INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

1. INTRODUCTION

Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Co-operation Limited a company under the

Companies Act, 1956 and registered with Registrar of Companies as "UTTAR
PRADESH POWER TRANSMISSION CO- OPERATION LIMITED" vide No. 17-
016485 of 2000-2001 with its Registered Office at VIDYUT BHAWAN, has been
established on 19 July, 2000 by Govt. of UTTAR PRADESH under the provisions of the
UTTAR PRADESH Power Sector Reform act 1999 as the successor company of
UPPTCL. The UPPCL has granted UPPTCL a license for transmission and bulk supply
vide UPPTCL/Transmission and Bulk Supply License 4/2001 dated 30.4.2001 to function
as Transmission and Bulk Supply Licensee in the State.

Fig 1.1- UPPCL symbol.

UPPTCL will be professionally managed utility supplying reliable and cost efficient
electricity to every citizen of the state through highly motivated employees and state of
art technologies, providing an economic return to our owners and maintaining leadership
in the country. UPPTCL provides the pathway for power within whole of UTTAR
PRADESH. UPPTCL owns, builds, maintains and operates the high-voltage electrical
transmission system that helps to keep the lights on, businesses running and communities
strong. UPPTCL has following duties and responsibilities:

1. Intra state transmission of electricity through Intra-State Transmission System.

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2. Planning and co-ordination relating to intra-state transmission with all concerned

agencies such as CTU, State Govt., generating companies, licensees, Regional
Power Committees etc.
3. Ensuring development of an efficient, co-ordinate and economical system of intra-
state transmission of electricity from generating stations to Load Centers.
4. Non-discriminatory Open Access to its transmission system on payment of
transmission charges.

1.1 ABOUT 220/33 KV SUBSTATION RPH

220/33 KV Substation RPH, is a grid substation located on Kanpur VIP road. RPH
received supply from 220 KV Unnao and 220 KV Panki though transmission line. Now
the transmission line first parallel connected with lightning arrester to diverge surge,
followed by CVT (Capacitive Voltage Transformer), CVT measures voltage for control
panel, at the location a wave trap is connected to carrier communication at higher
frequencies. A current transformer is connected in series with line which measure current
and step down current at ratio 500:1 for control panel.

Circuit breaker having an isolator at each end, first supply from Current
transformer is connected to bus isolator then circuit breaker is connected and then line
isolator is connected from here supply goes to Main bus. A transformer is connected to
main bus though a circuit breaker and isolator at each end. There are three transformer of
60 MVA, which convert 220/33 KV. This give way to 15 feeder transmitting power to
DAL MANDI, PHOOL BAGH, HBTI, RPH 1, RPH 2, KHAS BAZAAR, BS PARK,
MORNING GLORY, OEF. BENAJHABAR, CARDIOLOGY, GIC, HALLET,
JHADIBABA, JACK BUS.

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2. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line Diagram of the
concerned Electrical System which includes all the required electrical equipment
connection sequence wise from the point of entrance of Power up to the end of the scope
of the mentioned work.

Fig 2.1- 220/33KV Substation RPH Kanpur

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As in the case of 220KV Substation, the Single Line Diagram shall show Lightening
Arrestor, C.T/P.T Unit, Isolators, C.V.T. Circuit Breakers, again Isolators and Circuit
Breakers, Power Transformer, all protective devices/relays etc as per design criteria. And
the symbols are shown below. There are several feeders enter into the substation and
carrying out the power. As these feeders enter the station they are to pass through various
instruments. This substation has capacity of 220kv and can step down to 33kv using two
input lines through incoming feeders

The input feeders are

245 KV CT 220KV RPH UNNAO LINE

245 KV 220KV RPH PANKI LINE

220kv is step down through transformer

TRANSFORMER-1 (EMCO) 60 MVA, 220/33KV

TRANSFORMER-2 (SIEMENS) 60 MVA, 220/33KV
TRANSFORMER-3 (ADITYA) 60 MVA, 220/33KV

The substation 220/33kv has 15 outgoing feeders:-

 33 KV FEEDER BS PARK ,400/1 Amp
 33 KV FEEDER PHOOLBAGH,400/1 Amp
 33 KV FEEDER DAAL MANDI, 400/1 Amp
 33 KV FEEDER JACK BUS, 400/1 Amp
 33 KV FEEDER RPH I, 400/1 Amp
 33 KV FEEDER RPH II, 400/1 Amp
 33 KV FEEDER HALLET, 400/1 Amp
 33 KV FEEDER OEF,400/1 Amp
 33 KV FEEDER BENAJHABAR, 100/1 Amp
 33 KV FEEDER CARDIOLOGY, 400/1 Amp
 33 KV FEEDER JHADIBABA 400/1 Amp

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 33 KV FEEDER HBTI, 200/1 Amp

 33 KV FEEDER MORNING GLORY, 200/1 Amp
 33 KV FEEDER GIC, 200/1 Amp
 33 KV FEEDER KHAS BAZAAR,400/1 Amp

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3. ABOUT SUBSTATION
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.
Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power
may flow through several substations at different voltage levels.

Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned

by a large industrial or commercial customer. A substation may include transformers to
change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower distribution
voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages.

The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a
grid. As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were
converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant
instead of using their own generators. The first substations were connected to only one
power station, where the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power
ratio.

Fig 3.1- RPH Substation, Kanpur

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3.1 TYPES OF SUBSTATION

 Transmission Substation

A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case is
where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, substation contains
high-voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault clearance or
maintenance. A transmission station may have transformers to convert between two
transmission voltages, voltage control/power factor correction devices such as capacitors,
reactors or static VAR compensators and equipment such as phase shifting transformers
to control power flow between two adjacent power systems.

 Distribution Substation

A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the distribution
system of an area. It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to the
main transmission network, unless they use large amounts of power, so the distribution
station reduces voltage to a level suitable for local distribution.

The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or sub
transmission lines. Distribution voltages are typically medium voltage, between 2.4 kV
and 33 kV depending on the size of the area served and the practices of the local utility.
The feeders run along streets overhead (or underground, in some cases) and power the
distribution transformers at or near the customer premises.

 Collector Substation

In distributed generation projects such as a wind farm, a collector substation may be

required. It resembles a distribution substation although power flow is in the opposite
direction, from many wind turbines up into the transmission grid. Usually for economy of
construction the collector system operates around 35 KV and the collector substation
steps up voltage to a transmission voltage for the grid. The collector substation can also

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provide power factor correction if it is needed, metering and control of the wind farm. In
some special cases a collector substation can also contain an HVDC converter station.

 Converter Substation

Converter substations may be associated with HVDC converter plants, traction current, or
interconnected non-synchronous networks. These stations contain power electronic
devices to change the frequency of current, or else convert from alternating to direct
current or the reverse. Formerly rotary converters changed frequency to interconnect two
systems; such substations today are rare.

 Switching Substation

A switching station is a substation without transformers and operating only at a single

voltage level. Switching stations are sometimes used as collector and distribution
stations. Sometimes they are used for switching the current to back-up lines or for
parallelizing circuits in case of failure. A switching station may also be known as a
switchyard, and these are commonly located directly adjacent to or nearby a power
station. In this case the generators from the power station supply their power into the yard
onto the Generator Bus on one side of the yard, and the transmission lines take their
power from a Feeder Bus on the other side of the yard.

3.2. SELECTION OF SITE

Main points to be considered while selecting the site for Grid Sub-Station are as follows:

 The site chosen should be as near to the load center as possible.

 It should be easily approachable by road or rail for transportation of equipments.
 Land should be fairly leveled to minimize development cost.
 Source of water should be as near to the site as possible. This is because water is
required for various construction activities (especially civil works), earthing and for
drinking purposes etc.

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 The sub-station site should be as near to the town / city but should be clear of public
places, aerodromes, and Military / police installations.
 The land should be have sufficient ground area to accommodate substation
equipments, buildings, staff quarters, space for storage of material, such as store yards
and store sheds etc. with roads and space for future expansion.
 Set back distances from various roads such as National Highways, State Highways
should be observed as per the regulations in force.
 While selecting the land for the Substation preference to be given to the Govt. land
over private land.
 The land should not have water logging problem.
 Far away from obstructions, to permit easy and safe approach/termination of high

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4. TRANSFORMER
Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating current at
same frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage &
high voltage to low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction principle.

When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called
step up transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.

Fig 4.1 Transformer 6o MVA, 220/33Kv (ADITYA)

There are three transformers in the incoming feeders so that the three lines are
step down at the same time. In case of a 220KV or more KV line station auto
transformers are used. The transformer is transported on trailer to substation site and as
far as possible directly unloaded on the plinth. Transformer tanks up to 60 MVA capacity
are generally oil filled, and those of higher capacity are transported with N2 gas filled in
them +ve pressure of N2 is maintained in transformer tank to avoid the ingress of
moisture. This pressure should be maintained during storage, if necessary by filling N2
Bushings – generally transported in wooden cases in horizontal position and should be
stored in that position. There being more of fragile material, care should be taken while

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handling them. Radiators – These should be stored with ends duly blanked with gaskets
and end plates to avoid in gross of moisture, dust, and any foreign materials inside. The
care should be taken to protect the fins of radiators while unloading and storage to avoid
further oil leakages. The radiators should be stored on raised ground keeping the fins
intact.

Fig 4.2- Specification of Transformer 1 (SIEMENS)

4.1. PARTS OF TRANSFORMER

Main parts of transformer are:-

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Fig 4.3- Main Parts of Transformer

 Laminated iron core

A core of the transformer is made up of ferromagnetic materials. The main function of

core to support the winding and to provide flux flowing path in the magnetic circuit. The
soft iron core which made by the thin metal strips lamination. They provide the low
reluctance path and high permeability for the flux

Fig 4.4- Laminated Iron Core

 Winding

A winding is consists of several turns of the copper coil. Winding are wrapped around
the limb and it is separated by the primary side and secondary side.

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Fig 4.5- Windings of Transformer

Simply two types of the winding are used as

 Concentric types winding

 Sandwich types winding

On bases of supply two types as…

 High voltage winding

 Low voltage winding

 Tap Changer

Tap changer to regulate supply voltage or load and maintain both conditions by changing
variable turn. The tap changer is easily removed the first turn and connect next turn ratio.
Tap changer can occur on the primary side or secondary side. Generally, tap changer use
in high voltage winding side because its reduce load current.

They are classified into two types

 No load tap changer
 On-load tap changer

 Oil conservator

A conservator tank is needed to store the oil. It is a cylindrically shaped tank. The
purpose of conservator tank is to provide the expansion of oil in the main tank of the
transformer. The oil in the transformer is used for two purposes insulation and cooling.
When the oil level reduces due to losses or leakage then the conservator is delivering oil
to the transformer. Its also act as reservoir oil.

 Breather

Breather is a cylindrical vessel which filled blue color silica gel. They have two purposes
-remove the moisture from the air and to have the capacity to absorb the moisture in a
transformer. It is connected with the conservator tank. It plays a role to act as the air filter

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 Cooling tube
The cooling tube is necessary for maintaining the temperature and circulating cooling oil
in the transformer. When losses occur in the transformer then heat is produced, then heat
absorbs by the cooling tube. They are two types of cooling system as –

 Natural cooling
 Forced cooling

 Buchholz relay
Buchholz relay is a protective device which is oil and gas operated the relay. It is
connected to the main transformer tank and conservator. When the internal fault occurs in
the transformer due to leakage flux, insulation core, core connection, breakdown core, etc
by producing excess heat. This excess heat decomposes oil in the transformer and
gas bubbles formed. Gas bubbles flow in the upward direction to the conservator and
collected in the relay. Buchholz relay is fault detected by the amount of nature of gas and
oil level in a transformer. During several fault conditions, an alarm is alert then this
command send to the circuit breaker and isolates the transformer.

Fig 4.6- Buchholz Relay of Transformer

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 Bushing

The bushing is an insulating device that is made up of porcelain materials. The terminal
of the bushing is provided a path of the conductor to the transformer tank. Its rely on
voltage rating may be a high voltage bushing or low voltage bushing.

Fig 4.7- Transformer Bushing

 Explosion Vent

Explosion vent is necessary to remove heated oil in the transformer during an internal
fault. The main purpose to prevent damage transformer oil tank by expelling boiling oil.
The conservator tank is directly connected to the explosion tank with the help of pipe.

Hope you like this article related to the main parts of the transformer and find it
useful for your learning. Let me know if you have any question related to this topic by
writing in the comment section below.

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INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

5. EQUIPMENT USED IN SUBSTATION

The equipment required for a transformer Sub-Station depends upon the type of Sub-
Station, Service requirement and the degree of protection desired.220KV Sub-Station has
the following major equipments:

 Lightening arrestors
 Capacitor voltage transformer
 Wave trap
 Instrument Transformer
 Isolators
 Circuit breaker
 Bus-bar
 Control room and protective relay
 Battery room

5.1. LIGHTENING ARRESTORS

Lightening arrestors are the instrument that are used in the incoming feeders so that to
prevent the high voltage entering the main station. This high voltage is very dangerous to
the instruments used in the substation. Even the instruments are very costly, so to prevent
any damage lightening arrestors are used. The lightening arrestors do not let the
lightening to fall on the station. If some lightening occurs the arrestors pull the lightening
and ground it to the earth. In any substation, the main important is of protection which is
firstly done by these lightening arrestors. The lightening arrestors are grounded to the
earth so that it can pull the lightening to the ground.

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Fig 5.1- Lightening Arrestor

These are located at the entrance of the transmission line in to the substation and as
near as possible to the transformer terminals.
 LA will be provided on the support insulators to facilitate leakage current
measurement and to count the no of surges discharged through the LA.

 LA bottom flange will be earthed via leakage ammeter and surge counter. Leakage
current is to be recorded periodically. If the leakage current enters into the red range
from the green range, the LA is prone for failure. Hence, it is to be replaced.

 Protection for transmission line from direct strokes.

 Protections of power station or substation from direct stroke.

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 Protection of electrical apparatus against traveling waves.

 Effective protection of equipment against direct strokes requires a shield to prevent

lighting from striking the electrical conductor together with adequate drainage
facilities over insulated structure.

5.2. CVT
Capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-
down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement
or to operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts:
two capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune
the device to the supply frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-
down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-
phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the
use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical.

Fig 5.2- Capacitor Voltage Transformer

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5.3. WAVE TRAP

Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The function of this trap is that
it traps the unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is
connected to the main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be
dangerous to the instruments here in the substation

Fig 5.3- Wave Trap

5.4. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

Instrument transformers are used to step-down the current or voltage to measurable
values. They provide standardized, useable levels of current or voltage in a variety of
power monitoring and measurement applications. Both current and voltage instrument
transformers are designed to have predictable characteristics on overloads. Proper
operation of over-current protection relays requires that current transformers provide a
predictable transformation ratio even during a short circuit.

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These are further classified into two types which are discussed below.
 Current Transformers
 Potential Transformers
a. CT

Current transformers are basically used to take the readings of the currents entering the
substation. This transformer steps down the current from 500 amps to 1 amp. This is done
because we have no instrument for measuring of such a large current. The main use of
this transformer is
a. Distance Protection
b. Backup Protection
c. Measurement

Fig 5.4- Current Transformer

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Current transformer is used for monitoring the current for the purpose of
measuring and protection. The insulated primary passes through the porcelain and the
tank and the terminals into the top chamber. The primary used in such types of
construction is of ‘U’ type. The inserted secondary cores are insulated to the system
voltage and hence inside the top chamber which is at the line potential. Before
commissioning of the current transformer the earthing of the power terminal and base is
essential, otherwise excessive high voltage appears at the power factor terminals and
leads to heavy spark. The secondary terminal of the core should be short circuited and
earthed which are not in use otherwise excessive high voltage will be developed across
the current transformer secondary. The current transformer should always be in vertical
position so that gas forming at the top does not enter the insulated part. The current
transformer actually steps down the current so that it can be measured by standard
measuring instrument. There are three current transformers in each feeder. The current
transformers are inserted into energy incoming and outgoing feeder from 220 kV systems
for measurement. The current transformer is used with its primary winding connected in
series with the line carrying the current to be measured and therefore the primary current
is not determined by the load on the secondary of the current transformer. The primary
consists of a very few turns and there is no appreciable voltage across it. The secondary
consists of a very large number of
turns. The ammeter or wattmeter current coil is connected directly across the secondary
terminals thus a current transformer operates its secondary nearly under short circuit
conditions. The secondary circuit is connected to ground in many cases.

b. PT

Potential Transformer or Voltage Transformer is used in electrical power system for

stepping down the system voltage to a safe value which can be fed to low ratings meters
and relays. Commercially available relays and meters used for protection and metering,
are designed for low voltage. These are a parallel connected type of instrument
transformer. They are designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured
and have an accurate voltage ratio and phase relationship to enable accurate secondary
connected metering.

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There are two potential transformers used in the bus connected both side of the
bus. The potential transformer uses a bus isolator to protect itself. The main use of this
transformer is to measure the voltage through the bus. This is done so as to get the detail
information of the voltage passing through the bus to the instrument. There are two main
parts in it
a. Measurement
b. Protection

5.5. ISOLATORS

The use of this isolator is to protect the transformer and the other instrument in the line.
The extra voltage to the ground and thus any extra voltage cannot enter the line. Thus an
isolator is used after the bus also for protection High-voltage isolation switches are used
in electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers and
transformers, and transmission lines, for maintenance.

Fig 5.5- Isolator

5.6. CIRCUIT BREAKERS

The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit if any fault occurs in any of the
instrument. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other instrument in
the station. For any unwanted fault over the station we need to break the line current. This

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is only done automatically by the circuit breaker. There are mainly of following types of
circuit breakers used for any substations. These are

a. SF6 circuit breakers

The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high input kV
input, say above 220kv and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by force i.e.
under high pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor connected to the
circuit breaker. The motor starts operating if the gas went lower than 20.8 bar. There is a
meter connected to the breaker so that it can be manually seen if the gas goes low. The
circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the torque produce in it due to any fault in the
line. The circuit breaker has a direct link with the instruments in the station, when any
fault occur alarm bell rings.

Fig 5.6- SF6 Type Circuit Breaker

b. Spring circuit breakers.

The spring type of circuit breakers is used for small kV stations. The spring here reduces
the torque produced so that the breaker can function again. The spring type is used for

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step down side of 132kv to 33kv also in 33kv to 11kv and so on. They are only used in
low distribution side.

c. Oil circuit breaker

A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat and
extinguish the arc; the intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose
high pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary
insulation to prevent a restrike of the arc. The arc is then extinguished, both because of its
elongation upon parting of contacts and because of intensive cooling by the gases and oil
vapor.

d. Air blast circuit breaker

Fast operations, suitability for repeated operation, auto reclose, unit type multi break
constructions, simple assembly, and modest maintenance are some of the main features of
air blast circuit breakers. A compressors plant necessary to maintain high air pressure in
the air receiver. The air blast circuit breakers are especially suitable for railways and arc
furnaces, where the breaker operates repeatedly. Air blast circuit breaker is used for
interconnected lines and important lines where rapid operation is desired. High pressure
air at a pressure between 20 to 30 kg/ cm2 stored in the air reservoir. Air is taken from
the compressed air system. Three hollow insulator columns are mounted on the reservoir
with valves at their basis. The double arc extinguished chambers are mounted on the top
of the hollow insulator chambers. The current carrying parts connect the three arc
extinction chambers to each other in series and the pole to the neighboring equipment.
Since there exists a very high voltage between the conductor and the air reservoir, the
entire arc extinction chambers assembly is mounted on insulators

e. Vacuum circuit breaker

Vacuum circuit breakers are circuit breakers which are used to protect medium and high
voltage circuits from dangerous electrical situations. Like other types of circuit breakers,

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vacuum circuit breakers literally break the circuit so that energy cannot continue flowing
through it, thereby preventing fires, power surges, and other problems which may
emerge. These devices have been utilized since the 1920s, and several companies have
introduced refinements to make them even safer and more effective.

The material used for current carrying contacts plays an important role in the
performance of the vacuum circuit breaker. Cu Cr is the most ideal material to make
VCB contacts. Vacuum interrupter technology was first introduced in the year of 1960.
But still it is a developing technology. As time goes on, the size of the vacuum interrupter
is being reducing from its early 1960’s size due to different technical developments in
this field of engineering. The contact geometry is also improving with time, from butt
contact of early days it gradually changes to spiral shape, cup shape and axial magnetic
field contact. The vacuum circuit breaker is today recognized as most reliable current
interruption technology for medium voltage system. It requires minimum maintenance
compared to other circuit breaker technologies.

5.7. BUS BAR

The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments for
further step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders in
single line. There may be double line in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the one the
other can still have the current and the supply will not stop. The two lines in the bus are
separated by a little distance by a conductor having a connector between them. This is so
that one can work at a time and the other works only if the first is having any fault. A bus
bar in electrical power distribution refers to thick strips of copper or aluminum that
conduct electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation, or other electrical
apparatus. The size of the bus bar is important in determining the maximum amount of
current that can be safely carried. Bus bars are typically either flat strips or hollow tubes
as these shapes allow heat to dissipate more efficiently due to their high surface area to
cross sectional area ratio. The skin effect makes 50-60 Hz AC bus bars more than about 8

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mm (1/3 in) thick inefficient, so hollow or flat shapes are prevalent in higher current
applications.

Fig 5.7- Bus Bar

A hollow section has higher stiffness than a solid rod of equivalent current
carrying capacity, which allows a greater span between bus bar supports in outdoor
switchyards. A bus bar may either be supported on insulators or else insulation may
completely surround it. Bus bars are protected from accidental contact either by a metal
enclosure or by elevation out of normal reach. Neutral bus bars may also be insulated.
Earth bus bars are typically bolted directly onto any metal chassis of their enclosure. Bus
bars may be enclosed in a metal housing, in the form of bus duct or bus way, segregated-
phase bus, or isolated-phase bus.

5.8. CONTROL ROOM AND RELAY ROOM

The control and relay panel is of cubical construction suitable for floor mounting. All
protective, indicating and control elements are mounted on the front panel for ease of
operation and control. The hinged rear door will provide access to all the internal
components to facilitate easy inspection and maintenance. Provision is made for

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terminating incoming cables at the bottom of the panels by providing separate line-up
terminal blocks. For cable entry provision is made both from top and bottom.

Fig 5.8- Control Room

Relay

Protective relays are used to detect defective lines or apparatus and to initiate the
operation of circuit interrupting devices to isolate the defective equipment. Relays are
also used to detect abnormal or undesirable operating conditions other than those caused
by defective equipment and either operates an alarm or initiate operation of circuit
interrupting devices. The relays are compact self-contained device, which respond to an
abnormal condition whenever and abnormal condition is developed. The relay close their
contacts thereby the trip circuit of CB is closed current from the battery supply flows in
the trip circuit (coil) of breaker and breaker opens and the faulty part is disconnected
from the supply.

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Fig 5.9- Substation Relay Panel

Protective relays protect the electrical system by causing the defective apparatus
or lines to be disconnected to minimize damage and maintain service continuity to the
rest of the system. There are different types of relays

i. Over current relay

ii. Distance relay
iii. Differential relay
iv. Directional over current relay

i. Over Current Relay

The over current relay responds to a magnitude of current above a specified value. There
are four basic types of construction: They are plunger, rotating disc, static, and
microprocessor type. In the plunger type, a plunger is moved by magnetic attraction when
the current exceeds a specified value. In the rotating induction-disc type, which is a
motor, the disc rotates by electromagnetic induction when the current exceeds a specified
value. Static types convert the current to a proportional D.C mill volt signal and apply it
to a level detector with voltage or contact output. Such relays can be designed to have
various current-versus-time operating characteristics. In a special type of rotating
induction-disc relay, called the voltage restrained over current relay. Static over current

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relays are equipped with multiple curve characteristics and can duplicate almost any
shape of electromechanical relay curve. Microprocessor relays convert the current to a
digital signal. The digital signal can then be compared to the setting values input into the
relay. With the microprocessor relay, various curves or multiple time-delay settings

ii. Distance Relay

The distance relay responds to a combination of both voltage and current. The voltage
restrains operation, and the fault current causes operation that has the overall effect of
measuring impedance. The relay operates instantaneously (within a few cycles) on a 60-
cycle basis for values of impedance below the set value. When time delay is required, the
relays energizes a separate time-delay relay or function with the contacts or output of this
time-delay relay or function performing the desired output functions. The relay operates
on the magnitude of impedance measured by the combination of restraint voltage and the
operating current passing through it according to the settings applied to the relay. When
the impedance is such that the impedance point is within the impedance characteristic
circle, the relay will trip. The relay is inherently directional. The line impedance typically
corresponds to the diameter of the circle with the reach of the relay being the diameter of
the circle.

iii. Differential Relay

The differential relay is a current-operated relay that responds to the difference between
two or more device currents above a set value. The relay works on the basis of the
differential principle that what goes into the device has to come out .If the current does
not add to zero, the error current flows to cause the relay to operate and trip the circuit.
The differential relay is used to provide internal fault protection to equipment such as
transformers, generators, and buses. Relays are designed to permit differences in the
input currents as a result of current transformer mismatch and applications where the
input currents come from different system voltages, such as transformers. A current
differential relay provides restraint coils on the incoming current circuits. The restraint
coils in combination with the operating coil provide an operation curve, above which the
relay will operate. Differential relays are often used with a lockout relay to trip all power

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sources to the device and prevent the device from being automatically or remotely
reenergized. These relays are very sensitive. The operation of the device usually means
major problems with the protected equipment and the likely failure in re-energizing the
equipment

iv. Directional Over current Relay

A directional over current relay operates only for excessive current flow in a given
direction. Directional over current relays are available in electromechanical, static, and
microprocessor constructions. An electromechanical overcorrect relay is made directional
by adding a directional unit that prevents the over current relay from operating until the
directional unit has operated. The directional unit responds to the product of the
magnitude of current, voltage, and the phase angle between them or to the product of two
currents and the phase angle between them. The value of this product necessary to
provide operation of the directional unit is small, so that it will not limit the sensitivity of
the relay (such as an over current relay that it controls). In most cases, the directional
element is mounted inside the same case as the relay it controls. For example, an over
current relay and a directional element are mounted in the same case, and the
combination is called a directional over current relay. .

5.9. BATTERY ROOMS

All but the smallest substations include auxiliary power supplies. AC power is required
for substation building small power, lighting, heating and ventilation, some
communications equipment, switchgear operating mechanisms, anti-condensation heaters
and motors. DC power is used to feed essential services such as circuit breaker trip coils
and associated relays, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and
communications equipment. This describes how these auxiliary supplies are derived and
explains how to specify such equipment. It has Single 100% battery and 100% charger,
Low capital cost, No standby DC System outage for maintenance. In this substation there
is use of 110 volt DC supply which is given by 55 battery set of 2 volt each to instrument
in control panel.

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INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Fig 5.10- Battery Room in Substation

5.10. Malsifire Room

Water for hydrant for 220/132/33KV & 132/33KV substations shall be supplied by one
electric motor driven pump and another pump, driven by diesel engine, shall be used as
standby. The diesel engine driven standby pump shall operate when the header pressure is
low, or the motor driven pump fails to start. Water storage tank of adequate capacity,
which shall be decided as per norms of TAC, is to be provided accordingly.
Annunciations of the hydrant system shall be provided in a separate annunciation panel,
to be located in the pump room.

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Fig 5.11- Malsifire Room in Substation

The outdoor piping for the system in general shall be laid above ground on
concrete pedestals with proper clamping. However at road/ rail crossings, in front access
of buildings, places where movement of cranes / vehicles is expected and at any other
place where laying of pipe above ground is not advisable, the pipes shall be laid
underground. Such locations shall be finalized during detailed engineering and after
approval of all relevant substation drawings. The hydrant system has to be designed in
such a way that minimum pressure of 3.5 Kg/Sq. cm at the farthest point shall be
available after considering all the head losses and also operation of two hydrants
simultaneously. Surface of all over ground pipes shall be thoroughly cleaned of mill
scale, rust etc. by wire brushing. Thereafter one (1) coat of red lead primer of best quality
(IS marked) shall be applied. Finally, two (2) coats of synthetic enamel paint of best
quality (IS marked) shall be applied. For underground piping, coating & wrapping shall
be done with two coats of coal tar/ hot enamel paint & two wraps of reinforced fiber glass
tissue. The total thickness of coating & wrapping shall not be less than 3 mm.

5.11. CTR

Compared with water spray system, gas injection system has advantages such as reducing
civil work at installation, no necessity of securing water, reducing piping installation, and

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so on. It should be noted that for an Inert Gas for Oxygen Displacement or a Hypoxic
enclosure to provide effective fire protection, the enclosure must remain intact. So
pressure venting may be required to ensure that the enclosure is not breached by the
transformer failure event.

Fig 5.11- CTR system

Gas injection systems have in the past been using CO2 or halon, but these gases
have potential of attack to ozone layer and also have physiological influences. So today,
from the view point of the global environmental protection and safety for human beings,
the inert gas applied for fire protection of power transformers is now mainly nitrogen and
also sometimes a mixture gas of Nitrogen, Argon, and CO2, Nitrogen is a cost effective
and readily available gas. As an example, when nitrogen gas is discharged to extinguish a
fire, the concentration of nitrogen gas and oxygen gas in the room will charge to about
87% (normally 78%) and 12.5% (normally 21%) by volume respectively, according a
supplies data. This means that oxygen concentration can be reduced from 21% to 12.5%
within 1 minute after start of discharge. Continuous combustion requires more than 15%

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of oxygen concentration by volume, so the above data shows that the gas mixture as
stated above is effective for fire suppression.

On receipt of all activating signals, the system drain pre-determined volume of hot oil
from the top of tank (i.e. top oil layer), through outlet valve, to reduce tank pressure by
removing top oil and simultaneously injecting nitrogen gas at high pressure for stirring
the oil at pre-fixed rate and thus bringing the temperature of top oil layer down.
Transformer conservator isolation valve blocks the flow of oil from conservator tank in
case of tank rupture / explosion or bushing bursting. Nitrogen occupies the space created
by oil drained out and acts as an insulating layer over oil in the tank and thus preventing
aggravation of fire. Being important protection equipment, system should have facility to
operate i.e. both oil drain and nitrogen release, without power and also in case of failure
of DC power. The system is able to run on line i.e. when transformer is energized by
simulating oil drain and nitrogen release mechanism.

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6. CONCLUSION

Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an important role in
our life. We are made aware of how the transmission of electricity is done. We
too came to know about the various parts of the Substation system.

The Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Cooperation Limited has got

radio communication in microwave range in order to transmit and receive data
with various Substations in Uttar Pradesh to get reliable transmission and
distribution of electricity.

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