Chapter 7

Energy and Chemical Change

7.1 (a) Energy is something that matter possesses by virtue of an ability to do

work.
(b)Work is the energy expended in moving an opposing force through some
particular distance.

7.2 (a) Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.

(b)Potential energy is stored energy.

7.3 Kinetic energy = (½mV2) where m is the mass of the object and v is its
velocity.

7.4 The Law of Conservation of Energy states that the energy of the universe is
constant: it can be neither created nor destroyed but only transferred and
transformed. The energy of the child on a swing is all potential energy when
she is at the top of the arc. As she descends, the energy is converted to
kinetic energy. At the bottom at the arc, all the energy is kinetic energy. The
potential energy increases as she rises and is completely potential energy at
the top of the arc.

1 1
7.5 KE = 2 mv 2 KE1 = (2) m(30mph)2
1
KE2 = (2) m(60mph)2
1
KE1 = (2) m(900mph2 ) KE2 =
1
(2) m(3600mph2 )
KE2 3600
= =4
KE! 900
There is a four-fold increase in the kinetic energy due to doubling of the speed
of the car
1
KE1 = (2) m1 v 2 m2= 2m1 KE2 =
1
(2) 2m1 v 2
KE2 2m1
KE1
= m1
=2
There is a two-fold increase in the kinetic energy due to the doubling of
the mass of the truck

7.6 Chemical energy is the potential energy in substances, which changes

into other forms of energy when substances undergo chemical
reactions.
7.7 (a) Increases
(b)Increases
(c) Increases
(d)Decreases
7.8 Heat is a form of energy that is transferred between objects, and is the
molecular kinetic energy possessed by molecules as a result of the
temperature of the sample. Heat is related to the total kinetic energy of the
molecules and temperature is related to the average kinetic energy.

7.9 Thermal equilibrium is when two objects in contact with each other are at
the same temperature. The molecules in the hot object are moving with
more kinetic energy than the colder object. As heat is transferred from the
hot object to the cold one, the atoms in the hot object slow down and the
atoms in the cold speed up until they have the same average kinetic
energy.

7.10 The SI unit of energy is a joule (kgm2s-2)

1
E = (J )(75 kg)(45ms−2 )2 = 76000
2
(76000J)1cal
cal = = 18000cal
4.184J

7.11 The heat produced by combustion of gasoline does no useful work. It is

expended into the surroundings.

7.12 The internal energy is the sum of the molecular kinetic energy and the
potential energy. The change in internal energy is defined as the difference
in internal energy between the energy of the products and the energy of the
reactants.

7.13 (a) point c

(b)point d
(c) It will increase
(d) The height of the curve at point A will decrease. The maximum of
the curve will be lower and shifted to the right.

7.14 a, b, c

7.15 The quart of boiling water has more heat and will cause a more severe burn
because the quart has more water, so that the quart has more kinetic energy.

7.16 - The first diagram represents an isolated system. Isolated systems cannot
transfer mass or energy across its boundary.
- The second diagram represents a closed system. Closed systems cannot
transfer mass but can transfer energy across its boundary.
- The third diagram represents an open system. Open systems transfer mass
and energy across boundaries.

7.17 The state of a system in chemistry is usually specified by its current

conditions such as its chemical composition, its pressure, its temperature
and its volume. A state function is a quantity whose value depends only on
the initial and final states of the system and not on the path taken by the
system to get from the initial to the final state.
7.18 The system is that part of the universe under study and separated from the
surroundings by a real or an imaginary boundary. The surroundings are that
part of the universe other than the system being studied and separated from
the system by a real or an imaginary boundary. An isolated system does not
allow matter or energy to be transferred between the system and the
surroundings. The closed system can absorb or release energy but not mass
across the boundary between the system and its surrounding.

7.19 (a) Specific heat

(b)molar heat capacity
(c) heat capacity

7.20 The energy depends directly on the specific heat, so the material with the
large specific heat requires the higher energy input for the 5 °C rise in
temperature.

7.21 Heat capacity is an extensive property and is proportional to the mass of the
sample.Specific heat is an intensive property.

7.22 A negative value for heat means that heat is released from the system, it is
exothermic.

7.23 If object A has twice the specific heat and twice the mass of object B, and
the same
amount of heat is applied to both objects, the temperature change of
A will be one-fourth the temperature change in B.

qB = mBsB t

q = amount of heat applied sB = specific heat of B mB = mass of B

q

tB =
m
s
2sB = specific heat of A
2mB = mass of B
q 1 q 1

=
tA = 2m× 2s=
B
tB
m s
B 4 B B 4
7.24 A. Kinetic energy must increase.
B. The temperature of the system must increase because kinetic energy
increased.

7.25 Exothermic; chemical energy decreases; q is negative.

7.26 Endothermic; chemical energy increases; q is positive.
7.27 The potential energy of gasoline and oxygen is higher than the potential
energy of carbon dioxide and water vapor since energy is released as heat in
the reaction.

7.28 E=q+w
The change in internal energy is the sum of the heat absorbed by the
system and the work
done on it by the surroundings.

7.29 H = E + Pv

7.30 H > 0 for an endothermic change.

7.31 Since energy is conserved, the enthalpy of the surroundings must decrease
by 100 kJ.

7.32 The products are CO2, H2O and heat. The heat measured is E since the
volume did not
change.

7.33 w = –p V

7.34 H=E+P V
For this reaction, V is approximately zero since the moles of gas for the
products equals the moles of gas for the reactants, so H = E.

7.35 Since the heats of reaction will in general depend on temperature and
pressure, we need
some standard set of values for temperature and pressure so that
comparisons of various
heats of reaction are made under identical conditions. The standard
temperature is 25 °C,
slightly above room temperature, and the standard pressure is 1
atmosphere.

7.36 A thermochemical equation contains the value for the associated H.

7.37 Fractional coefficients are permitted because thermochemical properties are

extensive
(they depend on the amount of material present). If 1/2 the amount of
materials reacts, 1/2
the amount of heat will be generated or required. The coefficients of
thermochemical
equations are moles of substance.

7.38 H is a state function.

7.39 The reaction must :

 (1) produce one mole of a compound at 25 °C and 1 atm, and
(2) the reactants must be elements in their standard states.

7.40 E = q + w = 32 J – 56 J = –24 J

7.41 E = q + w = 31J + 63J = 94J

7.42 HereE must = 0 in order for there to be no change in energy for the cycle
E=q+w
0 = q + (−120J)
q = +120J
7.43 E=q+w
−585J = q + (−495J)
q = −90J

7.44 If the engine absorbs 275 J of heat, the maximum amount of work it can do
is 275 J

7.45 E=q+w
255 = 375 + w
w = −120J

7.46 T = 15°C − 25°C = 10°C

18.02gH2 O
J = (2.25 mol H2 O) × × 4.184 Jg −1 °C−1 × −100℃ =
1molH2 O
−1696J
1cal
cal = (−1696J) × 4.184J = −405 cal

7.47 q = mCn T
Asumme that the density of water is 100 gmL-1 at these temperatures so
that the mass of water is the same as its volume.
q = 215g × 4.184 Jg −1 ℃−1 × (99℃ − 25℃) = 6.66 × 104 J

7.48 J heat released = (95.0g Fe)(0.4498 Jg −1 ℃−1 )(35.0℃ − 85.0℃) =

−2137 J
J heat released by the iron = −J heat absorbed by water = 2137 J
2137J
g H2 O = (4.184Jg−1 ℃−1 )(35.0℃−25.0℃) = 51.1 g H2 O

7.49 The heat gained by the water must equal the heat lost by the copper. To get
the correct signs for the heat transfer, remember heat lost is negative and
heat gained is positive.
mCu × 0.387 Jg −1 ℃−1 × (32.3℃ − 67.0℃)
= 100.0g × 4.184 Jg −1 ℃−1 × (32.3℃ − 27.0℃)
mCu = 165 g of copper
7.50 a) J = 4.184Jg −1 °C−1 × 100g × 4.0℃ = 1.67 × 103 J
 b) 1.67 × 103 J
103 J
c) 1.67 × 100−28.0 ℃ = 23.2 J℃−1
23.2JC−1
d) = 4.64 Jg −1 ℃−1
5.00g

7.51 a) J = 4.184 Jg −1 ℃−1 × 200.0g × 1.50℃ = 1.255 × 103 J

b) 1.255 × 103 J
c) 1.26 × 103 J = 0.387 Jg −1 ℃−1 × (120℃ − 26.50℃) × X
gX = 34.7g
J 0.4498J 55.874gFe 25.12J
7.52 ℃= ℃ = ℃
mol g 1molFe mol

J 0.586cal 4.184J 46.08gC2 H5 OH J

7.53 = ℃ = 133 mol ℃
mol℃−1 g cal 1molC2 H5 OH

7.54 4.18 Jg −1 ℃−1 × (6.37 × 103 ) × (58.65 − 60.25)℃ = −4.26 × 104 J =

−42.6 kJ

7.55 4.18 Jg −1 ℃−1 × (4.95 × 103 g) × (27.31 − 25.24)℃ = 4.28 × 104 J =

42.8 kJ

7.56 HNO3(aq) + KOH (aq) → KNO3 (aq) + H2 O (l)

Keep in mind that the total mass (assume the densities to be 1.00 g/mL
for the solutions) must be considered in this calculation, and that both
liquids, once mixed, undergo the same temperature increase:
J
heat = (4.18 g ℃) × (55.0g + 55.0g) × (31.8 − 23.5)℃
= 3.8 × 103 J of heat energy released
Next determine the number of moles of reactant involved in the
reaction:
mol
0.0550L × 1.3 L = 0.072 mol of acid and of base
1kJ
kJ (5.02×102 J)( ) kJ
1000J
Thus the enthalpy change is: mol = = −5.3 mol
0.080mol
7.57 HCHO2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCHO2 (aq) + H2 O (l)

Keep in mind that the total mass (assume the densities to be 1.00 g/mL
for the solutions) must be considered in this calculation, and that both
liquids, once mixed, undergo the same temperature increase:
J
heat = (4.18 g ℃) × (75.0g + 45.0g) × (23.4 − 22.4)℃
= 5.02 × 102 J of heat energy released
Next determine the number of moles of reactant involved in the
reaction:
mol
0.0750L × 1.07 L = 0.080 mol of acid
mol
0.0450 L × 1.78 = 0.080 mol of base
L
 1kJ
kJ (5.02×102 J)( )
1000J
Thus the enthalpy change is: mol = = −6.3 kJ/mol
0.080mol
7.58 (a) C3 H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + 4H2 O (l)
kJ
(b) J = (97.1 ℃) (27.282 − 25.000)℃ = 222 kJ = 2.22 × 105 J
kJ
(c) ∆H = −222 mol

7.59 (a) C7 H8 (l) + 9O2(aq) → 7CO2 + 4H2 O (l)

kJ
(b) J = (45.06 ℃) (26.413℃ − 25.000℃) = 63.67kJ = 6.367 × 104 J
104 J 92.14C H
(c) J = (1molC7 H8 ) (6.367 × 1.500g) (1molC7H 8) = 3.911 × 106 J
7 8
7.60 (a) multiply the given equation by 2.
6CO2 (g) + 3O2 (g) → 6CO2 (g) , ∆H° = −1698 kJ
2×849kJ
(b) (2.00mol CO2 ) ( ) 5 × 2 = 566 kJ
3molCO2

7.61 (A.) Divide the given equation by 2.

2NH3(g) + 7/2 O2(g) 2NO2(g) + 3H2O(g) H° = –1132 kJ/2 = –566 kJ
(B) Divide the given equation by 4
NH3(g) + 7/4 O2(g) NO2(g) + 3/2 H2O(g) H° = –1132 kJ/4 = –283 kJ

7.62

7.63

7.64

7.65

7.66
7.67

The enthalpy change for the reaction NO(g) + 12 O2(g) NO2(g) is –

56.6 kJ as seen in the figure above.
7.68 Since NO2 does not appear in the desired overall reaction, the two steps are
to be manipulated in such a manner so as to remove it by cancellation.
Add the second equation to the inverse of the first, remembering to change
the sign of the first equation, since it is to be reversed:

Adding, we have:

7.69 Reverse the first equation, multiply the result by two, and add it to the
second equation:

Adding gives us:

7.70 If we label the four known thermochemical equations consecutively, 1, 2,

3, and 4, then the sum is made in the following way: Divide equation #3
by two, and reverse all of the other equations (#1, #2, and #4), while also
dividing each by two:
 Adding gives:

7.71 Reverse the second and the third thermochemical equations and add them
to the first:

7.72 Multiply all of the equations by ½ and add them together.

7.73 The equation we want is Cu(s) + 12 O2(g) → CuO(s). If we multiply

all reactions by 12 and reverse the second reaction we get:

7.74 We need to eliminate the NO2 from the two equations. To do this,
multiply the first reaction by 3 and the second reaction by two and add
them together.

Now divide this equation by 7 to get

7.75 Multiply the second equation by two and add them together:

7.76 The heat of formation is defined as the enthalpy change when one mole of
a compound is produced from its elements in their standard states.
Only (c) satisfies this requirement.
For choice (a,) reactant CO(NH2)2 is not an element
For choice (b), O and H are not the standard states for oxygen and nitrogen
gas. The state for C is not given as graphite or as a solid.
For choice (d), the reaction is not balanced
7.77 The heat of formation is defined as the enthalpy change when one mole of
a compound is produced from its elements in their standard states.
 Only (b) satisfies this requirement.
For choices (a) and (c) the reactants are not elements in their standard
state. (a) has molecules as reactants and (c) has atoms.
Choice (d) might look okay but it does not fit the definition that one
mole of product is formed.
7.78

7.79

7.80

7.81

7.82

7.83
7.84 Water has the highest specific heat and therefore will take the
greatest amount of heat to raise its temperature as given amount.
Lead has the smallest specific heat, though gold is on 0.001 J g-1
0 -1
C higher, so it will increase the most in temperature for the
given amount of applied heat.
7.85 HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
The heat of neutralization is released to three "independent"
components of the system, all of which undergo the same
temperature increase: T = 20.610 °C – 16.784 °C = 3.826 °C. Also,
the total heat capacity of the system is the sum of the three heat
capacities:
heat capacityHCl + heat capacityNaOH + heat capacitycalorimeter
= (4.031 J g–1 °C–1 × 610.29 g) + (4.046 J g–1 °C–1 × 615.31 g) + 77.99 J
°C–1
= 5028 J °C–1

The heat flow to the system is thus:

heat = 5028 J °C–1 × 3.826 °C = 1.924 × 104 J = 19.24 kJ
and the heat of neutralization is the negative of this value, since the
neutralization process is exothermic:
H = –19.24 kJ ÷ 0.33183 mol = –57.98 kJ/mol
7.86

7.87 Heat lost = (2000 g)(0.803 J/g °C)(95 °C – x °C)

=(1606 J/°C)(95 °C – x °C)
=152,600 J – (1606 J)(x °C)

Where x = final temperature we can solve for x

since heat lost = heat gained 152,600 J – (1606
J)(x °C) = (8368 J)(x °C) – 184,100 J 336,700 J
= (9974 J)(x °C) 33.8 °C

7.88 Multiply the first reaction by 1/2:

Reverse the second reaction AND multiply by 1/6:

Reverse the third reaction AND multiply by 1/3:

Now add the equations together:

7.89

7.90

The value of H° for the given combustion reaction is:

H° = 4 mol × (–973.49 kJ/mol) = –3894.0 kJ
The standard enthalpy of formation for each substance is taken from Table
7.2:
–3894.0 kJ = (8 mol × (–393.5 kJ/mol)) + (10 mol × (–285.9 kJ/mol)) – (4
mol × Hf°[C2H5NO2])
Solving for the desired enthalpy of formation, we have:
Hf [C2H5NO2] = –528.3 kJ/mol
7.91 The equation may be written as: ½ H2(g) + ½ Br2(l) HBr(g);Hf° =
–36 k

Add all of the above to get;

Now divide this equation by two to give the thermochemical equation for
the formation of 1 mol of HBr(g):

Comparing this value to the Hf° value listed in Appendix C.2 and at the
outset of this problem, we see that this experimental data indicates a value
that is close to the reported value.
7.92 The equation we want is:

Take this one step at a time. Start with the fourth equation:

Add the reverse of the first equation and get rid of calcium hydroxide:
 Add the second equation to eliminate the CaO(s):

This also eliminates the CaC 2(s) we had from the first equation.
To eliminate the H2O, reverse the last equation AND multiply by
1/2:

Now get rid of the CO by reversing the fifth equation AND multiplying by
1/2:
CO(g) C(s) + 1/2O2(g) H° = +110 kJ
Add the equations together to get:
2C(s) + H2(g) C2H2(g) H° = 225.6 kJ
7.93 C12H22O11(s) + 12O2(g) 12CO2(g) + 11H2O(l)
Hcombustion = ΣΔHf°(products) – ΣΔHf°(reactants)
= [12 Hf°(CO2(g))+ 11 Hf°(H2O(l))] – [ Hf°(C12H22O11(s))
+ 12 Hf°(O2(g))]
= [12(–393.5 kJ) + 11(–285.9 kJ)] – [(–2230 kJ) +
12(0 kJ)] = –5.64 × 103 kJ/mol This is the amount of
heat liberated for 1 mol of sucrose. Thus, for 56.8 g
we have,
1 1 1
7.94 𝐻𝐶𝐻𝑂2 (𝑙) + 2 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 2 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻(𝑙) +
2
1
𝑂2 (𝑔) ∆𝐻° = +206 𝑘𝐽
2
1
𝐶𝑂(𝑔) + 𝐻2(𝑔) →
2
1
𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻(𝑙) ∆𝐻° = −64 𝑘𝐽
2
1 1
𝐻𝐶𝐻𝑂2(𝑙) → 2 𝐶𝑂(𝑔) +
2
1
𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) ∆𝐻° = −17 𝑘𝐽
2
Add these together:
𝐻𝐶𝐻𝑂2(𝑙) + 𝐻2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻(𝑙) +
1
𝑂
2 2(𝑔)
∆𝐻° = +125 𝑘𝐽

7.95 Simply add the two together to get:

𝑂3(𝑔) + 𝑂(𝑔) → 2𝑂2(𝑔) ∆𝐻° = −394 𝑘𝐽
1
7.96 𝐾𝐸 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2
1
=2 (14.0 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠) ×
2000𝑙𝑏 453.6𝑔 1𝑘𝑔 45.0𝑚𝑖 1ℎ𝑟 5280𝑓𝑡 30.48𝑐𝑚 1𝑚 2
( )( )( ) [( )( )( )( )( )]
1𝑙𝑏 1𝑙𝑏 1000𝑔 ℎ𝑟 3600𝑠 1𝑚𝑖 1𝑓𝑡 100𝑐𝑚
6 3
= 2.57 × 10 𝐽 = 2.57 × 10 𝑘𝐽
3.785𝐿 1000𝑚𝐿 1𝑔
𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = (5.00𝑔𝑎𝑙) ( 1𝑔𝑎𝑙 ) ( 1𝐿 ) (1𝑚𝐿) =
18900 𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Increasing the temperature of water:
2.57 × 106 𝐽 = (4.184 𝐽𝑔−1 𝐶 −1 )(18900 𝑔)(∆𝑇)
∆𝑇 = 32℃
7.97 The desired reaction is given below:
𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) + 2𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐶𝐻4(𝑔) + 2𝑂2(𝑔)
 ∆𝐻𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡 = ∆𝐻𝑓° (𝐶𝐻4 ) − ∆𝐻𝑓° 𝐶𝑂2 + 2∆𝐻𝑓° (𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) )
= −74.848 𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 − (−393.5 𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 +
(−285.9 𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )
= +890.4 kJ
Since _Hreact equals the amount of work needed for this reaction, w =
+890.4 kJ.
It is difficult to carry out this reaction as it is a non-spontaneous reaction
requiring an input of energy. However, when energy is input to this mixture
it is almost impossible to control what product will be formed.

7.98

a)
b) 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟: 𝑞 < 0 𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑐: 𝑞 > 0
c) 𝑞𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑞𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = 0 Also, we must assume the density of water at these
temperatures is 1.00 g mL-1
50𝑔 × 4.184 𝐽℃−1 × (𝑇𝑓 − 32.4℃) + 5.25 𝑔 × 0.39 𝐽𝑔−1 ℃−1 ×
(𝑇𝑓 − 0.50℃) = 0
𝑇𝑓 = 32.1℃

7.99

7.100 We must assume the density of the solution is 1.00 g mL-1 and the specific
heat of the solution is the same as water, 4.184 J g-1°C-1
The heat generated by the reaction of the salts with water is given by:
𝑞 = 100.0𝑔 × 4.184 𝐽𝑔−1 𝐶 −1 × 5.33℃ = 2230 𝐽
Since the temperature of the water rose when the salts dissolved this value
should be negative; -2230 kJ
 Since the reaction involves the formation of a solution from two solids we
need to determine the enthalpy of solution of the two salts. Also, it would be
useful to have the enthalpy in units of kJ g-1.

Now we need to set up an equation for the heat generated when the two
solids dissolve. We will let x be the mass of NH4Cl. Then, the mass of
CaCl2 would be 4.56 – x.
𝑥(0.294 𝑘𝐽𝑔−1 ) + (4.56 − 𝑥)(−0.741 𝑘𝐽𝑔−1 ) = −2.230 𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 1.11𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙 4.56𝑔 − 1.11𝑔 = 3.45 𝐶𝑎 𝐶𝑙2

7.101 The reaction for the combustion of ethanol is:

𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻(𝑙) + 3𝑂2(𝑔) → 2𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) + 3𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)
∆𝐻𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏 = 2∆𝐻𝑓° (𝐶𝑂2 ) + 3∆𝐻𝑓° (𝐻2 𝑂) − ∆𝐻𝑓° (𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻)
= 2 × (393.5 𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ) + 3 × (−285.8 𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ) −
(−277.63 𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )
= −1366.77 𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙
It would be helpful to have this value in kJ per g of ethanol
1𝑚𝑜𝑙
−1366.77 𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 × (46.07𝑔) = −29.67 𝑘𝐽𝑔−1
3.785𝐿 100𝑚𝐿 0.787𝑔 29.67𝑘𝐽
1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 × ( )×( )×( )×( ) = 8.84 ×
𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝐿 𝑚𝐿 𝑔
104 𝑘𝐽 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑

7.102 𝐶𝑎(𝑠) + 2𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2(𝑠) + 𝐻2(𝑔)

∆𝐻𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡 = ∆𝐻𝑓° (𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 ) − ∆𝐻𝑓° (𝐻2 𝑂)
= −986.59 𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 − 2(−285.9 𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )
= −415.1 𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
 1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐾𝑂𝐻
−195.5 𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 × ( 1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 − ) = −195.5 𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝑒 −
Ca reacting with water gives off more heat per mole of electrons.

7.103 The number of moles of HCl in a 2.5 L bottle can be determined by the
following:
12.0 mol HCl L-1 x 2.5 L = 30 mol HC
The number moles of ammonia in the solution can be determined by the
following:
13.4 mol NH3(aq) L-1 x 2.5 L = 33.5 mol NH3(aq)l
The neutralization reaction involves one mole each of the acid and base.
Note that we have an excess of NH3, 33.5 mol NH3 versus 30 mol HCl,
and thus HCl is the limiting reagent.
50.49 kJ mol-1 HCl x 30 mol HCl = 1515 kJ of heat would be evolved in
this reaction.

7.104

7.105 Think about what happens when you release a compressed spring: the
potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. If you dissolve the
spring in acid, the same thing occurs at a microscopic level. As each
particle is removed from the spring and reacts with the acid, it carries
away a certain amount of kinetic energy. If the spring is compressed,
then the average amount of kinetic energy carried away by each particle
as it is removed is greater than if the spring was originally in its ground
 state.

The ejected particles collide with the particles already in the solution, and
the system quickly reaches an equilibrium distribution; the extra energy
has been converted to heat.

Note that the solution will probably heat up a lot even if the spring is not
compressed, since dissolving metal in acid tends to be highly exothermic.
The extra heat produced by conversion from the spring's elastic potential
energy is likely to be negligible in comparison.

7.106 In chemistry, the letter "H" represents the enthalpy of a system. Enthalpy
refers to the sum of the internal energy of a system plus the product of
the system's pressure and volume. The delta symbol is used to represent
change. Therefore, delta H represents the change in enthalpy of a system
in a reaction. Assuming a constant pressure, a change in enthalpy
describes a system's change in heat.

DHF is the Standard enthalpy change of formation for example: A--B if

A substance > has the HA which is transformed into a substance B and
HB, then: DH = DHf B-DHf with there are two possibilities that can occur:
1. If the results of reactions has entalphi larger than the original substance
(HB < HA) then the price delta H = negative; the heat releasing reaction
means/reaction called eksoerm. 2. If the results of the reaction has a higher
entalphi than the original substance (HB > HA), then the price delta H =
positive reaction means; the received heat/reaction called endoterm

7.107

7.108

7.109

7.110 6 granite = 0.803 6 lead = 0.16For same q,

lower 6 high ΔTLead will be warmer will reach 100 C
firstGranite = 100 x 0.803 x 75 = 6022.5J
Lead = 100 x 01.16 x 75 = 1200 J