob-uh-ree ]
charged an exorbitant mechanic because this
price. bill is just highway
robbery! I can't
believe how much he
charged for a simple
repair.
Haggle VERB to argue in order to agree You get good prices [ hag-uh l ]
on the price of something on materials by
haggling with local
manufacturers.
duty-free ADJECTIVE duty-free goods are duty-free cigarettes [ doo-
cheaper than the usual
price because you do not
tee, dyoo- ]
pay any tax on them
choke up PHRASAL if someone chokes up, or if When we met again [ chouhk ]
VERB something chokes them after five years, I just
up, they cannot speak choked up.
because they are starting
to cry
drive someone PHRASE to make someone very You’re driving me
crazy upset or angry crazy with that
arguing!
Obnoxious ADJECTIVE very rude, offensive, or an obnoxious child [ uhb-nok-
unpleasant
shuhs ]
[crack someone up PHRASAL to make someone laugh a Little kids just crack
VERB lot me up with the things
they say.
BLOW SMB AWAY PHRASAL impress someone very When I heard that
VERB much or make them very song for the first time
excited it just blew me away.
endorse VERB if someone famous They paid $2 million [ en-dawrs ]
endorses a product, they to the world
say in advertisements that champion to endorse
they like it their new aftershave.
imply VERB to suggest that you think he doctor has stressed
something without saying that her comments do
it directly not imply criticism of
the study.
sheer ADJECTIVE used for emphasizing the Maya succeeded [ shier ]
amount or degree of through sheer hard
something work.
acquire VERB to get something, for We acquired the [ uh-
example by buying it or shares for £1.75 each.
being given it
kwahyuh r ]
toiletries NOUN things such as soap, [ toi-li-tree ]
deodorant, and toothpaste
that you use to keep
yourself clean
go overboard PHRASE to do or say more than is It’s not his style to go
INFORMAL reasonable or necessary, overboard with praise.
for example because you
are excited or angry
merely ADVERB used for emphasizing that This job is merely a [ mir-li ]
something is small or way to pay my bills.
unimportant
seldom ADVERB not often We seldom see each [ sel-duhm ]
other any more.

urge NOUN a strong feeling of wantingSuddenly I had an [ urj ]

or needing to do overwhelming urge to
something kiss him.
stick VERB to become fixed to stick to: The pasta has [ stik ]
something, especially by stuck to the bottom of
means of a sticky the pan.
substance He was boiling hot
and his jacket was
sticking to his back.
splurge verb to spend a lot of money, to spend a lot of [ splurj ]
especially on something money, especially on
special as a way ofbmaking something special as a
yourself feel good way of making
yourself feel good
Pass up PHRASAL to not take advantage of I can’t believe you
VERB an opportunity passed up the chance
to do a parachute
jump.
indulge verb to allow someone to do He loves his wife and [ in-dahlj ]
what they want or enjoy indulges his sons.
the purse strings PHRASE the spending of money by
a family, company, or
country:
tighten verb to become tighter or to
make something become
tighter, firmer, or less easy
to move:
take the bull by the PHRASE to deal with a problem in a
horns very direct and confident
way, even though there is
some risk in doing this
point out PHRASAL to tell someone something
VERB
A recent survey [ purs ]
showed that in 53
percent of families,
women hold (=
control) the purse
strings.
The dry atmosphere [ tahyt-n ]
tightens my skin.
I decided to take the [ boo l ] [
bull by the horns and
ask him to leave.
hawrn ]
Thank you for pointing
that out.

Vase NOUN a container for cut flowers a vase of roses [ veys, veyz,
vahz ]
Delighted ADJECTIVE very happy, especially They broke into [ dih-lahy-tid ]
because something good delighted laughter.
has happened
split up PHRASAL to end a marriage or a Her parents split up a [ split ]
VERB sexual or romantic few months ago.
relationship
fall out PHRASAL to stop being friendly with Have you two fallen
VERB someone because you out?
have had a disagreement
with them
patch up PHRASAL to become friends with Isn’t it time you two
VERB someone again after a patched it up?
disagreement Apparently, they’ve
since patched things
up with their father.
act up PHRASAL if children act up, they The kids have been
VERB behave badly acting up again.

shape up PHRASAL to improve your behaviour The new boss has

VERB or your work warned Roger to
shape up.
Turn into Phrasal verb turn into or turn to Our holiday turned
[LINKING VERB] [turn into into a nightmare.
someone/something] to
change or develop into
something different
stay out PHRASAL to remain out of your Please don’t stay out
VERB home for a period of time all night again!

Lenient ADJECTIVE if a person or system is The judge was lenient [ lee-nee-

lenient, they punish with her as this was
someone less severely her first offence.
uh nt, leen-
than they could yuh nt ]
Rebellious ADJECTIVE opposing authority or [ ri-bel-yuhs ]
accepted ways of doing
things
Spoiled ADJECTIVE A spoiled child is allowed
to do or have anything
that it wants to, usually so
that it expects to get
everything it wants, and
does not show respect to
other people:
involve VERB to include something as a
necessary part of an
activity, event, or situation
Involvement NOUN the act of taking part in an
activity, event, or situation
Courteous ADJECTIVE polite, especially in a
formal way
You're behaving like a
spoiled brat!
The course involves a [ in-volv ]
great deal of hard
work.
In such military
involvements we need
to make sure that
human rights
violations do not
occur.
Hotel staff must be [ kur-ti-uhs ]
courteous at all times.

Shift Noun a change in something, for Companies were

example in someone’s reacting too slowly to
ideas or opinions shifts in consumer
demand.
grow up PHRASAL to change from being a She’s really starting to
VERB baby or young child to grow up now.
being an older child or
adult
Relative NOUN a member of your family, We spent the week [ rel-uh-tiv ]
especially one who does visiting relatives.
not live with you, for
example a grandparent or
cousin
nursing home Noun a place where very old
people who are ill live and
receive medical treatment
and care
Attempt Noun the act of trying to do This is my second [ uh-tempt ]
something, especially attempt at the exam.
something difficult:
Graying Adjective used to describe a person He is short, with a
whose hair is becoming greying beard.
grey or white, or the hair
itself:
string noun one of several long pieces guitar/violin/harp [ string ]
of nylon, wire, or another strings
substance stretched across
a musical instrument, and
used for producing sounds
paintbrush NOUN a brush used for putting [ peynt-
paint on a surface or for
making a picture with
bruhsh ]
paints
skeptic NOUN someone who has doubts [ skep-tik ]
about things that other
people think are true or
right
as far as someone is phrase according to what
concerned someone thinks or feels:
Beats me Phrase “ I don’t know”
outer Adjective on or around the outside
of something
Carve VERB to produce a pattern or
writing on the surface of
something by cutting it
trustworthy ADJECTIVE able to be trusted as being
honest, safe, or reliable
warm-up NOUN an occasion when you
prepare yourself for an
activity
Hoax NOUN a trick in which someone
deliberately tells people
that something bad is
going to happen or that
something is true when it
is not
Grab VERB to take hold of something
in a rough or rude way
Stepfather NOUN someone’s stepfather is
their mother’s new
husband in a second or
later marriage
in the meantime NOUN during the time between
two events or between the
present time and a future
event
cut back PHRASAL to reduce the amount of
VERB something, especially
money that you spend
Despite PREPOSITION used for saying that
something happens even
though something else
might have prevented it
be up to your ears IDIOM to be very busy, or to have
in sth more of something than
you can manage:
Paperwork noun the part of a job that
involves writing letters and
reports and keeping
records
catch up on Phrasal verbs to do something that The deadline’s
should have been done tomorrow. How are
before we ever going to catch
up in time?
There’s no reason to [ kuh n-
wait, as far as I’m
concerned.
surnd ]
The outer walls of the
castle were over six
feet thick.
She carved his name [ kahrv ]
on her school desk.
[ truhst-wur-
thee ]
The tests are a useful
warm-up for the final
exam.
[ hohks ]
He grabbed the knife [ grab ]
before I could get to
it.
[ step-fah-
th er ]
The government waits
for an economic
miracle while, in the
meantime, whole
industries collapse.
If you cut back on fat
and sugar, you’ll lose
weight.
Three more nuclear
power stations were
built despite
widespread
opposition.
I'm up to my ears in
work.
take up PHRSAL VERB to start doing something I took up smoking
regularly as a habit, job, or when I was at school.
interest
R and R Noun rest and relaxation: a He went to his
period of time when you parents' house in
stop working and rest: Florida for a little R &
R.
Thick Adjective a thick object or material Try not to make too [ thik ]
(grueso) has a long distance much noise –
between two opposite the walls aren’t very
sides, edges, or surfaces thick.
Teapot noun a container with a handle
(tetera) and a spout (=small tube
for pouring), used for
making and pouring tea
Silk [ hang-ker-
(seda)
chif, -cheef ]
Handkerchief
(pañuelo)

leisure NOUN activities that you do to My busy schedule [ lee-

relax or enjoy yourself leaves little time for
leisure.
zher, lezh-er ]
go away PHRASAL to move or travel away If he’s bothering you,
VERB from a person or place tell him to go away.

Along ADVERB, moving forward: We were just walking

PREPOSITION along, chatting.

labour-saving Adjective A labour-saving device or

method is one that saves a
lot of effort and time.
Burden Noun something difficult or My elderly mother [ bur-dn ]
unpleasant that you have worries that she's a
to deal with or worry burden to me.
about:
Bind Verb to tie something tightly or They bound the baind
to fasten something: packages with brightly
coloured ribbon.
markedly Adverb in a very obvious or
noticeable way:

off-duty Adjective When police officers, He looks completely awf-doo-tee,

doctors, guards, etc. are different when he's
off-duty, they are not off-duty and in his
-dyoo-, of- ]
working: normal clothes.
Staggering ADJECTIVE extremely surprising the staggering success [ stag-uh-ring
of the books
]
Rather than: We use rather than to give He wanted to be an
alternatives and more importance to one actor rather than a
preferences thing when two comedian.
alternatives or preferences
are being compared:
Awry Adjective in the wrong position: She rushed in, her [ uh-rahy ]
face red and sweaty
and her hat awry.
Errand Noun a short journey either to I'll meet you at six, [ er-uhnd ]
take a message or to take I've got some errands
or collect something: to do/run first.
Nap NOUN to sleep for a short period
of time, usually during the
day
hang-gliding NOUN the activity of flying using
a hang-glider (ala delta)

White-water rafting Canotaje en aguas bravas [rafting]

bungee jumping noun [ buhn-jee ]

Statement NOUN something that someone The government is

says or writes officially, or expected to issue a
an action done to express statement about the
an opinion: investigation to the
press.
Feed VERB to give food to a person or We’ve been feeding [ fid ]
an animal the ducks on the river.

Forbid VERB to state that something is new regulations

not allowed, according to forbidding the sale of
a rule, law, or custom landmines
Shed VERB to get rid of something 900 jobs will be shed [ shed ]
(despojarse de) that is not wanted or is no over the next few
longer necessary months
Psychotherapy helped
him to shed some of
his
insecurity/inhibitions.
shrink VERB to become smaller in size Do you think this [ shringk ]
dress will shrink if I
handwash it?
Shut VERB to close something, for Shut the gate or the [ shaht ]
example a door, window, dog will get out.
or drawer
Slide VERB to (cause to) move easily The doors slid open. [ slahyd ]
and without interruption
over a surface:
Speed VERB to (cause to) move, go, or The train sped along [ spid ]
happen fast: at over 120 miles per
hour.
spill VERB to accidentally pour a : I spilt coffee all over [ spil ]
liquid out of its container my desk.
Spin VERB to turn round and round The Earth spins on its [ spin ]
quickly axis.

Spit VERB to force some of the clear The woman spat and [ spit ]
liquid called saliva out shouted insults as
from your mouth they passed by.
Spoil Verb to affect something in a Radio towers spoilt [Spoil]
way that makes it worse, the view.
less attractive, or less
enjoyable
spread VERB to gradually affect or cover Rain will spread from [ spred ]
a larger area the west this evening.

spring VERB o jump or move in a The young man [ spring ]

particular direction, turned to hit him, but
quickly and with a lot of Corbett sprang back.
energy
stink VERB to smell very unpleasant This cheese stinks! [ stingk ]

Strike VERB to hit against, or to crash One of the bullets [ strahyk

into, someone or struck her forearm.
something The boat struck the
bottom.
string Verb to put a string through a Would you help me [ string ]
number of objects: string these beads?

Sweep VERB to clean a floor, the After you’ve swept, [ sweep ]

ground, or another surface you can do the
using a broom washing-up.
Swing VERB to move easily and Swing your arms [ swing ]
without interruption loosely at your sides.
backwards and forwards
or from one side to the
other, especially from a
fixed point, or to cause
something or someone to
do this:
Weave VERB to make cloth by The women shut [ weev ]
(tejer; trenzar) repeatedly crossing a themselves behind
single thread through two closed doors to weave
sets of long threads on a their cloth.
loom (= special frame):
Weep VERB to cry because you feel She began to weep [ weep ]
unhappy or have some tears of joy.
other strong emotion