The Charles Babbage

CHARLES BABBAGE

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The Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage
Charles Babbage

26 December 1791
Born
London, England
18 October 1871 (aged 79)
Died
Marylebone, London, England
Nationality English
Mathematics, analytical philosophy,
Fields
computer science
Institutions Trinity College, Cambridge
Alma mater Peter house, Cambridge
Known for Mathematics, computing

Introduction

Charles Babbage was born on December 26, 1791. His father,

Benjamin, was a wealthy merchant and banker. The Babbage lived

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The Charles Babbage

in Walworth, Surrey, just outside London, and Charles was the

first of four children charles began school in Devon. His subjects
included mathematics for simple navigation and accounting. This
was the beginning of the interest that was to shape his career.
Incorrect calculations in navigation often caused shipwrecks.
Charles devoted much of his working life to developing machines
that would accurately calculate and print mathematical and
astronomical tables so that errors could be eliminated. He was
amazed to find they were ignorant of the latest development in
mathematcs in France.

In 1812, Babbage and two friends formed the Analytical society at

Cambridge. These friends were the outstanding astronomers John
Herschel and Mathematician George peacock.

His father’s money allowed Charles to receive instruction from

several schools & tutors during the course of his elementary
education.

As a student, Babbage was also a member of other societies such

as the Ghost club, concerned with investigating supernatural
phenomena & the extractors club, dedicated to liberating its
members from the madhouse, should any be committed to one he
was the top mathematician at peter house, but did not graduates
with honor. He instead received an honorary degree without
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The Charles Babbage

examination in 1814. On 25 July 1814, Babbage married

Georgiana white more at st.Michael’s Church in
Teignmouth,Devan. The couple lived at Dumbarton Hall,
Shoeshine, before moving to 5 Devonshire street, Portland place,
London.

Charles and Georgiana had eight children, but only three-

Benjamin Herschel, Georgiana white more and Hennery Provost,
survived to adulthood. Georgiana died in Worcester on 1st
September 1827. Charles father, wife and at least one son all died
in 1827. These deaths caused Babbage to go into a mental
breakdown which delayed the construction of his machines.

His youngest son, Henry provost Babbage, went on to create six

working difference engines based on his father’s designs, one of
which was sent to Harvard university where it was later discovered
by Howard H.Aiken, pioneer of the Hardvard mark I. Henery
prevost’s 1910 Analytical Engine Mill, Previously on display at
Dudmaston Hall, is now on display at the science Museum.

Education

His father's money allowed Charles to receive instruction from

several schools and tutors during the course of his elementary
education. Around the age of eight he was sent to a country school

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The Charles Babbage

in Alphington near Exeter to recover from a life-threatening fever.

His parents ordered that his "brain was not to be taxed too much"
and Babbage felt that "this great idleness may have led to some of
my childish reasonings." For a short time he attended King Edward
VI Grammar School in Totnes, South Devon, but his health forced
him back to private tutors for a time. He then joined a 30-student
Holmwood academy, in Baker Street, Enfield, Middlesex under
Reverend Stephen Freeman. The academy had a well-stocked
library that prompted Babbage's love of mathematics. He studied
with two more private tutors after leaving the academy. Of the
first, a clergyman near Cambridge, Babbage said, "I fear I did not
derive from it all the advantages that I might have done." The
second was an Oxford tutor from whom Babbage learned enough
of the Classics to be accepted to Cambridge.

Babbage arrived at Trinity College, Cambridge in October 1810.

He had read extensively in Leibniz, Joseph Louis Lagrange,
Thomas Simpson, and Lacroix and was seriously disappointed in
the mathematical instruction available at Cambridge. In response,
he, John Herschel, George Peacock, and several other friends
formed the Analytical Society in 1812. Babbage, Herschel, and
Peacock were also close friends with future judge and patron of
science Edward Ryan. Babbage and Ryan married two sisters. As a
student, Babbage was also a member of other societies such as the
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The Charles Babbage

Ghost Club, concerned with investigating supernatural phenomena,

and the Extractors Club, dedicated to liberating its members from
the madhouse, should any be committed to one.

In 1812 Babbage transferred to Peterhouse, Cambridge. He was the

top mathematician at Peterhouse, but did not graduate with
honours. He instead received an honorary degree without
examination in 1814.

Design of computers
Babbage sought a method by which mathematical tables could be
calculated mechanically,removing the high rate of human
error.Three different factors seem to have influenced him;a dislike
of untidiness, his experience working on logarithmic machines
carried out by Wilhelm schickard blaise pascal and Gottfried
leibnez. He first discussed principle of calculating engineer in a
letter to Sir. Humphry Davy in 1822.

Babbage's missions were among the first mechanical

computers,although they were not actually completed, larglly
because be funding problems and personality issues. He directed
the building of some steam-powered missions that achived some
success, suggesting that calculation could be mechanized.
Although Babbage’s machines were mechanical and unwidely

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The Charles Babbage

their basic architecuture was were similar to modern computer.

The data program memory were separated, operation was
instruction based, the control unit could make conditional jumps
and the machines had a separate I/O unit

Difference engine

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The Charles Babbage

In Babbage’s time, numerical tables were calculated by humans

called ‘computers’, meaning “one who computers”, much as
conductor is “one who conducts”, at Cambridge he saw the high
error-rate of this human-driven process and started his life’s work
of trying to calculate the tables mechanically. He began in 1822
with computer values of polynomial functions. Unlike similar
efforts of the time, Babbage’s difference engine was created to
calculate a series of values automatically. By using the method
finite differences, it was possible to avoid the need for
multiplication and division.

The first difference engine was composed of around 25,000 parts,

weighed fifteen tons(13,600 kg),and he stood 8feet(2.4m) high.

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The Charles Babbage

Although he recived sample funding for the project it was never

completed.He later designed an improved version, which was not
constructed until 1989-1991, using Babbages plans and 19th
century manufacturing tolerancer.

It performed its first calculation untill at the London science

museum returning results to 31 digits, for more then the average
modern packet calculator. It was able to calculate Polynomials by
using numerical method called the differences method.
The society approached the idea,and the government granted him
1500 to construct it, In 1823 the converted one of the room in his
home to a work shop and hired joseph clemant to oversee
construction of the engine every part had to be formed by hand
using custom machine tools, many of which babbage himself
designed. He took extensive tours of industry to better understood
manufacturing processes. Based on this trips and his experience
with the difference engine, babbage published n the econom
machinery and manufacture in 1832. It was the first publication on
what we could now call operation research. The difference engine
project had come under fire during babbage’s absence. Rumouis
had spread thet babbages had wasted the government’s money;that
the machine did not workl; and that it had no practical value if it

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The Charles Babbage

did. John Herschel and the royal society publicly defended the
engine.

Babbage problem with the treasury coincided with numerous

disagreements with clement. Babbage had built a two-story,50 foot
long wokshop behind his house. It had a glass roof for
lightining,and a fire proof,dust-free room to contain the machine.
Clement refused to move his operation to the new work shop and
demanded more money for the difficulty to travelling across town
to oversee construction. In the response, Babbage suggested that
clement draw his pay directly from the treasury.Before than,
Babbage could get money from the government that he could use
to pay clement. He often had to pay clement out of its own packed
when the bureaucracy lagged behind clement’s s pay
schedule.clement refured the request and stoped working.

Completed models :-
The London science museum has constructed two difference
engines, according to Babbage’s plans for the difference engine .
one is owned by the museum, the other owned by technology
millionaire Nathan myhrvold , went on exhibit at the computer
history museum in mountain view, California on 10 may 2008. the
two models that have been constructed are not replicas, until the

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The Charles Babbage

assembly of the first difference engine by the London science

museum, no model of the of the difference engine existed.

Analytical Engine:-

Soon after the attempt at making the difference engine crumbled,

Babbage started designing a different, more complex machine
called the analytical engine. The engine is not a single physical
machine but a succession of designs that he tinkered with until his
death in 1871. the main difference between the two engines is that
analytical engine could be programmed using parched cards.
He realized that programs could be put on these card so the person
had only to create the program initially, let it run . the analytical
engine would have used loops of jaceevard’s punched cared to
control a mechanical calculator which could formulate results
based on the results of preceding computations. This machine was
also intended to employ several features subsequently used in
modern computers, including sequential control, branching and
looping , and would have been the first mechanical device to be
turning complete.
Ad Lovelace, an impressive mathematician, and one of the two
people who fully understood Babbage’s ideas, created a program

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The Charles Babbage

for the analytical engine had the analytical engine ever actually
been built, her program would have been able to calculate a
sequence of Bernoulli number Based on this work, Lovelace is
now widely credited with being the first computer programmer . in
1979, a contemporary programming language was name dada in
her honour . shortly afterward, in 1981, a satirical article by Tony
karp in the magazine defamation described the Babbage
programming language as the “language of the future”.

While he was separated from the difference engine, babbage began

to think about an improved calculating engine. Between 1833
&1842 he tried tobuild a machine that would be progrannable to do
any kind of calculation, not just ones relating to polynomial
equation.The first break through came when he redirected the
machine’s output to the desired this as the machine “eating its own
tail”, It did not take much longer for him to define the main points
of this analytical engine.
The mature analytical engine used punched card adopted from the
jacquard loom to specify input & the calculations to perform. The
engine consisted of two parts, the mill and the store. The mill,
analogous to a modern computers cpu, executed the operation on
the values retrived from the store which we consider memory. It
was the world’s first general purpose computer.

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The Charles Babbage

A design for his emerged by 1835. The scale of the work was truly
in credible Babbage & a hand full of assistant created large designs
drawings, 1000 sheets of mechanical notation, & 7000 sheets of
scribbles.The completed mill could measure 15 feet tall & 16 feet
in Diameter.
The 100 digit store would stretch to 25 feet long. Babbage
constructed only small test parts for his new engine; a full engine
was never completed. In 1842, following repeated failures to
obtain funding from the First Lord of the Treasury, Babbage
approached Sir Robert Peel for funding. Peel refused, and offered
Babbage a knighthood instead. Babbage refused. He would
continue modifying and improving the design for many years to
come.

In October 1842, Federico Luigi, Conte Menabrea, an Italian

general and mathematician, published a paper on the analytical
engine. Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace, a longtime
friend of Babbage, translated the paper into English. Charles
suggested that she add notes to accompany the paper. In a series of
letters between 1842 and 1843, the pair collaborated on seven
notes, the combined length of which was three times longer than
the actual paper. In one note Ada prepared a table of execution for
a program that Babbage wrote to calculate the Bernoulli numbers.

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The Charles Babbage

In another, she wrote about a generalized algebra engine that could

perform operations on symbols as well as numbers. Lovelace was
perhaps the first to grasp the more general goals of Babbage’s
machine, and some consider her the world's first computer
programmer. She began work on a book describing the analytical
engine in more detail, but it was never finished.

Many innovations and important creations are attributed to his

genius including his machines performing mathematical
calculations (called Calculating Engines) and the ambitious
Analytical Engines projects, which were flexible punch-card
controlled general calculators, he created a Table of logarithms of
the natural numbers from 1 to 108000 which was a standard
reference from 1827 through the end of the century. Babbage
pioneered many other technical innovations as well as developing
mathematical code breaking.

Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine designs are particularly

fascinating today, as they contained many similar elements to
modern digital computers. For example, Babbage's engines
'punched card control; separate store and mill; a set of internal
registers (the table axes); fast multiplier/divider; a range of
peripherals; even array processing'. The Science Museum (where
lots of Charles Babbage Inventions are located) assembled

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The Charles Babbage

Babbage's Calculating Engine number 2 according to his original

designs in 1991. To witness the whirl and thudding stamp of this
machine is a thrilling experience. In the philosophy of science

Babbage also made important contributions. His (1837), for

example, argued that natural laws were capable of explaining so-
called miracles. Miracles were not, argued Babbage, evidence of
the succession of natural laws, but might merely be evidence of a
higher or greater law of which we had heretofore been ignorant.
The secret evolutionist author of the Vestiges of the natural
history of creation outlined Babbage's point:

But I would here give attention to a remarkable illustration of

natural law which has been brought forward by Mr. Babbage, in

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The Charles Babbage

his Ninth Bridgewater Treatise. The reader is requested to suppose

himself seated before the calculating machine, and to observe it. It
is moved by a weight, and there is a wheel which revolves through
a small angle around its axis, at short intervals, presenting to his
eye successively, a series of many numbers engraved on its divided
circumference.
Let the figures thus seen be the series, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, &c., of natural
numbers, each of which exceeds its immediate antecedent by unity.

"Now, reader," says Mr. Babbage, " let me ask you how long you
will have counted before you are firmly convinced that the engine
has been so adjusted, that it will continue, while its motion is
maintained, to produce the same series of natural numbers? Some
minds are so constituted, that, after passing the first hundred terms,
they will be satisfied that they are acquainted with the law. After
seeing five hundred terms few will doubt, and after the fifty
thousandth term the propensity to believe that the succeeding term
will be fifty thousand and one, will be almost irresistible. That
term will be fifty thousand and one; and the same regular
succession will continue; the five millionth and the fifty millionth
term will still appear in their expected order, and one unbroken
chain of natural numbers will pass before your eyes, from one up
to one hundred million.

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 The Charles Babbage

Modern adaptations

While the abacus and mechanical calculator have been replaced

by electronic calculators using microchips, the recent advances

in MEMS and nanotechnology have led to recent high-tech
experiments in mechanical computation. The benefits suggested
include operation in high radiation or high temperature
environments. These modern versions of mechanical computation
were highlighted in the magazine The Economist in its special "end
of the millennium" black cover issue in an article entitled
"Babbage's Last Laugh".

Construction of the Difference Engine No. 2

In 1985, the Science Museum in London began construction of the

Difference Engine No. 2 using Babbage's original designs. The
calculating device was completed and working by 1991, just in
time for the bicentennial of Babbage's birth. The device consists of
4000 parts and weighs over three metric tons.

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The Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage’s published works include:

• A Comparative View of the Various Institutions for the
Assurance of Lives (1826)
• Table of Logarithms of the Natural Numbers from 1 to 108,
000 (1827)
• Reflections on the Decline of Science in England (1830)
• On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (1832)
• Ninth Bridgewater Treatise (1837)
• Passages from the Life of a Philosopher (1864)

Babbage's drawings and plans still exist - parts of the original mill
and printer were even built, years later, by his son (and now reside
in the PowerHouse Museum in Sydney) - but the Analytical
Engine itself never saw the light of day.

Ironically, the Difference Engine fared a little better. With

Babbage's advice, Swedish printer Pehr Georg Scheutz finally built
a modified version of Babbage's original machine.

Charles Babbage watched as the Scheutz Difference Engine took

out a gold medal at the Exhibition of Paris and, a few years later,
was commissioned for the Registrar-General's Department of the
same government that had abandoned his original research.

Second Difference Engine

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The Charles Babbage

Between October 1846 and March 1849 Babbage started designing

a second difference engine using knowledge gained from the
analytical engine. It used only about 8000 parts, three times fewer
than the first. It was a marvel of mechanical engineering.

Unlike the analytical engine that he continually tweaked and

modified, he did not try to improve the second difference engine
after completing the initial design. Babbage made no attempt to
actually construct the machine.

The 24 schematics remained in the Science Museum archives until

a full-size replica was built 1985-1991 to celebrate the 200th
anniversary of Babbage’s birth. It measured 11 feet long, 7 feet
high and 18 inches deep, and weighted 2.6 tonnes. The limits of
precision were restricted to those achievable by Babbage.

Babbage's accomplishments
In 1824 Babbage won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical
Society "for his invention of an engine for calculating
mathematical and astronomical tables".

From 1828 to 1839 Babbage was Lucasian professor of

mathematics at Cambridge. He contributed largely to several

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The Charles Babbage

scientific periodicals, and was instrumental in founding the

Astronomical Society in 1820 and the Statistical Society in 1834.

In 1837, responding to the official eight Bridgewater Treatises "On

the Power, Wisdom and Goodness of God, as manifested in the
Creation", he published his Ninth Bridgewater Treatise putting
forward the thesis that God had the omnipotence and foresight to
create as a divine legislator, making laws (or programs) which then
produced species at the appropriate times, rather than continually
interfering with ad hoc miracles each time a new species was
required. The book incorporated extracts from correspondence he
had been having with John Herschel on the subject.

Charles Babbage also achieved notable results in cryptography. He

broke Vigenère's autokey cipher as well as the much weaker cipher
that is called Vigenère cipher today. The autokey cipher was
generally called "the undecipherable cipher", though owing to
popular confusion, many thought that the weaker polyalphabetic
cipher was the "undecipherable" one. Babbage's discovery was
used to aid English military campaigns, and was not published
until several years later; as a result credit for the development was
instead given to Friedrich Kasiski, who made the same discovery
some years after Babbage.

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The Charles Babbage

Babbage also invented the pilot (also called a cow-catcher), the

metal frame attached to the front of locomotives that clears the
tracks of obstacles in 1838. He also performed several studies on
Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Great Western Railway.

He only once endeavoured to enter public life, when, in 1832, he

stood unsuccessfully for the borough of Finsbury. He came in last
in the polls.
Parts of Babbage's uncompleted mechanisms are available for
visits in the London Science Museum. In 1991 a difference engine
was completed, starting from Babbage's original plans, and it
functioned perfectly

." He was a founding member of the society and one of its oldest
living members on his death in 1871.

From 1828 to 1839 Babbage was Lucasian Professor of

Mathematics at Cambridge. He contributed largely to several
scientific periodicals, and was instrumental in founding the
Astronomical Society in 1820 and the Statistical Society in 1834.
However, he dreamt of designing mechanical calculating
machines.

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The Charles Babbage

“... I was sitting in the rooms of the Analytical Society, at

Cambridge, my head leaning forward on the table in a kind of
dreamy mood, with a table of logarithms lying open before me.
Another member, coming into the room, and seeing me half asleep,
called out, "Well, Babbage, what are you dreaming about?" to
which I replied "I am thinking that all these tables" (pointing to the
logarithms) "might be calculated by machinery. "

making laws (or programs) which then produced species at the

appropriate times, rather than continually interfering with ad hoc
miracles each time a new species was required. The book is a work
of natural theology, and incorporates extracts from correspondence
he had been having with John Herschel on the subject. Babbage
also invented an ophthalmoscope, but although he gave it to a
physician for testing it was forgotten, and the device only came
into use after being independently invented by Hermann vo
Helmholtz. Babbage twice stood for Parliament as a candidate for
the borough of Finsbury. In 1832 he came in third among five
candidates, but in 1834 he finished last among four. In On the
Economy of Machine and Manufacture, Babbage described what is
now called the Babbage principle, which describes certain
advantages with division of labour. Babbage noted that highly
skilled – and thus generally highly paid – workers spend parts of
their job performing tasks that are 'below' their skill level. If the
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The Charles Babbage

labour process can be divided among several workers, it is possible

to assign only high-skill tasks to high-skill and -cost workers and
leave other working tasks to less-skilled and paid workers, thereby
cutting labour costs. This principle was criticised by Karl Marx
who argued that it caused labour segregation and contributed to
alienation. The Babbage principle is an inherent assumption in
Frederick Winslow Taylor's scientific management.

Eccentricities

• Babbage once counted all the broken panes of glass of a

factory, publishing in 1857 a "Table of the Relative
Frequency of the Causes of Breakage of Plate Glass
Windows": Of 464 broken panes, 14 were caused by
"drunken men, women or boys".
• Babbage's distaste for commoners ("the Mob") included
writing "Observations of Street Nuisances" in 1864, as well

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The Charles Babbage

as tallying up 165 "nuisances" over a period of 80 days. He

especially hated street music, and in particular the music of
organ grinders, against whom he railed in various venues.
The following quotation is typical:

It is difficult to estimate the misery inflicted upon thousands

of persons, and the absolute pecuniary penalty imposed upon
multitudes of intellectual workers by the loss of their time,
destroyed by organ-grinders and other similar nuisances.

• In the 1860s, Babbage also took up the anti-hoop-rolling

campaign. He blamed hoop-rolling boys for driving their iron
hoops under horses' legs, with the result that the rider is
thrown and very often the horse breaks a leg. Babbage
achieved a certain notoriety in this matter, being denounced
in debate in Commons in 1864 for "commencing a crusade
against the popular game of tip-cat and the trundling of
hoops."

• Babbage once contacted the poet Alfred Tennyson in

response to his poem "The Vision of Sin". Babbage wrote,
"In your otherwise beautiful poem, one verse reads,

Every moment dies a man,

Every moment one is born.

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The Charles Babbage

... If this were true, the population of the world would be at a

standstill. In truth, the rate of birth is slightly in excess of that
of death. I would suggest

Quotations

“ On two occasions I have been asked, – "Pray, Mr. Babbage,

if you put into the machine wrong figures, will the right
answers come out?" In one case a member of the Upper,
and in the other a member of the Lower House put this
question. I am not able rightly to apprehend the kind of
confusion of ideas that could provoke such a question. ”

(see Garbage In, Garbage Out for a more modern take on this)

• "A tool is usually more simple than a machine; it is generally

used with the hand, whilst a machine is frequently moved by
animal or steam power."
• "Errors using inadequate data are much less than those using
no data at all."
• "Telegraphs are machines for conveying information over
extensive lines with great rapidity."
• "The difference between a tool and a machine is not capable
of very precise distinction; nor is it necessary, in a popular
explanation of those terms, to limit very strictly their
acceptation."
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The Charles Babbage

• "The economy of human time is the next advantage of

machinery in manufactures."
• "Another age must be the judge," after his failure to build his
Difference Engine design

Commemoration

Babbage has been commemorated by a number of references, as

shown on this list. In particular, the crater Babbage on the Moon,
and the Charles Babbage Institute, an information technology
archive and research center at the University of Minnesota, were
named after him. The large Babbage lecture theatre at Cambridge
University, used for undergraduate science lectures,
commemorates his time at the university.

• British Rail named a locomotive after him in the 1990s as

part of a program of naming locomotives after famous and
significant scientists.
• The University of Plymouth commemorates Charles Babbage
with the Babbage building, the University's school of
computing is based here.
• The IT Service of Cambridgeshire County Council is based
in Babbage House on the Castle Park office complex,
Cambridge.

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The Charles Babbage

• Also, in Monk's Walk School, there is a block called

"Babbage" to commemorate his work in the world of science.
• In Chessington, in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon
Thames, a road in a new housing development has been
named Charles Babbage Close.
• The Babbage programming language for GEC 4000 series
minicomputers is named after him.
• Charles Babbage appears as a Great Thinker in the 2008
strategy video game Civilization Revolution.
• Babbage frequently appears in steampunk works (the
enumeration of which would be an exhausting effort), where
he does build the Difference Engine, spurring on Victorian
Era computer science.
• There is a Babbage Room at Totnes Museum, in Totnes
where Babbage spent his youth.
• There is a green plaque commemorating the 40 years he
spent at 1 Dorset St, London

Death

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The Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage died at age 79 on 18 October 1871, and was

buried in London's Kensal Green Cemetery. According to Horsley,
Babbage died "of renal inadequacy, secondary to cystitis."[ In
1983 the autopsy report for Charles Babbage was discovered and
later published by his great-great-grandson. A copy of the original
is also available. Half of Babbage's brain is preserved at the
Hunterian Museum in the Royal College of Surgeons in London.
At death, Babbage drew great comfort from his geligious beliefs
particularly the assurance which christians have of a life beyound
the grav. Babbage will be remembered as the father of modern
computing, but he should also be remembered as the father of
modern computing, but he should also be remembered as a
commited christian.
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The Charles Babbage

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