PCM MODULATION AND

DEMODULATION KIT

User
Manual

1
Table of Contents
1 PCM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION KIT .................................................................................... 5
1.1 Specification .................................................................................................................................. 5
2 IC DESCRIPTION LM358......................................................................................................................... 6
3 POWER SECTION ................................................................................................................................... 6
4 SIGNAL GENERATOR BLOCK .................................................................................................................. 7
4.1 Sine Wave Section ......................................................................................................................... 7
4.2 Triangle Wave Section .................................................................................................................. 7
4.3 Frequency selection block............................................................................................................. 7
4.4 Sampling Frequency Selection ...................................................................................................... 7
5 ACTIVE FILTERS...................................................................................................................................... 8
5.1 Second Order Low Pass Filter ....................................................................................................... 8
5.2 Fourth Order Low Pass Filter ........................................................................................................ 8
6 RESET SWITCH ....................................................................................................................................... 8
7 CRYSTAL FREQUENCY ............................................................................................................................ 9
8 SAMPLE AND HOLD ............................................................................................................................... 9
8.1 PROCEDURE FOR PERFORMING SAMPLE AND HOLD ................................................................... 9
9 PCM MODULATION AND DE-MODULATION ....................................................................................... 10
9.1 PROCEDURE FOR PERFORMING PCM MODULATION AND DE-MODULATION ........................... 10
10 NRZ (NON RETURNING TO ZERO) ................................................................................................... 10
11 THEORY ........................................................................................................................................... 14
11.1 DIGITAL LINE CODING ................................................................................................................. 14
11.2 UNIPOLAR AND BIPOLAR SIGNALS .............................................................................................. 14
11.3 Non Return to Zero ..................................................................................................................... 14
11.4 NRZ-L, NRZ-M , NRZ-S ................................................................................................................. 15
11.5 PULSE CODE MODULATION ........................................................................................................ 16
Quantization: ...................................................................................................................................... 16
PCM Encoding: .................................................................................................................................... 17
PCM Decoding: .................................................................................................................................... 17
12 SAMPLE & HOLD CIRCUIT................................................................................................................ 17
EXPERIMENT 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 19
EXPERIMENT 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 21

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EXPERIMENT 3 ............................................................................................................................................ 23
EXPERIMENT 4 ............................................................................................................................................ 25
EXPERIMENT 5 ............................................................................................................................................ 26

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 LIST OF EXPERIMENT
S.NO EXPERIMENT’S PAGE NO.

1. Aim: To study the PCM generation and reconstruction. 19

2. Aim: To study the PCM communication using digital data NRZ 21

transmission scheme.
3. Aim: To study the Audio transmission using PCM generation and 23
reconstruction.
Aim: To determine the frequency response of op-amp based second order active
4. 25
Low Pass Filter.

Aim: To determine the frequency response of op-amp based fourth order active
5. 26
Low Pass Filter.

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 1 PCM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION KIT

1.1 Specification
PCM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION KIT containing number of basic blocks which provide the
multiple functionality which are discussed below:

1. PCM GENERATION AND RECONSTRUCTION OR DEMODULATOR with dual channel.

2. NRZ (NRZ-L, NRZ-M, NRZ-S) encoding and decoding.
3. Audio communication using PCM scheme.
4. Power supply section which provide two DC voltages +5 Volts and +3.3 Volts.
5. Crystal frequency block which provide 25 MHz frequency.
6. Sampling frequency selection block which provide four different frequencies (8, 16, 32, 64 kHz).
7. Signal generation block provide four different signals (Sine, triangle) with four different
frequencies 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 1.5 kHz and 2 kHz
8. Two active filter one 2nd order and second 4th order with cut-off frequency 3 kHz.
9. Reset switch provide to disable all the signals.

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 2 IC DESCRIPTION LM358

Features
1

• Wide Supply Ranges • Differential Input Voltage Range Equal to

– Single Supply: 3 V to 32 V
(26 V for LM2904)
– Dual Supplies: ±1.5 V to ±16 V
(±13 V for LM2904)
• Low Supply-Current Drain, Independent of Supply
Voltage: 0.7 mA Typical
• Wide Unity Gain Bandwidth: 0.7 MHz
• Common-Mode Input Voltage Range Includes
Ground, Allowing Direct Sensing Near Ground
• Low Input Bias and Offset Parameters
– Input Offset Voltage: 3 mV Typical
A Versions: 2 mV Typical
– Input Offset Current: 2 nA Typical
– Input Bias Current: 20 nA Typical
A Versions: 15 nA Typical
Maximum-Rated Supply Voltage: 32 V
(26 V for LM2904)
• Open-Loop Differential Voltage Gain:
100 dB Typical
• Internal Frequency Compensation
• On Products Compliant to MIL-PRF-38535,
All Parameters are Tested Unless Otherwise
Noted. On All Other Products, Production
Processing Does Not Necessarily Include Testing
of All Parameters.

3 POWER SECTION
Provide provision to select four different values of DC voltages.

Power Points Amplitude(V) Other terminals

DC +5 GND
DC +3.3 GND

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Check the output voltages using calibrated multimeter.

4 SIGNAL GENERATOR BLOCK

4.1 Sine Wave Section

1. Toggle switch provide for ON and OFF the sine wave generation with LED indicator.
2. Use amplitude adjuster to regulate the sine wave amplitude.
3. Check the output using calibrated DSO.

4.2 Triangle Wave Section

1. Toggle switch provide for ON and OFF the triangle wave generation.
2. Use amplitude adjuster to regulate the triangle wave amplitude.
3. Check the output using calibrated DSO.

4.3 Frequency selection block

1st frequency(500hz) 0 0
2nd frequency(1kHz) 0 1
3rd frequency (2kHz) 1 0
4th frequency(3kHz) 1 1

4.4 Sampling Frequency Selection

Four toggle switch provide four different frequencies with LED indicator.
1st 8kHz
nd
2 16kHz
rd
3 32kHz
th
4 64kHz
Check the output using calibrated DSO from their respective output terminals.

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 5 ACTIVE FILTERS

5.1 Second Order Low Pass Filter

Circuit Diagram

1. 2nd order low pass butterwort filter with cut-off frequency 3kHZ.
2. First check the VCC (8th pin) and ground (4th pin) on the IC connector.
3. No other signal should be present.
4. Apply the input signal (sine 1Vp-p with frequency range 100 to 10kHz)
5. Check the output using calibrated DSO.

5.2 Fourth Order Low Pass Filter

Circuit Diagram

1. 4nd order low pass butterwort filter with cut-off frequency 3kHZ.
2. First check the VCC (8th pin) and ground (4th pin) on the IC connector.
3. No other signal should be present.
4. Apply the input signal (sine 1Vp-p with frequency range 100 to 10kHz)
5. Check the output using calibrated DSO.

6 RESET SWITCH
1. Reset switch is use to deactivate all the signal including signal generator portion, sampling
frequency and multiplexer and demltiplexer.
2. Check the output using calibrated DSO from each section of the signal generation block.

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 7 CRYSTAL FREQUENCY
This section provide the high frequency = 25MHz .

Check the output using calibrated DSO.

8 SAMPLE AND HOLD

This section provides the sampled output of the input signal (Sine or Triangle).

8.1 PROCEDURE FOR PERFORMING SAMPLE AND HOLD

1. Connect the output of each one of the signal generator block (sine, triangle) to the input section
of the sample and hold block.
2. Four toggle switchs provide four different frequencies with witch input signal is modulated and
provide the sampled output.
1st 8kHz
2nd 16kHz
rd
3 32kHz
th
4 64kHz
3. Check the output using calibrated DSO at the test point terminal (TP).

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 9 PCM MODULATION AND DE-MODULATION

9.1 PROCEDURE FOR PERFORMING PCM MODULATION AND DE-MODULATION

1. Connect the output of each one of the signal generator block (sine, triangle) to the input section
of the sample and hold block.
2. Four toggle switch are provide four different frequencies with witch input signal is modulated
and provide the sampled output.
1st 8kHz
nd
2 16kHz
rd
3 32kHz
th
4 64kHz

3. Test the sampled output at the test point terminal (TP).

4. Test the PCM generated output at terminal PCM O/P.
4. Test the PCM generator block output at test terminal (TP) using calibrated DSO.
5. Connect the PCM GENERATOR output to the input of RECONSTRUCTION AND DEMODULATIO
BLOCK using patch cords.
6. Test the RECONSTRUCTED AND DEMODULATED output at terminal O/P of RECONSTRUCTION
AND DEMODULATIO BLOCK.
7. Test the RECONSTRUCTION AND DEMODULATIO BLOCK output at test terminal (TP) using
calibrated DSO.

10 NRZ (NON RETURNING TO ZERO)

1. Connect the output of each one of the signal generator block (sine, triangle) to the input section
of the sample and hold block.
2. Four toggle switch are provide four different frequencies with witch input signal is modulated
and provide the sampled output.

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 1st 8kHz
2nd 16kHz
3rd 32kHz
4th 64kHz

3. Test the sampled output at the test point terminal (TP).

4. Test the PCM generated output at terminal PCM O/P.
5. Test the PCM generator block output at test terminal (TP) using calibrated DSO.
6. Connect the PCM generated output PCM O/P to the input terminal I/P of the NRZ ENCODED
SECTION.
7. Test the I/P signal at test terminal of NRZ ENCODED SECTION.
8. Test the encoded output at the O/P terminal of NRZ ENCODED SECTION.
9. NRZ SELECTION SWITCH provide provision to select three different data transmission scheme.

S1 S2 Scheme Select
0 0 NRZ(L)
0 1 NRZ(M)
1 0 NRZ(S)

Figure NRZ selection section

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10. Connect the output of NRZ ENCODED SECTION to the input of the NRZ DECODER section.
11. Test the output of NRZ DECODER at output terminal O/P.
12. Connect the NRZ DECODER section output to the input of RECONSTRUCTION AND
DEMODULATIO BLOCK using patch cords.
13. Test the RECONSTRUCTED AND DEMODULATED output at terminal O/P of RECONSTRUCTION
AND DEMODULATIO BLOCK.
14. Test the RECONSTRUCTION AND DEMODULATIO BLOCK output at test terminal (TP) using
calibrated DSO.

AUDIO TRANSMISSION AND RESEPTION

1. Connect the audio input using AUX-Connector.
2. Test the audio signal at test point TP.
3. Connect the I/P terminal of AUDIO I/P SECTION to the input terminal I/P of the
SAMPLE & HOLD block,
4. Test the SAMPLE & HOLD output at test terminal TP.
5. Test the PCM coded output at the output of block PCM GENERATOR at test terminal TP
and PCM O/P.
6. Connect the PCM O/P to I/P of the RECONSTRUCTION OR DEMODULATOR BLOCK.

Figure Audio input section

7. Test the output of RECONSTRUCTION OR DEMODULATOR BLOCK at test terminal TP
and O/P terminal.

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 Figure Audio output section
1. Connect the O/P terminal of the RECONSTRUCTION OR DEMODULATOR BLOCK to the
O/P terminal of the AUDIO O/P SECTION.
2. Connect the speaker to the AUDIO O/P SECTION.

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 11 THEORY

11.1 DIGITAL LINE CODING

Digital Line Coding is a special coding system chosen to allow transmission to take place in a
communications system. The chosen code or pattern of voltage used to represent binary digits
on a transmission medium is called line encoding.
The types of line encoding are polar, unipolar and bipolar.
The polarity of a code can be positive or negative or in certain cases an idle line can be
incorporated into the code.

11.2 UNIPOLAR AND BIPOLAR SIGNALS

A bipolar signal is a three-voltage-level signal that typically swings between a positive and a
negative voltage. Bipolar signals may be RZ or NRZ. In a digital bipolar signal, the ones alternate
between the two voltages, positive and negative. This results in a zero-de component on the
transmission line. A unipolar signal is a two-level signal that typically swings between zero and a
positive level. A unipolar signal is considered to be an on-off signal that may be applied to
either electrical or optical signals. In electrical transmission, assuming that

Unipolar and Bipolar coding

statistically there is an equal number of ones and zeros, then there is a dc component that may
reach half the peak, positive voltage. For transmission over long distances, this de component is
undesirable. In optical transmission, a unipolar signal is also known as on-off keying.

11.3 Non Return to Zero

As its name implies Non Return to Zero (NRZ) encodes a signal that is always positive or
negative but never zero. If the line is idle, i.e. neither positive nor negative, then there is no
transmission.

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With NRZ the level of signal is determined by the binary digit being sent. Binary 1's are
indicated by positive voltages and binary 0's by negative voltages.

The graphic shows NRZ in action sending the binary transmission of "11011000100"

The graphic shows Unipolar NRZ in action sending the binary transmission of "101011100"

11.4 NRZ-L, NRZ-M , NRZ-S

 Non return to zero level. This is the standard positive logic signal format used in digital
circuits. 1 forces a high level, 0 does nothing,0 forces a low level

 Non return to zero mark, 1 forces a transition and 0 does nothing.

 Non return to zero space, 1 does nothing, 0 forces a transition

Signal Comments

NRZ–L Non return to zero level. This is the

standard positive logic signal format
used in digital circuits.
1 forces a high level
0 forces a low level
NRZ–M Non return to zero mark
1 forces a transition
0 does nothing

NRZ–S Non return to zero space

1 does nothing
0 forces a transition

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11.5 PULSE CODE MODULATION
PCM is used to convert analog signals to binary form. In the absence of noise it is possible to
completely recover a continuous analog modulator signals. But in real time they suffer from
transmission and noise to an appreciate extent. In the PCM system, groups of pulses or codes
are through which represent binary numbers corresponding to modulating signal voltage levels.
Recovery of transmitted information does not depend on the height, width or energy extent of
the individual pulses, but only on the absence or presence since it is relatively easy recover
pulses. Under these conditions even in the presence of large amount of distortions and noise.
PCM system tends to be very immune to interference and noise. Regeneration of pulses in
route is also early resulting in system that produces explants in system that produces excellent
result for being distance communication.

Quantization: The 1st step in PCM system is to quantize the modulating signal. The modulating
signal is assumed to be an infinite number of different levels b/w the two limits levels which
define the range of signal. In PCM, a code number is transmitted for each level sampled in

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modulated signal. If the exact number corresponding to exact voltage were to be transmitted
for every sample an infinite number of different code symbols would be needed. Quantization
has the effect of reducing this infinite large number of levels to relatively small number which
can be coded without difficulty. In quantization process, the total range of modulating signal is
divided into a number of small sub ranges. The number will depend on the nature of
modulating signal and will be shown as few as 8 to as many as 128 level, a number that is
integral power of 2 is chosen because of the case of binary codes. A new signal is generated by
producing for each sample a voltage level corresponding to mid point level of sub range in
which the samples fall. The result is a stepped waveform which follows original modulating
signal with each step synchronized to the sampling period.

PCM Encoding: -The modulating signal is applied to the input of A/D converter which performs
the two functions of quantization and encoding producing a 8 bit binary coded number. The
modulating signal is sampled at regular intervals (0.345 kHz). If the max amplifier +5V is
represented by 8 bit, the lsb amplitude corresponding to 5×1/128 = 39 mv and MSB represent
the sign. So that values of the sampled signal at the output of A/D, digital connectors are
00000000,00 \\ \\ \ \\ , 0\ \\ \\ \\ , 00 \\ \\ \\, 000000000000,10 \\ \\ \\ , \\ \\ \\ \\ , 10 \\ \\ \\ ,
00 00 0000 , to transmit all the bits in one channel parallel to series converter is used and
transmitted.

PCM Decoding: -Now at the receiver data will be passed through desired series to parallel
counter and turn to D/A converter for decoding which maintains the pulse level for duration of
sampling period, which with the help of amplifier recreating the staircase waveform which is
approximate of modulating signal. A LPF may be used to reduce the quantization noise and
yield the original signal.

12 SAMPLE & HOLD CIRCUIT

Sample & Hold Circuit is used to sample the given input signal and to hold the sampled value.
Sample and hold circuit is used to sample an analog signal for a short interval of time in the
range of 1 to 10µS and to hold on its last sampled value until the input signal is sampled again.
The holding period may be from a few milliseconds to several seconds.
The following figure shows the block diagram of a typical sample and hold amplifier.

The Command terminal is in the form of a logic pulse. It controls whether to sample the input
signal or hold the last sampled value of the input signal. When the pulse is high signal is
sampled and when the pulse is low signal value is holded. Thus the circuit has two modes of
operation depending upon the logic level of S/H command signal.
Upon receiving the input command pulse, the circuit samples the input and output follows
input i.e. output tracks the input so called TRACK mode of operation. After command pulse is

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removed the circuit holds the output at a value which input signal had at an instant of pulse
deactivation; which is called HOLD mode.

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 EXPERIMENT 1

Aim: To study the PCM generation and reconstruction.

Apparatus: PCM trainer kit, patch cords, function generator, DSO, connecting wires and
multimeter.

Circuit Diagram

Procedure:
1. Connect the output of each one of the signal generator block (sine, triangle) to the input section
of the sample and hold block.
2. Four toggle switch are provide four different frequencies with witch input signal is modulated
and provide the sampled output.
1st 8kHz
nd
2 16kHz
rd
3 32kHz
th
4 64kHz

3. Test the sampled output at the test point terminal (TP).

4. Test the PCM generated output at terminal PCM O/P.
5. Test the PCM generator block output at test terminal (TP) using calibrated DSO.
6. Connect the PCM GENERATOR output to the input of RECONSTRUCTION AND DEMODULATIO
BLOCK using patch cords.
7. Test the RECONSTRUCTED AND DEMODULATED output at terminal O/P of RECONSTRUCTION
AND DEMODULATIO BLOCK.
8. Test the RECONSTRUCTION AND DEMODULATIO BLOCK output at test terminal (TP) using
calibrated DSO.

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Result
PCM generation and reconstruction is verified.

Precautions
1. Connections should be verified.
2. DSO and CRO should be calibrated.
3. Test probes should be connected properly.

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 EXPERIMENT 2

Aim: To study the PCM communication using digital data NRZ transmission scheme.

Apparatus: PCM trainer kit, patch cords, function generator, DSO, connecting wires and
multimeter.

Circuit Diagram

Figure PCM generation and reconstruction

Figure NRZ selection section

Procedure:
1. Connect the output of each one of the signal generator block (sine, triangle) to the input section
of the sample and hold block.
2. Four toggle switch are provide four different frequencies with witch input signal is modulated
and provide the sampled output.
1st 8kHz
2nd 16kHz
rd
3 32kHz
th
4 64kHz
3. Test the sampled output at the test point terminal (TP).
4. Test the PCM generated output at terminal PCM O/P.

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 5. Test the PCM generator block output at test terminal (TP) using calibrated DSO.
6. Connect the PCM generated output PCM O/P to the input terminal I/P of the NRZ ENCODED
SECTION.
7. Test the I/P signal at test terminal of NRZ ENCODED SECTION.
8. Test the encoded output at the O/P terminal of NRZ ENCODED SECTION.
9. NRZ SELECTION SWITCH provide provision to select three different data transmission scheme.

S1 S2 Scheme Select
0 0 NRZ(L)
0 1 NRZ(M)
1 0 NRZ(S)

10. Connect the output of NRZ ENCODED SECTION to the input of the NRZ DECODER section.
11. Test the output of NRZ DECODER at output terminal O/P.
12. Connect the NRZ DECODER section output to the input of RECONSTRUCTION AND
DEMODULATIO BLOCK using patch cords.
13. Test the RECONSTRUCTED AND DEMODULATED output at terminal O/P of RECONSTRUCTION
AND DEMODULATIO BLOCK.
14. Test the RECONSTRUCTION AND DEMODULATIO BLOCK output at test terminal (TP) using
calibrated DSO.

Result
PCM communication using digital data NRZ transmission scheme is verified.

Precautions
1. Connections should be verified.
2. DSO and CRO should be calibrated.
3. Test probes should be connected properly.

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 EXPERIMENT 3

Aim: To study the Audio transmission using PCM generation and reconstruction.

Apparatus: PCM trainer kit, patch cords, function generator, DSO, connecting wires and
multimeter.

Circuit Diagram

Figure PCM generation and reconstruction

Figure Audio Input section Figure Audio output section

Procedure:
1. Connect the audio input using AUX-Connector.
2. Test the audio signal at test point TP.
3. Connect the I/P terminal of AUDIO I/P SECTION to the input terminal I/P of the
SAMPLE & HOLD block,

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 4. Test the SAMPLE & HOLD output at test terminal TP.
5. Test the PCM coded output at the output of block PCM GENERATOR at test terminal TP
and PCM O/P.
6. Connect the PCM O/P to I/P of the RECONSTRUCTION OR DEMODULATOR BLOCK.
7. Test the output of RECONSTRUCTION OR DEMODULATOR BLOCK at test terminal TP
and O/P terminal.
8. Connect the O/P terminal of the RECONSTRUCTION OR DEMODULATOR BLOCK to the
O/P terminal of the AUDIO O/P SECTION.
9. Connect the speaker to the AUDIO O/P SECTION.

Result
Audio transmission using PCM generation and reconstruction is verified.

Precautions
1. Connections should be verified.
2. DSO and CRO should be calibrated.
3. Test probes should be connected properly.

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 EXPERIMENT 4
Aim: To determine the frequency response of op-amp based second order active Low Pass
Filter.

Apparatus Required: PCM Trainer Kit, MultiMate, Connecting wires, CRO, Function
generator.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Diagram on kit
Procedure
• Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
• Check the VCC (+5 V) at pin 8 and ground at pin 7 of the op-amp .
• Apply the analog input signal at the I/P terminal of a defined peak to peak voltage.
• I/P voltage can be adjusted by function generator and applied to circuit input. Take the
output voltage from O/P terminal by using digital DSO or CRO.
• Check the gain of the filter at different frequencies lower than cut-off frequency and
higher than cut-off frequencies.

Result-
Plot the graph frequency versus gain of the filter.

Precautions
1. Connections should be verified.
2. DSO and CRO should be calibrated.
3. Test probes should be connected properly.

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 EXPERIMENT 5

Aim: To determine the frequency response of op-amp based fourth order active Low Pass Filter.

Apparatus Required: PCM Trainer Kit, MultiMate, Connecting wires, CRO, Function
generator.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Diagram on kit
Procedure
• Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
• Check the VCC (+5 V) at pin 8 and ground at pin 7 of the op-amp .
• Apply the analog input signal at the I/P terminal of a defined peak to peak voltage.
• I/P voltage can be adjusted by function generator and applied to circuit input. Take the
output voltage from O/P terminal by using digital DSO or CRO.
• Check the gain of the filter at different frequencies lower than cut-off frequency and
higher than cut-off frequencies.

Result
Plot the graph frequency versus gain of the filter.

Precautions
1. Connections should be verified.
2. DSO and CRO should be calibrated.
3. Test probes should be connected properly.

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