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Section N
Cab, Air-conditioning System
and Heating
Contents
1- Introduction
1.1 - Cooling process beginning ...................................................................................... 4
1.2 - Cooling cycle ............................................................................................................ 4
2- Operation ........................................................................................................................ 6
8- Coolant refilling
8.1 - Loop draining and seeking for coolant leaks........................................................ 20
8.2 - Vaccum generation and leak detection ................................................................ 22
8.3 - Installation new load (engine off) .......................................................................... 23
8.4 - Pressure control ..................................................................................................... 25
8.5 - Service tools .......................................................................................................... 26
9- Troubleshooting ............................................................................................................... 27
9.1 - Air conditioning failure .......................................................................................... 28
9.2 - Compressor failure ................................................................................................ 30
9.3 - Troubleshooting procedure ................................................................................... 32
1 - Introduction
1.1 - How does the cooling process start?
There is no procedure known capable of producing cold, only heat absorption.
The air conditioning system consists of picking up calories from the air. Temperature is
measured by the amount of heat contained in a certain body.
The same way water always flows from top to bottom, heat will always flow from a hot
body to a cold body.
To air condition or absorb heat from a cab, it’s necessary to put hot air in contact with
a cold surface.
A physical property inside liquids determines that a certain pressure corresponds to a
specific pressure necessary for boiling or evaporation.
In the evaporation process, which is produced at a constant temperature, the liquid
may absorb a lot heat.
Experiments shown that at normal air pressure the water boils or evaporates at 100ºC.
Water can absorb a great amount of heat, but temperature will remain the same
(constant).
The same principles can be applied when heat is removed. Vapour changes into liquid
and liquid into solid.
As a result, by controlling pressure in a closed loop, it’s possible at some point to
obtain a low-pressure liquid and a low-pressure boiling temperature.
During evaporation, the liquid will absorb the heat around it.
The liquid under low pressure starts to boil and evaporates within a heat exchanger
called evaporator.
The hot and humid air inside the cab is forced by the fan to pass through the evaporator.
The evaporator chills the air and it returns to the cab.
The air humidity is condensed inside the evaporator and is taken out from the cab
through the ductwork. This cycle ends when the gas returns to the compressor.
To meet the desired temperature inside the cab, select the ‘STOP’ position on the
compressor via a thermostat that actuates on a relay that, in turn, will engage and
disengage the compressor electromagnetic clutch.
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2 - Operation
A - Compressor (1) Loop points Fluid Pressure Temperature Notes:
state
A - Compressor Vapour From low From low to It produces high-
to high high pres- pressure and high
pressure sure temperature vapour
B - Condenser (3)
temperature
Ambient
condenser input
3 - Technical features
Compressor (1) 2 1 3
The compressor, its clutch and pulley form a
detachable assembly.
This assembly compresses the low-pressure coolant
gas changing it to a high-pressure gas and makes
the collant flow within the system.
Make/Type: .................................. Sanden / SD-7H15
Number of cylinders: .............................................. 7
Lube oil capacity .......................................... 190 cm3
Synthetic lubricant ........... PAG (polyalkylene-glycol)
SP20 or similar
Belt tension .......................................... 108 to 122 N
Belt deflexion ....................................... 12 to 15 mm
Rear bolt tightening torque (3):
for closing the compressor. .......................... 34 N.m 12 to 15 mm
Condenser
The condenser (1) receives the high-pressure and high-
temperature coolant gas that comes from the com-
pressor and changes it into a high-pressure pre-cooled
liquid.
Maintenance
The condenser (1) should be cleaned every 50 hours
of operation or more frequently if the tractor is ex-
posed to dusty areas.
Depending on the tractor’s working condition, it will
be necessary to remove the lateral grills to have ac-
cess to the cooling system and clean all the dust, dirt,
etc. that may be accumulated around the condenser
or oil and water radiators.
Procedure for cleaning the condenser (1) If it’s necessary to replace the condenser:
1- Open the side covers and pull the radiator front Be careful not to damage the cooling fins, otherwise
grill. the device will not provide maximum performance.
2- Release both wing nuts (2) securing the
condenser.
3- Partially remove the condenser without
loosening the hose connections.
4- Clean the condenser with the aid of compressed
air (minimum pressure: 7 bar) in the opposite
direction of the normal air flow.
5- Refit the condenser and retighten all bolts (2).
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DANGER!
It’s not necessary to loosen any of
the connections (1) from the air
conditioning cooling system loop
hoses for servicing.
The coolant may cause severe bruises if in 1
contact with the skin. And your eyes may also
get severely injured due to the low temperature
of the gas. In the event of coolant leakage, wear
googles and gloves to protect your eyes and
hands.
The R-134a coolant is not flammable, however,
it releases a toxic gas if in contact with flame.
Neither parts nor objects should be placed in
front of the condenser or radiator; that is,
between the front grill and the condenser as
they can be damaged.
Accumulator-drier (filter-drier)
The filter-drier (2) is an important element in the air
conditioning system. It receives the coolant (liquid)
from the condenser (3) holding humidity and impuri-
ties entering in the system. 1
The vessel storages the coolant temporarily depend-
ing on how much liquid the expansion valve demands.
An indicator located on top of the vessel controls the 2
coolant flow in the loop.
This part also works as a filter (engine filter) and should
be replaced at least every 1000 hours or every 3 years,
or whenever there is a problem in the loop.
To do so, spray coolant liquid on the bulb and The coolant at low pressure and low temperature, after
check the needle displacement. passing through the expansion valve (1), first boils and
then evaporates inside the evaporater (2).
✔ Make sure the valve is properly connected.
This process allows the heat to be absorbed from the
✔ Handle the capillary tubes carefully.
air aspirated in the cab.
✔ To secure the sensitive element (bulb) to the
tube, first clean the element to make sure there’s
a good contact between them.
Secure the element to the tube by means of a
special kit and insulate it with an insulating 3
screen.
Thermostat (4) 4
The thermostat actuates the command via its elec-
tromagnetic clutch.
It’s a capillary thermostat that controls an electrical Heating
switch.
It’s possible to pre-select the desired temperature in
the cab thanks to the adjustable probe fitted in the
switch.
Fan knobs
The thermostat measures the temperature inside the
evaporator and activates the switch by expanding its Thermostat
gas.
5 1
4
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Quick-couplers
The quick-couplers (3) mounted on the high/low
pressure loop on the cab left-hand front side allow
the tractor to be splitted between the engine and
the gearbox or the cab to be removed without being
necessary to drain the air conditioning loop.
IN OUT
NOTE: DURING THIS OPERATION, CLOSE (SEAL) THE
COUPLERS WITH SQUARE PLUGS.
3
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DANGER!
The cab’s filter paper elements WERE not designed to filter harmful chamicals
to inside the cab.
When applying agricultural chemicals, follow the instructions provided by the
manufacturer of the product.
These chemicals are harmful:danger of serious damage to health by prolonged
exposure through inhalation.
If you are going to spray this kind of product on your plantations, it’s
recommended to use a special active-coal filtering element to reduce the
smell inside the cab.
If you feel the cab’s fan/pressurizer, heating and/or air conditioning system are not
working properly, the filtering element should be cleaned.
The cab’s filter cleaning and inspection should be carried out at least once a week or
every 100 operational hours. But if the tractor is exposed to extremely dusty
environments, you should clean the filter every day.
Usually, the cab filter needs to be removed for cleaning dust and dirt accumulated in
the air intake chamber and at the paper element bottom.
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4 - Safety recommendations
It’s very important to work in a clean environment to prevent dirt from entering in the
loop.
Clean the connectors thoroughly and them slightly lubricate them with compressor oil
before making the connections.
Avoid using compressed air in the hoses: use coolant to clean it.
Only remove the tube protectors eventually.
Cut the hoses with a knife and never with a mower knife.
Close the tubes carefully when storaged.
The oil contained in the loop is chiller oil. This oil is mixed with coolant.
Precautions
The air conditioning system is a dangerous When it’s necessary to loosen a certain connection,
equipment. It can be compared to a high-pressure use two different wrenches for tightening in order to
vapour generating boiler. avoid distortions, which can cause gas leakage.
The coolant pressure is always higher than its normal Never weld nor clean the vapour from a system that
boiling point. is electrically charged.
If the hose is broken, the coolant evaporates or boils It may cause overlap or occasional leakage.
too fast. Do not storage the R-134a coolant in places where
The pressure relief immediate forces are also very there is exposure to the sun or a heating source as
dangerous. well as humidity. Always replace the coolant bottle
Even a specialist should always work with caution to protections when not using it.
avoid coolant leakage. Do not transport the bottle inside a vehicle.
The R-134a coolant is neither flammable, nor toxic
(except if in contact with flame) or corrosive (except
if in contact with water).
You should be extremely careful when handling the In case of contact with the R-134a
R-134a. It may freeze your skin and eyes if in direct If you receive a jet of R-134a right in the eyes,
contact. immediately wash them with cold water and call a
In contact with flames or very high temperatures, it doctor.
☞
changes into phosgene gas, which is lethal.
Never handle the coolant without googles and NOTE:
protection gloves. The injuries caused by the coolant can
Never drain the system by loosening the connections. be treated by cooling off the affected
A slow and non-dangerous draining is only possible region with cold water and applying
with a bleeding station/load specific for the R-134a cream continuously. But it’s very
coolant. important you see a doctor.
Never drain the system in a place surrounded by
flames.
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5 - General maintenance
☞ IMPORTANT:
Before turning on the air conditioning system, make sure all windowns and doors
are properly closed. The cab interior should be kept as clean as possible. If for any
reason the cab cannot be completely closed, the air recycling system should be
necessarily interrupted. If these recommendations are not followed, the evaporator
may get contaminated and this would cause the cooling system to stop and damage
the compressor.
To have the system working properly, it’s necessary to control the filter, the condenser,
the fan blowers, and the evaporator status.
Any impurity (dirt) causes the high/low pressure to increase, thus reducing the cooling
system effectiveness.
The dragging belt tension as well as its alignment should also be controlled.
Check the condition of the hoses that take the condensation water from the evaporator.
Any accumulation of water in the filter may form a ice layer on the evaporator preventing
the coolant from flowing harming its performance.
To maintain the loop assy in good condition, it’s recommended to start the system for
a few minutes once a week to lubricate the gaskets as the oil contained in the compressor
gets mixed with the coolant.
Electrical System
Concerning electrical controls, check that the fuse and pressostat are in good condition
by putting them in the filter-drier.
If one of the fuses is blown, it means it has overheated and is out of alignment. In other
words, it can no longer be used as it won’t feed the compressor.
To control the electromagnetic clutch engagement, move the fan switch to the high or
low speed position and then turn the cooling knob to the maximum cold position. You
shoul hear a ‘click’.
After some minutes of operation, the successive engagement / disengagement pattern
of the electromagnetic clutch should be observed.
The connecting cables should be in good condition; otherwise, replace them.
ATTENTION!
Before you start the compressor, especially if it has been out of service for
extended periods of time, follow the procedures below to obatin a good
lubrication.
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☞ NOTE:
When starting and stopping the engine, there’s always a certain quantity of bubbles,
which is considered normal. If the indicator shows a blue or brown coloring, you
should: Drain the system, change the lube oil in the compressor, in the the filter-
drier and, if necessary, replace the expansion valve, in this order.
7 - Electrical diagram
Caption:
1- Fan switch with 4 positions
3- The HP loop pressostat protects the loop by cutting the clutch supply when the
high pressure becomes too low or too high ( 2 bar ou 27 bar).
4- Electromagnetic clutch
5- Fan
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8 - Coolant refilling
Recommendation:
All the operations described in this Chapter should be necessarily accomplished by
using a servicing and maintenance equipment (bleeding/load station, coolant recovery
station, leak detector, etc.) specific for the R-134a coolant.
☞ NOTE:
If the system is bled too fast, the oil in
the compressor will be dragged by the
Fig. 1
2- High-pressure gauge
After some minutes and a pressure reduction from
3- Measurement cylinder
1.5 to 2 bar (21.75 to 29 psi), open the high-pressure
valve slowly so the coolant can be completely drained 4- Vaccum pump
out.
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Leak inspection
After the loop is empty, replace all damaged parts
and then make a sweeping with the R-134a coolant
[gas filling under pressure of 2 to 3.5 bar (29 to 50
psi)].
To do so, connect the central holes of the pressure
gauge to the loading cylinder upper connection (Fig.
4). Slightly loosen the by-pass central tube thread to
bleed the air from the tube and then retighten it. Open
the high/low pressure gauge flow-raters and let a
pressure of 2.5 to 3.5 bar (36.25 to 50 psi) be
established in the R-134a gas loops.
Close the flow-raters and leave this load for 15 to 20
minutes to proceed with the gas leakage searching.
Fig. 2
☞ NOTE:
Before handling any of the hoses, make
sure all flow-raters are closed to avoid
problems.
☞ NOTE:
In general, a 30-minute evacuation in
periods of 15 minutes is enough for a
ambient temperature above 20 ºC. If
the temperature is less than 20ºC, the
minimum evacuation period should be
two phases of 60 minutes as humidity
is a very important factor in this matter.
When the vaccum period is over, the
Fig. 3
low-pressure gauge should indicate a
pressure drop of 635 to 711 mm of
mercury (12.27 to 13.74 psi).
Leak detection
Disconnect the by-pass central tube from the vaccum
pump and connect it to the loading cylinder top.
Open the loading cyclinder upper flow-rater and
slightly loosen the by-pass central tube thread in a
way the air tube is removed. Tighten the thread when
the R-134a begins to escape from the tube.
Open the by-pass high/low pressure flow-raters to
obtain a pressure of 2.5 to 3.5 bar (36.25 to 50 psi) of
gas R-134a.
Close the flow-raters and let the installation load for
20 minutes. With the leak deterctor, carry out a second
sweeping (Fig. 2).
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
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☞ NOTE:
To allow the coolant to be fully filled into
the loop, the pressure in the loading
cylinder should range from 6 to 7 bar
(87 and 101.53 psi).
Liquid load with complement of gas (engine off and then running)
☞ NOTE:
Fan and thermostat in ‘maximum
position’ and engine at 1800 - 2000
rpm.
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Fig. 9
9 -Troubleshooting
Diagnoses
As a general rule, presure values depend on the air condition (pressure + temperature).
For ambient temperatures between 30 and 40 ºC at sea level, low-pressures range
from 0.8 to 1.5 bar (12 to 22 psi) and the high-pressures from 13.8 to 19.3 bar (200 to 280
psi).
To find out the problem/failures, connect the equipment to the service connections
fitted on the compressor rear side
Analysis
Leaks in the loop may cause: Undercooling and very low high/low pressures.
In case of underload, the indiactor will pemanently show bubbles in the filter-drier
deposit, besides indicating the same previously mentioned rates.
A dirty evaporator and a clogged or frozen expansion valve cause the pressure to drop
in the low pressure and an under high-pressure.
Too much load, a damaged valve or a dirty condenser cause an excessively high low-
pressure.
A dirty condenser, overload make the high-pressure too high.
Overloading phenomena
In a correctly loaded installation, the R-134a expelled by the compressor as vapour,
loses its heat and is changed into liquid. The liquid obtained, before being conducted
to the filter-drier, is storaged in the last condenser turn. If the load is excessive, the
level of liquid in the condenser goes up. And less active turns are left for condensation.
Temperature increases as well as pressure and, in some cases, the hoses are broken
(pipelines).
In operation
✔ Overload
✔ Worn hoses
✔ Hoses worn by friction
✔ Hoses cut off on the plate edges.
✔ Sharp bending radius
✔ Battery exposure (acid)
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F) Undercooling
1- The compressor is not working well.
2- The expansion valve is not functioning properly.
3- “HIGH-PRESSURE” low and “LOW-PRESSURE” low, tend to pressure drop with
correct loading. Temperature is too low on the evaporator input and causes the
expansion valve to close. Wrong synchronization between the thermostat cycling
and the expansion valve opening.
☞ NOTE:
The clearance is adjusted with variable thickness shims. During assembly or installation of a
new clutch, check tha original shims. When mounting a new clutch on a compressor, use
the following shims: 1.02 mm - 0.05 mm - 0.12 mm. Tighten nut to a torque of 30 N.m.
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☞ NOTE:
Use Polyalkylene-Glycol (PAG)
synthetic oil only to load and reload the
compressor.
Low side - normal High side - normal Low side - normal High side - normal
5- Check the oil level in the compressor. 4- Replace the filter-drier. The drier is probably
saturated with the mixture.
6- Evacuate the system for at leat 30 minutes.
5- Check the oil level in the compressor.
7- Refill the system with R-134a.
6- Evacuate the system for at leat 30 minutes.
8- Operate the system and check for performance.
7- Refill the system with R-134a.
Reading interpretation 8- Operate the system and check for performance.
Low side - normal
High side - normal
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Low side - normal High side - normal Low side - low High side - low
Low side - normal High side - normal Low side - low High side - low
Low side - low High side - low Low side - high High side - low
Other symptoms
✔ Discharging air - it gets hot
✔ High-side hoses extremely hot
Diagnoses
✔ Condenser malfunctioning or overload
✔ The safety high/low pressures interrupt the
operation.
Correction:
1- Inspect the condenser to block the air passage.
Small damage or other problems preventing the
air flow in the condenser.
2- Check if the engine radiator is not plugged.
3- Conduct the inspection out of the engine cooling
system. Make sure the radiator cover pressure
is complying with the system pressure. Check any
possible flaw.
Low side - high High side - high Low side - too low High side - too low
Refitting
Reverse the removal procedure and make sure the
flexible hose (6) is properly secured to the wiper arm.
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3
Air conditioning system filter
Heating radiator
d) Remove the 14 bolts from the radiator cover (4)
and remove it. e) Close the air flow duct (5).
5
f) Then, loosen the wing nuts (6) and remove the g) Loosen the hose clamps (8) that controls the
air filter (7). water inlet and outlet.
8 9
7 6
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Fan assembly 9
☞ NOTE:
The heating radiator was removed to
better show the components related to
the fans.
However, this procedure in not
necessary.
a) Remove the six fastening bolts (10) securing the c) Make reference marks and then disconnect the
fan and motor lodgings. cable set (12).
Cable identification:
A Orange D Red
10 12
A
B
C
E D
10
10
11
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