Chapter – 1 so by this if 2 divides b2 then it divides b as well by theorem 1.

 Euclid’s Division Lemma – a=bq+r where 0<=r<b therefore a and b has a common factor 2
 LCM*HCF=Product of two numbers but this is contradictory that a and b have no other common
 Revisiting Irrational Number if p divides ‘a2 ‘then p also factor other then 1
divides ‘a’ where ‘a’ is a positive integer
this contradiction has happened due to our wrong assumption
 √2 Irrational proof
that √2 is rational
let us assume to the contrary that √2 is rational
therefore √2 is irrational
so √2 has integers a and b such that √2 = a/b where b≠0
 Show that 3√2 is irrational
so √2=a/b are the factor of√2
Let us assume that contradictory that 3√2 is rational
√2=a/b
By we find coprime a and b , (b≠0) 3√2=a/b
b√2=a
By this we get √2=a/3b
squaring on both side
Since 3 , a and b are integers a/3b is rational which means √2 is
2 2
(b√2) =a rational
2b2=a2 But this is contradicts fact that √2 is rational
b2=a2/2 So we conclude that 3√2 is irrational
so if 2 divides a2 then it divides even a  Let x=p/q be a rational number such that the prime factors
so we can write a=2c for some integer c of q = 2n5m where n,m are non-negative integer ,then x
has a decimal expansion which terminates
so by substituting a in 2b2=a2
Chapter- 2
we get 2b2=4a2
A quadratic polynomial in x with real coefficient is of the form
b2=4c2/2
ax2+bx+c where a,b,c are real numbers with a≠0
b2=2c2
If α and β are zeros of polynomial then α+β=-b/a ,αβ=c/a
2 2
b /2=c
Chapter-3 Time=distance/speed

Sr Pair of a1/ b1/ c1/c2 Compare Gr Ar So if boat goes 30 km upstream in time in hours be t1
no lines a2 b2 the ratio t1=30/x-y
1 x-2y=0 1/3 -2/4 0/ a1/a2≠b1/b2 Intersecting Only
So if boat goes 44 km/h downstream in hours be t2
3x+4y-20=0 -20 line one
soluti t2=44/x+y
on
2 2x+3y-9=0 2/4 3/6 9/ a1/a2=b1/b Coinciding Many the total time t1+t2 is 10 hours so we get (30/x-y)+(44/x+y)
4x+6y-18=0 -18 2=c1/c2 line points
similarly in second case when it took 13 hours we get the
3 X+2y-4=0 1/2 2/4 -4/ a1/a2=b1/b Parallel No
equation in following manner (40/x-y)+(55/x+y)
2x+4-12=0 -12 2≠c1/c2 lines soluti
on by taking u= 1/x-y
v=1/x+y
 Algebraic Method of solving a pair of linear equations
i. Substitution Method we get 30u+44v=10
ii. Elimination Method 40u+55v=13
iii. Cross Multiplication Method
Now solve it using any method
 Equation Reducible to a pair of linear equation
Example to Equation Reducible to a pair of linear equation Chapter -4
Question : A boat goes 30 km upstream and 44km downstream  Finding the roots
in 10 hours. In 13 hours,it can go 40 km upstream and 55km  SOLUTION OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION
downstream. Determine the speed of the stream and that of BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE
the boat in still water. By adding and subtracting a suitable constant, we club the
Solution : let the speed of the boat be x km/h in still water x2 and x terms in the quadratic equation so that they become
complete square, and solve for x.
The speed of boat be y km/h of the stream  DISCRIMINANT
Speed of the boat downstream is (x+y) km/h The expression b2 — 4ac is called the discriminant of the
quadratic equation.
Speed of the boat upstream =(x-y) km/h
  SOLUTION OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION If α and β are two roots of equation then the required quadratic
BY DISCRIMINANT METHOD equation can be formed as x2 — (α + β)x + αβ =0
Let quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0  NOTE :
Step 1. Find D = b2 — 4ac. Let α and β be two roots of the quadratic equation (ax2 + bx + c
Step 2. = 0 then
(i) If D > 0, roots are given by Sum of Roots: – the coefficient of x / the coefficient t of x2 ⇒ α
+β=–b/a
x = -b + √D / 2a , -b – √D / 2a Product of Roots :
αβ = constant term / the coefficient t of x2 ⇒ αβ = c / a
(ii) If D = 0 equation has equal roots and root is given by x = -b /
Chapter – 5
2a.
 General form of ap is a, a+d , a+2d , a+3d , a+4d……a+nd
(iii) If D < 0, equation has no real roots.  Formula of an is a+(n-1)d
 If an=a5 then a5=a+4d
 ROOTS OF THE QUADRATIC EQUATION  Sum of nth term is n/2(2a+(n-1)d)
Let the quadratic equation be ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ≠ 0). n/2(a+an)
Thus, if b2 — 4ac ≥ 0, then the roots of the quadratic n/2(a+l)
 Sum of first n positive integers is n(n+1)/2
—b ± √b2 — 4ac / 2a equation are given by
Chapter – 6
 Basic Proportionality Theorum
 QUADRATIC FORMULA
—b ± √b2 — 4ac / 2a is known as the quadratic formula
if a line is parallel to a side of a triangle which
which is useful for finding the roots of a quadratic equation.
intersects the other sides into two distinct
 NATURE OF ROOTS points, then the line divides those sides in
(i) If b2 — 4ac > 0, then the roots are real and distinct. proportion.
(ii) If b2 — 4ac = 0, the roots are real and equal or coincident.
(iii) If b2 — 4ac <0, the roots are not real (imaginary roots)
 FORMATION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION WHEN TWO
ROOTS ARE GIVEN
 Ar(ADE)Ar(ECD)=12×AE×DG12×EC×DG=AEEC(2)
Note that ΔDBE and ΔECD have a common base DE and lie
between the same parallels DE and BC. Also, we know that
triangles having the same base and lying between the same
parallels are equal in area.

So, we can say that

Ar(ΔDBE)=Ar(ΔECD)
Therefore,
Given: In ΔABC, DE is parallel to BC
A(ΔADE)A(ΔBDE)=A(ΔADE)A(ΔCDE)
Line DE intersects sides AB and AC in points D and E respectively.
Therefore,

To Prove: ADBD=AECE
ADBD=AECE
Construction: Draw EF ⟂ AD and DG⟂ AE and join the segments
Hence Proved.
BE and CD.

 Pythagoras Theorem
Proof:
Statement: In a right angled triangle, the square of the
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of squares of the other two
Area of Triangle= ½ × base× height sides.
Given: A right triangle ABC right angled at B.
In ΔADE and ΔBDE, To prove: AC2 = AB2 + BC2
Construction: Draw BD AC
Ar(ADE)Ar(DBE)=12×AD×EF12×DB×EF=ADDB(1)
In ΔADE and ΔCDE,
 Chapter – 7
 Distance Formula: AB=√[(x2-x1)²+(y2-y1)²]
 Section Formula: {[(mx2+nx1)/(m+n)],[(my2+ny1)/(m+n)]}
 Mid Point Formula: P={(x1+x2)/2,(y1+y2)/2}
 Area of triangle: 1/2(x1(y2−y3)+x2(y3−y1)+x3(y1−y2))
Chapter - 8
Proof :  Sin a=opposite side/hypotenuse
We know that: If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of  Cos a= adjacent side/hypotenuse
the right angle of a right triangle to the hypotenuse, then  Tan a=opposite side/adjacent side
triangles on both sides of the perpendicular are similar to the  Cosec a=hypotenuse/opposite side
whole triangle and to each other.  Sec a=hypotenuse/adjacent side
ADB ABC  Cot a=adjacent/opposite side

So, (Sides are proportional)

M(x,y)=(mx2+nx1m+n,my2+ny1m+n)
Or, AD.AC = AB2 ... (1)
Also, BDC ABC

So,
Or, CD. AC = BC2 ... (2)
Adding (1) and (2),
AD. AC + CD. AC = AB2 + BC2
AC (AD + CD) = AB2 + BC2
AC.AC = AB2 + BC2
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
Hence Proved.


  Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles

 Trigonometric Identies

i. sin2A+cos2A=1
ii. tan2A+1=sec2A
iii. cot2A+1=cosec2A

Chapter – 15
 P(E)=no. of outcomes/ total no. of outcomes
 Probability of an event is a number P(E) such that
0≤P(E)≤1
 For any event P(E)+P(E_)=1 where E_ stands for not E .